Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych

DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0339-0879 RESEARCH AREAS: Slavic dialectology, dialect lexicography, the lexicon of the Polish–East Slavic borderland. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.04 WAYS OF PRESENTING DIALECT MATERIAL IN POLISH REGIONAL DIALECT DICTIONARIES KEYWORDS: Polish lexicography, Polish dialect dictionaries, lexicographic methodology, amateur dictionaries. ABSTRACT The article discusses Polish regional dialect dictionaries published over the past several decades. Compiled by professional or amateur authors, these dictionaries record lexical collections from various regions of Poland. Based on selected works (particularly from central and eastern Poland), it presents different ways of displaying dialect material, taking into account its illustrative component and local contexts. ABSTRACT The text discusses Polish regional dialect dictionaries published in the last few decades. These dictionaries, written by professionals or amateurs, record sets of lexis from various regions of Poland. Selected entries (especially from central and eastern Poland) show different ways of presenting the dialect material, taking into account the iconographic layer and local contexts. Polish dialect dictionaries, many of which have been produced over the decades, constitute a distinctive type of lexicographic work. They follow their own principles, both in terms of the selection of material and the organization of content. Many of them are, on the one hand, the result of work by teams of professionals and, on the other, the outcome of many years of collecting dialect material by DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 71 enthusiasts of their local homelands, people without professional training in dictionary compilation. In this article, I will draw attention to various ways of compiling regional dialect dictionaries published over the past several decades. I do not organize them geographically, since what matters are the different ways of presenting dialect content, rather than the division into regions. I limit myself to presenting Polish dialect dictionaries without providing the broader context of the lexicographic output of other countries—this is material for a subsequent article. Kazimierz Woźniak presented an overview of Polish dialect lexicography up to the end of the 20th century in his work The State of Polish Dialect Lexicography at the End of the 20th Century (Woźniak 2000). Halina Karaś’s later study, published in 2011, describes the state of lexicography at the beginning of the 21st century (Karaś 2011). No publication synthesizing the contemporary state of Polish dialect lexicography has appeared in the past decade. In a sense, this gap is filled by the text by Vilija Sakalauskienė and Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa, Lithuanian Dialect Lexicography at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries (Against the Background of Selected Polish Regional Dictionaries) (Sakalauskienė, Sawaniewska-Mochowa 2022). Work on the Dictionary of Polish Dialects, covering the entire territory of the country as well as dialects beyond its borders, is still ongoing in Poland. This long-term undertaking is work for several successive generations, since just 35 fascicles, up to the letter J (entries Jaryk–Jedyk), have been published since the first fascicle appeared in 1979 (SGP 1979–2023). The dictionary is arranged alphabetically, with numerous cross-references, and its authors prepare entries using traditional lexicographic methods. It is compiled by dialectologists at the Institute of the Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków and draws on a rich card index, which is supplemented only to a limited extent. The editorial approach used in this Dictionary informed the principles for compiling two subsequent dictionaries based on the SGP card index: A Short Dictionary of Polish Dialects (MSGP) and Dictionary of Lesser Polish Dialects (SGM). MSGP introduces certain simplifications to make it easier for readers without a background in linguistics to use. For this reason, the section on forms was omitted, and the documentation for entries was generally presented in standard Polish orthography. The selection of entries is rather peculiar. Since the SGP card index contains approximately 240,000 entries, one entry in every 24 listed there was included. This makes the selection of entries somewhat arbitrary. 72 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96 SGM covers the entire area of Lesser Poland while also showing connections with other regions, using the same method of marking locations as the dictionaries mentioned above. Many entries are illustrated with statements by residents of the region. A dictionary compiled according to traditional lexicographic methods is the Dictionary of Silesian Dialects (SGŚ). It records the vocabulary of Silesian dialects in the 20th century from across the whole of Silesia, including Zaolzie. It is intended as a multi-volume work covering the largest possible number of words characteristic of the Silesian dialect. To date, 17 volumes have appeared (La–Łyczka), and volume 18 has been reviewed. As stated in the information about the dictionary: The lexemes included in the Dictionary differ from standard Polish words—the reader will find dialect words in both active and passive use: words falling out of use as a result of civilizational change, words newly adopted alongside civilizational progress, obsolete words, and loanwords (Germanisms and Bohemisms) (Silesian Institute). A dictionary that records the vocabulary of a single region is the Dictionary of the Kuyavian Dialect and Culture. It was prepared by a team of linguists from Bydgoszcz under the editorship of Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa (SGKK 2017). In addition to definitions and dialect quotations, this differential dictionary provides the distribution of the lexemes in question. Etymological explanations appear occasionally, for example in the entry BACIARZ, from Hungarian betyár ‘vagabond, outlaw’ (SGKK 2017: 54), and the entry FELOR, from German Fehler m ‘mistake, defect’ (SGKK 2017: 221). Wart odnotowania jest Słownik dialektu knyszyńskiego (Rembiszewska 2007) opracowany przez niepolonistę, ale językoznawcę – Czesława Kudzinowskiego, autora słownika polsko-fińskiego i podręcznika do gramatyki fińskiej, ze względu na występowanie elementów różnych języków i bogactwo interesującej leksyki (por. Rembiszewska 2010). Trudno ustalić dokładny czas powstania Słownika dialektu knyszyńskiego. Kudzinowski tworzył go przez kilkadziesiąt lat, prawdopodobnie od końca lat 40. do 70. XX wieku. Słownik liczy ponad 5500 haseł. Ma on niewielki zasięg terytorialny, gdyż obejmuje obszar wsi położony wokół Knyszyna w powiecie monieckim w województwie podlaskim. Słownik C. Kudzinowskiego podaje zarówno nazwy gwarowe, jak i gwarowe postaci fonetyczne nazw ogólnopolskich oraz nazwy ogólnopolskie, np. forytować ‘kierować’, łązęta ‘obdartus’, barsc sary ‘zupa z juchy’, kawał, łapanka oraz związki frazeologiczne, np. iść DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 73 v b’ady ‘to wrestle’, dali v nogi ‘they ran away’. In his Dictionary, Kudzinowski used definitions of the synonymic type, as well as definitional-descriptive and encyclopedia-like definitions; he occasionally uses extensional definitions. The definitions are rarely complete sentences that place a word in its natural context. Sometimes they take the form of a hypernym, e.g. kosibaba grox ‘a certain insect’. The dictionary section is preceded by information on East Slavic and German influences and thematic vocabulary. The publication issued by the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences meets the postulate of covering all linguistic varieties in a multilingual area: Multilingual Dialect Vocabulary of Podlasie, Suwałki Region and North-Eastern Mazovia (RSPS 2014). It consists of two main parts. The first discusses the region’s history, taking into account archaeological, historical, and ethnographic facts, and characterizes linguistic contacts in north-eastern Poland. The second part is an alphabetically arranged dictionary organized by definitions and standard Polish equivalents of dialect words, constituting a multilingual compilation of the dialect vocabulary of the area in question. The point of departure is a headword (sometimes consisting of several words) in literary Polish, for which equivalents in the dialects are provided (marked with Roman numerals): I. Polish, II. East Slavic (Belarusian, Ukrainian, and transitional Belarusian-Ukrainian), III. East Slavic (Russian Old Believer), IV. Lithuanian. Dialect equivalents are recorded in the form found in the source—hence the presence of phonetic, orthographic, and semi-orthographic transcriptions. The dictionary draws on amateur as well as professional sources. If the same form of a word occurred in several source materials, the sources are listed in a set order—according to geographical criteria, and within microregions according to chronological criteria (from the oldest materials to the most recent). After the headword or definition, information indicating that the referent is illustrated is given in square brackets. A somewhat different method of compiling dialect dictionaries, enriched with extensive illustrative material, was introduced into Polish dialect lexicography by Józef Kąś with his Dictionary of the Orawa Dialect (Kąś 2003, 2011). Of course, this is not a novum in European lexicography—in German dictionaries, some entries have long included maps or illustrations of certain referents mentioned in the entries. Iconography in German dictionaries sometimes served as a distinctive ornament, enhancing the visual appeal of the publication (cf. Knoop 2001); in some, maps take up considerable space (SdWb). 74 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96 In German dictionaries, it sometimes served as a distinctive ornament, enhancing the publication’s graphic design (cf. Knoop 2001); in some, maps take up a great deal of space (SdWb). Józef Kąś published his multi-volume work, which contains numerous photographs, Illustrated Lexicon of the Podhale Dialect and Culture (Kąś 2015–2019), comprising 12 volumes. Here, attention is drawn to the cultural context, already indicated in the title (and also taken into account in the Orawa Dictionary). It records vocabulary (contemporary and historical)—approximately 50,000 entries—depicting the material and spiritual culture of Podhale, a highland region in southern Poland at the northern foot of the Tatras. It also includes proverbs, sayings, descriptions of customs, folk beliefs, and magical practices. Quotations are recorded in a simplified, standardized dialect orthography to broaden the readership to include non-linguists. The strictly stricte dictionary section is supplemented by abundant illustrative material, presented in thematic plates. For example, Volume IV contains the following sections: I Nature, II Building, III Farmstead, IV Household, [no plate V], VI Oil mill. Mill, VII Clothing, VIII Pastoralism, IX Beekeeping, X Hunting and fishing, XI Blacksmithing, locksmithing, XII Music, XIII Rituals, XIV Sacrum, XV Other. W kręgu metody J. Kąsia pozostaje Słownik gwary lachów sądeckich (Szewczyk 2014). Część słownikową poprzedza obszerny wstęp, zawierający założenia metodologiczne, charakterystykę etnograficzną regionu, opis stanu badań nad gwarami sądeckimi, podstawowe informacje o systemie gwary podegrodzkiej oraz zasady redakcyjne i układ haseł. Po części słownikowej zamieszczono 278 ilustracji. A dictionary conceived as both a collection of words and a source of information about the culture of a given area is Vocabulary and Folk Culture of the Wiśniowa Municipality (SKLW 2018), covering localities in Małopolska. This work is the result of a project by students of Polish studies at Jagiellonian University, under the academic supervision of dialectologists. The main part is a dictionary, followed by thematic entries: Easter Customs—Then and Now, The Period of Lent, Palm Sunday, Holy Week, Feast Days, Traditions Associated with Christmas, Family Rituals, On Ghosts, Spells, and Herbal Medicine, and Partisan Activities and Pacification Through the Eyes of Residents. The volume concludes with dialect texts entitled Transcriptions (including Dialect, Song, Illnesses). DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 75 Another dictionary compiled by a dialectologist, but somewhat different from the traditional SGP, is Dictionary of the Dialects of the Lublin Region (SGL 2012–2023), by Halina Pelcowa (and a team for several volumes), which is a thematic dictionary. Its readership includes not only professionals but also everyone interested in the dialects of the Lublin region, spoken by inhabitants of the central belt of eastern Poland. This publication, too, reflects a tendency to broaden the readership of dialect lexicons. The first volume of the Lublin dictionary—Agriculture. Agricultural Tools. Fieldwork. Grain Harvesting and Processing—appeared in 2011; the last, Volume XIII, in 2023. The author retained alphabetical order within each volume. In the first four volumes (I—Agriculture…, II—Agriculture. Rural Transport. Root and Fodder Crops. Soils and Types of Fields. Growing Flax and Hemp. Haymaking, III—Animal World, IV—Orchard and Vegetable Garden. Building and Yard Space), photographs were published within the text; from Volume V onward (V—Plant World, VI—Food, VII—Clothing and Footwear. Flax Spinning and Linen Weaving, VIII—The Individual and the Family. Hygiene and Illnesses. Furniture, Equipment, and Housework, IX—Village Space. Landforms. Social and Professional Life, X—Folk Rituals and Customs, XI—Meteorology and Astronomy. Time. Colors, XII—Activities—Measures—Feelings—Characteristics and Properties—Other. Dialect Texts. Index of Entries), they appear at the end of the dictionary. An entry consists of a headword, definition, quotation, and information about the source and geographical distribution. Some entries also record variant forms and pronunciation. Cross-references appear at the end; they are numerous in many entries, for example under skidacz – scraper, pecker, etc. Each volume also contains a dozen or so maps for selected dictionary entries. A characteristic feature of this dictionary is its very rich documentation confirming the word’s presence in this area. For example, the entry pisanka ‘an Easter egg painted in various colors with dye or onion-skin decoction <...>, decorated with geometric and floral patterns using wax and a stylus’ is documented by four pages of records from the region. An interesting dictionary from the perspective of methodology for compiling dialect dictionaries is The Dialect of Bugaj in the Foothills (Biecz commune, Gorlice county) by Halina Karaś (Karaś 2022). In this work, the author’s professionalism and extensive experience in lexicography are combined with familiarity with her family dialect and the expertise of a linguist who was formerly a dialect speaker. As the title itself indicates, the publication is a linguistic monograph of the village of Bugaj and its surroundings (south-eastern Poland). A great asset of the work is 76 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96 a characterization of the present-day situation of the dialect described. The dictionary section is preceded by a chapter containing multicolored photographs and concerning the folk culture of the Eastern Foothills (the Biecz and Gorlice area): The folk costume of the Pogórzanie, Regional cuisine, The home and its furnishings, Household tasks, Traditional occupations (professions), Annual customs, Family customs, Beliefs and superstitions. The dictionary consists mainly of words that differ from standard Polish vocabulary. In addition to definitions, the entries provide grammatical information and quotations with locations, sometimes quite extensive, e.g. DZIAMA noun fem. ‘a dish made from flour cooked in water or milk’: In the old days they used to cook dziama, from flour in w1ater or milk. They cooked dziama from wheat flour, and if there was no wheat flour, then from rye flour. Sometimes during the 1occupation, they even made it from 1oat flour. Paciara and dziama are, after all, the same thing. They called it this or that; people argued about it. Bug. BK. Some entries include cross-references, e.g. CLIWAĆ verb. impf. ‘to tickle’ Stop tickling me now, because I can’t stand it. Don’t tickle me, because I can’t stand it. Bug. BK. See SKLIWAĆ, cf. WYCLIWAĆ. The vocabulary of her home region was recorded in Słownik gwary zagnańskiej by another linguist from the Polish studies department at the University of Warsaw, Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa (Długosz-Kurczabowa 2020). Published four years after the author’s death, the dictionary contains 4,000 entries and is arranged alphabetically. It covers vocabulary characteristic of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains region—the area of Zagnańsk and its surroundings—in the second half of the 20th century. In 2011, Irena Maryniakowa, professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, published Słownik dawnej mowy mieszkańców Ciechanowca i okolicznych wsi na Podlasiu (Maryniakowa 2011). This dictionary records the state of the dialect (from the borderland between Mazovia and Podlasie) in the last two decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, as documented by a local woman using material collected over many years. The collection follows the traditional arrangement of headwords. It records, among other things, words restricted to a small area, such as chabor ‘bribe’ (in Ciechanowiec, a housing estate of detached houses built during the socialist period was maliciously nicknamed Chaborowo), chabornik, pl. chaborniki ‘bribe-taker’, kryjan ‘a boy aged 10–12’. In recent years, staff at the Dialectology Workshop of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań have begun a long-term project involving cooperation between local communities and linguists to collect dialect vocabulary. The result of this collaboration is dictionaries of individual villages and counties published in the series Wielkopolskie DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 77 Słowniki Gwarowe. They are usually arranged thematically. The following have been published to date: Słownik języka mieszkańców okolic Czerniejewa. Praca na roli i w gospodarstwie (SJMCz 2018), Słownik języka mieszkańców okolic Pobiedzisk. Praca na roli i w gospodarstwie (SJMPoR 2021), Słownik języka mieszkańców okolic Pobiedzisk. Przyroda (SJMPoP 2023), Słownik języka mieszkańców okolic Gniezna. Święta, wierzenia i przesądy (SJMG 2018), Gospodyni. Słownik języka mieszkańców powiatu kolskiego (SJMGosI 2018), Gospodarz. Słownik języka mieszkańców powiatu kolskiego (SJMGosII 2019), W kuchni u pleszewian. Słownik języka i kultury mieszkańców powiatu pleszewskiego (SJMPlesz 2019). The series also includes a dictionary on a different area (in eastern Poland)—Słownik mieszkańców ziemi łukowskiej. Praca na roli i w gospodarstwie (SMLuk 2019). A certain curiosity is the dictionary Co wieś, to inna pieśń. Słownik gwary Bukówca Górnego w Wielkopolsce i regionu Spisza (SGBS 2014). The authors did not explain why they brought together precisely these areas. However, the value of this publication lies in its interesting dialect material, accompanied by numerous illustrations and recordings on a CD of texts from Bukówiec and Spiš. The dictionaries published by the State Scientific Publishing House have a popular character—Góralsko godacka (Kucharzyk 2011) and Ślónsko godka (Furgalińska 2011). The vocabulary is arranged in thematic sections, which include drawings illustrating the lexical material in each section. The definitions are given by synonyms. A separate group consists of dictionaries associated with an ethnographic group with a strong identity, for whom the local language is an important distinguishing factor. This refers to the Kurpie, who live in northern Mazovia (central Poland). For many years, the Kurpie Association has sought to standardize the Kurpie dialect and popularize a new way of understanding the speech of the inhabitants of the former Green Forest and White Forest. Dictionaries are among the means intended to achieve this. Three have appeared: Słownik wybranych wyrażeń i nazw kurpiowskich (SKur 2013), which contains Polish–Kurpie and Kurpie–Polish sections, and two editions of Ilustrowanego słownika kurpiowskiego (Grzyb 2021). In 2018, Słownik polszczyzny kurpiowskiej by Władysław Niksa was published (Niksa 2018), bringing together material collected since 1968. This two-volume dictionary follows the traditional alphabetical arrangement. In 2023, Słownik dialektu kurpiowskiego was published, authored by Henryk Gadomski (Gadomski 2023), a Kurpie regionalist and ethnomusicologist, but not a linguist. The dictionary contains approximately 15 78 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96 thousand entries and is the result of collaboration among a group of several dozen users of the Kurpie dialect. In addition to headword definitions, it contains grammatical information and contexts for the use of individual words. A small Dictionary of the Warmian Dialect. A Mini-Version for Everyone (SGW 2021) also has a two-part arrangement. In one part, the left-hand column consists of headwords in standard Polish; in the other, the entries are given in the Warmian variety. It was compiled by users of the Warmian dialect (in northern Poland), who had no professional training in dictionary-making. Perhaps for this reason, the authors limited themselves to providing only one-word, and occasionally several-word, equivalents for dialect lexemes, e.g. in the section Words in Our Way – einladunek ‘invitation’ (SGW 2021: 20), jochkoła ‘slurry tank’ (SGW 2021: 25). Some entries are not given in their citation form, e.g. broke buło ‘it was necessary’ (SGW 2021: 14), szurołkoziu ‘to the little boy’ (SGW 2021: 47). Two small dictionaries from the Masurian region (former East Prussia) also fit into the trend of amateur regional dialect dictionaries closely linked to local identity: Dictionary of Masurian Speech / Masurische Sprache Wörterbuch (SMW 2019) (cf. Rembiszewska 2020) and Mazurská gádka. Masurian Dictionary with Phrasebook / Masurisches Wörterbuch mit Sprachführer (MG 2020). It is also worth mentioning several other amateur dialect dictionaries, which have recently proliferated. They are published online as well as in print. Two dictionaries from southeastern Poland may serve as examples: Museum of Words. Dictionary of the Lubenia Dialect from the area around Rzeszów (Bielenda 2013), Dictionary of the Dialect of Nieborów and Its Environs (Baran 2015), and one from northeastern Poland, From Supraslian into Our Language (Załęski 2005). The first is a collection of about a thousand words recorded by its author, a history teacher in the village of Lubenia in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. This dictionary mainly uses synonym-based definitions. The headwords are written according to standard Polish spelling, while taking into account phonetic features of the dialect, such as vowel contraction: koguciorz, chodoki, syr. Dictionary of the Dialect of Nieborów and Its Environs has a microstructure similar to that of the dictionary of the Lubenia dialect. Most definitions are synonym-based, e.g. wrota ‘large door’, wrzosz ‘dirty person’. The colloquial tone and lack of semantic precision in the definitional sections of some entries are noteworthy, e.g. w zaparte ‘for sure’ [instead of: ‘stubbornly’], wtulić kogoś ‘to get someone a job’, duby smalone ‘nonsense, foolishness, drivel’ DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 79 ‘nonsense, foolishness, drivel’. Homonyms are not clearly separated, e.g. chrušt ‘crumbly pastry, dry branches’. Following the dictionary section are Sayings, Proverbs, for Good Luck, for Good Health, for the New Year, as well as Sayings, Rhymes, Counting-Out Rhymes, Children’s Games. Mentioning this small dictionary serves to show that a collection of vocabulary can also provide an opportunity to manifest patriotism understood in a rather caricatural way. The book includes not only The Testament of Kasper Aleksander Nieborowski – Founder of Nieborów, written on 20 September 1713, but also a chapter entitled The Martyrdom and Suffering of the Polish Nation in the 20th Century and a bombastic appeal to the younger generation. From Supraslian into Our Language. Dictionary of the Supraslian Dialect by Wojciech Załęski is an amateur work that took shape over several decades. Its author, a visual artist who had lived in Supraśl for many years, gathered dialect material with exceptional care. In the introduction, he points to the sources of the names compiled in the dictionary, which came “from conversations overheard in the street, in the shop, at neighbours’ tables; they were supplied by readers of the Supraśl newspaper Nazukos and by acquaintances” (Załęski 2005: 10), and were recorded between 1989 and 1997. As its title suggests, Wojciech Załęski’s word inventory gathers words from the small town of Supraśl, near Białystok. Local elements, which appear quite frequently in amateur dictionaries, are striking. The entries in this dictionary that concern topography are strictly local in character, e.g. Supraska—a street in pre-war Białystok, known for having more Jews living on it than in Supraśl; Tatarski Gościniec—the road from Supraśl to Krynki; the road from Supraśl to Białystok is called Białostocki Gościniec; Wysranka—Ulmana and Budkiewicza Streets. Dictionaries documenting older vocabulary, compiled in the last few years, should also be noted. In 2021 Michał Kondratiuk published Material Culture of the Białystok Countryside and Its Changes in the Light of Folk Dialects (Kondratiuk 2021), the main part of which is Dialect Dictionary of the Village of Nomiki from the Mid-20th Century. This dictionary was prepared in manuscript form by Stanisław Glinka (1914–2002), based on materials collected in the village of Nomiki in Sokółka County in the 1950s and 1960s. It depicts a Polish-Belarusian dialect. Belarusian elements occur in definitions accompanying Belarusian words that refer back to the headword. A collection reconstructed from sources is Dialect Dictionary of the Radom Region (Kwiecień 2022), recorded by a local resident, in whose compilation 80 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96 … a linguist participated. It records the dialect of the Małopolska–Mazovia borderland around Radom. Some entries are illustrated with black-and-white photographs. In dictionaries published in recent decades, cultural contexts are particularly interesting. These concern, among other things, rural linguistic etiquette. This can be traced in dictionaries from northeastern Poland. The Dictionary of the Ciechanowiec Area gives: sam, sama 1. ‘a polite form of address used toward a respected person; formerly, in noble families, also used by a wife to her husband and by a husband to his wife’ (During the interwar period, this was mocked. A little story about a neighbor: In the evening, a farmhand entered the kitchen. The landlady, already in bed and thinking it was her husband, called out: niech sam weźmie jeść, stoi na kuchni, i pszydzie do łoszka. After a while, her husband came in and saw that the farmhand was lying in his place. There was a loud quarrel, but the farmhand explained that this had been the landlady’s instruction) (Maryniakowa 2011: 66); słuchać, słucha, niech słucha ‘a request for attention—please listen; let the gentleman (lady) listen’; on zmienił nazwisko, to słucha pani, zmiana dotyczy i aktu małżeństwa Ciech.; słuchać, to tszeba zgłosić (theft); niech słucha, o, taka była woda (Maryniakowa 2011: 69). The dictionary from Supraśl records forms of polite address used in the area: chce? – 1) do you want? 2) please (One can ask impersonally, avoiding the familiar ‘you’ or the formal ‘sir/ma’am’: – Pączka chce? ‘Would you like a doughnut?’ The expression meaning ‘please’ can also be replaced, since it may sometimes provoke an inner resistance to excessive politeness, by asking very directly: – zje? – weźmie? – zajdzie? ‘Will you eat? – Will you take some? – Will you come in?’ One can also use a simplified form of invitation that gently compels: – niechaj zje. – niechaj weźmie. – niechaj zajdzie ‘Let them eat. – Let them take some. – Let them come in.’ (Załęski 2005: 17). The overview presented here clearly shows how approaches to compiling dialect dictionaries have changed. There is a prevailing tendency to create lexicons intended for a general readership, with less importance attached to purely formal rules and lexicographic rigor. Contemporary society, which prefers visual communication, is also offered what dictionary readers respond to: not only the text but also visual elements are meant to speak to them. An important factor is the inclusion of extralinguistic information and cultural and folkloric contexts. It seems that these new methods of working on dialect records will prove more useful and help popularize the territorial varieties of Polish. DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 81 LITERATURA Baran Jacek 2015: Słownik gwary Nieborowa i okolic, Rzeszów: Bonus Liber. Bielenda Aleksander 2013: Muzeum Słowa. Słownik gwary lubeńskiej, Lubenia: Gminna Biblioteka Publiczna w Lubeni. Długosz-Kurczabowa Krystyna 2020: Słownik gwary zagnańskiej, Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Furgalińska Joanna 2011: Ślónsko godka, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 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Popowska-Taborska, Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, 17–51. Załęski Wojciech 2005: Z supraskiego na nasze. Słownik gwary supraskiej, Supraśl: Wydawnictwo Prymat. Gauta 2023 09 30 Priimta 2023 11 20 84 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96 DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA WAYS OF PRESENTING DIALECTAL MATERIAL IN POLISH REGIONAL DIALECTAL DICTIONARIES Summary The text discusses Polish regional dialect dictionaries published in the last few decades. These dictionaries, written by professionals or amateurs, record sets of lexis from various regions of Poland. Selected entries (especially from central and eastern Poland) show different ways of presenting the dialect material, taking into account the iconographic layer and local contexts. Recent years have seen a change in the approach to the compilation of dialect dictionaries. There is a tendency to create lexicons aimed at a general audience, and less attention is paid to purely formal rules and lexicographical discipline. The introduction of extra-linguistic information, e.g. cultural and folklore contexts, is a significant factor. KEYWORDS: Polish lexicography, Polish dictionaries of dialects, methodology of lexicography, amateur dictionaries. DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Bartoszewicza 1b, m. 17, 00-337 Warszawa [email protected] DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA TARMINĖS MEDŽIAGOS PATEIKIMO BŪDAI LENKŲ KALBOS REGIONINIUOSE TARMŲ ŽODYNUOSE Santrauka Straipsnyje kalbama apie pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais pasirodžiusius lenkų kalbos šnektų žodynus. Šiuose profesionalų arba mėgėjų sudarytuose žodynuose fiksuojami skirtingų Lenkijos regionų leksikos rinkiniai. Pasirinkti įrašai (ypač iš vidurio ir rytų Lenkijos) rodo skirtingus tarminės medžiagos pateikimo būdus, atsižvelgiant į ikonografinį lygmenį ir vietos kontekstą. DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA. Sposoby prezentowania materiału dialektalnego w polskich regionalnych słownikach gwarowych 85 Pastaraisiais metais pasikeitė tarminių žodynų sudarymo metodika. Šiuo metu linkstama sudaryti plačiajai auditorijai skirtus leksikonus, mažiau dėmesio skiriant išimtinai formalioms taisyklėms ir leksikografijos metodui. Svarbų vaidmenį vaidina ir nelingvistinė informacija, pavyzdžiui, kultūros ir tautosakos konteksto pateikimas. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: lenkų kalbos leksikografija, lenkų kalbos tarmių žodynai, leksikografijos metodologija, mėgėjiški žodynai. DOROTA KRYSTYNA REMBISZEWSKA Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk ul. Bartoszewicza 1b, m. 17, 00-337 Warszawa [email protected] 86 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 96