Antroponiminiai terminai pirmajame tarpukario Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje

Standard Language 2025, No. 98, p. 1–18 Contents link ISSN 2351-7204 (electronic / online) Copyright © 2025 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Lithuanian Language Institute. This article is open access, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction of the content in any media, provided that the author and source are acknowledged. Received: / Gauta: 2024-11-07. Accepted: / Priimta: 2025-02-03. 1 ANTHROPONIMISTIC TERMS IN THE FIRST INTERPUNCT LITHUANIAN MANUAL OF PSYCHIATRY Anthroponymic Terms in the First Lithuanian Psychiatry Textbook of the Inter-War Period PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 Research areas: Lithuanian terminology, history of Lithuanian medical terminology. https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2025.98.01 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANNOTATION The article deals with anthroponymous terms, i.e. derived from names and surnames, in the first Lithuanian psychiatric textbook. It is discussed how anthroponyms become homogeneous terms, how anthroponyms with species elements are adapted to the composite terms of the morphological system of the Lithuanian language, the issue of survival of anthroponymous terms in the current psychiatric terminology is discussed. It has been established that in the process of appellationization, the structure changes of anthroponyms that have become species elements are minimal – most of the anthroponyms retain their original spelling and are only partially šakninių morfemų po apostrofo arba be jo. Daugiausia struktūros pasikeitimų apeliatyvizacijos procese patiria lithuanized, adding Lithuanian endings to the authentic anthroponyms, becoming homogeneous terms. Usually they lose their alphabetic spelling and become constituent components. All homogeneous anthroponymous terms are still used in the current Lithuanian psychiatric terminology because of their clarity, internationality, compactness of expression, while composite anthroponymous terms are usually more difficult to maintain because of doubtful terminology, inaccuracy, obsoleteness of the concepts they refer to, etc., on the other hand, some of these terms do not belong to the field of psychiatry. Some composite terms remained only partially – the spelling of the anthroponymous element was changed or abandoned altogether, the affine element was clarified. KEY WORDS: anthroponymous term, psychiatric term, appellation, grammar. ABSTRACT The article examines anthroponymic terms, i.e., those derived from people’s names and surnames, in the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook. It describes how anthroponyms become one-word terms, how anthroponyms that function as the subordinate components of compound terms are adapted to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language, and takes a deep dive into the matter of the survival of anthroponymic terms in modern Lithuanian psychiatric terminology. It has been found that any changes that take place in the structure of anthroponyms after they become subordinate components in the process of their transformation into appellatives, also known as appellativisation, are but minimal, with the anthroponyms usually preserving the spelling of the onym, the extent of their Lithuanisation limited to the addition of Lithuanian endings to the authentic root morphemes, preceded by an apostrophe or not. The most significant extent of structural transformation in the process of appellativisation can be observed in the case of anthroponyms as they turn into one-word terms. As a rule, they lose their onymic spelling and become constituent components. All simple anthroponymic terms are still in use in modern Lithuanian psychiatric terminology for their simplicity, international recognition, compact expression. In contrast, their dubious function usually undermines the survival of compound terms as terms, their inaccuracy, the underlying notion being no longer relevant, and so on; on the other hand, some of these terms fall out of the field 2 of psychiatry. Some compound terms have survived only to an extent—the spelling of the anthroponymic element has changed or has been dropped altogether, the definition of the main component has been revised and narrowed down. KEYWORDS: anthroponymic term, psychiatry term, adaptation, appellativisation. INTRODUCTION Anthroponyms (from the Greek anthrōpos, "man", and onyma, "name") are terms derived from the names of human beings. This is one of the types of eponymous 1 terms. 2 In current empirical terminology studies, an eponymous term is a solid term derived from a 3 person’s name (real or fictional), a place name (toponym) or a composite term with an onionic component (see. Lerner et al. 2001: 441; Duque-Parra et al. 2006: 220; Kitkauskienė 2011: 48; Górnicz 2017: 446; Kakzanova 2017: 335; RimkutėGanusauskienė 2023: 122; Vasiljeva, Tritenko 2023: 17; Brdar, Brdar-Szabó 2024: 75 and others). These terms are formed by deonymizing actual words, in other words, by making them generic and giving them a special (term) meaning (Minakova 2013: 31). There are controversial opinions in the scientific community regarding the use of eponymous terms in medical language. Some tend to reject them for linguistic (e.g., ambiguity, opacity, sometimes inaccuracy, etc.) and ethical reasons (Canziani 2011: 229, 236, also cf. Woywodt, Matteson 2007: 424; Strous, Edelman 2007: 207–213; Werneck, Batigália 2011: 105; Batigália et al. 2015: 266, etc.). Others, on the contrary, defend those terms, emphasizing their 4 connection with historical and cultural values that provide clinicians with clinical and cultural knowledge. Despite attempts to eliminate eponymous terms from the scientific language, they continue to be an important part of the medical discourse (Canziani 2011: 229, 236, also cf. Whitworth 5 2007: 425; Badea 2008: 19; Cappuzzo 2008: 6; Leičik 2011: 136; Majewska 2016: 94–105; Thomas 2016: 295–299; Giménez-Roldán 2017: 1–19; Guardiola, Baños i Diez 2021: 16; Slabin 2023: 221 et al. ). But let us return to the subject of the study – anthroponymous terms. In short, we should stop at the actual words and their classification, because it will be important in the classification of empirical material. According to Evalda Jakaitienė, “due to the great variety of names, universal classification criteria that fit all of them have not been established so far. Most of the time, real words are divided according to their meaning, i.e., according to their relation to the objects named. First of all, two large sections of actual words are distinguished: 1) names of living beings and 2) names of inanimate things” (Jakaitienė 2009: 267). This classification is used to classify textbook terms made up of actual words. 1 These terms also have a Lithuanian equivalent – personal noun terms (Gaivenis 2014 [1994]: 217, cf. Kvašytė 2005: 66; Vaskelaitė 2023: 95). Lithuanian terminology theorist Kazimieras Gaivenis defines a colloquial term as a term made from the surname of a scientist, discoverer, inventor (Gaivenis 2014 [1994]: 217). In terms of structure, the author considers both solid and composite terms as personal noun terms (cf. Kvašytė 2005: 66; Vaskelaitė 2023: 101). 2 In the article, an eponymous term is considered to be a solid term whose root morpheme originates from an onyome (real word), or a compound term whose secondary accent is made up of an onyome. 3 Other terms used are eponym (Dirckx 2001: 15; Cappuzzo 2008: 1–2; Lončar, Ostroški Anić 2014: 37; Lysanets, Bieliaieva 2021: 1–2; Slabin 2023: 188), eponymous name (Novinskaya 2013: 34), term eponym (Leičik 2006: 44; Novinskaya 2013: 34), terminonym (Tatarinov 2006: 68; Leičik 2011: 138). It is believed that the term eponymous term is more accurate, since its affix indicates a direct connection with terminology, and for example, the original meaning of an eponym is still "the real word that can become a term". 4 It is suggested that eponymous terms consisting of the names of Nazi doctors should be abandoned (Woywodt, Matteson 2007: 424, see also Strous, Edelman 2007: 207–213). 5 In some medical fields, such as rheumatology and neurology, eponymous terms are particularly popular, and even a term has been created to describe this hobby – eponymophilia (Lončar, Ostročki Anić 2014: 37). 3 Most of the terms contain the names of living beings. Most of them are personal names. The Lithuanian terminologist Angelė Kaulakienė called terms derived from surnames nominative terms (Kaulakienė 2009: 69, 164). We cannot disagree with this term proposed by the scientist, it is indeed more accurate. However, in this article the term anthroponymous term is traditionally used for the reason that in the empirical material there are not only terms derived from surnames, but also from names. 6 The empirical material under consideration consists of anthroponymous terms, collected by hand from the first Lithuanian psychiatric textbook, Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry), published in 1935 (see Figure 1), written by the famous interwar Lithuanian psychiatrist Juozas Blažys (1890–1939). Figure 1. This textbook was very favourably evaluated by contemporaries as an independent work written in simple, clear and “beautiful Lithuanian language”, distinguished from the introductions to psychiatry published in other languages in terms of volume and content, as a book, “both in its content and in the arrangement of the material <...> reaching the level of the higher science” ([Gutmanas] 1935: 378–379; [Gutmanas] 7 1936: 378–379; [Gutmanas] 1937: 379–380; [Gutmanas] 1938: 381–382; [Gutmanas] 1938: 383–384; [Gutmanas] 1938: 384–385). 1939, pp. 420, 8 426. The study aims to discuss psychiatric terms of anthroponymous origin, focusing on their 9 structural aspects. For this purpose, the terms are divided according to their composition; homogeneous terms are discussed in relation to the work, and composite terms in turn according to the degree of grammatization of the anthroponym that forms part of them. The descriptive analytical, structural and morphological analysis methods are mainly used. The comparison method is used to reveal the relationship of the textbook’s anthroponymous terms with the current Lithuanian psychiatric terminology. 1. ANTHROPONYMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL NAME DEADLINES This is the largest group of anthroponymous terms, distinguished mainly on the basis of the linguistic characteristics of the anthroponymous element, e.g.: in what manner of derivation are formed homogeneous terms from anthroponyms, what is the degree of their graphic form, etc. In addition to surnames and names, anthroponyms also include nicknames 6 (Jakaitienė 2009: 267). 7 The physician, neurologist and psychiatrist Lazar Gutman (1875–1957) (see VLEe). 8 Lithuanian military doctor, lieutenant colonel Vytautas Bendoravičius (1891–1958) (see VLEe). 9 It should be noted that some of the anthroponymous terms discussed here are not true psychiatric terms, but are directly related to psychiatry. For example, J. Blažys uses the terms Wassermann's reaction and Abderhalden's reaction when writing about the influence of physical phenomena on mental illnesses. For the sake of consistency, these terms are also referred to as psychiatric terms in the article. 4 non-linguistic criteria, e.g. according to the age, nationality, profession, scientific field, direction, etc. of the person named by the anthroponym that forms part of the term (cf. Lončar, Ostroški Anić 2013: 37–38). In this case, attention is paid to the structural side of an anthroponym as a lexical unit participating in the creation of a term, and for the sake of 10 interest, detailed non-linguistic information about the persons named by anthroponyms is presented in Table 1. Table. Non-linguistic characteristics of anthroponyms used in psychiatric terms Adler may psychologist German Nikolaus refer to: Adler, Alfred Argyll-Robertpsychologist Abderhalden (1870–1937), son, Argyll Friedreich's Austrian Robertson ataxia modification Félix Burt, Cyril Basedow's (1883–1971), English psychologist disease Adolph von endocrinologist reflexology (1837–1909), Friedreich, Abderhalden, Scottish ophthalmologist, surgeon Binet, Alfred (1857–1911), (1825–1882), French German (1877–1950), psychologist Burt, Cyril (1883–1971), Babinski, Joseph Chvostek Vladimir (1857–1932), French neurologist. Chvostek Lodowic (1835–1884), Lodowic Moravian surgeon Dubois, symptom Bechterev's Bechterev, 1857–1927 Russian František neuropathologist, Jung's associative Jung, method Carl Gustav 1875–1961 Swiss psychologist, psychiatrist experiment This information is taken from VLEe, Wiki, EB, Wikt. geologist English psychologist pathologist, psychoanalysBobertag, neurologist, Otto 1935 textbook (1879–1934), and year of death Swiss psychology physiologist Cooper Lamb modification (Ulrich) Eugène (1858–1940), is Dutch anatom, anthropologist, Freud's neuropatholoFreud, gist Ganser's Sigmund (1856–1939), Austrian Jules François Basedow, Karl (1799–1854), German psychologist, syndrome psychiatrist, Huntington's chorea 1850–1916 Ganser, American Sigbert neurologist reaction Emil Addison's disease 1853–1931 Dalton, John (1766–1844), surgeon, Burt English physicist, chemist German psychiatrist George Adison, Tom 1793–1860 English pathologist anatomist 10 5 Korsakov psychosis may refer to: Korsakov, Sergei Carl Mendel's Mendel's principles, Mendelist (1854–1900) (1848–1905) laws, Johann German psychoneuropatologist Albertsson Mendelism, Mendel, Gregor (1822–1884) Czech geneticist Morel's ears may refer Russian to: Morel, Bénédict (1809–1873), neurologist, psychiatrist Augustin Nicot, Jean (c.1530–1600) French psychiatrist Parkinson, James (1755–1824), French diplomat geologist Pavlov, Ivan (1849–1936) Russian Asmus (1815–1896), Alphonse François Danish physician reaction English physiologist, surgeon, psychologist paleontologist, Terman's Terman, Lewis (1877–1956), modification American psychologist Thomson's Wilhelm de Madison Sade, Julius Donatien (1740–1814), French writer Wassermann, Wassermann (1866–1925), German bacteriologist, hygienist Thomas reaction August Paul von Wernicke center Westergredisease n, Alf Thomsen, Wernicke, 1891–1968 Swedish physician Anthroponymous terms are usually formed by the method of metonymy transfer of an anthroponym based on the logical relationship of the named things, when the name of one of them is transferred to another, i.e. a certain object or phenomenon is named by the name (pronoun) of the person who discovered (invented) it or the like (Minakova 2013: 31–32). During the 11 process of appellationization, the anthroponym undergoes the most changes (both in terms of form and content) when forming homogeneous terms (they are made without any affixes or with the use of affixes) (Kakzanova 2017: 335), while in the case of a composite term, the changes 12 in the anthroponym in the aforementioned respects are insignificant. Firstly, in structural terms, solid and composite terms are distinguished. The latter, in turn, are divided into separate subgroups according to the number of anthroponyms entering the composition of the terms. The terms of one of the subgroups are further grouped according to the (non-)adaptation of the anthroponym to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language. The terms of this group have been formed by means of word formation, in other words, by means of afixive appellation. The most commonly used suffixes. Terms found in the textbook are formed by adding the suffix -izmas to the root of anthroponyms, in other words, the use of a real name to create a new 13 term is called apeliativization (Skujiņa 2002: 99). Other terms used are deonymization (see Superanskaja 14 et al. 2005: 26), eponymization (see Popescu 2009; Ghenţulescu 2022: 55; Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė 2023: 129; Popescu 2024: 9; Verstift et al. 2024: 229), apellation (Mikelionienė 2017: 24; Kovalčuk 2019: 52). 11 12 Ewa Majewska refers to such terms derived from anthroponyms, made by means of certain affixes, as hybrid derivatives (see Majewska 2016: 99). 13 In addition to this, there are two other ways – direct appellation, when the real name becomes a term without special word-making means, e.g.: manija < Manija (an ancient Greek mythological goddess, personifying madness), and composite appellation, when the real name is used for one of the terms of the compound term, e.g., narkomanija < narko- + manija (see more on this in Zemlevičiūtė 2024: 210, 213–214). These three ways constitute complete appellation (see Skujiņa 2002: 99–100). It is characterized by uniform terms. 14 Some researchers speak of morphological adaptation of anthroponyms in this case (see Ráduly 2016: 365–368). 6 by morphological derivation. The term is also used in the context of adjectives (see also the article on adjectives in English). As we will see from the following examples, the aforementioned suffix is quite productive in making psychiatric terms from anthroponyms. Bazedovism /basedovizmas 106, 205 (now – bazedovism EPTŽ 2017: 41, cf. exophthalmos, 15 exophthalmus ME I 1991: 105, also cf. MedŽ 1980: 191): “In circular psychosis, the phenomenon 16 of basedovism – exophthalmos (the betrayal of the eyes forward) – can sometimes be seen” 205. The term is named after Karl Adolph von Basedow. (see ME I 1991: 105). Colorblindness (now – protanopia, red color blindness, colorblindness, semi-blindness APTZ 2019: 50, 236; EPTZ not recorded) is only mentioned in the textbook when describing, in the words of the author, “the most important physical signs of degeneration” 67. The term is derived from John Dalton's name, who had a visual impairment (unable to distinguish colors). In 1794 he first explained spalvų neskyrimą (žr. VLEe). Mendelism / “mendelism” 45 (now – mendelism EPTŽ 2017: 185): “Talking about human inheritance today, it is necessary to touch on the foundations of mendelism” 45; “a large branch of the science of experimental inheritance “mendelism” 45. The term was coined by Gregor Mendel (see VLEe). Nicotinism (now – Nicotinism EPTZ 210). The term refers to one of the drug addictions – smoking, which affects the productivity of mental work, in addition, “[Y]are described isolated cases of depression with apathy as a consequence of nicotinism” 99–100. The structure of the verbal term is slightly different from the previously discussed ones. It derives from the poisonous volatile alkaloid base found in tobacco leaves in 1819, named nicotine (Latin Nicotiana) (nicotinism < nicotine + ism), and nicotine from the name of the French ambassador to Portugal, Jean Nicot (nicotine < Nicot). In 1561 he sent tobacco seeds and powdered leaves from Lisbon to France (see OED). 17 Parkinsonizmas (dabar – parkinsonizmas EPTŽ 2017: 225): „Pagrindiniai parkinsonism phenomena: stiffness and slow movements” 109. The term is named after 18 the English scientist James Parkinson, who observed passers-by during walks, systematized and described in 1817 a complex of symptoms that 40 years later the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) named Parkinson's disease (see OED; VLEe). The term sadism (now – sadism EPTŽ 2017: 271), in the words of the textbook author, refers to “active cruelty” 144. This term, which refers to one kind of sexual perversion, is associated with the name of the French writer Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, who in his works highlighted the power of evil in human nature, forcing the satisfaction of lust by force, by the suffering of another (see VLEe). In summary, it can be said that the described uniform anthroponymous terms, which are used to name mental illnesses, disorders, abnormalities, etc., i.e., clinical psychiatric concepts, are made from the names of those persons who first described, explained the things to be named or were otherwise related to them. It should also be noted that the author of the spelling textbook had not yet made a final decision on some of the terms. 15 A slash separates the spelling variants of the term. 16 The term and/or its explanation is followed by a reference to the textbook page. 17 In turn, the surname is derived from the real name Nicolas (see OED for more). 18 Parkinsonism is now defined in the scientific medical literature in different ways: Parkinsonism "all conditions resembling tremor paralysis (paralysis agitans)" (MedZ 1980: 418), Parkinsonism "a diseased state resulting from damage to the extrapyramidal system (especially its pale ball and the black matter of the brainstem)" (ME I 127), cf. Parkinsonism "chronic damage to the nervous system characterized by a disorder of motor function due to degeneration of brain neurons" (see VLEe). 7 This is shown by the spelling variants of the terms – written both according to pronunciation (Bazedovism) and partly following the spelling of the original anthroponym (Bazedovism). One of the variants of variability can be considered the writing of terms in quotation marks ("Mendelism"). It could be assumed that the author of the textbook marked the terms in the text in order to distinguish them from non-terms. The aforementioned terms were probably taken by J. Blažius from other language sources, on which he relied in preparing his textbook, and adapted to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language, and are still used today. 1.2. Compound anthroponymous psychiatric terms This group consists of terms consisting of two (most often) or more elements, one of which is an anthroponym. The verbal terms are formed by means of partial appellation (see Zemlevičiūtė 2024: 216) and are to be considered 19 as partial appellatives. Some terms have not one, but two anthroponymous elements, usually connected by a hyphen. The presence of such a so-called compound anthroponymous mark in the term is explained by the fact that the noun (disease, symptom, syndrome, etc.) was described, described or otherwise not by one, but by several persons. The psychiatric terms of this group can be further divided according to the degree of adaptation (or non-adaptation) of the anthroponymous element to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language, i.e. it is possible to distinguish between Lithuanianized (completely adapted), partly adapted and unlituanized (unadapted) anthroponymous elements. 1.2.1. Psychiatric terms with one anthroponymic accent This is the most common type of anthropomorphism. It consists of three types of terms according to the degree of grammatization of the anthroponymous mark. 1.2.1.1. Psychiatric terms with an anthroponymic accent They can be divided into several subgroups, depending on the spelling of the anthroponymous mark. The first subgroup consists of terms whose anthroponyms are lithuanised by adding an ending to authentic root morphemes, e.g. : Babinski reflex (now – Babinski symptom EPTŽ 2017: 278): „Babinski reflex (swiping over the sole results in dorsal thumb flexion)“ 202. The reflex is named after Joseph Jules François Félix Babinski, who described the pathological plantar reflex in 1896 (see Wiki). Tavosteko symptom (EPTZ not recorded): "contraction of facial muscles, hitting with a 20 hammer in some places where the facial nerve branches pass nearby; usually this phenomenon is caused by hitting below the arcus zygomaticus: a contraction of the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth and the upper lip” 203. The symptom is named after the doctor František Chvostek, who first described it in 1876 (see Wiki). The term is mentioned in the section that writes about the influence of physical phenomena on mental illnesses. Korsakov psychosis (now – Korsakov psychosis EPTŽ 2017: 260): “[P]ychosis in which, along with polyneuritis, there is a severe impairment of memory and other phenomena of mental weakness” 202. “This combination of memory loss and polyneurosis was described by the Moscow psychiatrist Korsakov and is now called Korsakov’s psychosis (psychosis 21 19 Tatiana Canziani refers to composite terms consisting of an eponym and a generic name (e.g., disease, syndrome, etc.) as true eponyms (Canziani 2011: 227), and Barbara Cappuzzo refers to them as traditional eponyms (Cappuzzo 2008: 228). 20 One of the signs of hypocalcemia (low serum calcium levels) is abnormal muscle contraction activated (innervated) by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve, or CNVII). When the facial nerve is pressed in front of the ear, the facial muscles on the same side of the face contract sporadically (see Wiki). 21 Rare by the textbook author. 8 "Scotland 95-96". As can be seen from the illustrative sentence, the author of the textbook himself explained the motivation of the term in question. The term was introduced in 1897 (see VLEe). The term “Moreli ears” (EPTŽ not recorded) refers to a “physical sign of 22 malformation” 67 – “[I]rregularities in the shape of the ear cups” 67–68. On the same page of the textbook, the author explains in parentheses the motivation of the term – “Morel’s ears” – named so because Morel was the first to draw attention to such ears” 67–68. In the mid-19th century, the physician Bénédict Augustin Morel, as director of the Saint-Yon psychiatric hospital in northern France, developed the theory of degeneration, based on the idea that mental disorders and other behavioral anomalies were caused by abnormal constitution. A physical characteristic named by the verbal term is the total or partial absence of the external ear spiral or anti-spiral, considered by B. A. Morel one of the hereditary "stigmas of degeneration" that allow the recognition of mentally ill (see Wiki). Thomson’s disease 58 (EPTZ not recorded; medical encyclopedia terms used – congenital myotonia, or Thomson’s disease ME II 1993: 36, also cf. Thomson’s myotonia VLEe). The term is used in writing about the influence of inheritance on mental illness. The disease is named after Asmus Julius Thomas Thomsen, a doctor who suffered from the disease and described it in 1876. He suffered from muscle weakness and seizures, a disease that all his sons inherited. The term "Thompson's disease" was coined in 1883 by the German psychiatrist Karl Friedrich Otto. Westphalis (see ME II 1993: 36; Wiki). The term Westergreen reaction (ESR not recorded) is referred to as “accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation” 198. It is used in the section on the influence of physical phenomena on mental illnesses. In some of them, the amount of erythrocytes is different: “The amount of erythrocytes is reduced in manic states and in programmatic paralysis and, conversely, increased in depression and schizophrenia” 198. The method is named after its inventor, Alfred Wilhelm Albertsson Westergren. In 1921, a physician used the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation to measure the outcome of tuberculosis. He defined the standards for measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which are used to this day (see Wiki). 1.2.1.2. Psychiatric terms with partially lit. apostrophic anthroponymic accent The second subgroup consists of terms, in which the anthroponyms are written in the authentic form, but with the addition of the Lithuanian ending after the apostrophe, e.g. : Abderhalden’s reaction (not recorded in the EPTZ) is also mentioned in writings about the influence of physical phenomena on mental illnesses: “Abderhalden has proposed a certain test, by which the presence of foreign objects in the blood is determined. The presence of proteins of a particular organ in the blood indicates destructive processes in the tissues of this organ. <...>. The significance of the Abderhalden reaction has been questioned. because of these doubts, as well as the difficulty of carrying out the reaction, it did not find much application" 198. A speech reaction named Emilio Abderhaden (see VLEe; Wiki). The term Addison’s disease (now Addison’s disease, bronze disease, chronic adrenal insufficiency EPTZ 2017: 164, cf. Addison’s disease, bronze disease ME I 1991: 14) refers to “adrenal disease” 107. The disease is named after the physician who first described it, Thomas Addison (see VLEe). This is not the name of a mental, but an endocrine disease. With this disease, depending on its course, there are various mental disorders (for more details see. EPTŽ 2017: 164). 22 Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time is based on this story. When one of the characters in the novel, Charles Morel, says that he would like to seduce a virgin, his companion first responds with a gesture: "Monsieur de Charlus could not resist pressing Morel's ear" (see Wiki). 9 Argyll-Robertson symptom (now Argyll-Robertson syndrome, reflex pupil immobility EPTZ 2017: 287). In the textbook about the symptom named by this term, it is written: "the pupils do not respond to light, while the reaction to accommodation and convergence remains; The symptom is particularly specific for late neurosyphilis (especially for program paralysis and tabes), but – in a weaker form – occurs in chronic alcoholism, nicotine abuse and various gum diseases” 204. The term is used in the section on the influence of physical phenomena on mental illness. It is named after Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson, who first described it in 1869. Basedow’s disease (now – Basedow’s disease EPTŽ 2017: 165) is called “thyroid dysfunction” 105, “when due to increased thyroid function the body is poisoned with the hormone it produces – thyroxine” (ME I 1991: 105). The disease is named after Carl Adolph von Basedow, who described its symptoms in 1840. Suggested by this term Georgas 23 Hirsch in his book Klinische Fragmente (see Wiki; ME I 1991: 105). Thus, as can be seen, two terms originated from the same anthroponym. They identify different concepts – symptom and disease. Basedowism is one of the symptoms of a disease called Basedow’s disease (see Figure 2). Figure 2. The semantic relationships between the anthroponym Basedow and the anthroponyms derived from it Thus, in terms of structure, these terms are not identical, but their semantic differences are difficult to grasp without context. This case illustrates one of the shortcomings of the use of eponymous terms in the scientific language. The term Bechterev reflexology (EPTZ not recorded) is used to describe a direction of 24 psychology and psychopathology that recognizes that “only the examination of actions and behavior is relevant for the study of the human psyche” 115. This direction is named after the doctor Vladimir Bechterev (see VLEe). Bobertag's modification 212 (EPTZ not recorded) is called one of the maturity tests known in 25 Germany. The test is named after Otto (Ulrich) Bobertago, who studied the issues of intelligence measurement and educational psychology and was the first to introduce in Germany the intelligence test of the French psychologist, one of the pioneers of experimental psychology, Alfredo Binet. Wiki; VLEe), by surname. Burt's modification 212 (EPTZ not recorded) is a well-known puberty test in England, named after Cyril Burt, who studied the development of factorial analysis of psychological tests and the effect of heredity on intelligence and behavior (see EB). 23 The symptoms of this disease were also described by the Irish physician Robert James Graves in 1835, but in Europe the term Bazedov's disease is more common than Graves' disease (see Wiki). 24 In the first half of the 20th century, the psychology was developed mainly in Russia, considering reflex as the most important element of behavior, and mental phenomena as secondary phenomena that accompany other phenomena, but do not affect them. The pioneer of this direction was the Russian psychiatrist and psychologist V. Bechterev. 20th Century Fox. was criticized at the beginning, but was not developed later (see VLEe). 25 Now – intelligence tests. basedovism (symptom) Basedow` Basedow's disease (link) 16 Transcultural World. Proceedings of the 19th European Symposium on Languages for Special Purposes, 8-10 July 2013, Vienna, Austria, Vienna: University of Vienna, 36– 44. Majewska Ewa 2016: Eponyms in the German Medical Press. – Names and Their Environment. Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences Glasgow, 25-29 August 2014, Volume 4, ed. by C. Hough, D. Izdebska, Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 94–105. Mikelionienė Jurgita 2017: Aspects of Appellativation of International Terms [Aspects of Appellativation of International Terms]. – Terminologija 24, 127–144. [Minakova Liudmila 2013: Appelativisations of Onomastic Lexical Units as a Method of Creating of Technical Terms]. – Izvestiya Gomelskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni F. Skoriny 1(76), 2013, 30–34]. 2013: Agatha Christie: A Novel. анамастычнай лексікі як спосаб утварэння тэхнічных тэрмінаў. – Известия Гомельского государственного университета имени Ф. Скорины 1(76), 2013, 30–34. [Novinskaja Natalya 2013: Terminy-eponimy w języku nauki [Eponymous Terms in Scientific Language]. – Vestnik RUDN, series Russkij i inostrannye jazyki i metodika ih prepodovaniya 4, 34–38]. Novinskaya Natalia 2013: Terms-eponomes in language науки. – Вестник РУДН, серия Русский и иностранные языки и методика их преподавания 4, 34–38. Popescu Floriana 2009: Eponyms in the Language of the Romanian Mass-Media. – Interstudia 3, 157–162. Popescu Floriana 2024: Eponymisms are a Precious Legacy. – Reading Communication in Postmodernity. Discources and Social Perspectives, ed. I. Boldea, C. Sigmirean, T. Mureș: Arhipelag XXI Press, 5–12. Ráduly Zsuzsanna 2016: The phonological and morphological adaptation of eponyms in the Hungarian, Polish, and Croatian languages. [Phonological and Morphological Adaptation of Eponyms in Hungarian, Polish, and Croatian]. – Studia Slavica Savariensia 362–369. 1–2, Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Aušra 2023: Eponymous Clothing Terms in Aiškinamasis aprangos terminų žodynas (Explanatory Dictionary of Clothing Terms) [Eponymous Clothing Terms in Aiškinamasis aprangos terminų žodynas (Explanatory Dictionary of 122–141. Clothing Terms)]. – Terminologija 30, Skujiņa Valentina 2002: Principles of the development of Latvian terminology, Riga: LVI. Slabin Uladzimir 2023: Should eponyms be kept? Emphatic yes. – Journal of Baltic Science Education 2, 188–191. Strous Rael D., Edelman Morris C. 2007: Eponyms and the Nazi Era: Time to Remember and Time for Change. – The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ 9(3), 207–214. [Superanskaja Aleksandra, Podolskaja Natalija, Vasiljeva Natalija 2005: "Terminology: Terminologicheskaya dejatelnost" (in Russian). Суперанская Александра, Подольская Наталия, Васильева Наталия 2005: Общая терминология: Терминологическая деятельность, Москва: Едиториал УРСС. [Tatarinov Viktor 2006: General Terminology: Encyclopedic Dictionary, Moscow: Moscow Liceum]. Tatarinov 17 Виктор 2006: Общее терминоведение: энциклопедический словарь, Москва: Московский Лицей. Thomas PBM 2016: Are medical eponyms really dying out? A study of their usage in the historical biomedical literature. – Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 46, 295–299. [Vasiljeva Natalija, Tritenko Tatjana 2023: Terminy-mifoeponymy: problemy ponimanija i interpretaciji [Mythonymic Terms: Problems of Understanding and Interpretation]. – Linguistics and Methodology of Foreign Language Teaching 2(19), 17– 28]. Васильева Наталия, Тритенко Татьяна 2023: Термины-мифоэпонимы: проблемы понимания и интерпретации. – Лингвистика и методика преподования иностранных языков 2(19), 17–28. Vaskelaitė Ramunė 2023: Variation of Macroeconomic Terms with a Personal Name [Variation of Macroeconomic Terms with a Personal Name]. – Terminology 30, 95– 121. Verstift Daniël E., Heisen Jelle, Somford Matthijs P., van den Bekerom Michel P. J. 2024: Eponymous terms in acromioclavicular joint surgery. – Clin Shoulder Elbow 27(2), 229–236. Werneck Alexandre Lins, Batigália Fernando 2011: Anatomical eponyms in Cardiology from to the 60s to the XXI century. – Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 26(1), 98–106. Whitworth Judith 2007: Should eponyms be abandoned? No. – BMJ (British Medical Journal) Journal) 335, 425. Woywodt Alexander, Matteson Eric 2007: Should eponyms be abandoned? Yes. – BMJ 335, 424. 2024: Mythonymic Terms in Lithuania’s First Psychiatry Textbook from the Inter-war Era [Mythonymic Terms in Lithuania’s First Psychiatry Textbook from the Inter-war Era]. – Terminologija 31, 204–221. Online access: https://journals.lki.lt/terminologija/article/view/2417/2417. PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ ANTHROPONYMIC TERMS IN THE FIRST LITHUANIAN PSYCHIATRY TEXTBOOK OF THE INTER-WAR PERIOD Summary The article deals with the anthroponymic terms in Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry; 1935), the first original Lithuanian psychiatry textbook to be written in the inter-war period by Juozas Blažys (1890–1939), the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist that, as often as not, are rooted in the last names of actual persons, with but a limited number of them based on the names of biblical and literary characters. Most anthroponymic psychiatry terms stem from the last names of famous researchers in the field of medicine (among others), who were the first to describe, explain an underlying thing or were otherwise involved in that process. These are dominated by compound two-word terms, with the anthroponyms functioning as their subordinate components, and their main components grounded on one-word terms, such as liga (disease), modifikacija (modification), refleksas (reflex), simptomas (symptom). Anthroponyms serving as subordinate components are, to a certain extent, adapted by Blažys to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language. Usually, anthroponyms are Lithuanised, to an extent, with Lithuanian endings appended to the authentic root morphemes preceded by an apostrophe, Basedow’o liga (Basedow’s disease); less often, to the authentic root morphemes directly, such as Korsakovo 18 psichozė (Korsakov’s psychosis); in isolated cases, anthroponyms have preserved their original form, such as centras Wernicke (the Wernicke centre). Therefore, changes that occur in the anthroponym structure once it becomes a subordinate component of compound terms are arguably insignificant. In the process of appellativisation, the most significant number of structural transformations occurs in anthroponyms as when they become constituent components of one-word psychiatric terms. This process does not involve the entire anthroponym (as is the case with compound terms), but rather its root morpheme, usually with an affix -izmas (-ism) added, such as nikotinizmas (nicotinism) and sadizmas (sadism). All one-word anthroponymic terms used in the textbook have survived in modern Lithuanian psychiatric terminology – without a doubt, owing to their clarity, international recognition, and compact expression. At the same time, the survival of compound terms has been rather more complicated. Some of these terms can be questioned, as is the case with I. Pavlovo mokykla (Pavlov’s school); others lack accuracy, such as Morelio ausys (Morel’s ears); others still designate notions that have already lost their relevance, such as Bechterev’o refleksologija (Bechterev’s reflexology), and so on. Even though some compound terms have caught on, they did so with a degree of modification – for instance, the spelling of the anthroponymic components has been modified: as a case in point, Ganser’o sindromas (Ganser’s syndrome) is now Ganserio sindromas; then there are those have been abandoned altogether, like in the case of Freud’s psychoanalysis (Freudian psychoanalysis), which is now just psychoanalysis (psychoanalysis); others still have transformed their main components, like Babinskio refleksas (Babinski reflex) vs. Babinskio simptomas (Babinski symptom). This is a case of a partial survival of the term. Many of the compound anthroponymic terms have been omitted from the latest sources of Lithuanian psychiatric terminology, as they do not belong in the field of psychiatry at all.