Pirmajai spausdintai lietuvių kalbos gramatikai – 370 metų

The Day of Remembrance. The first printed Lithuanian grammar – 370 years 245 oRciD id: orcid.org/0000-0003-1542-2866 Research topics: syntax of ancient and modern Lithuanian JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas language, semantics and pragmatics, ethnolinguistics, history of Lithuanian culture and ecclesiastical texts. Doi: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.14 The First Time Lithuanian language grammar – 370 years Daniel Klein (30 May 1609 – 28 November 1666) is considered one of the most outstanding Lithuanian writers of the 17th century. He was also the author of the first printed Lithuanian grammar, written in Latin and German (Karaliaučius, 1653 and 1654), and the editor of the Lutheran hymnal and prayer book (Karaliaučius, 1666). The long-term recognition of the New Books of Hymns and the New Prayer Booklets prepared by D. Klein, which are very useful and useful for the heart, is evidenced by the several dozen editions of this convolute, which were later more or less supplemented1. Grammatica Litvanica and Compendium Litvanico-Germanicum2 were prepared at the same time as the hymnal (and prayer book)3, but were printed earlier. The necessity and impact of these prints should be measured in a different way – not by the number of copies, but by the repetition of the grammatical description and illustrative material in later linguistic works – grammar and dictionaries. This direction of dissemination was also confirmed by the conference organised by the Literary Heritage Research Centre of the Lithuanian Language Institute on 29 November 2023 in the library of the Institute on the occasion of the 370th anniversary of the publication of D. Klein’s Grammatica Litvanica (1653). The Book of Little Lithuania. The development of Lithuanian book 1547-1940, 1996, vilnius: baltos lankos, 167-169. 2 photographic texts and Lithuanian translations of these grammars see. The first grammar of the Lithuanian language, 1957, chief editor j. balčikonis, b. Larinas, vilnius: state publishing house of political and scientific literature (hereinafter in footnotes – PLkg), for electronic transcripts see https://seniejirastai.lki.lt (texts prepared by mindaugas šinkūnas, concordances – mindaugas šinkūnas and vytautas zinkevičius, 2011). 3 In his dedication to Prince George William, D. Klein refers to “a work completed by the grace of God, namely: a grammar of the Lithuanian language and a book of church hymns” (cf.: Abſelutum itaqve per DEI gratiam laborem, qvi east Grammatica Litvanica [...]; hymnis qvàm plurimis adaucto Eccleſiaſtecarum Cantionum libello). PLkg 74; 401–402. 246 benDRinė kaLba | 96 linis seminar on Daniel Klein’s Lithuanian grammar: dialogue between the 17th-19th century authors and the evolution of linguistic ideas, as well as the exhibition on the Lithuanianist legacy of Daniel Klein and his research4. The seminar was opened by the director of the Lithuanian Language Institute (Lki) albina auksoriutė. Recalling the importance of Klein’s grammar for the development of Lithuanian linguistics, she also mentioned the normative nature of the first Lithuanian grammar. The first presentation of the seminar was devoted to discussing the person of Daniel Klein and new facts of his biography. birutė triškaitė (Lki) introduced the seminar participants and listeners to the newly discovered archive material (the topic of the presentation – Danielius Kleinas: what is new in the archives?). Having recalled archive sources published by Viktoras Falkenhahn (1941), Domas Kaunas (1998), Liucija Citavičiūtė (2009), Liane klein (2009, 2010), the speaker discussed documents stored in several memory institutions (the secret state and central evangelical archives of the Prussian cultural heritage in Berlin, as well as the Polish state archives in Olsztyn), providing not only already known but also new data about D. klein. Based on different sources, not forgetting to mention the entries in the manuscript Preußische Presbyterologie by Johann Jacob Quandt (before 1772), b. triškaitė also told about D. klein’s origins, the family he created: Daniel was a representative of the third generation of priests, his parents – balthasar klein and gertruda schönwald – married in 1595, his father died in 1608, before Daniel was born; Daniel himself was married twice: with his first wife anna klemm he had seven children – one son and six daughters, with his second wife anna casseburg – one daughter5. The speaker also drew attention to D. Klein’s sedentary lifestyle (except for nine years of studies in Karaliaučius, he lived constantly in Tilžė) and told about his creative activity, which is related not only to the preparation of the above-mentioned printed works – two grammars, a hymnal and a prayer book – but also to the checking of the translation of the Bible by Jon Bretkūnas (after 1638) and the bilingual dictionary (about the middle of the 17th century). The speaker also showed the earliest known date – 29 June 1637 – when the participants and guests of the seminar were presented with an exhibition dedicated to the 370th anniversary of the publication of D. Klein’s Grammatica Litvanica, which provides copies of the title pages of this grammar and its short version Compendium Litvanico-Germanicum 5 Lithuanianized names, see vaclovas biržiška 1990 [1960]. Alexandria. T. 1: XVI–XVII amžiai, 2-asis (fotografuotas) leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvos kultūros fondas, 302. ir D. kleino kūrybiniam palikimui tirti skirtus straipsnius, knygas ir specialius rinkinius. Parodą parengė birutė triškaitė ir ugnė baronienė. The Day of Remembrance. The first printed grammar of the Lithuanian language – 247 f. of 370 and entries in the church records books attesting to the dates of birth (baptism) of his daughters Gertruda (1643), Catherine (1644), Dorothea (1651), Mary (1665) and son Daniel (1646), told about a newly discovered undated letter of D. Klein, attesting that its author lived quite well (he had borrowed money and also had two plots of land), introduced with a drawing that conveys the layout of the streets and plots of Tilžė in the middle of the 17th century, and allows to imagine the direction of D. Klein’s walks in Tilžė at that time. mindaugas šinkūnas (Lki) spoke about D. Klein’s grammar sources (theme of the presentation: Daniel Klein’s grammar sources: new insights). After pointing out the excellent philological preparation of the author of the grammar (related to the possible knowledge of seven languages) and the general instruction of the Prussian authorities in 1639 to Lithuanian-speaking priests to prepare a grammar of the Lithuanian language and a dictionary of the most commonly used words6, which prompted D. Klein to begin his linguistic work, the speaker discussed the possible sources of the first Lithuanian grammar Grammatica Litvanica. Recalling that D. Klein in the preface to the grammar extensively mentions Latin grammar and several grammatical descriptions of national European languages7, m. Šinkūnas discussed in detail possible examples of the mentioned grammatical descriptions: German (johan clajus. Grammatica Germanicae Lingvae, 1578, 1587, 1592, 1604, 1610, 1617, 1625, 1651, 1653), Polish (mikołaj volckmar. Compendium Lingvae Polonicae, 1596, 1646; jeremius Roter. Schlüssel zur Polnischen und Teutschen Sprache, 1616, 1646), Czech (Laurentius benedictus nudozeirinus. Grammaticae Bohemicae, 1603, 1612) grammar. In addition to the authors mentioned by D. klein, the speaker also identified the possible influence of Francisco à mesgnien’s Grammatica seu Institutio Polonicae Linguae (1649) on D. klein’s grammar. Furthermore, the rapporteur indicated that D. klein relied creatively on the best Latin and Greek grammar of the 16th and 17th centuries, as well as on Polish, German and Czech grammar, from the traditional 6 on the fact that D. klein was the principal executor of the general recess (Recessus generalis) proclaimed by Prince George William, relying not only on the order of the prince but also on his own initiative, see. Lucie Citavičiūtė. The significance of the Recessus generalis (1639) decree on the visitation of churches and schools in the district of Įsrutis for Lithuanian literature and its executor Danielius Kleinas. – Archivum Lithuanicum 11, 2009, 9–62. 7 See the reference provided by Mr Klein: Qvid? qvod in omnibus lingvis habeamus Grammaticas inſtitutiones; In Eastern languages, not few, in Latin it would be innumerable. In Germanica olim ſripſeit Johannes Claius, in Polonica Nicolaus Volkmarus & Jeremias Roterus, in Bohemica M. Laurentius Benedictus Scholæ Teuto-Brodenſis Rector <...> (we have grammar books for all languages: Eastern languages a few, Latin we hardly count. The grammar of the German language was long ago written by johann klauw, the Polish by nikolaj folkmar and jeremy reuter, the Czech by laurence benedict, rector of the nemecky-brod school <...>) PLkg 408. 248 benDRinė kaLba | 96 classical language grammar descriptions, selecting suitable examples for the Lithuanian language, and the connection with sources not yet described has not been established: among the possible suitable examples for D. klein, only F. à mesgnien’s Polish grammar is mentioned. christiane schiller (Berlin Humboldt University) spoke about the connections of D. Klein with the lexicographic tradition of Prussian Lithuania and raised the question whether he could be considered as the author of not one but two dictionaries (theme of the presentation: Daniel Klein und die lexikographische Tradition Preußisch-Litauens). the existence of the missing dictionary is based on D. klein's own statements. One of them is presented in the dedication of the grammar to the elector in 16538, the other – in a letter from D. klein to the Duke of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm in 1659 (in which it is stated that after the teaching grammar of the Lithuanian language written in Latin and its compendium written in German “must follow a dictionary”9, about which D. klein had already reported in the dedication and on which he had been working since 1655). The rapporteur associates the existence of these two references with the uncertainty regarding the number of dictionaries attributable to D. klein: D. klein could have completed the dictionary mentioned in the preamble to the grammar or could have started writing another dictionary from 1655. Based on the analysis of examples from the anonymous dictionary Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (after 1680), the speaker discussed the possible traces of a dictionary attributed to D. klein in this manuscript, and in summary pointed out that D. klein’s statement in a letter to the duke in 1659 is related to the preparation of a dictionary still in progress in 1657, so that two dictionaries can be attributed to D. klein: a vocabulary type dictionary and a dictionarum type dictionary based on the concordance of conrado agricola. vilma zubaitienė (vu) discussed the influence of D. Klein’s grammar on the grammars of Friedrich Wilhelm Haak (1730) and Christian Gottlieb Milkau (1800). highlighting the principles of the presentation of the grammatical text characteristic of D. Klein’s grammar – the method of grammar10 (exact laws, or 8 Plg. In this way, the ELECTOR POTENTISSIME, has haſſed my first work, Grammaticen novam unà with an annex Compendio Germanico, ut & Lexico Litovanico, qvæ ad pedes Serenisſimæ Veſtræ Celſitud. ſubjectiſimè depono (so accept, most mighty elector, these first fruits of my work: a new grammar with an appended German compendium and a Lithuanian dictionary, which I humbly place at the feet of your supreme brightness) PLkg 402. 9 See. The significance of Recessus generalis (1639) for Lithuanian literature and its executor, Daniel Klein (Archivum Lithuanicum 11, 2009, 9–38) documents published in the appendix (ibid., 39–62) as well as a quotation of D. Klein’s phrase in question and its translation, provided on pp. 46, 54. 10 See. PkLg 1957, 86, 409. The Day of Remembrance. The first printed grammar of Lithuanian language – 370 years 249 rules with regard to usage, brief presentation and clear examples), the speaker discussed the tradition of later Lithuanian grammar. Research by v. zubaitienė showed that later grammar was based on the first grammar of D. Klein. F. v. was the least distant from its model. Hako Anhang einer kurzgefassten litauischen Grammatik (one of the novelties of this grammar is that adjectives are described separately from nouns). Gottfried Ostermeier, who was the first to point out the links between this grammar and D. Klein’s 1953 grammar, tried to provide a slightly different grammatical description of the Lithuanian language: the novelty of his Neue littauische Grammatik (1791) is shown by a different classification of paradigms of noun and verb conjugation, an expanded section on syntax, and more abundant examples. F. v. Hako's grammar was one of the main sources for Pawel Fryderyk Rugi's Anfangsgründe einer litauischen Grammatikk (1747), and the latter became the basis for K. G. Milkau's grammar Anfangs-Gründe einer Littauischen Sprachlehre (1800) (with the exception of additional attention to the conjugation and personification of nouns). According to the speaker, in later grammars the terminology, descriptions and definitions of parts of speech changed, the order of examining variable words was newly established, the inventory of examples of pronouns and numerals was adjusted, not only the descriptions of the rules presented in the sections of phonetics, morphology and syntax were expanded, but also the illustrations were presented – not only religious writings were used for this, but also small folklore and colloquial language. ona aleknavičienė (Lki) presented the reception of D. klein’s ideas in P. F. Ruigi’s grammar Anfangsgründe einer Littauischen Grammatick (1747). The presentation discussed the more pronounced differences between the grammar descriptions of D. Klein and P. F. Ruig and the main ideas transferred from one grammar to the other. The frequent explicit and implicit reference to D. Klein’s Grammatica Litvanica in P. F. Ruigi’s grammar was associated with the school of similar linguistic thought and the acceptability of its ideas. The influence of D. Klein’s example of grammar in P. F. Ruigi’s work is recognizable from the selection of the main dialect of the grammatical description, distinguishing this dialect from the others (for D. Klein it is the dialect of Įsrutis, and for P. F. Ruigi – the dialect of Įsrutis and Ragainė districts), from the expansion of the section of syntax. Taking over D. Klein’s idea of choosing one dialect on the basis of the description of the Lithuanian language, P. F. Ruigys highlighted the opposition main: secondary (he indicated three secondary dialects: two in Greater Lithuania, one in Prussian Lithuania). According to the speaker, by highlighting the stability, universality and prestige of one dialect in relation to other dialects, P. F. Ruigys continued the tradition of forming a common language on the basis of one dialect, which was started by D. Klein. P. F. Rui- 250 common language | 96 graphy and accentology, because priests and teachers need to learn proper pronunciation. In writing a grammar for non-Lithuanians, P. F. gio gramatika orientuota ne vien į kalbos pagrindų išdėstymą, bet ir į skirtumo tarp rašytinės ir sakytinės kalbos mažinimą: tampa svarbi akcenRuigys paid a lot of attention to syntax and the development of linguistic communication competence. The correspondence of the models of the description of the grammatical structure in the two authors’ grammars was associated with the slow change of the described Lithuanian language. Lina Plaušinaitytė (vu) discussed the connections of the material presented in the Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum compiled by Jakubas Brodovskis (1692?–1744) with the grammar of D. Klein (the topic of the presentation – Klein’s grammar reflections in Brodovski’s dictionary). The speaker introduced the audience to the features and structure of this manuscript. It is a very extensive dictionary (e.g. the German part, covering words from a to s, consists of about 30,000 German lemmas) and a wealth of illustrations – biblical vocabulary, everyday and business language, proverbs, Proverbs, riddles. According to L. Plaušinaitytė, at first glance it may seem that this dictionary contains almost no information of a grammatical nature, but its fairly regular presentation in certain cases (e.g., when interpreting or distinguishing the meanings of homonyms) shows that the dictionary editor had a clear plan when such information is necessary. Grammatical notes in Latin or German in Brodowski's dictionary are given next to the lems. The influence of D. Klein's grammar is evident in this dictionary. This is reflected in the lexicon of the dictionary, but the lexical overlaps were more related to D. klein’s Compendium Litvanico-Germanicum than to his 1953 grammar examples. j. brodovskis tried to provide neutral (non-book) examples. The speaker pointed to the partial possibility that some of the D. klein samples could have entered through another source – the Clavis Germanico–Lithvana dictionary. giedrius subačius (University of Illinois, Chicago; Lithuanian Institute of History) discussed the characteristics of a copy of D. Klein’s grammar found in one of Simon Daukantas’ manuscripts (the topic of the presentation – Daukantas and Klein’s grammar). The researcher determined the approximate time of copying of this undated grammar copy based on the similarity of this and another manuscript by S. Daukanta – Extracts from books about ethnography and history, which allows the grammar copy to be associated with 1828 or somewhat later period. The structure and genesis of Daukanto transcription is presented in the report: the fact that Daukanto transcription provides not a complete (there are not the first four chapters of the beginning of the grammar and several chapters of the end) and inconsistent (p. 49 grammar text from pp. 89 to 93 is missing) transcription of D. Klein’s grammar, is probably attributed to Ratė PajėDienė. The first printed grammar of the Lithuanian language – 370 years 251 now is associated with copying not from the original, but from another copy. The quality of the paper, the orderly layout of the manuscript pages and Mr. Daukanto’s note niestaie [missing], which shows that he understood that he was transcribing from a defective copy, also confirm the origin of the copy. According to the speaker, perhaps a decade later, in the margins of a draft written by S. Daukantas, D. Klein’s grammar is mentioned, and in its advice, remarks are made about dialects, and in a 1853 letter to Frydrichus Kuršis, S. Daukantas asks him to provide D. Klein’s grammar in Latin. In summarizing, g. subačiaus pointed out that, although S. Daukantas showed attention to D. Klein’s 1953 grammar several times in different places and at different times – in Riga (description), in St. Petersburg (comment on pronoun) and in Varna (letter to Fr. kuršaitis), there is no very clear evidence that he used this grammar more extensively in his other works (the influence of D. Klein’s grammar is related at least to the appearance of diacritics, such as û, ê, ô, in S. Daukanto’s spelling system in 1828). In the final discussion of the seminar Jurgita Venckienė (Lki) talked about the connections of Lithuanian 19th century grammar with D. Klein’s grammar. According to the researcher, Grammatica Litvanica was used by Augustas Schleicher, when writing Handbuch der litauischen Sprache in 1856–1857, and by F. kuršaitis, when preparing Grammatik der littauischen Sprache (1876), and it is likely that Kazimieras jaunius, whose Lietuvių kalbos gramatika (1885–1892) was printed in 1911 as stated by v. zubaitienė, and mykolas miežinis’s Lietuviszka gramatika (1886) were also prepared (written) according to D. klein or F. v. Hako's grammar example. The reports of the seminar revealed that the interest in D. Klein’s Lithuanianist legacy does not subside over time. In 2009, the 400th anniversary of D. Klein’s birth marked the beginning of a new era of research on his life and work, and encouraged the creation and dissemination of electronic transcriptions of D. Klein’s books. It is likely that the beautifully commemorated mature anniversary of the first Lithuanian grammar will also receive a new wave of scientific publications and stimulate targeted searches for archive data, supplementing our understanding of D. Klein and his work. received 22 December 2023 jūRatė PajėDienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 Vilnius [email protected]