Lietuvių kalbos vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimai ir jų motyvacija

156 common language | 96 ŽYDRŪNĖ ŠALAVIEJŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas oRciD id: orcid.org/0009-0003-4998-9657 Research fields: lexical semantics, ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics. Doi: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.08 Lietuvių kaLbos vištos, gaiDŽio, višČiuko Valuations and their motivation ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: motyvacija, sinonimas, zoonimas, višta, gaidys, viščiukas. The names of chicken, cock, chicken in Lithuanian form a subgroup of the rich thematic group of zoonyms: from various explanatory, dialectal and special lexicographic sources, about 200 leximes have been recorded, which do not have a common hyperonym. The names evaluated from the onomastological point of view comprise 98% of the studied lexemes. The article analyses the names of chicken, rooster and chicken in Lithuanian language, evaluating them as lexical units that can convey the categorization of the named bird, its relationship with other realities, the attitude of the language user. Systematic analysis of the studied lexicons highlights conceptual features of several categories: axiological, cognitive, associative, ethnocultural. abstRact From a semasiological point of view, the Lithuanian names for hen, rooster, chicken form a rich subgroup of the thematic group of zoonyms: about 200 lexemes without a common hyperonym have been identified in various explanatory, dialectal and special lexicographical sources. From an onomasiological point of view, motivated names make up 98 per cent of the lexemes studied. the article comprehensively analyzes the names of hen, rooster and chicken in the Lithuanian language, approaching them as lexical units that can convey the categorisation of the bird being so named, its relationship to other realities from the perspective of the language user. the systematic analysis of the lexemes studied highlights several categories of conceptual features: axiological, cognitive, associative, ethnocultural. The blue shadow. The names of chicken, rooster, chicken and their motivation in Lithuanian language 157 The names of chicken, rooster, chicken are an integral part of Lithuanian folklore and phraseology (jasiūnaitė 2010: 322–323). The names of this domestic bird have left their mark in toponyms (balsys 2020: 21), in the naming of plants (gritėnienė 2006), mushrooms (Lubienė 2015), human physical and mental characteristics (Rosinienė 1990; eigirdienė 2016), natural phenomena (Dundulienė, ščmeliovas 1979: 122; jasiūnaitė, konickaja 2003: 47–48). Animal names are more often analyzed as the origin of conceptual metaphors (būdvytytė-gudienė et al. 2014), but reverse studies, i.e. those that reveal the realities with which animals are compared in the naming process, are not common (smetona 2015; salviejūtė 2022). the onomastological system of zoonyms is not much considered. Problems of the coverage, systemic relationships and motivation of any one thematic group are rarely studied by Lithuanian and other language lexicologists. Daulexical units that can convey the categorization of the named bird, its relationship with other realities, the attitude of the language user. The aim of the study is to examine the semantic relationships of the Lithuanian names of chicken, cock, chicken, to determine the conceptual giau dėmesio skiriama paskirų zoonimų frazeologijai, konceptualiosioms metaforoms (nilsen 1996; De la cruz cabanillas, martínez 2006; goatly 2006; górecka-smolińska, kleparski 2011 ir kt.). šio tyrimo objektas – lietuvių kalbos zoonimų teminės grupės vištos, gaidžio ir viščiuko pavadinimai. Į pavadinimus žvelgiama kaip į tokius characteristics represented by them. tikslo siekiama keliant šiuos uždavinius: 1) iš įvairių lietuvių kalbos žodynų išrinkti zoonimus, pavadinančius vištą, gaidį, viščiuką; 2) to determine the coverage of thematic subgroups of chicken, cock, chicken names; 3) group the names of chicken, rooster, chicken into synonyms rows; 4) synchronously determine the ratio of motivated and unmotivated lexemes; 5) to determine the semantic relationships of the lexems and the conceptual characteristics represented by them. The methodological practice of complex linguistic research is applied to the analysis, when the semantic characteristics of the members of one thematic group are determined by studying the lexems in the semantic and onomasological terms. The semantic features of the lexem, both semantic and onomatopoeic, are considered to be characteristic of the named concept. From the perspective of cognitive semantics, meaning is an actualized part of the concept, so each nomination reflects certain characteristics of the concept (specific to the concept) (gudavičius 2009: 51). 158 general language | 96 analysis is carried out on the concentric principle, studying the language system from the bottom. Potential lexemes are selected from various sources. The selected names are grouped into synonyms1, thus determining the finest categorization of the concept under discussion recorded in the lexical system. semantic (hyperonymic-hyponymic, econyms, constructive, polysemy) relations of lexics are studied. analysis of syntactic relations is used as an additional. It is based on the theoretical assumption that the study of paradigmatic relationships is a reliable way to determine some characteristics of the concept under investigation (cf.: bartmiński 2010: 119–122; Rutkovska et al. 2017: 31; bogdzevič 2019: 69). The main source of the research names is the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LkŽe). The material is supplemented with data from the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLkŽ8e), the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (bLkŽ), 13 dialect dictionaries2, representing the Žemaičių, Southern Highlands, Western Highlands, Eastern Highlands dialects. also referred to electronic publications systematically presenting the Lithuanian language vocabulary: Systematic Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (sistŽe), Thesaurus of Synonyms (sŽe). First of all, the task is to determine how many names of one bird (Latin Gallus gallus domesticus, Lithuanian domestic chicken) are in the Lithuanian language system. Based on the data of the studied lexicographic sources, it is possible to say that about 200 lexems3 (including formal variants4) belong to the studied group. After examining the systemic relationships and semantic connections, it was found that there is no common hyperonym for the bird in question in the Lithuanian language system (not in the scientific language). The core of the thematic group consists of three equations: female (vištà), male (gaidas) and young (viščiùkas). their semantic relationships, established by definitions, highlight two conceptual differential characteristics: gender and age. Article 1 does not address theoretical questions of synonymy. lexical and constructive synonyms are distinguished. Lexical synonyms are understood as non-co-synonyms having the same or similar meaning. The term is also used to refer to the synonyms of adjectives that have different affixes (deminutives are also considered synonyms in this article). 2 See the list of sources. 3 straipsnyje pristatoma tik apytikrė vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimų teminių pogrupių aprėptis. Į tyrimą neįtrauktos neaiškios reikšmės leksemos. Žodynuose teikiamos daugiareikšmės onomatemos išskaidytos į vienareikšmes leksemas, pvz.: koplnas 1 ‘kastruotas gaidys’, koplnas 2 ‘nededanti kiaušinių višta’, viščiùkė 1 dem. ‘višta’, viščiùkė 2 ‘maža ar paaugusi jauniklė višta’. 4 The formal variantity of the lexems was determined based on phonetic, accentual and morphological analysis of the lexem structure. The blue shadow. In Lithuanian language names of chicken, rooster, chicken and their motivation 159 it is established that these three equations have formal variants, constructive and lexical synonyms. The most abundant row of adjective and lexical synonyms consists of chicken (50 per cent), smaller - chicken (30 per cent) and cock (20 per cent). onomastological analysis helps to systematically (on a larger, more abstract scale) reproduce the world view in speech. The semantic features emerged from the complex linguistic analysis are gradually grouped into basic cognitive categories. The register of basic categories (semantic primitives, semantic molecules) is established based on the insights of other scientists (Wierzhbicka 2013; goddard, Wierzhbicka 2014; goddard 2018) and research material. in the article methodically chosen to discuss names according to semantic relationships. The onomastological structure of the bird names is described by dividing them into smaller thematic subgroups of chicken, cock and chicken5. an effort is made to highlight their main conceptual differential and/or common characteristics. 1. chicken PavaDinitions 1.1. sŽe presents a sequence of 3 synonyms of names: vištà, pùtė, pùlė. sistŽe indicates a sequence of 13 synonyms: vištà, vištáitė, viščiõtė, pūtė, pùlė, višštapalaikė, perẽkšlė, perẽklė, kvàksė, kvàkšė, kvakšlėų, kvarkšlėų, kverkšlėų. Based on the data of the lexicographic sources, chicken is named very differently in the Lithuanian language system. The lexicographic sources recorded nearly one hundred (95) lexicons for chicken. The lexicon vištà is the dominant of the thematic group of chicken names, defined in the definitions of the dictionaries as ‘domestic bird kept for eggs and meat (Gallina)’ LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, DnŽ 555, DrskŽ 465, DvŽ ii 538, kzRŽ ii 514, kpŽ iv 888, LzŽ 290, PPaŽ ii 782, svŽŽ ii 459, znŽ iii 692, ztŽ 779 and ‘bird of the pheasant family kept for eggs, meat and feathers (Gallus gallus domesticus)’ vdškŽ 901, e.g. : Chicken time, those eggs – just eat LkŽe; 20 of them are eggs, 20 of them are butterflies. I've got a sick man, so I'll cut the valve. You cut the valve, so when the apple is full of fat LkŽe; Goose meat is not as tasty as chicken, chicken is tastier LkŽe; It's like a meal from the oven. 5 Justifying the belonging of all members of a thematic group to a smaller subgroup is difficult due to the diffuse nature of boundaries inherent in the lexical semantic system. 160 common language | 96 The lexicon chicken belongs to the type of unmotivated nomination6. According to the entry into the language system, it is a lexicon of the internal nominative mode, belonging to the chronological layer of the eastern Baltics. as indicated in the works of etymologists, the origin of the lexicon is unclear. the classical interpretation refers to the etymological motivation characteristic ‘the one who is domestic’. The female name of a domestic bird, characteristic only of Lithuanian and Latvian languages (cf. lat. vista), is tried to be linked to the ancient Indian viç- ‘house’, Indo-European *ueik ė-: ueik ė- ‘house, settlement’, thus reconstructing the semantic development: ‘house’ → ‘domestic bird’ → ‘chicken’ (buck 1949: 176; LeW 1266; sabaliauskas 1990: 153; sejL 2057). all other recorded hen names belong to the type of reasoned nomination. Most of the motivated names consist of dialectal vocabulary. 1.2. The first group is the functional synonyms (25). Synonyms of the verb are marked axiologically. The positive connotation is reflected in the derivatives of deminutive suffixes7: viščiùkė 1 DvŽ ii 538, viščiėtė 1 LkŽe, DvŽ ii 538, vištáitė 1 PPaŽ ii 783, DvŽ ii 539, LzŽ 290, vištėlė 1 LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, DvŽ ii 539, švŽŽ ii 459, vdškŽ 901, vištùkė 2 PPaŽ ii 783, vištėtė / vištėtė 2 DvŽ ii 540, vdškŽ 901, vištūka 1 LkŽe. For example: : Oh good chicken! Luke; Beautiful chicken coop LkŽe; It is a beautiful chicken: fat, small, head red LkŽe. several adverbial derivatives and one composite name a young, grown, but not yet fully grown chicken and emphasize the conceptual age of the chicken: viščiõkė LkŽe, vdškŽ 900, viščiõtė LkŽe, kltŽ 410, kpŽ iv 884, viščiùkė 2 LkŽe, DvŽ ii 538, viščiattė 2 LkŽe, vištáitė 2 LkŽe, DLkŽe, DrskŽ 465, DvŽ ii 539, kzRŽ ii 514, znŽ iii 692, vištūkė LkŽe, krtnŽ 489, vištūka 2 ztŽ 780, pùsvištė LkŽe, DLkŽe, švŽŽ ii 118. For example: : The chicken is very small, and the chicken is already half a chicken; The chickens are all ready, maybe they'll be better than the old ones. I raised twelve hens and one chick in LkŽe; The hen will grow and be fruitful LkŽe; I'm a good chicken, I'm gonna start giving her LkZ soon. other adjective synonyms of chicken are negatively connoted (in dictionaries when providing definitions they are marked with the abbreviation menk.), they are called a bad, unsuitable chicken: vištėna LkŽe, vvėštapalaikė LkŽe, kpŽ iv 890 / vvėštpalaikė LkŽe, krtŽ 489. For example: : Chicken throat [burokus] – uncovered LkŽe; Those witch-hunters dug up the whole kindergarten in Luke. 6 For the terms unmotivated and motivated nomination, see further. 2015: 24–25. the 7 Deminutyvinė priesaga – onomasiologinio lygmens aksiologijos rodiklis, kuris rodo, kad lexicon has an axiological character and differs from the dominant of the synonymic order. The number of synonyms of Vedic action is open due to the diminutive prepositions. The blue shadow. Lithuanian names of chicken, cock, chicken and their motivation in 161 masiological levels. all lexical synonyms of the phrase are motivated words, their onomastological structure fixes certain semantic 1.3. antroji grupė – leksiniai sinonimai (65). Didžioji jų dalis turi diferencinių semantinių ir konceptualiųjų požymių, kurie labiausiai išryškėja onocharacteristics, therefore in the synonyms row they are grouped according to these characteristics. A large part of the lexical synonyms of the white-throated hawk consist of names whose semantic and onomastological structures capture the acoustic characteristics of this bird (25). semantic level conceptual sound broadcasting names. their lexical motivators inventory consists of phonological verbs with a non-vowel sound semis: kakti, kikti, dimo požymis paprastai būdingas perinčios, kiaušinį dedančios vištos pakudakúoti, kvachtúoti, kvagždti, kvaksti, kvakti, kvekšti. For example: : Cuddles cuddles chicken and doesn't add anything to it; Kudakuje like a hen, the first egg laid LkŽe; Almost like a chicken nest. The chicken smells like Luke; Chickens are quaking, so plant geese in the yard; Like a chicken – you cross and cross Luke; As a chicken is fed – kvakši i kvakši without health LkŽe; This year there are no eggs – all kvaktùkos LkŽe; It's a chicken. 336. the onomastological structure of chicken names records the sounds characteristic of the ethnozoonymic species: °karka LkŽe 8, kuðė LkŽe, kudãkšlė LkŽe, kudakùtė LkŽe, kvadẽkšlė LkŽe, kvàgždė LkŽe, kvàksė LkŽe; DLkŽ8e, kvaksūnas LkŽe, DrskŽ 179, kvàkšė LkŽe, sŽe, kpŽ ii 547, kvakšl LkŽe, kvaktùkė LkŽe, ztŽ 336, DvŽ i 329, kvaktùtė DvŽ i 329, kvaktuchà9 ztŽ 336 / kvaktukà LkŽe, DvŽ i 329, kvárkė LkŽe, kvárkšė LkŽe, kvarkšl LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, sŽe, kpŽ ii 549, kvarkštuõlė LkŽe, kverkšl LkŽe, DvŽ i 330, kverkštùkė LkŽe, krrkla / kirklà LkŽe. For example: : I hate this stupid thing: that just whoever screams, that's the stupid thing DvŽ i 329; The stupid thing smells, and the chickens already listen to it LkŽe; Kvachtuchà kvachtúoja ztŽ 336. other lexical synonyms with an acoustic character are motivated by the sounds of the hen's call. The inventory of lexical motivators consists of invocatives10 pùl, pùle, pùt. These are usually pleasant, positive or neutral connotation synonyms: pùlė LkŽe, sŽe, pùtė LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, sŽe, kzRŽ ii 143, znŽ ii 509, kpŽ iii 401, vdškŽ 637 / putià LkŽe, pùtkė LkŽe, putųtė 8 The sign ° denotes those lexicons that are not pronounced in the dictionary. 9 is associated with the dialectal Slavism kvachtúoti, -úoja, -ãvo ‘kvaksėti’ ztŽ336. when the lexical motivator of the motive is a loanword, the motive is considered motivated (cf. Lubienė 2015: 169). 10 invocation – the sounds of domestic birds and animals calling or driving (zabarskaitė 2009: 92). 162 common language | 96 331, pp. 637. For example: : Pul, pul, mano pulite! Luke; Put, put, put! I'm going. In the semantic and onomastic structure of chicken names, the appearance of the bird takes an important place. The semantic and onomastological structure of such names is centered on conceptual features of the chicken’s body morphology, and more precisely – plumage and body structure. Five lexical synonyms name the chicken according to tualųjį požymį. Leksemų ir leksinių motyvatorių semantika išryškina vištos su žandenomis vaizdą: bakuõtė LkŽe (< ×bãkai ‘žandenos’), papučiõkė LkŽe / papučõkė LkŽe (< papučõkai ‘vištos žandenos’), papùrka ‘višta su žandenomis’ LkŽe, papùžė ‘višta su žandenomis’ LkŽe, apúokas ‘višta su apžėlusiais žandais’ LkŽe (< apúokas2 ‘apačios plaukai, pavilnė, puokas’). the concept of green cheeks. : How beautiful those shoes! Luke; Beards – with beards – are better when big beards LkŽe. The onomastological structure of five other lexical synonyms is centered on the conceptual feature of the kuod: kuõdė LkŽe, kzRŽ i 406, kuõdena LkŽe, kuõdinas LkŽe, kuodùtė LkŽe, kuoduõtė / kuoduõčė švŽŽ i 352. For example: : Kuoduõtės y[ra] su kuodais tokes švŽŽ i 352; Su kuodu jei bus višta kuoduõčė švŽŽ i 352; Kuoduõčės vištos abi su kepurėmis švŽŽ i 352. The onomastological structure of several lexical synonyms fixes the conceptual characteristic of fluffy, ruffled, greenish, shaved feathers: drāsskė LkŽe, spùrė LkŽe, šiùrpa LkŽe, pùrė LkŽe, °ražokė LkŽe, tūbõtė LkŽe. chicken with a short, cut tail has separate names: kirptùkė LkŽe, kuksà LkŽe, stùmplė LkŽe; chicken with short legs: lùtė LkŽe, lutųkė LkŽe, latùkė LkŽe / °letukė LkŽe. There are also metaphorical cases of the expression of the morphology of the chicken body, e.g.: the lexical synonym of the chicken's tail čémpė LkŽe associatively related to the image of green chicken legs and a shoe knitted from yarn; The associative image of a bird’s squealer and a bush is recorded in the names krūminagavė ‘chicken with a bush squealer’ LkŽe, rožėtskiautẽrė LkŽe. The other group consists of those names whose lexical motivators name the chicken according to the feature of the feather color: gegužėtė LkŽe, geltõnė LkŽe, kanãpė LkŽe, raubė LkŽe, raibùkė LkŽe. metaphorically raibumas zeziùlė ‘hairy, hemp-fed chicken’ LkŽe (< zeziùlė, zeziùlka ‘chicken’ ztŽ 790). Kinetic signs are typical for synonyms klùkštė ‘cluttering chicken’ LkŽe, gužùtė ‘caught chicken’ LkŽe, pagžžėlė ‘quickly cluttering chicken’ LkŽe, ŽyDRūnė šaLaviejūtė. Lithuanian names of chicken, cock, chicken and their motivation 163 tąpškė ‘nice chicken’ LkŽe, psychokinetic sign – pasiùtvištė ‘lazy chicken’ LkŽe, pagėdvištė ‘unfortunate, damaging chicken’ LkŽe. A large part of chicken names consists of lexems, whose semantic and onomastological structures record the functions characteristic of this domestic bird. The names allow us to distinguish the three most important functions of the hen: laying eggs, migrating, keeping the chicks, fostering. The conceptual characteristic of the egg (not) laying and transition function is explicitly and implicitly fixed in several lexical synonyms: dedẽklė LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, bLkŽ, švŽŽ i 110, znŽ i 253, kltŽ 42 / dėdklė LkŽe, gaaddvištė LkŽe, koplūnas 2, nedklė LkŽe, perẽklė / perèklė LkŽe, DLkŽe, sŽe, krtŽ 292, švŽŽ ii 49, kzRŽ ii 72, znŽ ii 375, perẽkšlė / perèkšlė LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, sŽe, kzRŽ ii 72, vdškŽ 544, krtŽ 292, znŽ ii 375, kpŽ iii 146, kltŽ 210, periùkšlė LkŽe / perùkšlė LkŽe, peruõkšlė LkŽe. For example: : Such a good chicken – dedeklė, sorry to sell LkŽe; They brought a couple of dozen eggs, then a hen that had hatched, but had not laid. Maybe sometimes you have a chicken, I'd like chickens to hatch LkŽe; She puts her eggs well covered in LkŽe; There are no chicken coop, do not fly to cross LkŽe; Nededa [chicken] – to fly, will be gaoddvištė LkŽe; Ours was the cudgel – it didn’t help even one egg in LkŽ. a small group consists of names of hens laying soft or small eggs: lėjėkė LkŽe, lėjùkė LkŽe, minkštpaũtė LkŽe, plierrė / pliùrė LkŽe, švŽŽ ii 81; kliukė LkŽe, znãckinė LkŽe (< znãckas ‘very small chicken egg, laying’). For example: : Chicken leech nemacnų eggs added by LkŽe; One hen lays eggs – lays without film LkŽe; Who the hell made the wind blow in Luke? The characteristic of the protection function of young is recorded on the masiologiniu ir sintagminiu lygmenimis: cakõlinė ‘višta, kuri vedžioja cakolius (viščiukus)’ LkŽe, vištõlinė ‘višta, kuri vedžioja viščiukus’ LkŽe (< vištõlis ‘viščiukas’), vakveda LkŽe. Pvz.: Moma tai kap cakõlinė – až vaiką visa ką atduotų LkŽe; Jau mūsų vištõlinė sviedė vadžiot vištolius LkŽe; Ta vaikveda ir viščiukus vadžioja, ir deda LkŽe; Kita vištà ir varnai vaiko nepaLkŽe; And the hen defends her children in Luke. other names few. The localized conceptual feature of the secret egg-laying and hatching hen is updated in them: paslaptėnė LkŽe, slàpė LkŽe, slaptėnė LkŽe, slapùkė LkŽe, kpŽ iii 751, slapėkė LkŽe, DrskŽ 334. For example: : Already that secret somewhere bushes puts LkŽe. also the temporary conceptual feature of the atypical transitional time is updated: ‘a hen hatched in April’ LkŽe. 164 common language | 96 1.4 The abundance of lexems, the semantic and onomasological structure of the lexems, the conceptual characteristics of the named bird allow us to say that the chicken occupies an important place in Lithuanian ethno-zoonymics. the researched names highlight the most important functions of the hen: egg laying, hatching, keeping the chicks, protecting. synonymy and the abundance of axiologically marked names indicate the need of Lithuanian language system users to name a hen of non-prototypical appearance, behavior, poorly functioning. 2. Type of evaluation 2.1. sŽ presents a sequence of 4 synonyms of names: gaidųs ‘hen male’, kakarikõnas šnek. ‘cock pronoun’, kakarykõrius šnek., skėtrõnas šnek. ‘spread-out cock’. sistŽe gives a row of 8 synonyms: gaidųs, kakarikõnas, kakarykõrius, kakariẽkas, skėtrõnas, skiautẽris, kaplõnas, koplūennas. 30 invariant lexems for the name of the rooster were selected from lexicographic sources. The dominant of the synonymic sequence is the common, normative, axiologically neutral lexem gaidad LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, bLkŽe, sŽe, DnŽ 483, DrskŽ 90, DvŽ i 156, PPaŽ i 258, kzRŽ i 202, kltŽ 66, kpŽ i 576, LzŽ 74, PPaŽ i 258, svŽŽ i 163, znŽ i 393, ztŽ 191, vdškŽ 170. : Praded roosters to sing, do not give me sleep LkŽe; If the rooster crows after twelve in the day, there will be a change of weather. The cock sings before the rain 576. 2.2. the dominant word in the synonymic order has adjective synonyms (12). These are axiologically positive, melioratively marked deminutive derivatives with suffixes -elis, -(i)ukas, -utis11: gaidėlis DLkŽ8e, DvŽ i 156, kltŽ 66, LzŽ 74, PPaŽ i 258, švŽŽ i 163, vdškŽ 170, gaidelùkas ztŽ 191, gaidùkas 1 DLkŽ8e, DvŽ i 157, PPaŽ i 258, švŽŽ i 163, ztŽ 191, gaiduliùkas vdškŽ 171, gaidùtis PPaŽ i 258, gaidžiuùkas 1 DLkŽ8e, DvŽ i 157, kltŽ 66, ztŽ 191. For example: : O thou gadùti, brother, how beautiful thy voice, how happy thou art in Luke; Raibulis, raibulis gaidys, labai saugojo vištas, labai geras gaidùkas PPaŽ i 258; Toks gražus gaidžiùkas tavo kltŽ 66. other derivatives of deminutive pronouns call a grown, half-sized cock: gai dù kas 2 bLkŽ, gaidžiõkas kltŽ 66, vdškŽ 171, gaidžiùkas 2 bLkŽ, sŽe, gai džiėkštys kpŽ i 577, gaidnas LkŽe. other substantive synonyms of the rooster are the deminutives listed in Article 11, which have been deprecated in dictionaries. 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Wierzhbicka anna 2013: Polish zwierzęta ‘animals’ and jabłka ‘apples’: an ethnosemantic inquiry. – The Linguistic Worldview: Ethnolinguistics, Cognition, and Culture, London: versita, 137–159. zabarskaitė jolanta 2009: emotions in speech and conversation. – Language Culture 82, 91–109. received 17 November 2023 Priimta 2023 12 11 tHe LitHuanian names FoR Hen, RoosteR, cHicken, anD tHeiR motivation ŽYDRŪNĖ ŠALAVIEJŪTĖ summary the aim of the study is to investigate the semantic relations of the Lithuanian names for hen, rooster, chicken, to determine the conceptual features they represent. 172 benDRinė kaLba | 96 are determined by examining them at the semasiological and the onomasiological levels. it is posited that the semasiological and onomasiological the analysis is based on the methodological practice of complex linguistic research, where the semantic features of the members of one thematic group semantic features of a lexeme also reflect the semantic features of the concept being named. the paper methodically discusses the names based on their semantic relations. the onomasiological structure of bird names is described by dividing attempt is them into smaller thematic subgroups of hen, rooster and chicken names. an made to highlight their main conceptual differences and/or common features. the empirical material was collected from explanatory (LkŽe, DLkŽe, bLkŽe), dialectal, and specialized (sistŽe, sŽe) lexicographical sources. the names for hen, rooster, chicken form a large subgroup of the zoonymic group in the Lithuanian language, with about two hundred lexemes recorded in lexicographic sources. there is no common hyperonym in the Lithuanian language system for the lexemes studied. motivated lexis prevails, comprising approximately 98 per cent of the total pool. only three lexemes belong to the unmotivated type of nomination: one indigenous lexeme vištà ‘hen’ and three loan words from Slavic or Germanic languages: koplūnas 1, °kaplonas, kapaũnas ‘castrated rooster’. the systematic characteristic of the thematic subgroup of hen, rooster, chicken names has well-developed synonymic relations, which play a crucial role in enriching the thematic subgroup. the strings of synonyms consist of formal variants, derivative, and lexical synonyms. it illustrates the ability of the authors of the names to observe the various features of the bird and to verbalise them with different linguistic instruments. the analysis of the names for hen, rooster and chicken has revealed several categories of conceptual features: axiological (reflecting an evaluative stance towards the named bird), cognitive (depicting the named bird as a cognitive reality), associative (establishing connections between the named bird and other realities), ethno-cultural (representing concepts beyond the named bird within the realm of ethnoculture). the semantic analysis of motivational features allows identifying the representation of a fragment of reality, or rather its conceptual equivalent, within the linguistic worldview. the language system captures the various differential features of the female, male and chick, the most important of which are: sex (female/male), age (young/adult), function: egg laying and hatching (hen), reproduction (hen and rooster), appearance (with the existence of feathers and coloration patterns exclusive to hen names), and sound (hence the acoustic function of the author of the name as a poultry keeper). there is a difference between the sounds emitted by the adult bird (female only) and the calls of the chick, as well as the contrast between the crowing (male) and non-crowing (female) bird. KEYWORDS: motivation, synonym, zoonym, hen, rooster, chicken. ŽyDRūnė šaLaviejūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 vilnius [email protected] ŽYDRŪNĖ ŠALAVIEJŪTĖ The object of the study is the thematic group of zoonyms in Lithuanian language – chicken, cock and chicken names. Names are viewed as such lexical units that can convey the categorization of the named bird, its relationship with other realities (concepts of realities), the attitude of the language user. The aim of the study is to examine the semantic relationships of the Lithuanian names of chicken, cock, chicken, to determine the conceptual characteristics represented by them. The methodological practice of complex linguistic research is applied to the analysis, when the semantic characteristics of the members of one thematic group are determined by examining them in semantic and onomasological terms. The semantic features of the lexem, both semantic and onomastic, are considered to be characteristic of the concept being named. in the article methodically chosen to discuss names according to semantic relationships. The onomastological structure of the names of the bird in question is described by dividing them into smaller thematic subgroups of chicken, cock and chicken names. an effort is made to highlight their main conceptual differential and/or common characteristics. The empirical material was collected from explanatory (LkŽe, DLkŽ8e, bLkŽ), dialectal, special (sistŽe, sŽe) lexicographic sources. 174 benDRinė kaLba | 96 hen, cock, chicken names form a rich subset of the thematic group of zoonyms in Lithuanian: about 200 lexems have been recorded in lexicographic sources. There is no common hyperonym for the studied lexicons in the Lithuanian language system. Motivated vocabulary dominates – it comprises about 98% of the vocabulary. Only three lexicons belong to the unmotivated nominative type: one autochthonous lexicon vištà and three borrowed from Slavic or Germanic languages: koplūnas 1, °kaplonas, kapaũnas ‘castrated cock’. The systematic feature of the thematic subgroups of hen, cock, chicken names is the development of synonymic relations. they determine the abundance of the thematic subset. synonyms consist of formal variants, verb and lexical synonyms. The latter testify to the ability of the creator of the name to recognize various characteristics of the named bird and verbalize them with different linguistic means. The analysis of chicken, rooster, chicken names highlighted conceptual characteristics of several categories: axiological (transmitting the appreciative attitude to the name bird), cognitive (describing the name bird as a cognitive reality), associative (connecting the name bird with another reality), ethnocultural (representing not the name bird, but other concepts of the ethnoculture field). The semantic analysis of motivation features allows to identify the image of the fragment of reality named chicken, cock, chicken, more precisely – its conceptual equivalent – in the language worldview. The language system records various differential features of the female, male and young bird, the most important of which are: sex (female / male), age (young / adult bird), function: egg laying and transition (hens), reproduction (hens and roosters), appearance (plumage, coloration features are typical only for chicken names), sound (recorded acoustic function of the named as a zookeeper). There are differences between the call sounds of the adult bird (only female) and the call sounds of the young bird, there is an opposition between the singing (male) and non-singing (female) bird. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: motyvacija, sinonimas, zoonimas, višta, gaidys, viščiukas. ŽyDRūnė šaLaviejūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 vilnius [email protected]