Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą

BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Šveikauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas VEIKSMAŽODŽIO FORMŲ VARTOJAMUMAS, IŠRYŠKĖJĘS KURIANT LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATICS INFORMATION SYSTEM KEY WORDS: grammar, morphology, paradigms, word forms, semantics. ANNOTATION Variable parts of language have paradigms. During the development of the Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System (LIGIS) it was noted that not all the qualia forms listed in the paradigms can be used. The article discusses the cases when some verbal forms of certain words cannot be used. There are three types of such forms and groups of words that are characterized by conjugation with exceptions. The reasons for the appearance of unusable forms are given. ABSTRACT Every inflectional part of speech has its paradigms. While creating the Lithuanian Grammar Information System (LIGIS), we noticed that not every inflectional form possible in theory can be used practically. Some cases in verb paradigms of Lithuanian language are discussed in the article, namely, when certain part of inflectional forms may not be used. We present three cases of unusable forms and provide reasoning behind word groups, covering such inflection with exception, for each case. INTRODUCTION Iki XXI a. pradžios visi klausimai, susiję su gramatika, buvo analizuojami iš žmogaus kaip kalbos vartotojo pozicijų, t. y. aprašomi tik tie aspektai, kurie aktualūs žmogui, ir net does not mention things that people take for granted. Recently, with the computerization of language phenomena, problems have arisen that ordinary language users usually do not even notice. However, they are encountered by computer linguists when performing computer DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 language processing tasks. It should also be said that, when processing language by computer, the dictionaries contained in printed dictionaries and grammar are difficult to adapt to the informacijos nepakanka, nes ten pateikiami tik bendriausieji lietuvių kalbos dėsningumai. Panašių teiginių galima rasti ir kitų mokslininkų darbuose, pvz.: „Tačiau žmonėms skirti development of language processing programs” (Rimkutė, Kovalevskaitė 2008: 3). That the information contained in dictionaries is insufficient to process language in the Computer kompiuteriu, pastebėta ir tekstyno anotavimo metu Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Linguistics Centre. Morphologically annoting the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DLKT) indicates the initial form (lemma) of the word along with other data (genus, number, syllable, time, person, degree, etc.). The dictionaries “most often present only the reference words” (Rimkutė 2006: 38), i.e. not all the vedic words are presented, so a considerable part of Lithuanian words remains not included in them and, after preparing software using only dictionaries data, many words in the textbook remain unrecognized. In the description of morphological categories in grammar books, a few examples of words with a certain morphological category are given, and all Lithuanian words with that morphological category are not named. For example, in the Current Lithuanian Grammar (hereinafter referred to as The DLKG) gives examples of four masculine and four feminine nouns (DLKG 2006: 62) when defining the gender of nouns. For all other Lithuanian words not mentioned in the grammar, it is not difficult for native speakers to establish the family. The computer cannot think or decide anything on its own, it must be given all the grammatical data of each word very precisely, hence the family. A morphological phenomenon was observed during computerization of Lithuanian language, which was not described in publications. This is the difference between the functional forms specified in the paradigms and the possibility of using them. This problem has only become apparent during computer language processing and has not been noticed by linguists before. The term paradigm in morphology denotes “a system of endings of a certain type of word change or a set of ending forms of a single word, considered as an example of the corresponding type of change” (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 143). For example, the present tense forms of verbs are made up of the present tense stem and the person endings. Present tense verbs are personified according to three paradigms, which correspond to three personifications (DLKG 2006: 337), and one noun conjugation (i)a consists of three paradigms, which differ from each other in the forms of some personifications (LKE 1999: 462). DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Grammar Information System | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Thus, the variable parts of language have their own paradigms. Abstract: The purpose of this probleminiai veiksmažodžių paradigmų atvejai. article is to discuss the cases of non-use of certain forms of individual words, which were observed during the development of the Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System (LIGIS). In order to achieve the objective, the most important publications are first reviewed, which address the issues of the use of grammatical forms and the theory of natural morphology, which is attempted to base further research, then the idea of creating LIGIS is presented, the work done, the problems that have arisen, and then the cases of non-use of theoretically possible forms are examined. It has become apparent that not all forms of some words that are theoretically represented in paradigms are possible. A selection methodology was used, i.e., those problematic cases that emerged during computerization of language were selected for the study. This section will discuss the information on the possibility of word forms in Lithuanian grammar and language culture textbooks, and will review several articles, in which the problems of word forms are examined in different aspects. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find publications describing studies of the use of the forms presented in the paradigms, carried out in order to determine whether all the theoretically existing forms can be used in language. 1.1. Non-used forms discussed in grammar Both the one-volume (DLKG 2006) and the three-volume (LKG II 1971) Lithuanian grammar discuss cases of non-use of certain verb forms. A semantic feature can also be considered as an indicator here – these are the so-called impersonal verbs. Impersonal verbs denote natural phenomena or other natural processes that are independent of the will of the actor and have only third-person forms. The paradigm of impersonal verbs consists of direct, pronoun and indirect third-person forms of conjunctions, communicatives, participles, and the impersonal genus of some verbs and passives (DLKG 2006: 315-316). In academic grammar, it is written similarly: "Impersonal verbs <...> are not modified by persons or numbers and their form coincides with the third person of personal verbs" (LKG II 1971: 213). However, most of the listed words, which are given as examples DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 of impersonal verbs, do not have a factor in the sentence. Some of the impersonal verbs mentioned in grammar can be used with a tautological factor: rain rain, snow snow, etc. In addition, beasmeniškumas yra labai sąlygiškas, t. y. beasmeniai jie būna tik tam tikrame kontekste, kai in the lyrics of the song, the imperative forms of the sentence are not allowed, not completely accurate, e.g., Lyk, lietuti, lyk. Even in cases where the verb cannot have a factor, such as sakoma: Ar diena dienos, ar naktelė tems. Tada ir teiginiai, kad šių veiksmažodžių requiring, some imperative forms are also used, such as the second person singular. It occurs in various sayings, for example, DLKT: Let this happen. Internet records: Disappeared. It's all gone. And I need you. To show up there again. Similar examples can be found in fiction, for example: Reikėk tu man Polionijos seseriai kartą išsižioti apie tą vokietuką (Aputis 1977: 32). In addition, the usage of impersonal verbs is discussed: However, not all impersonal verbs have a complete ('complete') paradigm. For example, the verbs pabaiso, pagailo, pagardo are usually used only in the past tense, less often in the present tense, and other forms are replaced by constructions with adjectives of the corresponding meaning in the genitive (baisu, gardu) or the adverb gaila and the verb darytis, e.g., (darosi) baisu, beždžio, baisėdavo, pasidarys baisu; (does) regret, regretted, regretted (did regret), will regret (DLKG 2006: 316). Of course, possible construction and it was / became a pity. The verb pagailo and the construction darési / pasidaró sajila are synonymous forms with very similar or even the same meaning. If a paradigm is missing, i.e. not used in the language, the forms of a certain word can be replaced by combinations of other words, that is, those missing forms have meaning. This article attempts to describe the cases where the individual forms of certain words are not possible, i.e. the words used in that form have no meaning. In the DLKG, when referring to the participle of the participants, it is mainly discussed its use (DLKG 2006: 324, 365, 377) or its use in the formation of compound forms of the verb (DLKG 2006: 302). The information is provided from the verb position: "Verbs without the object infinitive have compound passive forms only with participants of the non-noun genus" (DLKG DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 2006: 320), e.g. is / was walking / walked. 1.2. Morfologinių požymių nuspėjamumas We will review several articles that analyze how far it is possible to predict certain morphological characteristics of Lithuanian words based on the information already available ypatybes. Tos ypatybės gali būti labai skirtingos prigimties, kaip antai semantinės, about the morphological characteristics of those words. Sometimes even opposite statements are made, for example, that semantics has or does not affect certain phenomena. Kaip morfologinės ypatybės pavyzdį galima paminėti kaitybos klases, pagal kurias judged on the characteristics of the vedic structure. During the research carried out at Vilnius University, the relationship between verb suffixes and noun conjugation classes was investigated. All noun derivatives of the suffixes ė-ti, y-ti, o-ti, uo-ti found in the electronic version of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DŽ6e) were analyzed (Pakerys 2011: 273). The traditional designator used for the classes of noun conjugation is the vowel of the plural noun ending, e.g.: (i)a – men, brothers; (i)o – for branches, powers, etc. Statistically analyzing the selected words, it was found that the verb made from a noun has a suffix, which is predictable with a fairly high probability and depends on the conjugation class of that noun. For example, a noun verb derivative of class (i)a will have the suffix (i)uo-ti with a probability of 70.95%, a noun verb derivative of class (i)o will have the suffix (i)o-ti with a probability of 71.53%. The conclusions include the statement that the influence of clearer semantic information was not seen in the case of the examined suffixes (Pakerys 2011: 286). Another article describes a study of “how the morphological features of Lithuanian lexems can be predicted to a certain extent from their semantics” (Arkadjevas 2008: 2). The primary Lithuanian verbs, whose root ends in a consonant, were examined. All of them are grouped into macroclasses, the largest of which are n/st verbs, i.e. words with insertion and suffix -st in the present tense stem, and j-verbs, whose palatalization occurs in the present and past tense stems. The analysis showed that the majority of n/st verbs (237 out of 248) are intransitive and can be described informally as “semantic passives”, i.e. verbs denoting situations that do not depend on the subject’s will (e.g. because the subject is an inanimate object). Primary verbs DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 most often (247 out of 306) indicate the deliberate action of a living agent on a patient experiencing an (irreversible) state change (Arkadjev 2008: 10). Aggregated data shall be provided Figure 1. 1 PAV. Relationship of semantics and morphological classes of verbs (prepared according to 2008: 14. The article concludes that j-verbs and n/st-verbs are characterized by distinct semantic dominants. 1.3. Normative issues concerning the use of word forms A number of publications, which discuss the use of word forms, are published on issues of Lithuanian language standardization. The list of language errors provided by the State Lithuanian Language Commission suggests the correct use of certain forms, but this 1 relates only to individual word forms. For example, it is indicated that the masculine noun forms are not used for women to describe professions, positions, etc.: architektas (= architektė) Žilienė; use of non-transitive numerals and the pronoun kelintas in the masculine noun form to describe the day of the month: Kelinto (= Kelinta) šiandien?, Atostogausiu nuo liepos penktojo (= penktosios), etc. However, such forms may not vartoti tik tam tikrame kontekste, kitais atvejais (architektas Žilinskas, tik iš kelinto karto pavyko nustatyti) jos yra visiškai tinkamos. The Lithuanian language culture textbook for colleges discusses cases where two or more ending variants of the same word are common. The forms of the extremities are often adjacent, i.e. two similar ones (one of which is the most common and legalized variant of the taisyklingos, o kitos į bendrinę kalbą ateina iš tarmių, šnekamosios kalbos), 1 use of forms (Griškevičienė et al. 2003: 144). After listing all possible, i.e. used, variants, it is DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ir nors abi leistinos, kalba, siekdama pastovumo, renkasi vieną, labiau advisable to use one, the normative: the following variants of the noun’s verb endings are considered to be normal: sesuo – su seserimi (but not su seseria), obelis – prie obels (but not „Įvairūs variantai, o norminis dažniausiai vienas“ (Griškevičienė ir kt. 2003: 144). Pavyzdžiui, prie obelies), šuo – be šuns (but not be šunies, be šunio); adjective nominative endings: sharp, not sharp angle, sharp, not sharp needle; pronoun originator: pats – himself, but not himself (Griškevičienė et al. 2003: 144). However, all the cases mentioned in this manual are possible, and words with any variant of endings are understood. In the textbook of language culture for the specialty of creative industries, the unusable cases of each syllable are discussed (Vladarskienė 2013: 75-82). For example, the noun should not be used to denote an indefinite number of objects or part of an object: When opinions differ greatly, there are disputes (=disputes); Violations of the rules lead to accidents (=accidents). The pronoun is not to be used when an abstract thing is not broken down: The image of organizations has a decisive influence (=decisive influence) on those companies that seek long-term economic success. It is not considered to be suitable for the expression of bijective jokes: Sport helps a person become healthy and vigorous (=healthy and vigorous). The unpresentable pronoun is sometimes suggested to be replaced even by such a word combination, in which the corrective word is no longer present: Inflation and seasonality (= Due to inflation and seasonality) distort the annual indicators. The noun is not used to indicate the object of the action with the words corresponding, not corresponding: Vehicle make, type and weight corresponds to the ones specified in the request. In addition, in the name of the type of documents, the beneficiary with conjunction should be used instead of the adjective with conjunction: leidimas statybos darbams atlikti (=permit to carry out construction work). However, these comments are accompanied by regular uses of the noun: The data obtained is not sufficient to make a decision. Thus, it can be said that the forms of words indicated as impossible or unpresentable in this textbook become such only in a certain context. In other cases, they are considered to be vartojimas daiktavardžio linksnių pozicijoje. Vardininko: Bet neįmanomas (=neįmanoma) perfectly correct. The monograph Lithuanian language culture discusses the participle forms DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą | 8 of the genitive of the participle mums reikalingesnis (= reikalingiau) nei duona; galininko: In the creation of literature participate and doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 linguistic intuition: to hear the unheard (= unheard), to say the unsaid (= unsaid). The noun is proposed to be replaced by a syntactic construction with the participle form of the participle: From what was said (=what was said) it is clear that the study of communication essentially coincides with the content of teaching and education; The beauty of a poem often reveals itself at the intersection of the known, the heard and the unexpected. In the same way, it is suggested to change the indefinite noun, e.g., But in our work we cannot be satisfied with what has been achieved (=with what has been achieved), and the local noun, e.g., The unexpected echo of beauty in the old, forgotten (=in what is old, forgotten) as if brings it to life (Paulauskienė 2001: 139-145). In addition, there are cases where the forms cannot be made: impersonal verbs cannot be made into conjugated participles of the active kind, only non-conjugated forms of the participle can be made from them (Paulauskienė 2001: 221), e.g., pasnigę. During the implementation of the State Language Use Standardization and Dissemination Program, the 2 peculiarities of the usage of Lithuanian grammar forms were studied. A lot of attention is paid to the category of number, because there are problems with the number of abstract nouns. It can be said that “the use of number forms and norming is relevant only for nouns” (Paulauskienė 2001: 146). In Lithuanian grammar it is stated that abstract nouns can only have singular forms and cannot be changed by numbers (LKG I 1965: 175; DLKG 2006: 62). The language tips describe exceptional cases when abstract nouns become concrete and their plural can be used, for example, a person can be overwhelmed by all kinds of fears (KP G1 2002: 20); this is also characteristic of the names of actions, for example, two completely different ways of thinking met (Bučienė 2017: 50). However, no publications analyzing the use of singular and plural verbs, especially in impossibility cases, were found. The correct use of certain forms is suggested in the Language Tips, and almost every issue of the magazine Bendra kalba discusses the issues of form correctness. Perhaps the closest thing that could be found to the subject of this article is a remark by Jon Jablonskis in the textbook of Lithuanian language published in 1925 by Rygiškiai Jon: „Apie dalyvius http://www.vlkk.lt/programos/paraiskos/valstybines-kalbos-vartojimo-norminimo-ir-sklaidos-programa Tačiau jie irgi neapima visos paradigmos vartojamumo. visur ir ne iš visų žodžių padaromi“ (Jablonskis 1925: 61). But here we are discussing the case of the absence of all forms of the participant with a certain root of the verb. „būsimas, siųsimas, vesimas“ <…> čia netenka kalbėti: jie retas tėra kalbos dalykas, jie ne 2 DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 1.4. Application of natural morphology The natural morphology of the Baltic languages was only studied at the beginning of this century. In the first decade of the 20th century, researches were carried out on the noun system of Latvian (Rosinas 2005), later this method was applied to Lithuanian verbs (Pakalniškienė, Šarkytė 2012). One of the questions of natural morphology is what is normal in a particular language system (Dressler 2019). A morphological phenomenon is considered natural if it is widespread in language 3 and does not change with language change (Mayerthaler 1981: 2). Not all morphological phenomena are equally common, for example, suffixes are more common than prefixes. A language may have no prefixes at all (e.g. Turkish), but if it has at least one kind of affix, it is a suffix (Crocco Galeas 2001: 8). Further research in this direction has concluded that suffixes and prepositions are more common than insertions (Wurzel 2001: 27) Supletism is also rare and therefore unnatural in word formation (Dressler 1985: 97). There are very few complement forms in Lithuanian: esu – buvau; I – 4 me, etc. 5 Research on Lithuanian verb tenses has led to the conclusion that “from the point of view of natural morphology, the past tense forms of Lithuanian root verbs are to be considered as basic, and the present tense forms as derivative” (Pakalniškienė, Šarkytė 2012: 155). As an argument, the fact is presented that “the present tense forms of the intermediate and -sta stem verbs are structurally more complex than the past tense stems, therefore from a synchronic point of view they are to be considered derived” (Pakalniškienė, Šarkytė 2012: 155). From the point of view of natural morphology, "change rules are morphological operations by which morphological categories are formally encoded in a word" (Mayerthaler 1981: 8). 3 „<…> what is normal in the potential system of a specific language“ (Dressler 2019). 4 „<...> ist dann externe Flexion natürlicher als interne Flexion, und Präund Suffixe sind natürlicher als Infixe" (Wurzel 2001: 27). 5 "<...> suppletion is most unnatural" (Dressler 1985: 97). DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 3.2. Absence of existing cartographic time Another case when there are impossible forms of words, also related to semantics. The verbs with the prefix still denote a continuous action (Arkadiev 2010: 21) and therefore there cannot 8 be verbs of the event verb with this prefix. In describing the grammar of Lithuanian, it is stated that “the opposite form of the verb is irregular” and “different tenses can be opposed in relation to the action – the present tense has the meaning of the course verb, and the past and future tense of the event <…>, cf. : The dark evening is coming (Nėris) and The long-awaited hour of the sun eclipse has come (Vienuolis)” (Judžentis 2012: 157-158). According to the quotation, the word ateis is considered to be a verb of the event participle, but tebeateis already shows the continuity of the action and is assigned to the course participle (He knew that after this event the letters of the son would continue to come as before). In the Lithuanian language culture, the verb is also discussed: "<...> Verbs of the course act are without prepositions, and verbs of the event act have prepositions. If the prefix indicates only the result of an action that takes place in the corresponding direction, then the verb-related words are as close as if they were the same word forms: (a) to do – to do; write-to-write; split-splitting; white-white, whiteish, pale-white; drown, drown, drown; decay-decay; (b) go from... – to leave; go to... – to enter; eiti nuo... – to go; run over...- to run over; bėgti pro... – to run past, etc. (Paulauskienė 2001: 211) It is further indicated that the verb can be determined by the verb's tense: "<...> The present tense of Lithuanian language allows the use of prepositional forms of some verbs in the sense of the course: the transitive verbs ateina, atplaukia, atvažiuoja, išvažiuoja, parvažiuoja answer to the question of the course verb what does he do now? <...> But it is enough to replace the present tense with the past tense, and the verb shows a completed resulting action: came, arrived, arrived, left, arrived.” (Paulauskienė 2001: 213) 8 "<...> the combination of teand be- <…> this sequence can only be interpreted as a continuative form. <...>“ (Arkadiev 2010: 21). DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 It could also be added that not only the present but also the past forms of the frequent tense are of the course, because the repeating action is continued: coming, arriving, arriving, leaving, arriving. However, there are no observations that some prepositions can replace event verbs with course verbs. When adding still and stillto the given verbs, past participle forms become impossible. The 3rd person participle of the verb is not present, for example, in the verb "to go". LIGIS The past participle forms of such verbs are not given. Thus, a general tendency was observed that direction-indicating scroll verbs (and some non-scroll verbs) with the prefixes at-, nu-, connected also and tebe-, cannot have past participle forms, e.g. atvažiuoti, nuvažiuoti, atbėgti, nubėgti, atskristi, nuskristi, nudažyti, etc. The words tebeatvažiuoja, tebeatvažiuodavo, tebeatvažiuos in Lithuanian are possible, but *tebeatvažiavo, *tebenudažė are already meaningless. The sentence When I came back, he still painted the shelf is understandable and good, because paint is a verb of the course. The subject of the event would be nudažė, and *tebenudažė already sounds unusual, you have to think hard about what it could mean and it is unlikely that any meaning of this word would come to mind. Tebeir event factor eliminates each other. 3.3. Only anonymous relatives of participants of the non-active species A large number of non-active species use only an anonymous family name. described at the Neveikiamosios rūšies dalyvių, padarytų iš intranzityvinių veiksmažodžių, galima tik bevardės giminės forma. Bene pirmi pastebėjimai apie vartojamą dalyvių tik bevardę giminę buvo beginning of this century, but it was formulated somewhat differently, naming the anonymous genus as the non-conjugated form of the participant: “Only the inconjugated and non-conjugated forms are made from the non-conjugated verbs” (Paulauskienė 2001: 222). Tai matyti ir iš statistinių LIGIS duomenų. Veikiamosios rūšies dalyvių su šaknimi there are 14 310 races and only 1 772 participants of the inactive species. The same statements can be found in theoretical works: "<...> Participles of the active kind are made by participants daugiau negu neveikiamosios“ (Paulauskienė 2001: 221). Taigi labai didelė dalis of the passive kind, i.e. those that are made from intransitive verbs do not have feminine and masculine forms and conjugations. For example, run a stretch, run where, but the word atkarpa, nubėgti kilometrai gali būti vartojama, taip pat kaip ir vaikų jau buvo išsibėgiota kas DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lithuanian Language Grammar Information System | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 *izsibėgiotas is no longer possible. In total, the LIGIS database contains 236 lemas of active species participants. Of these, 120 can only have the forms of anonymous genus. More examples can be found with other verbs, not yet included in LIGIS, where only an anonymous genus of passive participants is possible. For example, from the verbs grow, shine, do not shine you can make grown, shiny, not shiny, but * grown, * grown, * shiny, * shiny, * shiny, * shiny, * shiny are already incomprehensible. CONCLUSIONS When computers began to be used for language processing, new facts about languages and their grammar emerged, which had previously been ignored because these questions were not relevant to the human being as a language user. When computerizing Lithuanian grammar, it has been observed that some Lithuanian words cannot acquire all forms of the theoretical paradigm and this happens because of the incompatibility of lexical meaning with grammatical meaning or because of their logical contradiction. The singular of words denoting group action is not allowed. The prepositional derivatives of verbs of the event subject can no longer have past participle forms. Most participants of the passive kind, made from intransitive verbs, can only have the form of the infinitive genus. ŠALTINIAI DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/menu?page=advanced (žiūrėta 2021-05-25). LIGIS – Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinė sistema. Prieiga internete: http://ligis.lki.lt/ (žiūrėta 2021-05-25). LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, 1941–2002 (elektroninis variantas), vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt (žiūrėta 2021-05-25). DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 LITERATŪRA Aputis Juozas 1977: Sugrįžimas vakarėjančiais laukais: Novelės, Vilnius: Vaga. Arkadiev Peter 2010: Notes on the Lithuanian restrictive. – Baltic Linguistics 1, 9-49. 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Šveikauskienė Daiva 2016: Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinė sistema: I. Morfologija. - Lietuvių kalba 13. Prieiga internete: http://www.lietuviukalba.lt/index.php/lietuviukalba/article/view/183 (žiūrėta 2021-05-25). Vladarskienė Rasuolė 2013: Kūrybinių industrijų specialybės kalbos kultūra: vadovėlis, Vilnius: Technika. DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Wurzel Wolfgang U. 2001: Flexionsmorphologie und Natürlichkeit: Ein Beitrag zur morphologischen Theoriebildung. Studia Grammatica 21, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH. Zinkevičius Vytautas 2000: Lemuoklis – morfologinei analizei. - Darbai ir dienos 24, 245– 273. Received 22 October 2019 Priimta 2021 09 06 DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ. Veiksmažodžio formų vartojamaumas, išryškėjęs kuriant Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos informacinę sistemą | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.02 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 USAGE OF THE VERB FORMS DEVELOPED ON THE LITHUANIAN GRAMMAR INFORMATION SYSTEM Summary Up until now, the usage of grammatical forms mostly has been discussed in standardization or diachronic aspects. Searching for articles about paradigm coverage or its completeness yielded no results. We encountered the same critical question while creating the Lithuanian Grammar Information System, while preparing the material for the tab OTHER FORMS to be exact. It turns out that paradigms of some words are incomplete, which is determined not by morphological features of Lithuanian language, but by word semantics, making specific paradigm forms impossible, non-existent, by resulting in words not understood by a native speaker. We present three types of such occurrences: 1. Verbs having no singular form: such verbs mean group action. 2. Verbs the past simple tense forms of which are illogical. Such problem occurs when indicator of aspect of verbs is time (i.e. present tense forms are imperfective, and past simple tense forms are perfective), and they have attached the prefix tebe-, which notes continuity. 3. Most of passive participles that are derived from intransitive verbs can only have neuter gender forms. KEYWORDS: grammar, morphology, paradigms, inflectional forms of words, semantics. DAIVA ŠVEIKAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]