Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai „kažkada“ ir „kada nors“: reikšmės santykis ir vartosena

BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas NEAPIBRĖŽIAMIEJI LAIKO PRIEVEIKSMIAI Sometime and somewhere: meaning relationship and usage Key words: indefinite adverbs, noun adverbs or pronoun as proforma, adverbs, indicator of uncertainty. ANNOTATION The article discusses the expansion of the sphere of use of the ever when by moving from the traditional model for describing the time of (actual) action that took place at an indefinite moment in the past to the less usual model when ever is chosen to describe the time of possible (irreal) action that will take place in the future, traditionally described by the adverb ever. A typological study of the implicative universalities of indefinite pronouns, including adverbs of noun origin (PRO-ADVERBS), by Martin Haspelmath (1997) shows that the cooperative principle is sometimes violated when the time of an unreal action is chosen to describe the time of the interlocutor (cf. Grice 1975). On the other hand, such a choice has to be linked to the general tendency of changes in the values and functions of uncertainty indicators – the possibility of the transferability of the value of uncertainty indicators occupying a parallel position on the map of implicational universalities in a certain direction (cf. Haspelmath 1997: 63). INTRODUCTION At first glance, the use of the adverbs "sometime" and "sometime" seems to be justified by kontrastiniu laiko situacijų išdėstymu (praeitis–ateitis) 1 . Pastaruoju metu vis dažnėjantis the choice of the adverb "sometime" instead of "sometime". 1 In a statement on the website, the company said: "We are looking forward to the future and we are looking forward to the present. Someday I will be rich; I used to be rich” (https://vaistininkouzrasai.lt/skaitytoju-klausimai/pastaba-kada-norsvartojama; accessed 2020-12-29). Interestingly, the verbs sometime and ever in the texts of this website properly mark the difference between the past and future, so the language lessons can be considered a kind of advertising for the website. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 laukiamo kada nors rodo, kad nyksta kalbančiųjų suvokimas, jog šis laiko prieveiksmis skirtas only to describe past situations, cf. : 1) Someday I will write a book about the kind of people I have worked with in my life. 2 2) it is unlikely that such computer systems will ever work better than humans can <...>. 3 3) It is necessary <...> to say "Stop" at some point. 4 4) if we think about the economic situation here and now, and not sometime in 10 years, then the most important determining factors <...> are consumer expectations and their influence on the price of consumer goods and services. paslaugų paklausa. 5 5) Karjera nėra procesas, kuris prasidės kažkada po studijų baigimo. 6 6) Theatre is a momentary art, it does not last. <...>. Therefore, all performing dainininkai, aktoriai, režisieriai – jeigu jau yra pripažįstami, tai čia ir dabar, o ne kažkada artists are after death. 7 7) This money can also be used to support children by other means. Not by trying to support those who will only be born sometime next year, but by looking at the reality, where there are social problems, what financial support is needed. 8 In the Lithuanian language standardization work, a lot of attention is still paid to the errors in the use of indefinite adverbs (among them and kažkada, kada nors) samples with this. Although such 9 usual once usage contexts. The 2014-15 season was a success for the club, with a 29–12 record and a samplaikų vartojimas nebėra intensyvus, jų pavyzdžiai svarbūs kitu aspektu – jie ryškina 29–14 record (2014–15 season). 2 https://www.15min.lt/max/naujiena/verslas/versmes-sanatorijos-direktore-apie-135-atsaukimus-per-savaite3 https://kauno.diena.lt/naujienos/nuomones/nuomones/speech-language-myths-reality-and-research-possibilities870672 (accessed 2020-12-29). 4 https://m.delfi.lt/lietuvoje/article.php?id=86384825 (žiūrėta 2021-02-12). 5 https://www.llri.lt/naujienos/ekonomine-politika/o-gal-ekonomikos-prognozuotojai-ne-taip-jau-ir-klydo/lrinka (žiūrėta 2020-12-29). 6 http://www.vpvpmc.lt/karjeros-ugdymo-centras/580-karjeros-plano-nauda-siekiant-karjeros-tiksl.html (viewed 2020-12-29). 7 http://www.lkti.lt/apie_mus/knygynas/teatras/gintaro-varno-teatras.html (accessed 2020-12-29). 8 https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/maciulis-apie-10-tukst-euru-mokejima-gimusiam-vaikui-siulymasgalintis-tureti-neigiamu-pasekmiu.d?id=86100285 (žiūrėta 2020-12-29). 9 http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/didziosios-klaidos/zodyno/neteiktini-vertiniai (accessed 2020-12-29). JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 confusing cases are not easy to find, so the purpose of this article is to clarify the neapibrėžiamųjų laiko prieveiksmių kažkada ir kada nors tinkamo – su jų semantika possibilities of the use of related. 1) to review the illustrations on which the meanings of these adverbs and their synonyms are based in the main Lithuanian dictionary (DŽ), the General kalbos žodynuose: akademiniame Lietuvių kalbos žodyne (LKŽe), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos Language Dictionary (BŽe) and the Thesaurus of Synonyms (SŽe); 2) discuss how the 10 grammatical status and meaning of these indicators of temporal uncertainty are described in linguistic works; 3) to analyze the distribution of the frequency of use in the texts of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CLT) and Speech Lithuanian Language (SLKT). The structure of the article reflects the order of the answers to the following questions: 1. Once and ever in dictionaries; 2. the grammatical status and semantics of once and ever; 3. Sometime, somewhere use of DLCT and SLCT. Theoretical medžiagos apžvalgai bei empirinės medžiagos tyrimui pasitelkiami analitinis ir lyginamasis metodai. 1. ONCE AND EVERYONE IN DICTIONARIES This difference in the use of once and ever for past or future events in the illustrated apibūdinti įžvelgiama DŽ ir BŽe pateiktuose šių prieveiksmių reikšmės paaiškinimuose ir examples (see Table 1 for a comparison of the descriptions of once and ever found in dictionaries and their possible synonyms). There are two meanings of "sometime": "unknown when" and "recently", which are illustrated by examples of actions that took place in the past. The use of the adverbs někdy, kažin kdy is also supported by the past tense (without description of the meaning). In the LKŽ, sometime and someday are linked to each other by references: sometime is explained by reference to someday, and someday is explained by reference to unknown when and someday. The examples in table 1 show not only SŽe, but also kažkada sąsajos su neapibrėžtą praeities veiksmo laiką nurodančiais kažin kad, kadáise, kada LKŽe, partly also DŽ, as adjectives for kadà, kadasās. To explain the meaning of the adverb ever, dictionaries use the description of the choice of the moment of time or (and) uncertainty, cf.: at any time 10 DŽ and BŽe are normative dictionaries, cf. http://lkiis.lki.lt/lkz-pratarme, http://lkiis.lki.lt/lkz-ivadas and //bkz.lki.lt/?pg=general_news. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: http reikšmės santykis ir vartosena | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (LKŽe), at any indefinite time (DŽ), at indefinite time (BŽe). The use of BZe někdy is illustrated in more detail: this adverb describes not only the time of an action that will take place in the future, but also the possibility of an action in the past. TABLE 1. Presentation of Kažkada, kada nors and in some aspects of meaning synonymous to them temporal adverbs in the main Lithuanian language dictionaries LKŽe BŽe DŽ SŽe kažkadž žr. kažin kada 1. no one knows when: Kažkada jis čia lived. 2. a long We've lived here baigėme darbus. Kažkadž čij parduotùvė. bùvo once one knows when, similar situation sometime Àj kažin when the train like yours where you waiting. 2nd day. seniai: We have already somehow finished digging the bulbs <...>. ǁ very long ago: Kažann kada Shops. ǁ kadaise: I time ago: knew this way siuvinėt <...>. kadąd esù kadąd sometime: I was in a came, in a situation were tired of – kadáise once, long ago, not Tilindis praeityje <...> smiled, in remembered the same once <...> It was once in forests. <...>. When I was a child, when I was old, I when I was old, I when I was old, I kitados, seniai: Kažann kada before. Once for the čia buvo girios. Kadáise ts krãštas ir aš Once Germans. I'm back. now, long ago: times: K. that the oak grove grew here. was once, otherwise nenuorama. (Gyveno k. the city), kitad, ktąsyk, ktąkart I used to sing, and used to sing, and used to sing, and used to sing, and when I was old, I used to sing, and used to sing, and I don't remember. kadaah bėsu buvus kddės, kadah kddžių prv. šnek. seniai: upon a time I was differently formed Kadaė kâdės Kadaang kaži(n) 1. no kãdžių tave mačiau. when I was old, I when I was old, I used to sing, and when I was old, I used to sing, and when I was old, I used to sing. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 There was once the poet Mačys. upon a time. 1932) 2000 – The 2000 – The Last of Final Jam 2000 – seniaå, seniaå (S. Last of Us Part Us Part II: The The Last of Us Sometimes, he would say, "I'm going to...". we know kadaś(s) 1. see kadaise: Tep pirm. → when he <...> 2. někdy: Ir mus visus kadais gi mirsiančius tikrai BPII6. kadaś prv. 1. drove. I'm Already he is at home. <...> 2. kadaise: kada Augo miškas čia Once seniai: Àš kadašs waiting for you. šventai kada seniau, kitą kartą, prv. next time, I will not be able to come kitados: <...> man next time II: The Final Jam down he does not Part II: The Final even know what upon a again for twelve kadaise: Kitada short is to put us days, lived such a tadà, nei kitadà. – time: <...> next time Next time in this There was a Kinda Búvo. Jam (feat. next time 1. next time. place king of the <...> 2. cemetery. – whenever anytime: And at anytime indefinitely: Aah Jabl. Someday indefinitely: you whenever anytime maybe we'll meet I'm just like that. (norwegian) come whenever ãare anytime. J. again. Come online? Norwegian Tikjaju maile. go to Paris. The most nórs kadaise kitad powerful explosive weapons Otherwise MZ 290. wants ùžtaisas. - JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: reikšmės santykis ir vartosena | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Thus, the examples given by DŽ only provide contrastively perceived (indefinite past time: indefinite future time) sometime and sometime use; The spectrum of the meaning of these indicators of time uncertainty is presented in more detail in BZ: sometimes it is associated with real (actual) past situations, and sometimes – not only with the moment of an action that will take place in the future, but also with the moment of an action that may have taken place in a certain period of time. Before discussing the grammatical status and semantics of these words, it is important to discuss to which categories of modality and conjugation of verbs are related the above-mentioned descriptions of the (actual) action that took place in reality and the possible (non-actual) action. Actual (real / occurred) actions are usually described by epistemic (evaluative) 11 modal verbs. In the view of the category of deduction, they are associated with direct deduction: "Epistemological modality is related to people's knowledge of the world <...>. Epistemical predicates modify statements that can be evaluated in terms of justice, and the result of this operation is also a statement that can be verified” (Holvoet, Judžentis 2004: 82, 85). Non-factual actions are described by the modality of deontic (irreal) modality – unlike epistemic, it is not statements that are described, but abstract propositions that represent the actions or actions 12 of some subjects” (Holvoet, Judžentis 2004: 83). The future time is unique in terms of modality. It veiksmažodžiais. Nefaktyvūs deontinio modalumo veiksmažodžiai pasirenkami perteikiant su ateitimi – ketinimais, raginimais, liepimais, poreikiais – susijusius veiksmus: „Deontiniu denotes future actions, therefore in the forms of this time verbs "statements made at the moment of speaking are not verifiable: fulfilled, therefore, and verified, they can only be at a certain moment in the future" as plans, because the sequence of projected future events can be 13 broken, and the predicted event (Holvoet, Pajėdienė 2004: 123). Ateitis yra siejama su ketinimais 14 , kurie paprastai pateikiami gali neįvykti. Todėl būsimų dalykų įvardijimas negali būti siejamas vien su laiko raiška – ateities dalykai turi ir numatymo (pranašavimo) elementą, ir tam tikrą su modalumu susijusią 11 Plg. Vladimir Plungian’s definition of evaluative modality: “it is the speaker’s presentation of the situation tikroviškumo (ar tikėtinumo laipsnio) vertinimas“ (Plungian 2011: 192). 12 According to V. Plungian, one of the most important meanings from a cognitive and communicative point of view is the meaning of unreal modality, used to describe unreal situations – “when modal indicators describe a certain ‘alternative world’ existing in the speaker’s consciousness at the time of communication” (Plungian 2011: 193). 13 For more information on the concept of future tense and references to literature, see Holvoet, Pajėdienė 2004: 122– 124. 14 For the interpretation of intentions, see Lyons 1993: 814tt. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (cf. Lyons 1993: 677). In Lithuanian, statements expressed in future tense verb forms can be considered as modally unmarked (cf. Holvoet, Pajėdienė 15 2004: 123). 2. WHEN AND WHERE THE GRAMMATICAL STATUS AND SEMANTICS OF THE WORDS 2.1. In the works of glossary studies, sometimes and ever (and their variants and synonyms) 16 can be described as belonging to three different grammatical classes – adverbs (see Senn 1966; Ulvydas 1971, 2006; Paulauskienė 1976; Forssman 2003), adverbs (see Senn 1966; Ulvydas 1971, 2006; Paulauskienė 1976; Forssman 2003), adverbs (see Senn 1966; Ulvydas 1971, 2006; Paulauskienė 1976; (plg. Makauskaitė 2016, 2019) arba neapibrėžiamųjų įvardžių (plg. Haspelmath 1997). Šiuos Forssman 2003), adverbs (see Senn 1966; Ulvydas 1971, 2006; Paulauskienė 1976; Forssman 2003). 425; 2000: 1; 2006: 410), is based on the function of showing “the circumstances of the action or prieveiksmiui, kuriam būdingas „leksinės reikšmės savarankiškumas“ (plg. Ulvydas 1971: state expressed by the verb” (cf. Ulvydas 2006: 410). The concept of adverb is chosen when describing means of time meaning of different origin (action) types. In Indrė Makauskaitė’s study of the positional possibilities of adverbs in contemporary Lithuanian language, adverbs 17 are represented by their equivalents, as well as by words or combinations of words that have almost become imperfect” (Makauskaitė 2019: 76). It should be noted that Antanas Smetona priskiriami „laiko prieveiksmiai ir formaliai prieveiksmiais nelaikomi jų semantiniai and Aurelija Usonienė, the authors, are the first to emphasize that the semantic-functional class of adverbs “is not identified with adverbs as a traditional part of language in grammar prakalbę apie poreikį skirti adverbialų klasę aprašant kai kuriuos lietuvių kalbos reiškinius 18 , or circumstances as a traditional part of sentence in syntax” and such a choice “does not question the status of the language phenomena in question in terms of parts of language or sentence parts” (Smetona, Usonienė 2012: 124). 15 E.g.: “Lithuanian language has distinct temporal forms separated from the modal system, therefore the category of priskirtinos trys vertės – esamasis, būtasis, būsimasis laikai“ (Holvoet, Pajėdienė 2004: 124). 16 For example, in linguistic studies, the words kažin kadūd, kažin kuomèt, kažkuomèt, kuomèt nórs (Ulvydas 1971: 454; 2000: 30) ar kažkadais, kaži(n) kada, kaži(n) kuomet ir kuomet nors (Makauskaitė 2019: 77, 91, 107, 108). 17 For semantic studies of Lithuanian language means of time expression, which can be considered adverbs, see 2016. Makarov. 18 See. Smetona, Usonienė 2012: 124, 128–131, 136. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 When considering the possibilities of the right choice of sometime and sometime, it is important to take into account typological studies. Martin Haspelmath’s work Indefinite Pronouns (1997) focuses on these indicators of uncertainty in Lithuanian, presenting the results of an investigation of the implicational universalities of indefinite pronouns in 140 languages. M. Haspelmathas uses the concept of pronoun not only in the etymological (PRO-NOUN) but also in the broader – initial form (PRO-FORMA) – sense, as a term describing various derivatives of noun origin, including pronominal adverbs; plg. Haspelmath their 1997: 10–11). Pasirinkimo vertinti kažkada ir kada nors kaip įvardžiams priskirtinų žodžių visumos vienetus poreikį rodo ir lietuvių kalbos gramatiniuose aprašuose, kur šie žodžiai bei synonyms or verb variants are presented as adverbs, the noun origin is emphasized, the sampling method of formation from several pronouns and other similar descriptions are given (plg. Senn 1966: 313; Paulauskienė 1976: 202, 204; Valeckienė 1979: 130 19 ; Kniūkšta 2001: 161; Forssman 2003: 284). Before moving on to the significance and usage possibilities of 20 sometime and somewhere (and their synonymous variants) highlighted in Haspelmath’s study, it is important to mention the descriptions of the significance of these indicators of time uncertainty presented in earlier (Ulvydas 1971, 1985) and newer (Forssman 2003; Makauskaitė 2019) studies of Lithuanian material. 2.2. Lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje (LKG) pateiktame prieveiksmių reikšminių grupių in the description sometime, sometime and whenever, whenever desired are assigned 21 circumstantial time adverbs, denoting “the present or otherwise general concepts of time” (Ulvydas 1971: 454; 2000: 19 Adelė Valeckienė (1979: 131–133) discusses the etymologies of when, and also mentions kartuotta “sometime” kuris LKŽe šia reikšme iliustruojamas tarminiais pavyzdžiais (plg.: Kartunta gal ir aš būsiu laimingas; Kartuta tu (ibid., 130, paprašysi manęs). 20 Plg.: „Dabar pamirštama nežymimųjų įvardžių ir juos atitinkančių prieveiksmių įvairovė ir pradedama tenkintis only in forms with kaž-: kažkas, kažkoks, kažkada... A. Monuolis uses forms with kažir kažin as usual in living language – when one or another unclear thing is said: <...>. Wherever one of the few unknowns is mentioned, the writer subtly chooses another word: <...> Everyone remembered that he too would have to die someday (sooner or later) (R II 84). From the current literature we could pick up hundreds of sentences where some and sometime are already inserted in such cases. A. Monuolis does not need the word with the obscure meaning kažkada at all – he denotes the indefinite past time with the adverbs kadaise and kitada <...>“ (Kniūkšta 2001: 161). 21 Plg. LKG reference that “a more general past meaning” have the adjectives “<...> kadaise, <...>, kitada, <...>“ (Ulvydas 1971: 455; 2000: 31). JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: kitados reikšmės santykis ir vartojimas | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 30), to a subgroup, although the examples supporting the statement do not 22 indicate this: sometimes illustrated by sentences with past tense, and sometimes, when desired, by sentences with future tense verb forms, cf. : 8) Sometime <...> walked on a thrown mud <...>. 9) I wonder if I could embroider like this <...>. 10) Someday I will tell you about Damuliene. 11) Whenever you want to have to run <...>. In the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DLKG) there is a clarification of this description: in the subgroup of circumstantial adverbs indicating the “present or otherwise general concepts of time” the mention of whenever is only used, and in the subgroup of past adverbs – of the already mentioned adverbs, whenever is only used (cf. 23 Ulvydas 2006: 426). Recent research has focused on the deyctic nature of these words. Bertholdas Forssmanas (2003: 51, 264) assigns kažin kada / kažkada / kažkuo metu „irgendwann“ (the context of the description suggests that it is also sometime) to punctual, but non-deitical indefinite temporal 24 adverbs, and I. Makauskaitė (2019) – to deitical temporal adverbs. The differences in evaluation 25 are related to the definition of deycticity determined by the methods of studying the material: in the first case – in the morphosemantic description of the adverb system – the investigated elements are evaluated as anaphoric references (i.e. to have their place in the general perception of the discourse), and in the second – according to the semantics of the described elements in the real discourse or subjective deycticity. Time adverbs described according to the trinary – deytin, intrinsic and 26 22 In another work, see the inappropriately assigned meaning “anytime” to sampling whenever you want, illustrated by the sentence Oi, klius jam nuo manęs kuomet norint (Ulvydas 1974: 23; 2000: 320). 23 Plg. In the Russian language, the word is used in the forms: когда, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то, когда-то. 24 The attribution of „jedenmal“ to this group of punctual non-deitical indefinite adverbs is implied by the meaning given in German, cf.: kadanorint (kadanonts, kadanorärs, kawõrs) „irgendwann“ (Forssman 2003: 200). Here we can recall the translations of the adverbs in question provided by Alfredo Senno (1966: 313), e.g.: irgendwann, irgendwo, je(n)mal, je(n)mal when translated ‘irgendwann einmal, vor langer Zeit einmal, wer weiβ wann’, and je(n)mal – ‘je, einmal’. 25 According to B. Forssman, non-deictic time adjectives indicate an absolute position based on the knowledge of the world, which can be classified as preceding, subsequent or coinciding with the specified reference time, or indicate a position in which the time of action is consciously considered open or irrelevant (see Forssman 2003: 51). 26 "About Deixs and Anaphora". Lyons 1993 [1977]: 673tt; Levinson 1983: 54–55. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TABLE 3. Total relative frequency of use DLKT sometime possibly indicates total undefined action of use, DLKT amount of occurred undefined action that occurred in the past, Administrative 81 12 108 literature (~28 %) (~0.22 %) (~28.37 %) literature (~6.4 %) (~0.04 %) (~6.51 (~2.14 %) indicates undefined action, Beauty 1 376 11 1 394 Non-beauty and its past, relative time resolution 15 (~0.3 %) 45 (~0.92 %) indicates 74 12 91 4 749 105 time possible future time (~59.1 %) (~1.38 %) (~61.1 %) %) literature (~1.65 %) (~0.24 %) (~2.2 %) (~0.08 %) (~1.85 %) (~96.64 %) 314 2 320 (in contexts of obligation and condition) (expression of future time as desire, ability) Parts of DLKT Journalism 2 904 10 (~0,2 %) 19 (~0,39 %) 68 3 001 2 (~0.04%) 5 (~0.1%) 3 (~0.06%) 1 (~0.02%) –15 (~0.3%) Oral language –5 (~0.1%) Throughout the text 4 914 (100 %) 4 764 (~96,95 %) 150 (~3,05 %) When comparing the relative frequency of two instances of use of the word in different parts of the textbook, it is clear that the word is used much less frequently in written language for non-specific situations related to the description of future events than in the parts of the DLKT that convey oral language (see tables 4 and 5). In written language texts out of 4 715 pieces (that is, the DLKT comprises 95.95 % of the total sometime sample) 106 pieces (~2.25 %) describe future situations: 87 pieces (~2.9 %) are found in journalism, 16 pieces (~1.1 %) – in fiction and 3 pieces (~0.9 %) – in the DLKT parts that present non-fiction texts. In the DLKT parts containing oral language texts, out of 199 pieces (that is, DLKT constitutes 4.05 % of the total sometime sample), 44 pieces (~22.11 %) sometime are used to describe future situations: 27 pieces (25 %) are found in the DLKT part Administrative literature and 17 pieces (~18.7 %) in the part Oral language. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: reikšmės santykis ir vartosena | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 TABLE 4. Distribution of the use of the adverb sometime in the DLKT parts presenting verbal and written language sometime indicates the amount of an indefinite action, possibly the use of the DLKT past time of an action that will take place in the future, and its Administrative indicates the indefinite total time relative expression literature time literature DLKT Publications 4 609 (97,75 %) 106 (~2,25 %) 4 715 (100 %) Fiction Oral Non-fiction literature 155 (77,89 %) 44 (~22,11 %) 199 (100 %) language In all texts 4 764 (~96,95 %) 150 (~3,05 %) 4 914 (100 %) TABLE 5. Relative frequency of adverb once use patterns in DLKT parts once the amount of past action DLKT and its indicates undefined total time of use relative expression of happening in the future, Nonfiction 317 (~99.1 %) 3 (~0.9 %) 320 (100 %) nurodo neapibrėžtą veiksmo, galimai parts DLKT parts Publications 2 914 (~97,1 %) 87 (~2,9 %) 3 001 (100 %) Fiction 1 378 (~98,9 %) 16 (~1,1 %) 1 394 (100 %) Oral Administrative 81 (~75 %) 27 (~25 %) 108 (100 %) language 74 (~81,3 %) 17 (~18,7 %) 91 (100 %) In all texts 4 764 (~96,95 %) 150 (~3,05 %) 4 914 (100 %) There are not many instances of using 44 the SLKT adverb „kažkada“ (kažin kada, kažkada neužfiksuota), nedaug ir jo vartojimo būsimojo laiko kontekstuose – 3 atvejai (7,3 %) iš 44 Source of the study – morphologically annotated SLKT meaning ratio and usage (sakytinistekstynas.vdu.lt). Tekstyno kūrimą rėmė Lietuvos valstybinis mokslo ir studijų fondas (2006–2008 m.), Lietuvos JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: accumulated at Vytautas Magnus University | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 41 (see Table 6). Attention should be drawn to the situational context of these cases: it is communication in the media – 1 sentence of a television program participant (2.4%) and spontaneous institutional language – 1 sentence of a 2 sentences said by bank employees (4.9 %). TABLE 6. Relative frequency of patterns of use of the adverb sometime SLKT sometime of an action that has taken place and will take place in the future, indicates the number of instances of an indefinite action, possibly in the past, nurodo neapibrėžtą over time time (future time expression) 50 714) 68 493) 2 100) 121 788) 40 478) 297 798) pavartojimo Part of the CST Akademinė komunikacija (total number of words 4 (9,8 %) – 4 (9,8 %) Communižiniasklaidoje (total number of words cation 2 (4.9 %) 1 (2.4 %) 3 (7.3 %) Teologinė komunikacija (total number of words – – – Spontane- (total number of words ous private speech 27 (65.9 %) –27 (65.9 %) Spontaneokalba (total number of words us institutional 5 (12.2 %) 2 (4.9 %) 7 (17.1 %) Visame tekstyne (total number of words 38 (92,7 %) 3 (7,3 %) 41 (100 %) Thus, the DLKT sections Administrative literature and Speaking language show that the lexical concept UNKNOWN TIME IN THE FUTURE is sometimes chosen for references much more often than the scientific council under the National Programme for the Development of Lithuanian Studies 2009–2015 (LIT-9-11) and under the State Programme for Lithuanian Studies Research and Dissemination 2016–2024 (LIP-085/2016). JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 in writing: 25% in public speaking and 18.7% in private communication (see Table 5). The SIL records sometime use in future contexts only in public settings – 7.3% (see Table 6). 3.2. Reviewing the use of adverbs sometime, somewhere, somehow, sometime DLKT models can make another hypothetical assumption: sometime and sometime as suartėjimą gali skatinti ir kažkada sutapdinimas su mažiau sugramatintu samplaikiniu adjectives of meaning sometime, suitable for both past (actual) and future events. to describe the moment of time of an (irreal) action. The use of the conjunctive kažin when in 45 DLKT is relatively sparse (54 pcs.). It is found only in texts that convey written language (21 fiction, 4 non-fiction and 29 publications): 44 cases 46 (81.5 %) indicate the time uncertainty of a (specific) action that has occurred and 10 cases (18.5 %) indicate the time uncertainty of a possible (non-specific) future action (see Table 7 for DLCT data). Faktyvaus veiksmo kontekstuose vartojamo kažin kada reikšmė „seniai“ gali būti paryškinta pabrėžiamąja dalelyte jau, o reikšmė „nežinia kada“ – frazėmis su skirtingais rodikliais (žr. 20–21 sakinius). Būsimo (irealaus) veiksmo kontekstuose kažin kada dar kažtipo tebeturi išlikusią etimologinę klausiamąją reikšmę „kas žino, kada“, tinkamą ir leksiniam konceptui NEŽINOMAS LAIKAS ATEITYJE nusakyti (žr. 22–23 sakinius), plg. : 18) Povilas jau kažin kada sūnaus akyse nebuvo matęs. DLKT 19) After all, you haven't seen Casio for a long time. DLKT 20) One of the rooms was decorated with a Turkish tent. DLKT 22) the end of his row is already 21) Tėvas buvo kažin kada kažin ką sakęs <...>. DLKT here, and the pine trees are not far away. DLKT Thus, although DLKT kažin kada is used 91 23) pažadais nenori tenkintis – ji laukianti pagalbos dabar, bet ne kažin kada. DLKT times less often than it used to be (cf.: 4914: 54), the contexts of use show that less grammatized kažin kada is used much more often (~18.5 %) 45 Such a consumption pattern is also shown by the examples given by LKG, e.g. : And I had met him sometime in the city; "The Angels of the Night" (1971) 45. 46 The DLKT finds 55 cases of use of the word "never", but in one case this conjugation is part of the direct question, cf. : Ma'am, when can I bring that television home? The interrogative phrase, composed of kažin kada appearing in the adjacent position, is more often associated with future contexts (as can be seen from the quoted example), but it can also be used to try to determine the time of an already performed action, cf. the following sentence: Kažin kedy tu ta klausiamųjų ir neapibrėžiamųjų įvardžių vartojimo skirtį ir panašumus žr. Bhat 2007: 231–232. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: batožina vznikla? About meaning relationship and usage | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 than ever (~3.05 %) is chosen to describe contexts related to future situations (unreal action). TABLE 7. In the case of the past tense, the past tense is used to indicate the past of an action, while the present tense is used to indicate the future tense of an action. veiksmo, galimai Part of the textbook Journalism 21 (38.9 %) 8 (14.8 %) 29 (53.7 %) Fiction 19 (35.2 %) 2 (3.7 %) 21 (38.9 %) Non-fiction 4 (7.4 %) –4 (7.4 %) Oral language ––– In all text 44 (81.5 %) 10 (18.5 %) 54 (100 %) IŠVADOS When comparing the descriptions of the adverbs kažkada and kada nors provided in the main Lithuanian language dictionaries, it can be seen that the spectrum of the meaning of these pateikia Bendrinės kalbos žodynas: jame teikiami pavyzdžiai rodo, kad kažkada vartojimas indefinite time indicators is most extensively associated only with real (actual) past situations, and kada nors – not only with the moment of an action that will take place in the future, but also with the moment of an action that may have taken place in a certain period of time. In the works of Kalbotyra there are three assignments of the grammatical status of these indicators of temporal uncertainty – to the classes of adverbs, adverbials or indefinite pronouns (in the broad sense). Classification inconsistencies are due only to the different extent of grouping of the test material. The meaning of these words is also described unevenly. There is both a misleading (contradictory to the semantics of the sentences given in the examples) description of the meaning of once and ever, when they are assigned to adverbs denoting “the present or otherwise JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: the general concepts of time” (Ulvydas 1971: 454), and a description based solely on the fact of use in the DLKT (without discussing such a description). BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 the relative frequency of the usage pattern) of the description of the meaning of the word, which allows to assign this word to multizones, i.e. to adverbs that denote both past and future situations (cf. Makauskaitė 2019: 82). To clarify the pattern of use of indefinite temporal adverbs related to semantics of sometime and sometime, M. Haspelmatho (1997) conducted a typological study of the implicational universalities of indefinite pronouns, including adverbs of noun origin. According to him, the use of the word “kakada” for describing the temporal uncertainty of factual (specific) situations can only be considered appropriate. If you ever choose an unrealistic (non-specific) time of action, you would violate the principle of cooperation with the interlocutor. The study of the frequency of different grammatical-semantic uses of the sometime in the texts of contemporary Lithuanian language shows that sometime, indicating an undefined time of action that may take place in the future, constitutes ~3.05% (the total sample of uses – 4 914 pieces). Comparing the frequency of such cases in different parts of the textbook, it is clear that the term “sometime” is used much more frequently in oral language texts (~22.11 %) than in written language (~2.25 %) to describe the time of an unreal (non-specific) action. The analysis of the data provided by the textbook of oral Lithuanian language (a total sample of 41 usage cases) shows that the word was chosen to describe the time of an unreal (non-specific) action when speaking not in private but in public space: poor usage is recorded in the sections of this textbook Communication in the media (2.4 %) and Spontaneous institutional language (4.9 %). The reasons for choosing the unreal (non-specific) action indicating the time sometime instead of sometime may be various: both the patterns of use of indefinite pronouns in some foreign languages, and the system of indicators of uncertainty in Lithuanian language or the general trends in the development of the use of indicators of uncertainty. However, further research is needed to clarify them. ŠALTINIAI BŽe – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas), vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt [žiūrėta 2021-02-15] JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: reikšmės santykis ir vartosena | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 DŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (internetinis), vyr. red. St. Keinys. 7-as patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, 1941–2002 (elektroninis variantas 2005, atnaujinta versija 2017), vyr. red. G. Naktinienė. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. SLKT – Sakytinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://sakytinistekstynas.vdu.lt [žiūrėta 2021-05-26]. SŽe – Sinonimų žodynas (elektroninis variantas). A. Lyberis. 2-asis patais. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/sinonimu. LITTERACY Bhat Darbhe Narayana Shankara 2007: Pronouns, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Croft William 2003: Typology and Universals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Declerck Renaat 2006: The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase 1: The Grammar of the English Tense System. A Comprehensive Analysis, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Forssman Berthold 2003: Das baltische adverb: Morphosemantik und Diachronie, Heidelberg: University Press Winter. Grice Paul H. 1975: Logic and Conversation. – Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech arts, 41–58. Prieiga internete: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/studypacks/Grice-Logic.pdf. Haspelmath Martin 1997: Indefinite Pronouns, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Holvoet Axel, Judžentis Artūras 2004: The Structure of the Determinative Category. – Axel Holvoet, Loreta Semėnienė, ed., Lithuanian Grammar Works 2: Studies of Grammatical Categories, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 77–104. Holvoet Axel, Pajėdienė Jūratė 2004: The category of time and the forms of time. –Axel Holvoet, Loreta Semėnienė, ed., Lithuanian Grammar Works 2: Studies of Grammatical Categories, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 121–140. Kniūkšta Pranas 2001: Language use and organization, Vilnius: LKI leidykla. Levinson Stephen C. 2005: [1983]. Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lyons John 1993 [1977]: Semantics 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Makauskaitė Indrė 2016: Temporal adverbs in Lithuanian language: position in the system of means of time expression and an overview of semantic studies. – Lithuanian language 10. Access on the Internet: http://www.lietuviukalba.lt/index.php/lietuviu-kalba/article/view/209/163. Makauskaitė Indrė 2019: The semantic structure of the adverbials of the Lithuanian language (doctoral dissertation), Vilnius: Vilnius University. 1976: The Assassination of Aldous Huxley. – Morphology 201–211. Pilka Alfonsas 1984: Lietuvių kalbos nežymimieji determinatyvai (gretinant su anglų kalba) of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Mokslas, (PhD thesis), Vilnius: Vilnius University. the Plungian Vladimiras 2011: Gramatinių kategorijų tipologija 2, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, association Academia Salensis. Rosinas Albertas 1981: A few remarks on the evolution of demonstrative and indefinite pronouns klausimu. – Baltistika 17(1), 16–27. 1988: Pronouns in Baltic languages, Vilnius: Mokslas. 1996: Pronouns in Lithuanian Common Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Satkauskaitė Danguolė 2011: Linguistic Pragmatics. Online access: https://www.knf.vu.lt/dokumentai/failai/katedru/germanu/Satkauskaite_LINGVISTINE_PRAGMATIKA_e lektronine.pdf. Smetona Antanas, Usonienė Aurelija 2012: Author position adverbs and adverbialization in Lithuanian academic language. – Kalbotyra 64(3), 124–139. Identity Issues – Literary and Linguistic Toyota Junichi 2010: Identity-related Issues in Contact-induced Historical Changes. – Landscapes, Cambridge Scholars publisching, Vilnius: Mintis, 425–576. 127–138. Ulvydas Kazys 1971: Prieveiksmis. – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2, vyr. red. Kazys Ulvydas, Ulvydas Kazys 1974: From the study of the Lithuanian adverb. – Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 15, 7–28. Ulvydas Kazys 1985: Наречие. – Grammar of Lithuanian Language, ed. Vytautas Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 327–414. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Ulvydas Kazys 2000: Lithuanian Adverbs, ed. Vilnius: Institute for the Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias. Ulvydas Kazys 2006: Prieveiksmis. – Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, ed. Vytautas Ambrazas, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 410–431. 1979: "Then, When, Now, And Then". – Baltistika 15(2), 130–134. Received 24 February 2021 Adopted on 18 May 2021 JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ. Neapibrėžiamieji laiko prieveiksmiai kažkada ir kada nors: meaning relationship and usage | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2021.94.01 BENDRINĖ KALBA 94 (2021) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 INDEFINITE TEMPORAL ADVERBS KAŽKADA AND KADA NORS: RELATIONSHIP OF MEANING AND USAGE Summary The article discusses the shift in the usage of kažkada'sometime' from the traditional moment model under which the time of the specific (real) action, which took place at an indefinite in the past, is described towards a less usual model where kažkada is used to describe the time of the non-specific (irreal) action, which may potentially occur in the future and Haspelmath's which is traditionally expressed by the adverb kada nors ‘sometime’. Referring to Martin (1997) typological research addressing the implicational universals of indefinite pronouns, which also include pronominal adverbs, the article attempts to explain this shift and anticipates the further shift in the usage of kažkada. The analysis of the usage patterns of kažkada is based on the data provided by two text corpuses – the Corpus of Modern Lithuanian Language and the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian. KEYWORDS: indefinite temporal adverbs, pronominal adverbs or pronouns as pro-forma, adverbials, indefiniteness marker. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]