Radość z bilingwizmu, czyli zapożyczenia angielskie w twórczości Piotra Szmidta

Włodzimierz moch. the joy of bilingualism, or English borrowings in the work of Piotr Szmidt 179 WŁODZIMIERZ MOCH Akademia im. St. James of Paradise, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2022.95.04 rAdość z bilinGWizmu, czyli zAPożyczeniA AnGielSkie In the Works of PiotrA SzmidtA KEY WORDS: anglicisms in Polish, bilingualism, language of Polish youth, language of rap texts, hip hop culture. AbStrAct The article presents the avalanche penetration of English into Polish in recent years on the example of the work of Polish rapper Piotr Szmidt (pseudonym ten typ mes) as an effect of the dominant role of pop culture. The novel mesa Two dogs survived and some of his rap songs swarm with English borrowings. They are interwoven into the narrative maintained in the style of Polish colloquial language in various ways: as neologisms (prank ‘psikus, trick’), neosemantics (fejmy ‘famous people’), substitutes for Polish words and expressions (without the idea of futur ‘future’, completion of phrases in Polish (this no problem mentality ‘problem-free mentality’ would not allow me…). It is worth emphasizing that in his texts we have to deal with new phenomena in the field of syntax. The fashion of starting sentences in Polish and ending them in English or vice versa requires careful examination. Thanks to all these language treatments mes renews Polish and as a bilingual person finds joy in code-switching. AbStrAct the article presents the avalanche penetration of english into Polish in recent years on the example of the work of Polish rapper Piotr Szmidt (pseudonym ten typ mes) as a result of the dominant role of pop culture. Two of his poems are translated into English and two of his poems are translated into German. they are woven into the narrative maintained in the colloquial Polish style in various ways: as neologisms (prank ‘trick’), neo-semantisms (fejmy ‘famous people’), substitutes for Polish words and expressions (bez pomysłu na futurę ‘no idea for the future’), complementing phrases in Polish (ta jego no problem mentality nie pozwoliłaby mi… ‘his no problem mentality wouldn’t let me ...’), phraseological elements of phrases (Back in the days ‘kiedyś, dawno temu’ podstawową ostatnie dwa pokolenia, y – milenialsi (urodzeni w latach 1981-94) i z / zetki (urodzeni po 1995 lub nawet po 2000 roku) używają tego języka dość intensywnie (Wojna 2022). The division into 180 bendrinĖ kAlbA | 95 the basic currency was respect ‘back in the days, the basic currency was respect’). on the contrary, thanks to all these language treatments, mes renews the Polish language and, as a bilingual person, finds joy in code-switching. The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of English borrowings on the vocabulary contained in the pop culture achievements of one of the most important creators of the young generation – Piotr Szmidt, known in the rap world under the pseudonym ten typ mes. it is both about the influx of new vocabulary and about the functions it performs in the linguistic and cultural image of the world created by the author1. This applies not only to his rap lyrics, but also to his novel Two Dogs Survived (2020). I will start with an obvious statement: English is a modern lingua franca, i.e. a language widely used in the world, often as a second language2. It has become indispensable in everyday life and intercultural communication – it is used by a quarter of humanity, one in five books in the world is written in English, and more than 80 percent of scientific papers are published in English. In a global world, it allows you to communicate with the whole world. dominates the world of culture, both high and popular, half of the main pages of the most visited websites and web portals are in English (dorren 2019: 385). The world language became after the second world war, and its hegemony began with the end of the cold war, when the previous significance lost the Russian language. Global pop culture, based on Anglo-American patterns, is increasingly imprinting national cultures, also in a purely linguistic dimension. generations is conventional, it does not directly reflect the replaceability of generations (i.e. every 20-25 years), but concerns people born at a similar time and shaped by similar events, experiences and experiences3. Anglicisms have become an important part of the language not only of Polish youth, both in everyday life and in their pop culture. 1, I apply the methodological assumptions of the linguistic and cultural image of the world to the analysis of the texts, in accordance with how W. moch used them in his work Hip hop – city culture. The Lexicon of Hip Hop Subculture in Poland (2008: 37-45). 2 o statusie lingua franca zob. e. mańczak-Wohlfeld (2012). Three teeth. J. m. twenge (2019). Włodzimierz moch. the joy of bilingualism, or English borrowings in the work of Piotr Szmidt 181 mileniAlS ten tyP meS i JeGo nASycone AnGielSzczyzną tekSty More and more literary and paraliterary texts (for example rap) are saturated with English, as evidenced by the work of such young authors as rapper and novelist Piotr Szmidt or another rapper – Wojciech Laskowski. the first, known as this type of mes – author and performer of rap songs, music producer and publisher, was born on December 24, 1982 in Warsaw. recorded and released thirteen albums, was twice nominated for the Fryderyk Award. In the novel Two Dogs Survived, as in rap songs, he uses borrowings from English with great intensity. mesa texts give, to some extent, a picture of the world of the millennial generation, and especially its lifestyle, everyday language, showing creativity achieved by freely mixing different layers of vocabulary and styles of speech. The set of anglicisms that can be extracted from them can be assigned to several groups of names and thematic circles: The personal character of the world described by the subject is due to the fact that he constantly turns, due to the professional functions and increased mobility of the young person, in the world of interpersonal interactions. This means that in the narratives he creates, many English-speaking names of people appear. Most of them are borrowings – quotations, a little less are forms partially or completely adapted to the Polish language system. The former refer primarily to people with a certain professional status, performed profession ‘author of blogs – diaries, internet diaries’, surfer ‘person sailing on the internet’, hipster ‘person independent of the mainstream pop culture maintaining an ironic attitude to it and lub reprezentujących taki lub inny krąg zainteresowań, na przykład bloger emphasizing its originality’, barber ‘men’s hairdresser’, butcher ‘butcher’, killer ‘killer’. other proper borrowings refer to such characteristics of people as age – kid ‘child’, to their positively or negatively valued attitude to life or personality traits: father figure ‘authority’, fejmy ‘famous people’, escort girl ‘girl for companionship’, lover ‘lover’, bitch ‘offensively about a woman: bitch’, hustler ‘scam, scammer’, moron ‘dumb, asshole’, zombie 182 common | 95 ‘a man intoxicated with stimulants, mainly drugs’. two quotes concern the determination of the degree of kinship: Ma’ ‘mother, mom’ (emphasizing closeness abbreviation to the English model – with an apostrophe) and stepfather ‘stepfather’. Forms partially or completely adapted in Polish, listed in a similar order as above are skejter (<skater) ‘a person riding a skateboard’, follower ‘someone who observes others on the Internet and follows them’, influencer / influencer ‘a person having a great influence on the Internet community and lasting relationships with the audience of their blogs, vlogs, channels on web portals’, sex worker (<sex worker) ‘a woman who practices sex for money or employed in the erotic industry’, fighterka (<fighter) ‘a fighter’, hejter (<hater) ‘a person publishing on the Internet full of aggression and hatred, most often false, messages’. Obvious, when it comes to the morphological structure of most of the individuals in this group, is the fact that the mechanism of their simplification consists in adding the suffix -ka to their basic form, thanks to which they gain the Polish feminine form, which most often do not have in the native language. some people are called in Polish or English, with the use of additional English terms that clarify the meaning: (this lady is) camera shy ‘a trait or behavior of a person who avoids photos (does not like to be photographed)’, off-the-beaten-path youtuber ‘a person who remains outside the main area of interest of users and is involved in creating and placing audiovisual productions on the youtube website’. To this group of names we can also include hybrid constructions męski man ‘male man’ (a kind of tautology), kobieta z lifestyle ‘luxury woman, with class’. A relatively large number of names creating linguistic images of people hyperbolizing people or at least creating a distance towards them – scornful, ironic, joking. w świecie kreowanym przez mesa w tym kręgu potwierdza antropocentryczny charakter jego tekstów; podobnie jest w przypadku innych raperów. nazywając pewne cechy czy zjawiska, narrator równocześnie je ocenia. oceny te noszą często charakter negatywny lub ironiczny, a nadawany im ładunek ekspresywny, charakterystyczny dla mowy potocznej, ma moc Names related to music, entertainment we have here both specialized musical vocabulary, such as bit ‘instrumental backing track to a rap song’, walkman ‘portable cd player’, soundtrack ‘music forming the soundtrack of a movie’, pank Włodzimierz moch. 183 (<punk) ‘genre of rock music’, dubstep ‘genre of electronic music’, clip ‘song with film illustration, music video’, boombox ‘portable high-powered speaker’, moonwalk ‘dance figure popularized by Michael Jackson’, hit ‘hit’, fejder (<fader) ‘controller, potentiometer of the fade function)’, play ‘play, reproduction’, level hard ‘difficult level’, kick and push ‘kick and push’ chill, chill out ‘relax after exhausting fun, rest’, dancing ‘dance, dancing’, rap play ‘performing rap music’, fanbase ‘group of fans’, live ‘live performance, concert’, haj ‘here: stage success’, sampel ‘digitally recorded sound sample, used in various songs’, vintage audio ‘older audio equipment’, album ‘full-length record’, sound ‘sound’, sampled ‘containing sample’, volume ‘volume of sound, volume of voice’, record! ‘record’, Dj ‘digger’. There are not many of them, but they testify to the large role of the car, usually a luxury car, in the life of the protagonist of Two dogs survived: driver ‘driver’, black benz bright leather ‘black mercedes benz with seats of shiny leather’, parking spot ‘short radio or television advertisement’, passenger seat, destynacja barcelona (destination ‘destination, direction of travel’); schowek infiniti (infinity ‘infinity, here jokingly about a car compartment for a passenger’), trip ‘trip, short trip’. Names from the field of culture and lifestyle Names of record albums with significant titles appear: How Does It Feel ‘how it is’ too Short; Beats, Rhymes and Life by A tribe called Quest, Shook Ones by mobb deep, movie titles such as Pulp Fiction, Torino, the name of the trendy online music service Spotify, names and pseudonyms of rappers, actors and celebrities such as Snoop Dog, John Malkovich, Ben Affleck, John Wayne, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Kim Kardashian, Bruce Lee. for the heroes of the novel mesa immediate availability not only youngdzieżowej kultury – w jej globalnym zasobie i nieograniczonym wymiarze czasowym – jest, dzięki mediom, czymś oczywistym, o czym mówi żartobliwie: Kiedy dojrzał i trafił do Warszawy, miał już do dyspozycji całą kultu- 184 bendrinĖ kAlbA | 95 narrator Two dogs professes the philosophy and attitude of slow motion; this is one of the characteristics of modern pop culture – rę, popkulturę i subkulturę. Podobnie jak bohaterowie książek Anny cieplak tasting, not immediate consumption, is a denial of fast-type behaviors, such as eating in fast foods, i.e. fast-service bars. In slow motion I drove in – this phrase refers to the erotic activity of the hero. Among the names associated with the culture of feelings and sex we have terms: fellatio ‘oral intercourse’, love ‘love’, sex, Bj (abbreviation of blow job) ‘one of the sexual techniques’. deliberately delays the correct answer to a friend's question: I reacted slow motion when they conduct small talk, that is, a conversation on unimportant topics. the characters sometimes refer to the term oldschool, which refers to music, fashion or lifestyle. to the thematic field clothes, fashion, fashionable appearance forms belong: hats najka ‘hats nike’, tipsy ‘artificial nails’; tribal ‘abstract pattern, whose name comes from the word “tribal”, “tribal”, the most commonly chosen tattoo pattern stylized as ethnic’. To this group also belong the inscriptions on t-shirts: Bitch ‘bitch’, Supreme ‘brand name’ and the quotation Imagine all the people from the song Imagine by Jon Lennon. There is an exclamation “Gross!” ‘disgusting’ as a quote from the statement of celebrity kim kardashian. The concept of lifestyle also absorbs names associated with drugs and beverages: blant, joint ‘twists with marijuana’, drin, drink ‘alcoholic beverage’, bad tripy ‘fatal effects of drug intoxication’, deal ‘here: drugs from a dealer’, customer ‘customer, recipient’; brałn ‘type of heroin’, biel, crack ‘smoking cocaine, often with heroin added’, seven up, Schweppes ‘brand of soft drinks’. Names related to communication – internet, computers, smartphones and computer games The world of internet and computers uses its own language, i.e. specialist English, which in the Polish version is often partially or completely simplified, although most names retain their original spelling and pronunciation. some forms, becoming a form of Internet slang, acquire a shortened form, which is a frequent phenomenon in this type of communication: scrollowanie ‘scroll the screen’, software ‘computer software’, escape (esc in short form) ‘exit from a program, game’, modem ‘device for processing digital data into analogue form’, day Włodzimierz moch. The joy of bilingualism, or English borrowings in the work of Piotr Szmidt 185 muka, Muka wins! Like Liu Kang in MK3 ‘commands in Mortal Kombat – in the game and related youth fun, liu kang is her hero’, screenshot ‘screenshot’, touch ‘touch’, nokia na kartę ‘nokia phone on card’, smart ‘abbreviation of smartphone’, hashtag ‘word or phrase preceded by the symbol # (hash), forming a form of tag, facilitating reaching thematically defined content’, nu electronics ‘without electronics’, irc, Messengers ‘internet messaging’, DMy ‘messages without meaning, abbreviation DM often used in online communication, comes from the English phrase it doesn’t matter ‘to without meaning’, on Insta ‘on instagram’, WhatsAppy ‘WhatsApp messaging’, ajfon ‘smartphone iphone’, gif ‘image file format’, blogosphere ‘blogs creating a social network’, newsy ‘new messages’, fake news ‘fake news’, fake ‘fake’, deep fake ‘a technique of editing, image and sound processing allowing to obtain fake messages pronounced by real people’, swingers app ‘blogs creating a social network’, newsy ‘new messages’, fake news ‘fake news’, fake ‘fake’, deep fake ‘a technique of editing, image and sound processing allowing to obtain fake messages pronounced by real people’, no likes ‘likes’ under dissem ‘verbal attack’, recycler ‘a person engaged in recycling, here: someone acting reproductively’, crowdfunding ‘social financing of someone’s project thanks to donations from Internet users’. General vocabulary, operating outside the indicated thematic fields: – general names: quotes: country ‘country’, one… two… three…, seven, eight, nine ‘one, two, three… seven, eight, nine’, tomahawk ‘a kind of missile’, super, versus ‘contra’, prosperity ‘good business’; fuck that ‘fuck it’, wanna be ‘want to be’, quite ‘completely’, pro-life ‘for life’, deal ‘deal, agreement, deal’, look ‘look, look at’, long ‘here: a long list’, think tank ‘independent advisory group for public affairs research’, beef ‘battle for rhymes’, gift ‘present’; spolszczone: skipować (< to skip) ‘jump up’, bukować (stolik ) (<to book) ‘order, reserve’; gifcik ‘present’, prank ‘psychic, joke, prank’, fejm ‘famous, famous’, gender ‘gender, cultural identity of the gender’, hejt (<hate) ‘hate, envy’, selfkonfidencja (< self confidence) ‘confidence in oneself’, okej (<okay) ‘all right’; 186 common | 95 – adjectives and adverbs: skonektowane ‘connected’, awesome1 ‘fantastic’, awesome2 ‘here: frightening’; stage’owa (kariera) ‘stage career’, randomowy ‘great’, oldskulowy ‘in the old style, old-fashioned’, niuskulowy ‘in the new style, modern’, cool ‘in time, fashionable’, (outside) suicidal-martyrial (<suicide ‘suicide’), oversize’owa (bluzo-jacka) ‘oversized, enlarged’. Mesa’s favorite language strategy – macaronising, i.e. weaving anglicisms into Polish, is carried out in various ways – most often by including single borrowed words or even whole, albeit short, sentences in English into Polish phrases. They are implemented either as proper borrowings or partially simplified – mainly by adding Polish flexion endings. replace the Polish equivalents: Obaj spłukani bez pomysłu na futurę ‘future’; My way, to bite into your thigh suddenly; Turn you do backwards, I have a turbo ‘multiplying power’; Everything revolves around food, wine, instagram; Lentylky żryj, can’t thrill him, bitch ‘I can’t thrill him, bitch’, morda; I see a buddy doing a lifetime moonwalk ‘jw.’ ; Maybe school, maybe work, maybe escape, maybe home? ; kid ‘jw.’ gains consciousness; A hundred ideas, one deadline; ziom likes reset ‘zeroing, doing something from scratch’; He doesn't have to believe, he has to understand, God Bless! ‘God bless’; They remain indifferent to the vibe of the space; You see, that’s how I do it one-time; I’m sorry my book, diary, I’ll Wiele sportów czyni ziemian fit, fitness ‘utrzymuje w dobrej kondycji fizycznej’; check you out tomorrow; as in ninety-six ‘as in the ninety-sixth’; I admire the Warsaw landscape; driven by a brawn ‘drunken with heroin’ and white; my biggest live performance; regardless of the changing gender roles; [it flies] like a whirlwind, like a whirlwind, like streaming ‘live broadcasting over the internet’; dziewczyna brisifowała (<briefing) ‘she summarized, gave the most important information on a given subject’; Some priest, some teacher; Włodzimierz moch. the joy of bilingualism, or English borrowings in the work of Piotr Szmidt 187 Today there is quite dangerous (ćpalnia), and I am thirsty, I want to drink; Only his no problem mentality wouldn’t allow me to…; - What? that you need help to stop drinking? ; Now before the concert smecta, yyy, get on the floor; He wants to do something to live like the fairy ‘jw.’ ; everyone’s volume was turned up, because the drunkard is speaking loudly; - And there was a wave of hate ‘jw.’ obviously, but it quickly turned into a wave of love; (…) the guilt lie, the slander, the fake news – it completely broke me down; [tryska] rather like that all over the place ‘everywhere around’; stepfather ‘ojczym’ never left our house even for a week; I will tell you that I am tempted to love; Nah, but get to know this bar commandments ‘a collection of commandments and prohibitions’; And where the fuck is progress?! ; Everyone does what she wants, like “says simon” ‘kind of a kids game’; social media users ‘social media’; We’ll take a ride / I’ll take you on a ride; as part of the services influencer – follower ‘jw.’ ; return to downtown ‘city center’ to hunt for parking spaces under the houses; the favorite of those bad bitches ‘bitch’; I leave it in the rearview mirror; You only get half a bar, but don’t scream; They draw a draw from my street as I drive on a facepalm (I release) ‘a warstwa sarkazmu zglitchuje (<glitch) ‘stworzy grymas’ jej się na buzi; inwestycja w jego very smart start up? Bardzo sprytny start up ‘rozruch, młoda innowacyjna firma poszukująca nowych modeli sukcesu rynkowego’; Enjoying freedom ‘cieszyć się wolnością’, pierdolić rygor; Last name ‘nazwisko’ brzmiało Provident?; gesture that consists of placing the hand on the face as a manifestation of frustration, embarrassment, disappointment, shame or disbelief’. Another strategy – ending phrases arranged in Polish with English words and expressions that point out or reinforce the expressed content: this approach appears mainly in the lyrics of rap songs mesa: After a week the typo calls his brother, says “Listen, Włodek It looks like a lady like any other, but you don’t know that” I don’t know why I’m saying that, but it says “you don’t know the half” 194 bendrinĖ kAlbA | 95 types of mixed narrative. bilingualism does not evoke negative connotations in the case of mesa, it is also difficult to recognize that it is affected by such historical terms in the field of bilingualism, causing “negative implications” such as “interference” (as a deviation from the linguistic norm) or “transfer” (referring to the transfer of foreign patterns), as he writes in his study Anna zielińska (2013: 55). The anglicisms used by the rapper are mainly single names, adapted and most often established in the system of Polish language, and longer expressions or even phrases are inserted into the text of the novel mainly on the basis of a quotation and play the role of adding or punctuating a given description or statement of an aphorism. there is no transfer of ready-made language patterns, and if they even appear, they are identical in both languages – donor and recipient. historical bilingualism as a result of a life need (especially on borders) was a necessity, a type of communication forced by circumstances. Contemporary bilingualism, and in a narrower sense – the continuous interweaving of borrowings (mainly English) into the written language and everyday speech of young generations of Poles, takes place completely freely and spontaneously. next to the joy of combining in one act of speech different linguistic elements, we are dealing here with fashion and snobbery for the English language, which mes openly states: „We interrupt conversations, because a Spanish or a Swede entered/ and everyone at the party boasts of English, wnet/ I do it myself, boshe!/ newer folklores we potrzebne, niż kierpce, czy zespół mazowsze” (Janusz Andrzej Nowak). Warto zauważyć, że mes traktuje posługiwanie się angielszczyzną za rodzaj współczesnego miejskiego folkloru, za coś, co ożywia skostniałą praktykę językową w szarej codzienności, czyni ją znośniejszą, wręcz atrakcyjną. To somehow balance the extensive representation of English in his texts, he brings out, from time to time, terms from other languages, alongside the Germanisms he quotes Zeitgeist! and frajer, we have Galicianisms in the proverb C’est la vie ‘that’s life’ and in the term àla ‘to the likeness of’, and in the text of the novel there are also other non-English borrowings, for example a statement containing Ruthenisms, pronounced by Chechens, also being a testimony of bilingualism: Don’t look me in the eyes, only in the dollars smatrij ‘look’; mnogo ‘a lot’ of dollars I have, what rose ‘weapon’ in yours I buy for thirty ‘three hundred’ dollars? There are also other words of foreign origin: Italianism omertà ‘conspiracy of silence in the environment of the Italian mafia’, Latinisms: sacrum ‘that which is sacred’, via ‘the way, through’. Włodzimierz moch. 195 the comparisons made are partial and can testify mainly to the lexical difference of the world of pop culture in relation to the WnioSki mainstream of linguistic influences, but nevertheless they show the real state of English vocabulary in texts created by young people. The continuous, even avalanche-like, influx of new lexical units makes it difficult to keep track of all changes in this field and to describe the real extent of the influence of English on general Polish (official and colloquial), and especially on youth slang, especially that used in artistic projects. it is certainly not small, and a large part of the stock of anglicisms, even in mesa texts, are new units. Until a comprehensive picture of this dynamic process is formed (and, hopefully, its gradual stabilization), there remains a fragmentary observation of the English-language influences in the work of young authors active in pop culture, and also – and perhaps above all – a careful look at the language used by young users of social media, blogs, vlogs, etc., i.e. it is necessary to investigate what streams of speech and writing flow through virtual areas of life on the Internet, dominated – which is difficult not to notice – by youth. in mesa, like in other rappers (which remains to be investigated), we have to deal, in addition to new English vocabulary (neologisms, neosemantics, kalki), with unexpected phenomena in the field of syntax. for example, the manner of starting sentences in English and ending them in Polish, for example Back in the days ‘once upon a time, a long time ago’ the basic currency was respect, as well as frequent macaronising, i.e. incrusting statements in Polish with anglicisms. English borrowings, which appear massively in the speech and writing of young generations, are a symptom of the global expansion of Western cultural patterns. They serve not only for communication, but also for ennobling both the users themselves and the spheres of life that they affect, as well as pop culture in a broad sense, which has an overwhelming influence on the everyday life of young people. to use them is also motivated by snobbery, but above all the joy of being a bilingual person, with the ability to switch code (code-switching). Not without importance is the exploitation of the ludic function of the language, hence the frequent transformation of the original forms and combining them with Polish, which does not always have only an adaptive and systemic purpose. all these qualities can be found in mesa and other rap creators. The power of English 196 bendrinĖ kAlbA | 95 and its overwhelming impact on youth on a global scale, including young people in Poland, have definitely increased, but the fight against this phenomenon makes no sense (as shown by the unsuccessful attempts to eliminate borrowing in Polish both in the interwar period and after the second world war). Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to constantly highlight the problem not so much of the garbage of Polish, but of its continuous saturation with English (sometimes without reflection), because it is not indifferent to the state of the language and native culture. Oversaturation and excess are characteristics of pop culture on a global scale, which is also manifested in the linguistic sphere, which is difficult to fight. nevertheless, the mother tongue is too important (even basic) component of national identity to give way to the various influences of English, even under the influence of fashion. Given the inevitability of globalization processes, it remains, on the one hand, to trust in the self-purifying power of language, and on the other – to take action to make each of us aware of the responsibility for the state of our mother tongue. Internet sources Bloomsbury Definition & Meaning | dictionary.com; dostęp 23.09.2022. Dictionary of the Polish language; http://sjp.pl; dostęp 23.09.2022. ten typ mes [Piotr Szmidt] 2020: Two dogs survived, Warsaw: Wielka litera. ten typ mes – rap lyrics https://genius.com/artists/ten-typ-mes; access 23.09.2022. Generation X, Y or Z - which generation do you belong to? http:// students. pl/artykuly/generacje/; dostęp 23.09.2022. https://www.speak-up.pl/aktualnosci/co-is-code-switching; access 23.09.2022. The Rap Dictionary – https://www.rapdict.org/; dostęp 23.09.2022. literAturA dorren Gaston 2019: Babel: In twenty languages around the world, kraków: Publishing character. eJo – Encyclopedia of Polish Language, ed. Stanisław urbańczyk and marian kucała, ed. 3, revised and supplemented, Wrocław, Warsaw, Kraków: National Institute of the Name of ossolińskich, 1999. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Rap, dance & techno, red. b. świątkowska, S. Pękala, h. Wrona, Poznań, 1997. mańczak-Wohlfeld elżbieta 2006: English-Polish Language Contacts, Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. Włodzimierz moch. 197 mańczak-Wohlfeld elżbieta 2010: Dictionary of English borrowings in Polish, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo naukowe PWn. mańczak-Wohlfeld elżbieta 2012: Polish variant of English – Polish english. – Mundus Verbi. In honorem Sophiae Cygal-Krupa, red. m. Pachowicz, k. choińska, tarnów: University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów, 248-252. moch Włodzimierz 2008: Hip hop – city culture. The Lexicon of Hip Hop Subculture in Poland, bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo uczelniane Wyższej Szkoły Economics. moch Włodzimierz 2001: English borrowings in the language of Polish hip-hop subculture. - Polish language in development, ed. m. Szewczyk, m. czachorowska, bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Akademii bydgoskiej, 155-175. moch Włodzimierz, Sawaniewska-mochowa zofia 2002: Specific vocabulary in the language of the Polish hip-hop subculture, - Język Polski, 82(3), twenge Jean m. 2019: I-Gen, Sopot: 188-198. Taste of the Word. Witalisz Alicja 2016: Guide to Englishisms in Polish, Kraków: Society of Polish Language Lovers. zielińska Anna 2013: Border Language: A Study of Languages and Identities in the Lubuskie Region, Warsaw: Slavistic Publishing Center. Received 14/10/2022 Adopted 21 December 2022 WŁODZIMIERZ MOCH the Joy oF bilinGuAliSm, or enGliSh borroWinGS in the WorkS oF Piotr Szmidt Summary the work of Piotr Szmidt, not only as a rapper, but also as the author of a contemporary novel (Two dogs survived), is proof of the intensity of the penetration of english borrowings into the Polish language in recent years. the fact that we are dealing, to a large extent, with new vocabulary results from the processes taking place within contemporary culture, not only popular culture (e.g. specialist vocabulary). these phenomena cause the emergence of new lexical forms, both original and resulting from neo-semantization or calqueing. the lexical material includes: neologisms (prank ‘trick’; slow motion ‘tasting, not immediate consumption’; brifowanie ‘summarize’), neo-semantisms (fejmy ‘famous people’, zombie ‘a drugged-up man’), calques (gównoburza < shitstorm), replacements of Polish dVikAlbyStĖS dŽiAuGSmAi, ArbA AnGlĄ kAlboS SkoliniAi Piotro Szmidto kŪriniuoSe 198 bendrinĖ kAlbA | 95 words and phrases (bez pomysłu na futurę ‘no idea for the future’; ta damulka jest camera shy ‘this lady is camera shy – feature or behavior of a person who doesn’t like to be photographed’), complementing phrases in Polish (ta jego no problem mentality ‘bezproblemowa mentalność’ nie pozwoliłaby mi… ‘his no problem mentality wouldn’t let me...’), phraseological elements of phrases ((Back in the days ‘kiedyś, dawno temu’ podstawową walutą był szacunek ‘back in the days, the basic currency was respect’). in mes we are dealing not only with older and newer english vocabulary, adapted rather smoothly to Polish, but, what is equally interesting, with new phenomena in terms of syntax. For example, the fashion of starting sentences in Polish and ending them in English or vice versa (I'm sorry my book 'przepraszam moja książko, pamiętniku', jutro do ciebie zajrzę 'i'm sorry my book, i'll look at you tomorrow') requires careful study. english borrowings, similarly to other languages, although to a much lesser extent, serve to renew the resources of the Polish language, to ennoble both their users and the spheres of life they concern, as well as broadly understood pop culture, which has a profound impact on the daily lives of young people. their use is motivated by snobbery, but above all by the joy of being a bilingual person, of code-switching, so visible in mesa. noteworthy are his metalinguistic remarks on borrowings into Polish, a voice that initiates an interesting discussion, which i hope will develop. kEyWORDS: Anglicisms in Polish, bilingualism, language of Polish youth, language of rap lyrics, hip hop culture. Włodzimierz moch Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyżu 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, ul. teatralna 25 [email protected] WŁODZIMIERZ MOCH Summary The works of Piotr Szmidt, who is not only a rap artist, but also the author of a contemporary novel entitled Two Dogs Were Alive, are living proof of how intensively English borrowings have penetrated the Polish language in recent years. the fact that we are currently dealing with a new lexicon is not only the result of processes taking place in popular culture (where specific lexicon is used), but also in contemporary culture in general. These phenomena lead to the emergence of new forms of lexicon, both original and formed on the basis of neosemantification or values. such as Włodzimierz moch. radość z bilingwyzmu, czyli zapożyczenia angielskie w twórczości Piotra Szmidta 199 The lexical material consists of new creations (e.g., “revulsion”; slow motion “scanning rather than immediate consumption”; brifowanie “generalization”), neosemantics (fejmy “famous people”; zombie “a person intoxicated by drugs”), values (gównoburza < shitstorm “situation characterized by general disagreement”), modifications of Polish words and phrases (bez pomysłu na futurę “without thinking about the future”; ta damulka jest camera shy “this little lady is shy of the lens”, i.e., does not like to be photographed), additions to Polish phrases (ta jego no problem mentality ‘bezproblemowa mentalność’ nie pozwoliłaby mi… “his no problem mentality would not allow me...”), phraseological elements of word combinations (Back in the days ‘kiedyś, dawno temu’ podstawową walutą był szacunek “respect was once the main currency”). It is interesting that we are not only dealing with older or newer English vocabulary that fits well with Polish, but also with new syntactic phenomena. For example, the fashion of starting sentences in Polish and ending them with English words, and vice versa (I’m sorry my book ‘przepraszam moja książko, pamiętniku’, jutro do ciebie zajrzę “Forgive me, book, I’ll open you tomorrow”), would require a thorough study. The English, as well as other (although less abundant) borrowings, help to refresh the Polish language resources, to elevate its users and the respective areas of life above others, as well as to give more significance to the popular culture in the broad sense of the term, which has a significant influence on the everyday life of young people. Snobism encourages them to use them, and even more – the joy that you can speak two languages, can easily adapt to the environment in your own language; these things are particularly visible in the work of meso (the stage name of P. Szmidt). We should also pay attention to his metalinguistic comments on Polish loanwords. I hope they will lead to an interesting debate. KEY WORDS: Polish anglicisms, bilingualism, Polish youth language, rap text language, hip hop culture. Włodzimierz moch Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyżu 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, ul. teatralna 25 [email protected]