Valstybinės kalbos tikriniai žodžiai ir jų rašyba

BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: state language, proper words, personal names, place names, spelling. ANNOTATION The article deals with personal names in south-eastern Lithuania (their origin, structure, development, place in the namebook system), the spelling of the Lithuanian namebook. This is an attempt to clarify new data on Lithuanian real words and help improve related bills. Over 1,000 years, real words that came from other languages became part of the Lithuanian language and no longer differed from other words phonetically or grammatically. As in other nations, the place names were first written by the local inhabitants, and the personal names were written by foreign scribes, so they are more of non-Lithuanian origin. The Lithuanian namebook is the cultural heritage of the Republic of Lithuania. ABSTRACT The author of this article was involved in the analysis of persons proper names of South East Lithuania. In Lithuania, most place names are of the Lithuanian origin, as they were named by the locals and only after that the place names came into writing in various languages. The majority of personal names (as in other languages) in Lithuania are not entirely of local origin, as many Christian and similar names and surnames originated from other languages and by non-Lithuanian scribes were usually first recorded in other languages. But even those personal names now have Lithuanian vowels, consonants, inflections, suffixes and are considered Lithuanian proper nouns by the locals. INTRODUCTION The aim of this article is to discuss new, problematic data about personal names in the state language of the Republic of Lithuania and their spelling in personal documents. The trends in the formation of personal names in southeastern Lithuania are analyzed. The objective of this article is to briefly examine the most important problems of the use and spelling of current Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 personal names and some other actual words and their relationship with the system and functioning of the state language. It is now mainly discussed about the namebook of Autorius yra surinkęs daug duomenų apie pietryčių Lietuvos vardyną ir rengia mokslo southeastern Lithuania, which is why it is mainly discussed here. monograph on the subject. This article mainly examines personal names, using area (geolinguistic), comparative, comparative, descriptive, sociolinguistic, statistical scientific methods. The state language was and is one of the most important conditions for the restoration, existence and survival of the nation state, therefore, since 1988, the issue under consideration has been discussed more actively. In eastern Lithuania, territorial autonomy with three state languages was being created (see LR 9-314) and until now this idea has not been abandoned in the preparation of the laws on National Minorities, the spelling of personal names in personal documents and the corresponding attempts to amend the State Language Act and the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania. There are already resolutions of the Government and municipalities of south-eastern Lithuania, which further narrow the functions of the state language and promote and introduce multilingualism in various ways. 1. THE NAME OF SOUTH-EAST LITHUANIA: ORIGIN, CONVENTION, DEVELOPMENT The author recognised up to 99% of former Lithuanian water names, 90% of names of places of residence (oikonimų), up to 40% of personal names in the enslaved name book of south-eastern Lithuania. Even the names of rivers and lakes in the formerly Slavic Vilnius district were as Lithuanian as in any other district of Lithuania. They were composed of Lithuanian words. These were derivatives of endings and suffixes, having corresponding names in other places in Lithuania: Akmenė, Giraitė, Kuosinė, Plynis, Raudonė, Ringė, Veržuva, Vingris (the water names reconstructed here from foreign sources are not pronounced and have already disappeared, see Jurkštas 1985: 46–51). There are many compound river names with the second component -upis: Juodupis, Rudupis, Šaltupis, Verdenupė, Viršupis. Among the names written in Polish and officially used in parallel, 65.5 per cent of the names of places of residence in Vilnius district retained their Lithuanian form, in Šalčininkai district – 59.6 per cent. Vilnius City – 45.5 per cent. The present personal names of the Republic of Lithuania reflect not the past of any other people, but the Lithuanian nation itself. In the LDK writings Latin, Gudi and Polish were used, so they did not Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 reflect the Lithuanian nomenclature quite accurately and Slavified it. Prof. Zigmas Zinkevičius observed that the requirement to write Polish letters in the Lithuanian surnames of the Slavic-speaking and Lithuanian people of southeastern Lithuania is incorrect, it aims at polonization goals – to definitively denationalize the formerly occupied part of Lithuania (Zinkevičius 2012: 351). The first person names of South-East Lithuania were collected, Antano Salio redaguotame žodyne (Salys 1983: 305–488). Žodyno redaktorius suslavintus standardized and published in 1983. Salys correctly restored the names to their original form and wrote: “It seems to me that for a true Lithuanian his name, corrupted in times of oppression and hardship of the nation, cannot be something deeply own and therefore dear” (Salys 1983: 64–65). After the expiry of the Polish ultimatum and without expecting a treacherous Russian ultimatum, Lithuanian linguists and legislators could say most clearly what they think about the spelling of Lithuanian citizens’ personal names in an independent state. All personal names in the dictionary are written in Lithuanian letters, and no exceptions are made for so-called “Polish” surnames, for example, the former Polish occupation inscription Donowagis was corrected to Duonavagis, Dwilewicz – Dvylys, Dziadulewicz – Diedulis, Dziatłowski – Genys, Dziedziukiewicz – Diedžiukas, Dziedziul – Didžiulis, Dzienowagis – Dienovagis, Dziewaltowski–Gintowt – Dełtuva–Gintautas, Dziewieragis – Dievaragis (Salys 1983: 340–344). And the name of the Russian KGB chief Dzerzhinsky (originating from Vilnius region) was recommended to be written in Lithuanian as Diržys, Diržius, Diržaitis, Diržiūnas, Diržionis, Diržėnas or Diržynas (from seven forms the owner of the surname could choose the appropriate form). A typical way of glorifying Lithuanian nouns is to drop the endings of words. In the scientific work, all those surnames and their endings were restored to their former forms: Aleksin < Aleks-ynas, Alksnin < Alksn-inis, Antul < Ant-ulis, Awgul < Aug-ulis, Augun < Aug-ūnas, Babul < Bab-ulis, Baczul < Bač-iulis, Bruzgul < Bruzg-ulis, Bumbul < Bumb-ulis, Biczel < Bič-elis, Czerniel < Čern-elis, Banel / Baniel < Ban-ẽlis, Banul < Ban-iùlis, Balul < Bal-iùlis, Bil < B lius, Bit < B tė, Blus < Blùsius, Dvil < Dvylỹs, Gil < Gilỹs, Gir < Girà, Gryn < Gr nius, Grodz < Grúodis, Guž < Gùžas, Hruzd < Grùzdas, Kern < Kernà, Kerỹs, Kiek < Kekỹs, Kiel < K elė, Kielm < Kélmas, Kien < Kenà, Kodz < Kuodỹs, Kois < Kójis, Kust < Kustà, Naus < Náuša, Rodz < Radỹs, Sak < Sãkas, Saul < Sáulis, Szer < Šerỹs. 1 1 In the article, words are pronounced correctly when they are pronounced in the source and when it is important to emphasize this. Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Vowels, diphthongs, consonants of surnames in the dictionary are also written correctly in the Lithuanian alphabet and according to our spelling requirements. In Lithuanian, there is a distinction between long and short vowels, so the conjugated forms of the surnames (Alejunas, Aleksiejunas, Aleksiunas, Bajorunas, Gasiunas, etc.) are written in Lithuanian: Aliejūnas, Aleksiejūnas, Aleksiūnas, Bajorūnas, Gasiūnas (the Slavs harden the consonants r and ž, so Bajoriūnas could be identified with Bajorūnas). Oatmeal and the like pavardės atitaisytos į Avižienį ir t. t., o sudvibalsintas e atstatytas į autentišką: Gieczys rašytas Gečys, Aszkiełojc – Ožkelaitis and so on. The prefixes t, d before i in eastern Lithuanian dialects may have been translated as c, dz in some places, but could also have been translated as such in Slavonic. These changes are also properly reconstructed in the common Lithuanian language, cf. : Ciesiul – Tiesiulis, Ciesiun – Tiesiūnas, Ciuksza – Čiukša, Cipko – Čipkus, Civil – Čivylis, Ciunajtis – Tijūnaitis; Dziedziul – Didžiulis, Dziaugis – Džiaugys, Dzieguc – A mouthful. The authors of the dictionary tried to do without new Slavic suffixes (in some places they were avoided even in the colloquial language), therefore they recommended the following use of Slavicized surnames: Biciulewicz – Bičiulis, Blusiewicz – Blusius, Czepulkowski – Čepulis, Czesnulewicz – Česnulis, Cycynski – Cicinas, Dwilewicz – Dvylys. Having data that the whole surname can be translated into Polish, they recommended the original (authentic) form of the personal name: Brzeski – Beržinis, Drozd – Strawberries, etc. Now, having much more knowledge of linguistics, we could correct only the spelling of some surnames: Biedulski – Bėdùlis (Bėdùlis lives in Vilnius district near Paberžė and still speaks Lithuanian), Dziewulski – Dievùlis (not Devulis), Smilgin – Smilg nis (in Rodūnios district, the Lithuanian in Vigonių village is not Smilginas), Stanul (not Stanulis, but Staniùlis lives in Dieveniškių district), Szarejko – Šereika (not Šareika), Szawarejko – Švareika (not Šavareika), Szykuc – Šikutis (not Šakutis), Trabszo – Trepšỹs (in Gervėčiai district, Trapšys in Rimdžiūnų village is spoken only in dialect), Traszko – Treškà (not Traška). The authors of the dictionary suggested changing some of the offensively sounding surnames (Kiaũličius, Visokogùrskis), but their comments were not taken into account. The dictionary presents first of all surnames written off from documents of the Polish occupation regime, the identity of the owners of which is not specified: the same surnames could be Lithuanian, Gudzi, Polish, Tuteishi or other nationalities, because they were all oppressed. The dictionary contains over 6,000 names, which are a pearl of the Lithuanian language. After their proper restoration to their original position Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (without new and artificial Slavification), many of those names coincide with the names used today, and some of them have even disappeared. Some of these surnames were not included in the database of surnames used in Lithuania before 1940, so they were not included in the Lithuanian surname dictionary and are now particularly important. The names in the dictionary edited by Antanas Salis were hastily prepared for the passport offices of recovered eastern Lithuania, so that citizens could acquire documents faster by choosing the suitable variant of the surname. There are no additional scientific requirements for the dictionary, which would have made its use more difficult. This dictionary of surnames differs from the dictionary of local names of Vilnius region edited by Antanas Salis (Salys 1983) in that it lists the surnames in alphabetical order, not according to the parishes in which they are used. This study brings the vocabulary into scientific circulation: we begin to pronounce surnames (when it is clearly known how to do it), we indicate their formation, motivation (etymology), origin, distribution. The surnames in the dictionary are monosyllabic (Úaka, Balsỹs, Daukšà), bisyllabic (Bùi-vydas, Dár-vydas) or their abbreviations, prepositional (Pa-kerys, Pa-pinigis), adverbial (Bumb-ulis, Burn-eikà, Deg-utis, Drūt-elis, Dūd-aitis, etc.). The most commonly used names are those of parents and children. The following surnames (but written in Polish by polonizers) are formed from the Lithuanianized given name Mãtas alone with Lithuanian suffixes: Mat-ejko, Mat-uc, Mat-uk, Mat-ul-aniec, Mat-ul. In southeastern Lithuania, surnames with suffixes -elis, -ulis, -ūnas and others, e.g. : -ẽlis: Brasel < Bras-ẽlis, Bujel < Buj-ẽlis, Bukiel < Bùkelis, Grygiel < Grig-elis, Gryszel < Griš-ẽlis, Jutel < Jut-elis, Kordel < Kard-ẽlis, Kukiel < Kuk-ẽlis (< Kùkis), Kurmiel < Kurmẽlis (and Kurmin < Ku m-inas), Kuszel < Kuš-ẽlis, Ławcel < Lauc-ẽlis, Mackało < Mack-ẽlė, Masal < Mas-ẽlis, Paszkel < Pašk-ẽlis, Pural < Pūr-ẽlis, Szymiel < Šim-elis; -(i)ùlis: Kadziul < Kadž-iùlis, Kaziul < Kaz-iùlis, Kerul < Ker-ùlis, Kurkul < Kurk-ùlis, Łabul < Lab-ùlis, Masiul < Mas-iùlis, Mažul < Maž-(i)ùlis, Pieczul < Peč-iùlis, Stanul < Stan-iùlis; -(i) nas: Brasiun < Bras-i nas, Česun < Čes-i nas, Gasiul < Gas-iùlis, Gilun < Gil-i nas, Gryszun < Griš-i nas, Jackun < Jacknas, Jaczun < Jač-i nas, Jankun < Janknas, Karalun < Karal-i nas, Kiežun < Kež-i nas, Matejun < Motiejnas, Mejłun < Meilnas, Mieldun < Meldnas, Mikolajun < Mikalajnas, Narkun < Norknas, Paciun < Poc-i nas, Pawlun < Paul-i nas, Pieczun < Peč-i nas, Pietkun < Petknas, Radziun < Radž-i nas; KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA. Valstybinės kalbos tikriniai žodžiai ir jų rašyba | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 -ùkas: Braziuk < Braz-iùkas, Daniuk < Dan-iùkas, Grysiuk < Gris-iùkas, Macuk < Mac-iùkas, Masiuk < Mas-iùkas, Misiuk < Mis-iùkas; -áitis: Grygojc < Grig-áitis, Jankojc < Jank-áitis, Janukojc < Jan-uk-áitis, Jurkojc < Jurk-áitis, Klukojc < Kluk-áitis, Masojc < Mas-áitis, Wincelojc < Vinc-el-áitis; -ùtis: Giruc < Gir-ùtis, Łabuc / Łabudz < Lab-ùtis, Matuc < Mat-ùtis, Pietruc < Petr-ùtis, Siekut < Sek-ùtis; - nas, -ónis: Grygianiec < Grig-ėnas, Masiulaniec < Mas-iul-ionis (and Masiulanis), Miežaniec < Miež-iónis, Oszkielaniec < Ožk-el-iónis, Pietrukaniec < Petr-uk-ónis, Szymaniec < Šimonis; -eikà: Masiejko < Mas-eikà, Matejko < Mat-eikà, Sudejko < Sud-eikà, Szadejko < Shad-eikà, Szawko < Šav-eikà. 2. LITHUANIAN NOMENIC SPELLING In the independent democratic Republic of Lithuania, place names, personal names, street names and names of legal entities are usually written in the Lithuanian language, which is comprehensible to everyone. The river Nemunas, having a Baltic name and flowing through the reduced area of the Lithuanian state, is officially called in Gudija not in Lithuanian but in Gudi, in the present Karaliaučius region – in Russian. Similarly, Nerima, which is called Vilija in Gudija, is also a river. And no one complains that Lithuanian river names are written there in non-Lithuanian letters and other forms, to change the water names “identity marks”, now the President of the Seimas are assigned to personal names (see Rašimaitė 2021: 6). Some officials are increasingly trying to distort Lithuanian names (especially personal names) in various ways and do not take into account the arguments of language specialists. The former secretary of the language commission, Dr. Pranas Kniūkšta, wrote in 2009 and 2010 that the personal name is a part of the language and not a “unique sign of the identity of a specific person” (Kniūkšta 2013: 159–169). For citizens of the Republic of Lithuania, the general legal principle of writing personal names in documents in Lithuanian characters also applies. This does kitų santykių: juos rodo ne pavardžių tapatumas, o teisiniai aktai ir juos liudijantys Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 not at all prevent the expression of the spouse's family and subsequent documents. A Lithuanian woman married to a foreigner can keep her Lithuanian surname and as a result her ties with her spouse do not change or weaken in any way. If the name of a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania is written in the characters of a foreign state in our state documents, that language is used as the state language. This is an attempt to return to the situation that existed in 1920-1939, when Poland occupied eastern Lithuania. The use of Polish and Russian languages on the outskirts of Lithuania would separate them from the whole of Lithuania and weaken the unity of the state. Pranas Kniūkšta emphasized that the Poles are openly and consciously appropriating the Vilnius region by using conjugated personal names, street names and public signs. Here, politics clearly protrudes behind the language” (Kniūkšta 2013: 157). In official usage, the officials of southeastern Lithuania, by persistently spreading such a nomenclature all the time, aim to show the Vilnius region as an allegedly “centuries-old Polish area” to which it is necessary to give a special status. Writing the names and surnames of Lithuanian citizens in documents in Polish spelling is not as simple and innocent as some of our politicians and journalists pretend (Kniūkšta 2013: 165). In reviving the effects of the occupation and narrowing the functioning of the state Lithuanian language in Lithuania, very planned coordinated actions were taken to damage the state language system. The State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – VLKK) did not withstand the pressure either: it took into account not only the language system, but also the 2009 formulation of the Chairman of the Law and Law Enforcement Committee of the Seimas – allegedly the suddenly “changed geopolitical, economic and social situation in Lithuania” (see Kniūkšta 2013: 150, 152), forcing the unofficial abolition of the state language status of Lithuanian. The VLKK has been forced to formulate this unjustified exception to the language system in a similar way: “taking into account the needs of the present society”, as if it was no longer possible to uphold the Constitution, change the language policy of state institutions, impede the transmission of the native language from generation to generation of the population, change the relationship of the members of the community with their language and thus violate one third of the criteria for the vitality of the language, approved by UNESCO on March 24, 2009 in the Atlas of the World’s Endangered Languages. In order to achieve objectives that do not comply with the pavardės esą tik lietuviškos, o ne lietuvių – vien nelietuviškos (užsienietiškos); asmenvardžiai Constitution, about 20 scientific forgeries are also spread: allegedly, the name, surname is not a part of the language, but a part of the identity of the person and its main feature; Lithuanians are only a part of private life and their "original" spelling and pronunciation is not for the public to Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 decide, but for the "owner" of the personal name, etc. These errors have been warned about for a long time (Garšva 2014), but no one wants to hear about them and they are repeated. They want to make Lithuania an island of the world, where the state language is no longer observed and only here are used perhaps even the entire world’s “original” Latin-based surnames with their diacritical marks. The grammar of modern Lithuanian does not provide for any exceptions to spelling. The note concerning the citation of foreign authors (DLKG 1994: 19) was written without the authors of this section’s knowledge, was not approved at any meeting of language specialists and has nothing to do with the spelling of personal names of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in documents. The spelling of personal names is so far publicly discussed mostly incompetently, superficially by people who are little familiar with these issues, expressing only an unfounded subjective opinion. For example, the website of the Ministry of Justice still publishes the speech of the former Justice Minister Remigijus Šimašius on November 24, 2011, in a discussion on the spelling of personal names, in which he stated: “a woman marries a foreigner, a Dane or an 2 Englishman, and she has to choose which she loves more: Lithuania or her husband, if when she chooses her husband’s surname, this last name cannot be entered undistorted in documents issued in Lithuania”. In fact, the name would be recorded exactly according to the pronunciation (as it has been done for 500 years) and the guest's name would not be distorted in any way. And if he also needs foreign letters, he can also use them in the parentheses. In addition, a guest in Lithuania could allow a Lithuanian woman to keep her maiden name or register her name himself. The guest should respect the rights of many local inhabitants in Lithuania to use their state language, grammar, laws and to be able to integrate. Any exception in the spelling, more precisely, the transfer of the spelling and pronunciation laws of foreign languages into the traditional spelling of Lithuanian would mean its destruction. Those exceptions would grow and grow. Not without reason Pranas Kniūkšta wrote about the project of writing off letters in personal names: “the project is governmentally biased, anti-citizen, unnecessary for society and most importantly – unconstitutional. Such a law cannot be adopted [...]. It is sad that the State Lithuanian Language Commission did not withstand the pressure and agreed with the project spreading such an attitude” (Kniūkšta 2013: 150–151). 151). So far, the best prepared draft of the Talka on the spelling of personal names in documents, which was endorsed by 50 professional linguists, over 300 other graduated aktyvių Lietuvos Respublikos piliečių, Lietuvių kalbos institutas. 2016 metų vasario 29 d. Lithuanianists, 100 000 Lithuanians, and 100 000 Lithuanians, has been approved by 100 000 Lithuanians. 2 Online access: www.tm.lt. Kazimierz GARSZWA. The correct words of the state language and their spelling | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 “The name (names) and surname (surnames) of a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania in personal documents must be written in the state language – the 32 letters of the Lithuanian alphabet according to the pronunciation <...>. Additional entries in another language could be made: 1) in the passport – on the first page of the section for other entries; 2) on the 3 identity card – on the other side of the card.’ This was in line with the conclusions of the comprehensive scientific discussion on the spelling of personal names in personal documents held at the Institute on 25 April 2014: there are no linguistic arguments why the current provisions on the spelling of personal names in personal documents of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania should be changed; writing personal names in non-Lithuanian letters would change the Lithuanian alphabet and destabilize the spelling system. At the same time, the constitutional status of the state language Lithuanian would be denied, the uniqueness of its spelling would be violated and the traditions of its use would be disturbed. Over 30 linguists participated in the discussion, its conclusions to the Seimas, VLKK were signed by the chairmen of the discussion hab. Dr. Ona Aleknavičienė, Prof. hab. Dr. Laima Kalėdienė, hab. Dr. Rita Miliūnaitė, Prof. hab. dr. Sergejus Temčinas4. According to the Constitution, all personal names of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania in documents must be written in the correct state language: the official common Lithuanian alphabet and without violating the rules of grammar (singular noun without abbreviating names and surnames). Your nationality and personal names in a foreign language can be indicated in the additional entries of the documents. The 1622 Vilnius economic inventory shows that the names of the local inhabitants at that time were Jonas, Jurgis (LVIŠ 70, 88), and the surnames – Drutelaytis, Gudaycis, Katełaytis, Szermuksztaytis, Łuksztelis, Rugielis, Storelis, Kuktonis, Kibilda, etc. (LVIŠ 128, 122, 88, 128, 102, 114, 60, 56, 118). Now it is required to write in documents not the authentic, but the altered names Druteloic, Gudoic, Katełoic, Szermuksztoic (not Šermukštaitis), Łuksztełło, Rugiel, Starel, Kuktan, Kibildo, because this is how these surnames were forcibly glorified in the 19th–20th centuries. What conclusions will the VLKK provide to the Seimas, to the courts, if citizens of the Republic of Lithuania and their relatives foreigners from Poland, Gudija, etc., Komisija tam lyg ir neprieštaravo (Pangonytė 2019). ask? So far, the Klaipėda District Court in 2021 rejected a complaint by a Lithuanian citizen to “return” w instead of the letter v in his surname, because that letter was given in 1940 in the “Mėmelio” (i.e. Klaipėda) county to 3 Online access: www.lrs.lt.