Antroponiminiai terminai pirmajame tarpukario Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje

Bendrinė kalba / Standard Language 2025, Nr. 98, p. 1–18 Turinio nuoroda / Contents link ISSN 2351-7204 (elektroninis / online) ANTHROPONYMIC TERMS IN THE FIRST INTERWAR LITHUANIAN PSYCHIATRY TEXTBOOK Anthroponymic Terms in the First Lithuanian Psychiatry Textbook of the Inter-War Period PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Email: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 Research interests: Lithuanian terminology, history of Lithuanian medical terminology. https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2025.98.01 ABSTRACT The article discusses anthroponymic terms—i.e., terms derived from given names and surnames—in the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook. It examines how anthroponyms become simple terms, how anthroponyms functioning as specific components of compound terms are adapted to the morphological system of Lithuanian, and whether anthroponymic terms have been retained in contemporary psychiatric terminology. The study finds that, in the process of appellativization, structural changes to anthroponyms that have become specific components are minimal: anthroponyms most often retain their onymic spelling and are only partly Lithuanianized, with Lithuanian endings added to authentic root morphemes, with or without an apostrophe. Anthroponyms undergo the greatest structural changes during appellativization when they become simple terms. They generally lose their onymic spelling and become derivational components. All simple anthroponymic terms continue to be used in contemporary Lithuanian psychiatric terminology because of their clarity, international character, and compact expression, whereas compound anthroponymic terms are generally less likely to persist because of their questionable terminological status, imprecision, the obsolescence of the concepts they designate, or other reasons; moreover, some of these terms do not belong to the field of psychiatry. Some compound terms have survived only in part: the spelling of the anthroponymic component has changed or it has been eliminated altogether, and the generic component has been refined. KEYWORDS: anthroponymic term, psychiatric term, appellativization, grammaticalization. ABSTRACT The article examines anthroponymic terms, i.e., those derived from people’s names and surnames, in the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook. It describes how anthroponyms become one-word terms, how anthroponyms that function as the subordinate components of compound terms are adapted to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language, and takes a deep dive into the matter of the survival of anthroponymic terms in modern Lithuanian psychiatric terminology. It has been found that any changes that take place in the structure of anthroponyms after they become subordinate components in the process of their transformation into appellatives, also known as appellativisation, are but minimal, with the anthroponyms usually preserving the spelling of the onym, the extent of their Lithuanisation limited to the addition of Lithuanian endings to the authentic root morphemes, preceded by an apostrophe or not. The most significant extent of structural transformation in the process of appellativisation can be observed in the case of anthroponyms as they turn into one-word terms. As a rule, they lose their onymic spelling and become constituent components. All simple anthroponymic terms are still in use in modern Lithuanian psychiatric terminology for their simplicity, international recognition, compact expression. In contrast, their dubious function usually undermines the survival of compound terms as terms, their inaccuracy, the underlying notion Copyright © 2025 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits the content to be used, distributed, and reproduced without restriction in any medium, provided the author and source are credited. Received: 2024-11-07. Accepted: 2025-02-03. 1 being no longer relevant, and so on; on the other hand, some of these terms fall out of the field of psychiatry. Some compound terms have survived only to an extent—the spelling of the anthroponymic element has changed or has been dropped altogether, the definition of the main component has been revised and narrowed down. KEYWORDS: anthroponymic term, psychiatry term, adaptation, appellativisation. INTRODUCTION Terms derived from anthroponyms (Greek anthrōpos—“human being,” onyma—“name”), that is, from people’s names, are called anthroponymic terms1. They are one type of eponymous term2. In current empirical terminology research, an eponymous term3 is defined as a simple term derived from the name of a person (real or fictional) or a place (a toponym), or a compound term with an onymic component (see Lerner et al. 2001: 441; Duque-Parra et al. 2006: 220; Kitkauskienė 2011: 48; Górnicz 2017: 446; Kakzanova 2017: 335; Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė 2023: 122; Vasiljeva, Tritenko 2023: 17; Brdar, Brdar-Szabó 2024: 75, and others). These terms are formed by deonymizing proper nouns—in other words, turning them into common nouns—and assigning them a special (terminological) meaning (Minakova 2013: 31). There are conflicting views in the scholarly community on the use of eponymous terms in medical language. Some favor abandoning them for linguistic (e.g., ambiguity, opacity, and sometimes inaccuracy, among others) and ethical4 reasons (Canziani 2011: 229, 236; see also Woywodt, Matteson 2007: 424; Strous, Edelman 2007: 207–213; Werneck, Batigália 2011: 105; Batigália et al. 2015: 266, and others). Others, by contrast, defend these terms, emphasizing their connection with historical and cultural values, which provide physicians with clinical and cultural knowledge. Despite attempts to eliminate eponymous terms from scholarly language, they continue to be an important part of medical discourse5 (Canziani 2011: 229, 236; see also Whitworth 2007: 425; Badea 2008: 19; Cappuzzo 2008: 6; Leičik 2011: 136; Majewska 2016: 94–105; Thomas 2016: 295–299; Giménez-Roldán 2017: 1–19; Guardiola, Baños i Diez 2021: 16; Slabin 2023: 221, and others). But let us return to the object of study—anthroponymic terms. It is worth pausing briefly to consider proper nouns and their classification, since this will be important in classifying the empirical material. According to Evalda Jakaitienė, “because of the great diversity of names, no universal classification criteria applicable to all of them have yet been established. Proper nouns are most often classified by meaning, that is, by their relationship to the objects they name. First, two large groups of proper nouns are distinguished: 1) names of living beings and 2) names of inanimate things” (Jakaitienė 2009: 267). This classification is also used to categorize the textbook terms formed from proper nouns. 1 Šie terminai turi ir lietuvišką atitikmenį – asmenvardiniai terminai (Gaivenis 2014 [1994]: 217, plg. Kvašytė 2005: 66; Vaskelaitė 2023: 95). Lietuvių terminologijos teoretikas Kazimieras Gaivenis kalbamąjį terminą apibrėžia kaip terminą, padarytą iš mokslininko, atradėjo, išradėjo pavardės (Gaivenis 2014 [1994]: 217). Struktūros atžvilgiu autorius asmenvardiniu terminu laiko tiek vientisinį, tiek ir sudėtinį terminą (plg. Kvašytė 2005: 66; Vaskelaitė 2023: 101). 2 This article defines an eponymous term as a simple term whose root morpheme derives from an onym (a proper noun), or a compound term whose secondary component is formed from an onym. 3 Dar vartojami terminai eponimas (Dirckx 2001: 15; Cappuzzo 2008: 1–2; Lončar, Ostroški Anić 2014: 37; Lysanets, Bieliaeva 2021: 1–2; Slabin 2023: 188), eponiminis pavadinimas (Novinskaya 2013: 34), terminas eponimas (Leičik 2006: 44; Novinskaya 2013: 34), terminonimas (Tatarinov 2006: 68; Leičič 2011: 138). Manytina, kad terminas eponiminis terminas yra tikslesnis, mat jo gimininis dėmuo rodo tiesioginį ryšį su terminologija, o, pavyzdžiui, eponimo pirminė reikšmė vis dėlto yra „tikrinis žodis, galintis tapti terminu“. 4 It is proposed that eponymous terms derived from the names of Nazi physicians be abandoned (Woywodt, Matteson 2007: 424; see also Strous, Edelman 2007: 207–213). 5 In some medical fields, for example, rheumatology and neurology, eponymous terms are especially popular; a term has even been coined for this fondness—eponymophilia (Lončar, Ostroški Anić 2014: 37). 2 Most of the terms contain names of living beings. Most of these are personal surnames. The Lithuanian terminologist Angelė Kaulakienė called terms derived from surnames surname-based terms (Kaulakienė 2009: 69, 164). We cannot but agree with the term proposed by this scholar; it is indeed more precise. However, this article traditionally uses the semantically broader term anthroponymic term also because the empirical material includes terms derived not only from surnames but also from given names6. The empirical material under analysis consists of anthroponymic terms manually collected from the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook, Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry), published in 1935 (see Fig. 1), written by Juozas Blažys (1890–1939), a prominent Lithuanian psychiatrist of the interwar period. Fig. 1 Cover of the textbook Įvadas į psichiatriją The textbook was highly favorably received by contemporaries as an independent work written in simple, clear, and “beautiful Lithuanian,” distinguished from introductions to psychiatry published in other languages by its scope and richness of content, and as a book that, “both in its content and in the arrangement of its material <...> attained a high scholarly level” ([Gutmanas]7 1935: 378–379; Bendoravičius8 1939: 420, 426). The study aims to discuss psychiatric terms of anthroponymic origin9, focusing primarily on issues of their structure. To achieve this aim, the terms are classified according to their composition: simple terms are discussed in terms of their structure, while compound terms are further classified according to the degree of grammatical adaptation of the anthroponym they contain. The study primarily employs descriptive-analytical, structural, and morphological analysis methods. The comparative method is used to reveal the relationship between the textbook’s anthroponymic terms and contemporary Lithuanian psychiatric terminology. 1. PSYCHIATRIC TERMS DERIVED FROM PERSONS’ SURNAMES This is the largest group of anthroponymic terms, distinguished primarily on the basis of the linguistic characteristics of the anthroponymic element, for example, the derivational method by which single-word terms are formed from anthroponyms, the degree to which they are graphically adapted, and so on. The terms assigned to this group can also be classified according to various other, 6 In addition to surnames and given names, pseudonyms are also classified as anthroponyms (Jakaitienė 2009: 267). 7 Gydytojas neurologas ir psichiatras Lazaris Gutmanas (1875–1957) (žr. VLE.). 8 Lietuvių karo gydytojas, pulkininkas leitenantas Vytautas Bendoravičius (1891–1958) (žr. VLE.). 9 It should be noted that some of the anthroponymic terms discussed here are not strictly psychiatric terms, although they are directly related to psychiatry. For example, J. Blažys uses the terms Wassermanno reaction and Abderhalden’o reaction when writing about the effects of physical phenomena on mental illnesses. For the sake of consistency, such terms are also treated as psychiatric terms in this article. 3 linguistic criteria, for example, according to the age, nationality, profession, field of science, school of thought, and so on, of the person named by the anthroponym included in the term (cf. Lončar, Ostroški Anić 2013: 37–38). Here, the focus is on the structural aspect of the anthroponym as a lexical unit involved in forming a term; for interest, more detailed non-linguistic information10 about the persons named by the anthroponyms is provided in Table 1. Table. Non-linguistic characteristics of the anthroponyms on which psychiatric terms are based Anthroponymic term used in the 1935 textbook Anthroponym Birth and death years of the person named by the anthroponym Nationality of the person named by the anthroponym Profession of the person named by the anthroponym Abderhalden’o reaction Abderhalden, Emil 1877–1950 Swiss biochemist, physiologist Addison’o disease Adison, Tom 1793–1860 Englishman pathologist, anatomist A. Adler’s individual psychology Adler, Alfred 1870–1937 Austrian psychologist Argyll–Robertson’s symptom Argyll Robertson, Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb 1837–1909 Scot ophthalmologist, surgeon Babinski reflex Babinski, Joseph Jules François Félix 1857–1932 Frenchman neurologist Basedow’s disease, Basedow’s disease Basedow, Karl Adolph von 1799–1854 German surgeon, endocrinologist Bechterev’s reflexology Bechterev, Vladimir 1857–1927 Russian neuropathologist, psychiatrist, psychologist Binet–Burt test Binet, Alfred Burt, Cyril Lodowic 1857–1911 1883–1971 Frenchman Englishman psychologist psychologist Bobertag’s modification Bobertag, Otto (Ulrich) 1879–1934 German psychologist Burt’s modification Burt, Cyril Lodowic 1883–1971 Englishman psychologist Chvostek’s sign Chvostek, František 1835–1884 Moravian surgeon color blindness Dalton, John 1766–1844 Englishman physicist, chemist Dubois method of persuasion Dubois, Eugène 1858–1940 Dutchman anatomist, anthropologist, geologist Freud’s psychoanalysis Freud, Sigmund 1856–1939 Austrian psychologist, psychiatrist, neuropathologist Friedreich’s ataxia Friedreich, Nikolaus 1825–1882 German pathologist, neurologist Ganser’s syndrome Ganser, Sigbert 1853–1931 German psychiatrist Huntington’s chorea Huntington, George 1850–1916 American neurologist Jung’s word association experiment Jung, Carl Gustav 1875–1961 Swiss psychologist, psychiatrist 10 This information was taken from VLEₑ, Wiki, EB, Wikt. 4 Korsakov's psychosis Korsakov, Sergej 1854–1900 Russian neurologist, psychiatrist Mendelism, Mendel’s laws, Mendel’s principles, Mendelian inheritance Mendel, Gregor Johann 1822–1884 Czech geneticist “Morel's ears” Morel, Bénédict Augustin 1809–1873 Frenchman psychiatrist nicotinism Nicot, Jeano c. 1530–1600 Frenchman diplomat parkinsonism Parkinson, James 1755–1824 Englishman surgeon, paleontologist, geologist I. Pavlov’s school Pavlov, Ivan 1849–1936 Russian physiologist, psychologist sadism de Sade, Donatien Alphonse François 1740–1814 Frenchman writer Terman’s modification Terman, Lewis Madison 1877–1956 American psychologist Thomsen’s disease Thomsen, Asmus Julius Thomas 1815–1896 Dane physician Wassermann’s reaction Wassermann, August Paul von 1866–1925 German bacteriologist, hygienist Wernicke’s center Wernicke, Carl 1848–1905 German psychoneuropathologist Westergren reaction Westergren, Alf Vilhelm Albertsson 1891–1968 Swede physician Eponymic terms are most often formed through the metonymic transfer of an anthroponym, based on a logical connection between the things being named, whereby the name of one is transferred to another; that is, a particular object or phenomenon is named after the person who discovered (invented) it, or similar (Minakova 2013: 31–32). In the process of appellativization11, the anthroponym undergoes the greatest changes (in both form and content) when forming single-word terms (these are formed without any affixes or by using affixes12) (Kakzanova 2017: 335), whereas in compound terms, changes to the anthroponym in these respects are minor. First, in structural terms, single-word and compound terms are distinguished. The latter are in turn divided into separate subgroups according to the number of anthroponyms included in the term. The terms in one of the subgroups are further classified according to whether the anthroponym is adapted to the morphological system of Lithuanian. 1.1. Single-word eponymic psychiatric terms The terms in this group are formed using word-formation devices, in other words, through affixal appellativization1314. Suffixes are used most often. The terms found in the textbook are formed by adding the suffix –ism to the anthroponym’s root, in other words, 11 The use of a proper name to create a new term is called appellativization (Skujina 2002: 99). The terms deonymization (see Superanskaja et al. 2005: 26), eponymization (see Popescu 2009; Ghențulescu 2022: 55; Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė 2023: 129; Popescu 2024: 9; Verstift et al. 2024: 229), and appellativation (Mikelionienė 2017: 24; Kovalčuk 2019: 52) are also used. 12 Ewa Majewska calls such terms derived from anthroponyms by means of particular affixes hybrid formations (see Majewska 2016: 99). 13 Besides this, there are two other methods: direct appellativization, in which a proper name becomes a term without special word-formation devices, e.g., mania < Mania (the ancient Greek mythological goddess who personified madness), and compositional appellativization, in which a proper name is used as one of the components of a compound term, e.g., narcomania < narco- + mania (for further discussion, see Žemlevičiūtė 2024: 210, 213–214). These three methods constitute complete appellativization (see Skujina 2002: 99–100). It is characteristic of single-word terms. 14 Some researchers in this context speak of the morphological adaptation of anthroponyms (cf. Raduly 2016: 365–368). 5 by means of morphological derivation. Terms formed in this way are affixal appellatives (for more on affixal appellativization, see Zemlevičiūtė 2024: 210). As the examples below will show, this suffix is fairly productive in forming psychiatric terms from anthroponyms. Basedovism /15 basedovism 10616, 205 (now – Basedovism EPTŽ 2017: 41, cf. exophthalmos, exophthalmia ME I 1991: 105, also cf. MedŽ 1980: 191): “In circular psychosis, one can sometimes observe the phenomenon of Basedovism—exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyes forward)” 205. The phenomenon named by this term is named after Karl Adolph von Basedow (see ME I 1991: 105). Daltonism (now – protanopia, red-blindness, color blindness, partial blindness APTŽ 2019: 50, 236; not included in EPTŽ) is only mentioned in the textbook in a description of what the author calls “the more important physical signs of degeneration” 67. The term derives from the surname of John Dalton, who had a visual impairment (he could not distinguish colors). In 1794, he was the first to explain color blindness (see VLEe). Mendelism / “mendelism” 45 (now – mendelism EPTŽ 2017: 185): “Speaking nowadays about human heredity, one must necessarily touch on the foundations of Mendelism” 45; “a major branch of the science of experimental heredity, ‘mendelism’” 45. Gregor Johann Mendel is regarded as the founder of the science named by this term (see VLEe). Nicotinism (now – nicotinism EPTŽ 210). The term denotes one form of drug addiction—smoking—which affects the productivity of intellectual work; moreover, “[S]poradic cases of depressive states with apathy as a consequence of nicotinism have been described” 99–100. The structure of this term is somewhat different from that of those discussed above. It derives from the name of the poisonous volatile alkaloid base found in tobacco leaves in 1819, nicotine (Latin Nicotiana) (nicotinism < nicotine + -ism), while nicotine derives from the name of Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal (nicotine < Nicot17). In 1561, he sent tobacco seeds and powdered leaves from Lisbon to France (see OED). Parkinsonizmas (dabar – parkinsonizmas EPTŽ 2017: 225): „Pagrindiniai parkinsonizmo reiškiniai: sustingimas ir lėti judesiai“ 109. Terminu įvardytas simptomas18 pavadintas anglų mokslininko Jameso Parkinsono, stebėjusio praeivius pasivaikščiojimų metu, susisteminusio ir 1817 m. aprašiusio simptomų kompleksą, kurį po 40 metų prancūzų gydytojas neurologas Jeanas-Martinas Charcot (1825–1893) pavadino Parkinsono liga, pavarde (žr. OED; VLEe). Terminu sadizmas (dabar – sadizmas EPTŽ 2017: 271), vadovėlio autoriaus žodžiais, vadinamas „aktingas žiaurumas“ 144. Šis terminas, įvardijantis vieną lytinio iškrypimo rūšių, siejamas su prancūzų rašytojo Donatieno Alphonse’o François de Sade’o, savo kūriniuose iškėlusio žmogaus prigimtyje vyraujančio blogio galią, verčiančią tenkinti geismą prievarta, kito kančiomis, pavarde (žr. VLEe). In summary, the simple anthroponymic terms described above, which denote mental illnesses, disorders, deviations, and other clinical psychiatric concepts, are derived from the surnames of people who first described or explained the phenomena they name, or were otherwise connected with them. It should also be noted that the textbook’s author had not yet reached a final decision on the spelling of some terms. 15 A slash separates spelling variants of a term. 16 The textbook page number is given after the term and/or its explanation. 17 The surname, in turn, is derived from the proper name Nicolas (for more, see OED). 18 Today parkinsonism is defined in different ways in the medical literature: parkinsonism means “all conditions whose symptoms resemble shaking palsy (paralysis agitans)” (MedŽ 1980: 418); parkinsonism is “a pathological condition arising from damage to the extrapyramidal system (particularly its globus pallidus and the substantia nigra of the brainstem)”; compare parkinsonism, “a progressive lesion of the nervous system characterized by motor dysfunction due to degeneration of brain neurons” (see VLEe). 6 This is evidenced by the spelling variants of the terms—written both according to pronunciation (bazedovizmas) and partly following the original spelling of the anthroponym (basedovizmas). Writing terms in quotation marks (“mendelizmas”) may also be considered one type of variation. One might surmise that the textbook’s author used this graphic convention in the text to mark terms and distinguish them from non-terms. The terms mentioned were most likely adopted by J. Blažys from other-language sources on which he drew in preparing his textbook, adapted to the morphological system of Lithuanian, and are still used today. 1.2. Compound anthroponymic psychiatric terms This group consists of terms formed from two (usually) or more components, one of which (the specifying component) is an anthroponym19. These terms are formed through partial appellativization (for more on partial appellativization, see Zemlevičiūtė 2024: 216) and are considered partial appellatives. Some terms have not one but two anthroponymic components, usually linked by a hyphen. The presence in a term of such a so-called compound anthroponymic component can be explained by the fact that the named entity (disease, symptom, syndrome, etc.) was characterized, described, or otherwise studied not by one person but by several. Psychiatric terms in this group can be further subdivided according to the degree to which the anthroponymic component is (or is not) adapted to the Lithuanian morphological system—that is, into Lithuanianized (fully adapted), partially Lithuanianized (partially adapted), and non-Lithuanianized (unadapted) anthroponymic components. 1.2.1. Psychiatric terms with one anthroponymic component This is the largest subgroup of compound anthroponymic terms. It comprises three types of terms, distinguished according to the degree of grammatical integration of the anthroponymic component. 1.2.1.1. Psychiatric terms with a Lithuanianized anthroponymic component Several subgroups can be distinguished, according to the spelling of the anthroponymic component. The first subgroup comprises terms in which the anthroponyms are Lithuanianized by adding an ending to authentic root morphemes, for example: Babinskio refleksas (dabar – Babinskio simptomas EPTŽ 2017: 278): „Babinskio refleksas (braukiant per padą, gaunama dorsalinė nykščio fleksija)“ 202. Refleksas pavadintas pagal Josepho Jules’io François Félixo Babinskio, kuris 1896 m. aprašė patologinį padų refleksą, pavardę (žr. Wiki). Chvostek’s sign20 (not recorded in EPTŽ): “contraction of the facial muscles when tapping with a hammer at certain points where branches of the facial nerve run nearby; usually this phenomenon is elicited by tapping below the arcus zygomaticus: the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth and the upper lip contracts” 203. The sign is named after the physician František Chvostek, who first described it in 1876 (see Wiki). The term is mentioned in a section discussing the influence of physical phenomena on mental illnesses. Korsakovo psichozė (dabar – Korsakovo psichozė EPTŽ 2017: 260): „[P]sichozė, kurioje greta su polineuritu yra didelis atminties nusilpimas ir kiti psichinio silpnumo reiškiniai“ 202. „Šita kombinacija iš atminties pranykimo ir polyneurito buvo aprašyta Maskvos psichiatro Korsakovo ir dabar vadinama Korsakovo psichoze21 (psychosis 19 Tatiana Canziani calls compound terms containing an eponym and a generic name (generic name) (e.g., disease, syndrome, etc.) true eponyms (Canziani 2011: 227), while Barbara Cappuzzo calls them traditional eponyms (Cappuzzo 2008: 228). 20 One of the signs of hypocalcemia (a reduced level of calcium in the blood serum) is abnormal muscle twitching activated (innervated) by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve, or CNVII). When the facial nerve is pressed in front of the ear, the facial muscles on the same side of the face contract sporadically (see Wiki). 21 Emphasis in the textbook is the author’s. 7 “Korsakov” 95–96. As can be seen from the illustrative sentence quoted, the textbook’s author himself explained the motivation behind the term in question. The term began to be used in 1897 (see VLE). The term “Morel’s ears” 22 (not recorded in EPTŽ) denotes a “physical stigm[a] of degeneration” 67—“[I]rregularities in the shape of the auricles” 67–68. On the same page of the textbook, the author explains the term’s motivation in parentheses: “Morel’s ears” were “so named because Morel was the first to draw attention to ears of this kind” 67–68. Physician Bénédict Augustin Morel, while director of the psychiatric asylum at Saint-Yon in northern France, developed a theory of degeneration in the mid-19th century, based on the idea that mental disorders and other behavioral anomalies are caused by an abnormal constitution. The physical feature denoted by this term is the complete or partial absence of the helix or antihelix of the external ear, which B. A. Morel regarded as one of the hereditary “stigmata of degeneration” that made it possible to identify the mentally ill (see Wiki). Thomson’s disease 58 (not recorded in EPTŽ; the terms used in the medical encyclopedia are congenital myotonia, or Thomsen’s disease ME II 1993: 36; cf. also Thomsen’s myotonia VLEe). The term is used in writing about the influence of heredity on mental illness. The disease is named after the physician Asmus Julius Thomsen, who suffered from it himself and described it in 1876. He was afflicted by muscle weakness and spasms—a disease he passed on to all his sons. The term Thomsen’s disease was proposed in 1883 by the German psychiatrist Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (see ME II 1993: 36; Wiki). The term Westergren reaction (not recorded in EPTŽ) denotes “accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation” 198. It is used in the section on the influence of physical phenomena on mental illness. In some of these illnesses, the erythrocyte count varies: “The erythrocyte count is reduced in manic states and progressive paralysis and, conversely, increased in depression and schizophrenia” 198. The method in question is named after Alf Vilhelm Albertsson Westergren (see Wikt), who described it. In 1921, the physician used the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to measure the course of tuberculosis. He defined standards for measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate that are still used today (see Wiki). 1.2.1.2. Psychiatric terms with a partially Lithuanianized apostrophic anthroponymic component The second subgroup consists of terms whose anthroponyms are written in their authentic form, but with a Lithuanian ending added after an apostrophe, for example: Abderhalden’s reaction (not recorded in EPTŽ) is also mentioned in writing about the influence of physical phenomena on mental illness: “Abderhalden proposed a certain test by which the presence of foreign substances in the blood is determined. The presence of proteins from a certain organ in the blood indicates destructive processes in the tissues of that organ. <...>. Doubts have been raised about the significance of Abderhalden’s reaction; both these doubts and the difficulties involved in performing the reaction meant that it did not find wide application” 198. The reaction in question is named after Emil Abderhalden (see VLEe; Wiki). The term Addison’s disease (now Addison’s disease, bronze disease, chronic adrenal insufficiency EPTŽ 2017: 164; cf. Addison’s disease, bronze disease ME I 1991: 14) denotes “disease of the adrenal glands” 107. The disease is named after the physician Thomas Addison, who described it (see VLEe). This is the name of an endocrine disease, not a mental illness. Depending on its course, various mental disorders occur in people with this disease (for more, see EPTŽ 2017: 164). 22 Marcel Proust mentioned this term in his book In Search of Lost Time. When one of the characters in the novel, Charles Morel, says that he would like to seduce a virgin, his companion first responds with a gesture: “Monsieur de Charlus could not help pinching Morel’s ear” (see Wiki). 8 Argyll-Robertson’s symptom (now – Argyll Robertson syndrome, pupillary reflex immobility EPTŽ 2017: 287). The textbook describes the symptom denoted by this term as follows: “the pupils do not react to light, while the reaction to accommodation and convergence remains; the symptom is particularly specific to late neurosyphilis (especially progressive paralysis and tabes), but, less pronounced, occurs in chronic alcoholism, nicotine addiction, and various brain diseases” 204. The term is used in the chapter on the influence of physical phenomena on mental illnesses. The symptom in question is named after Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson, who described it in 1869 (see Wiki). Basedow’o liga (dabar – Basedowo liga EPTŽ 2017: 165) vadinama „skydo liaukos disfunkcija“ 105, „kai dėl padidėjusios skydliaukės funkcijos organizmas apnuodijamas jos gaminamu hormonu – tiroksinu“ (ME I 1991: 105). Ligą pavadinta Carlo Adolpho von Basedowo, 1840 m. aprašiusio jos simptomus23, pavarde. Šį terminą pasiūlęs Georgas Hirschas savo knygoje Klinische Fragmente (žr. Wiki; ME I 1991: 105). Taigi, kaip matyti, iš to paties antroponimo kilę du terminai. Jais įvardijamos skirtingos – simptomo ir ligos – sąvokos. Terminų basedovizmas yra įvardytas vienas iš terminų Basedow’o liga vadinamos ligos simptomų (žr. 2 pav.). Fig. 2 Semantic relations between the anthroponym Basedow and anthroponymic terms derived from it Thus, structurally these terms are not distinct, but it is difficult to discern their semantic differences without context. This case illustrates one of the drawbacks of using eponymous terms in scholarly language. The term Bechterev’s reflexology (not recorded in EPTŽ)24 denotes a branch of psychology and psychopathology that holds that “only the study of actions and behavior is relevant to the investigation of the human psyche” 115. This branch is named after the physician Vladimir Bechterev (see VLE). Bobertag’s modification 212 (not recorded in EPTŽ) is the name of one of the maturity tests25 known in Germany. This test is named after Otto (Ulrich) Bobertag, who researched issues in intelligence measurement and educational psychology and was the first in Germany to introduce the intelligence test by French psychologist Alfred Binet, one of the pioneers of experimental psychology (see Wiki; VLE). Burt’s modification 212 (not recorded in EPTŽ) denotes a maturity test known in England, named after Cyril Burt, who researched the development of factor analysis of psychological tests and the effects of heredity on intelligence and behavior (see EB). 23 The symptoms of this disease were also described by Irish physician Robert James Graves in 1835, but in Europe the term Basedow’s disease is more widespread than Graves’ disease (see Wiki). 24 A branch of psychology developed mainly in Russia in the first half of the 20th century, which regarded the reflex as the most important element of behavior and mental phenomena as secondary phenomena accompanying other phenomena but not influencing them. The founder of this branch was the Russian psychiatrist and psychologist V. Bechterev. Since it was criticized in the early 1930s, it was not developed further (see VLE). 25 Now – intelligence tests. 9 Freud’o psichoanalizė (dabar – psichoanalizė EPTŽ 2017: 250), vadovėlio autoriaus žodžiais tariant, mokslas, „sukurt[as] psichopatologinėms būklėms tirti ir gydyti, nušvietė, iki tol psichologijos neliestus, „paslaptingus“ žmonių psichikos užkampius ir gelmes“ 114. Pavadinta ją sukūrusio Sigmundo Freudo pavarde (žr. VLEₑ). The term Friedreich’o ataksija 58 (today – Friedreicho ataksija EPTŽ 2017: 30) designates one of the hereditary diseases, but is not explained in the textbook; it is mentioned in a list of hereditary nervous and mental diseases. In addition to various physical disorders (e.g., weakness in the legs, curvature of the spine, etc.), “mental deficiency or dementia develops” in those suffering from this disease (see EPTŽ 2017: 30). The disease is named after the physician Nikolaus Friedreich, who identified it in 1863 (see Wiki). Ganser’o sindromas 165 / “Gansero sindromas” 81 (today – Ganserio sindromas EPTŽ 2017: 292): “Sometimes, as a consequence of psychological trauma, a peculiar form of insanity occurs: the patient appears dazed and gives inappropriate or nonsensical answers to the simplest questions. This condition was described by the German psychiatrist Ganser26 and is called ‘Ganser syndrome27’ 81; ‘Ganser’s syndrome is particularly common among prisoners’ 165. As in the case of the term Korsakovo psichozė discussed above, here too the textbook author explains the motivation behind the attributive anthroponymic element. Huntington’o chorea28 56 (today – Huntingtono chorėja EPTŽ 2017: 47): “This is a chronic progressive disease, described more than 60 years ago by the American physician Huntington. It begins in middle age; the patient develops various involuntary movements of the face and limbs, while the intellect progressively deteriorates” 56. The disease is named after the physician George Huntington (see Wiki), who described it in 1872. According to J. Blažys, “[T]o understand mental illness, a comprehensive examination of the patient is necessary” 210. There are various examination methods, for example, psychological testing methods. The term Jung’o asociacinis eksperimentas (not recorded in EPTŽ) denotes a psychological examination in which “[T]he subject is read, one word at a time, from a certain list of words (100–200 words). The patient must respond to each word spoken to them with the first word that comes to mind. These response words are recorded; the number of seconds required for each answer is noted. The examination is repeated several times. It is important to observe unusual associations, delayed associations (when the patient’s response takes more than 2–3 seconds), and failure to repeat the same response word in a repeated session” 215. The associative experiment is named after the physician Carlos Gustavo Jung, a student of S. Freud (see VLEₑ). Mendel’io dėsniai 46 / Mendel’io principai 45. The textbook says of Gregor Johann Mendel, the founder of Mendelism (see VLEₑ): “In 1854 he became a natural sciences teacher at the secondary school in Brü nn. <...> During his teaching years, he conducted classical experiments with plant hybridization in the monastery garden. As a result of these crosses, he discovered particular regularities, now called Mendel’s principles” 45. Here, as with the term “Morelio ausys” discussed above (see p. 8), the author explains the motivation of the anthroponymic terms in question. It should be noted that the anthroponym Mendelis has become a fairly productive root morpheme; cf. also the terms mendelizmas (see p. 6), mendelistinis paveldėjimas 49. Terman’o modifikacija 212 (not recorded in EPTŽ) is one of the intelligence tests used in the United States, named after Lewis Madison Terman (see VLEₑ), one of the pioneers of educational psychology and one of the most prominent proponents of eugenics in the United States. 26 Sigbert Ganser described in 1898 the disorder of prisoners awaiting trial at the correctional institution in Halle (Germany). He identified impaired consciousness and an inability to answer questions accurately, despite understanding their content, as the main symptoms of the syndrome (see Wiki). 27 Emphasis added by the textbook’s author. 28 Also called hereditary chorea 269. 10 Terminas Wassermann’o reakcija (dabar – Wassermanno reakcija EPTŽ 2017: 269) vartojamas aprašant Vokietijoje įsteigtų konsultacinių punktų sveikatai patikrinti prieš vedybas darbą (pirmasis toks punktas įsteigtas Drezdene 1911 m.)29. Pirmojo ketinančiųjų susituokti apsilankymo metu buvo „paimamas kraujas Wassermann’o reakcijai“ 264. Reakcija30, leidusi anksti nustatyti ligą (nepaisant jos nespecifinių simptomų) ir taip užkirsti kelią jos perdavimui, pavadinta 1906 m. ją sukūrusio Augusto Paulo von Wassermanno pavarde (žr. Wiki). Several compound terms merit separate discussion, in which the surname functioning as the attributive element and written with an apostrophe is also preceded by the first initial of the given name31, for example: A. Adler’io individualinė psichologija 114 (today – individualioji psichologija, adlerizmas EPTŽ 2017: 252, 3; individualioji psichologija APTŽ 2019: 126). In the textbook, the term is explained as the science of examining and treating psychopathological conditions. It is based on the surname of Alfred Adler, a student and associate of S. Freud (see VLEₑ). I. Pavlov’o mokykla (not recorded in EPTŽ). The term denotes a school of psychology and psychopathology that recognizes that “only the study of actions and behavior is significant for examining the human psyche” 115. Ivan Pavlov founded the Russian school of physiologists (see VLEₑ), which is also named after him. The terminological status of these terms could be questioned. The initial written before the surname invites such consideration, since in the textbook the attributive elements of most other compound terms consist only of surnames. Thus, given this tendency, the names of the sciences and schools in question could only be considered terms in a qualified sense. The initial was most likely adopted from other sources known to J. Blažys. 1.2.1.3. Psychiatric terms with an original (non-Lithuanianized) anthroponymic component The fourth subgroup comprises a pair of compound terms whose anthroponyms, serving as components, are not Lithuanianized, i.e., they are written without adding Lithuanian endings, e.g.: Wernicke center 155 (now – Wernicke’s center EPTŽ 2017: 340): “the center of sensory aphasia – Wernicke center32 (the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus).” The center in question is named after Carl Wernicke, one of the pioneers of the psychomorphological approach in psychiatry, who described sensory aphasia in 1874 (see VLEₑ). Unlike the components of all other compound terms, the components of this term are arranged inversely: the generic component precedes the specific component. The term Dubois persuasion method (not recorded in EPTŽ) denotes one of the psychotherapeutic procedures in which the physician “tries, through systematic conversation with the patient, to calm him, restore his self-confidence, reconcile him to life, and educate his personality and thinking” 224–225. The method is named after Eugène Dubois (see VLEₑ). 29 See also the illustrative sentence: “WaR (Wassermann’s reaction) with blood serum is of the greatest importance: WaR is almost always strongly positive in progressive paralysis, <...>. In many psychiatric hospitals, WaR is performed on all newly admitted patients” 198. 30 This is an immune reaction of blood serum used to diagnose syphilis. It is based on the fact that the blood serum of patients with syphilis forms a complex with the corresponding antigen, capable of absorbing complement (proteins important for the body’s immune defense). When indicator erythrocytes are added (sheep erythrocytes and blood serum from a rabbit immunized with sheep erythrocytes), hemolysis (breakdown) of the erythrocytes does not occur—the Wassermann reaction is positive (syphilis diagnosed); if hemolysis occurs, the Wassermann reaction is negative (there is no syphilis) (see VLEₑ). 31 It is worth noting that Ramunė Vaskelaitė, who examined personal-name terms in macroeconomics textbooks from the late 20th to the first half of the 21st century, also found instances of terms used with an initial. Drawing attention to the context—that in texts both a personal name and a term formed from it are sometimes written inconsistently (e.g., I. Ficheris and Fisheris; I. Fišerio equation and Fišerio equation)—she considers that this may indicate either an oversight or the formation of a personal-name term (Vaskelaitė 2023: 115–116). 32 Italics in the textbook are the author’s. 11 1.2.2. Psychiatric terms with two anthroponymic components In one multiword compound term found in the textbook33, two anthroponyms linked by a hyphen serve as the specifying component, e.g., Binet – Burt’s test 212 (not recorded in EPTŽ). The term is explained as a test-task, “from whose solution it is desired to assess a person’s mental development and abilities” 212. As stated in the textbook, Professor Jonas Vabalas-Gudaitis (1881–1955)34 212 adapted the tests named after these psychologists for use in Lithuania. One of the pioneers of experimental psychology, Alfred Binet, began developing the first intelligence tests with French psychiatrist Théodore Simon in 1905 to determine the intellectual level of children aged 3–12 (also known as the Binet-Simon scale) (see VLEₑ); Cyril Lodowic Burt, a pioneer of educational psychology in Great Britain, was the first in Great Britain to apply them in studies of child psychology (see VLEₑ). As can be seen from the compound terms discussed, their anthroponym-based specifying components display three degrees of grammatical integration. An anthroponym is adapted to the morphological system of Lithuanian by adding a Lithuanian ending to the authentic root morpheme, with or without an apostrophe; only rarely is an anthroponym left un-Lithuanianized. In all the cases mentioned, the anthroponym occupies the position of an adjective. It is important to mention that the principles J. Blažys applied to the Lithuanianization of anthroponyms serving as specifying components are similar to the current principles for grammatically integrating authentic personal names. Of all the compound anthroponymic terms discussed, only the term Korsakoff’s psychosis continues to be used unchanged. The other terms have survived with certain major changes (the generic or specifying components have changed, or the latter have been removed altogether) or minor changes (the spelling of the anthroponymic components has changed). Quite a few terms are not recorded in current Lithuanian psychiatric terminology35, and one of the main reasons is that these terms do not belong to the field of psychiatry, although other reasons may also be considered, e.g., inaccuracy, lack of terminological status, concepts no longer being current, or other factors. 2. ANTHROPONYMIC PSYCHIATRIC TERMS DERIVED FROM FIRST NAMES As the anthroponymic terms discussed show, they most often include the surname of a real person, and less often the surnames of several people. The textbook contains only a very few isolated terms based on people’s first names. Another difference between these so-called first-name terms and the surname-based terms examined is that they are not based on the names of real people. Iš biblinio asmens vardo kilęs tik terminas onanizmas (dabar – onanizmas EPTŽ 2017: 214): „Onanizmas36, kaip toks, nėra iškrypimas, <...>, bet nekaltas pereinamas lytinio potraukio produktas, kuris, kaip saugojamas vožtuvas, ima veikti pirmiausiai ten, kur lytiniams santykiams kliudo kuris nors iš skaitlingų, bet būtinų kultūringos visuomenės varžtų. <...>. Lytinio iškrypimo reikšmės onanizmas gauna tik tais atvejais, kada jis pasidaro sau tikslu, t. y. kada jis gauna didesnės vertės palyginti su normaliu santykiu ir atstoja pastarąjį ir ten, kur jis yra galimas“ 142. Terminas kilęs iš Biblijos personažo Judo sūnaus Onano, kuris praktikavo lytinio akto nutraukimą su savo žmonos seserimi, vardo (EPTŽ 33 A. A. F. Jochems calls anthroponymic terms consisting of more than one anthroponym multi-member terms (Jochems, cited in Majewska 2016: 98), while E. Majewska calls them polynomial terms (Majewska 2016: 98). 34 Lithuanian psychologist and educator, a pioneer of experimental psychology and pedagogy in Lithuania (see VLEₑ). 35 The latest edition approved by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms (EPTŽ 2017), is considered here to represent current Lithuanian psychiatric terminology. 36 Italicized by the textbook’s author. 12 2017: 214; see also OED) by means of suffixal appellativization, in other words, by adding the aforementioned suffix –izmas to the root morpheme of the anthroponym. Only one term is also derived from the name of a literary character – sifilis 28 (now – sifilis EPTŽ 2017: 276). The term, denoting an infectious venereal disease, is used in a section discussing mental illnesses in Lithuania and elsewhere. It derives directly, through appellativization, from the name of a shepherd who is believed to have been the first to suffer from the disease. Sifilis is a character in the poem Syphilis, sive Morbus Gallicus, published in 1530 by the Veronese physician Girolamo Fracastoro (1483–1553). It is claimed that the physician first used the name Sifilis as a common noun—in reference to the disease—in his 1546 treatise De Contagione. It is not known why he chose this name or what it meant to him (see OED). It has been observed that the root morpheme sifil- is quite productive in the textbook; cf. the terms neurosifilis 204, sifilofobija 179. CONCLUSIONS The first interwar Lithuanian psychiatry textbook, Įvadas į psichiatriją, written originally by the renowned Lithuanian psychiatrist Juozas Blažys, uses terms derived from anthroponyms—most often from the surnames of real people, and only occasionally from the names of biblical and literary characters. Most of these anthroponymic terms derive from the surnames of renowned scholars in medicine and other fields who were the first to describe or explain the phenomena they name, or were otherwise associated with them. Two-word compound terms predominate among them; their specific constituents are anthroponyms, while their generic constituents are simple terms, most often disease, modification, reflex, symptom. J. Blažys adapts anthroponyms serving as specific constituents to a greater or lesser extent to the morphological system of Lithuanian. Most often, anthroponyms are partially Lithuanianized by adding Lithuanian endings to authentic root morphemes after an apostrophe; less often, endings are attached directly to authentic root morphemes. Very rarely do anthroponyms retain their original spelling. It can therefore be said that the structural changes anthroponyms undergo when they become specific constituents of compound terms are minor. During appellativization, anthroponyms undergo the greatest structural changes when they become constituent elements of simple terms. In this process, it is not the entire anthroponym that participates (as in the case of compound terms), but only its root morpheme, with the suffix –izmas additionally attached. All the simple anthroponymic terms used in the textbook have survived in contemporary Lithuanian psychiatric terminology, undoubtedly owing to their clarity, international character, and compact form. The survival of compound terms is somewhat more complicated. The status of some as terms is doubtful, e.g., I. Pavlovo mokykla; others lack precision, e.g., “Morelio ausys”; the concepts named by still others have since become obsolete, e.g., Bechterevo refleksologija, and so on. Some compound terms have become established in modified forms: for example, the spelling of their anthroponymic constituents has changed, as in Ganser’o sindromas—now Ganserio sindromas; or the anthroponymic constituent has been omitted altogether, as in Freudo psichoanalizė—now psichoanalizė; or the generic constituent has changed, as in Babinskio refleksas—now Babinskio simptomas. Such terms can be said to have survived in part. A considerable number of compound anthroponymic terms are not recorded in the new dictionary of psychiatric terms, one of the main reasons being that they do not belong to the field of psychiatry. PRIMARY SOURCE [Blažys Juozas]. Introduction to Psychiatry [Introduction to Psychiatry]. Docent J. Blažys, Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Medicine. Publication, 1935. 13 AUXILIARY SOURCES APTŽ 2019: Aiškinamasis psichologijos terminų žodynas [Explanatory Dictionary of Psychological Terms], A. Bagdonas, R. Bliumas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. EB 2024: Encyclopædia Britannica. Prieiga internete: https://www.britannica.com/. EPTŽ 2017: V. Mačiulis, J. Šurkus, A. Lapytė, Enciklopedinis psichiatrijos terminų žodynas [Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms], Vilnius: Presvika. OED 2001–2024: Online Etymology Dictionary. Prieiga internete: https://www.etymonline.com/. MedŽ 1980: V. Astrauskas, S. Biziulevičius, S. Pavilonis, A. Vaitilavičius, A. Vileišis, Medicinos terminų žodynas [Dictionary of Medical Terms], Vilnius: Mokslas. ME I 1991: Medicinos enciklopedija [Medical Encyclopedia] 1, Vilnius: Valstybinė enciklopedijų leidykla. ME II 1993: Medicinos enciklopedija [Medical Encyclopedia] 2, Vilnius: Valstybinė enciklopedijų leidykla. VLE: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia [Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia], Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Centre, 2001–2023. Available online: https://www.vle.lt. Wiki: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. Wikt: Wiktionary. The Free Dictionary. Available online: https://www.wiktionary.org/. LITERATŪRA Badea Oana 2008: Eponyms – A Terminological Resource in the Romanian Medical Language. – Studii și cercetări de onomastică și lexicologie 1(1-2), 19. Prieiga internete: https://cis01.central.ucv.ro/revista_scol/site_ro/2008/oana_badea.pdf. Batigălia Fernando, Boer Nagib P., Marcatto Gustavo, Marcatto Guilherme, Boer Ana L. 2015: Applicability and critical analysis of the use of eponyms in Health Sciences. – Journal of Morphological Sciences 32(4), 264–266. Bendoravičius Vytautas 1939: A. a. prof. Juozas Blažys kaip psichiatras [Prof. Juozas Blažys (Rest Eternal) as a Psychiatrist]. – Medicina 6, 417–426. Brdar Mario, Brdar-Szabó Rita 2024: When medical eponyms become false friends, and how to deal with them. – English for Specific Purposes 73, 75–94. Canziani Tatiana 2011: The status of medical eponyms: advantages and disadvantages. – English Library: The Linguistics Bookshelf 8, 225–236. Cappuzzo Barbara 2008: Eponyms or Descriptive Equivalent Terms? The Question of Scientific Accuracy in Medical Discourse. – Esercizi. Miscellanea del Dipartimento di Scienze Filologiche e Linguistiche (a cura di L. Auteri) 2, 25–35. Dirckx John H. 2001: The synthetic genitive in medical eponyms: Is it doomed to extinction? – Panace@ 2(5), 15–24. Duque-Parra Jorge Eduardo, Llano-Idárraga J. Oskar, Duque-Parra Carlos Alberto 2006: Reflections on Eponyms in Neuroscience Terminology. – The Anatomical Record (Part B: New Anat.) 289B, 219–224. Gaivenis Kazimieras 2014 [1994]: Tarptautinių terminologijos principų taikymas mūsų terminijai [Adoption of International Terminology Principles to the Lithuanian 14 Terminology]. – Rinktiniai raštai, K. Gaivenis, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 214–220. Ghențulescu Raluca 2022: The role of metonymy in specialized languages. – Limbi străine și comunicare 15(1), red. șef M.-C. Rotaru, 50–62. Giménez-Roldán Santiago 2017: Spanish eponyms in clinical neurology. – Neurosciences and History 5(1), 1–19. Górnicz Mariusz 2017: The success of low-salience terms. – Cognitive Approaches to Specialist Languages, ed. by Marcin Grygiel, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 443–457. Guardiola i Pereirra Elena, Josep Eladi Baños i Diez 2021: Catalan Physicians‘ Contributions to Medicine: A Historical View Through Eponyms, Barcelona. [Gutmanas Lazaris] 1935: Doc. J. Blažys: Įvadas į psichiatriją [Doc. J. Blažys: Introduction to Psychiatry]. – Medicina 5, 378–379. Jakaitienė Evalda 2009: Leksikologija [Lexicology], Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Kakzanova Evgeniya 2018: Lexikographische Fixierung der juristischen und anderen fachspezifischen eponymischen Termini. – Legal Translation and Court Interpreting: Ethical Values, Quality, Competence Training, eds. A. Liimatainen, A. Nurmi, M. Kivilehto, L. Salmi, A. Viljanmaa, M. Wallace, Berlin: Frank&Timme, 335–356. Kaulakienė Angelė 2009: Lietuvių fizikos terminijos raida [The Development of Lithuanian Physics Terminology], Vilnius: Technika. Kitkauskienė Laimutė 2011: Eponiminiai architektūros, meno ir statybos terminai lietuvių kalboje [Eponymous Terms of Architecture, Art and Building]. – Santalka: Filologija, Edukologija 19(1), 48–58. [Kovalčuk Olena P. 2019: Strukturno-semantični osoblivosti eponimiv angliĭskoï ta ukraïnskoï mov: disertacija, Drogobič]. Ковальчук Олена П. 2019: Структурно-семантичні особливості епонімів англійської та української мов: дисертація [Structural and Semantic Features of Eponyms in English and Ukrainian], Дрогобич. Kvašytė Regina 2005: Mokomasis terminologijos žodynėlis [Educational Terminology Dictionary], Šiauliai: VŠĮ Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. [Leičik Vladimir 2006: Terminovedenije: predmet, metody, struktura [Terminology: Subject, Methods, Structure], Moskva: KomKniga]. Лейчик Владимир 2006: Терминоведение: предмет, методы, структура, Москва: КомКнига. [Leičik Vladimir 2011: обсużdenije problem eponimiji v sovremennoj nauke [Discussing the Problem of Eponymy in Modern Science]. – Jazyk i pravo: aktualnyje problemy vzaimodejstvija: Materialy Meždunarodnoj naučno-praktičeskoj Internet-konferenciji, Rostov-na-Donu: Rostovskoje knižnoje ozdatelstvo, 134–142]. Лейчик Владимир 2011: Обсуждение проблем эпонимии в современной науке. – Язык и право: актуальные проблемы взаимодействия: Материалы Международной научно-практической Интернет-конференции, Ростов-на-Дону: Ростовское книжное издательство, 134–42]. Lerner Vladimir, Kaptsan Alexander, Witztum Eliezer 2001: The Misidentification of Clerambault’s and Kandinsky-Clerambault’s Syndromes. – The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46(5), 441–443. Lysanets Yuliia, Bieliaieva Olena 2021: The use of eponyms in medical case reports: etymological, quantitative, and structural analysis. – Annals of “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University Linguistics, Literature And Methodology of Teaching 20(2), 24–32. Lončar Maja, Ostroški Anić Ana 2014: Eponymous medical terms as a source of terminological variation. – Languages for Special Purposes in a Multilingual, 15 Transcultural World. Proceedings of the 19th European Symposium on Languages for Special Purposes, 8–10 July 2013, Vienna, Austria, Vienna: University of Vienna, 36–44. Majewska Ewa 2016: Eponyme in der deutschsprachigen medizinischen Fachpresse [Eponyms in the German Medical Press]. – Names and Their Environment. Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences Glasgow, 25–29 August 2014, Volume 4, ed. by C. Hough, D. Izdebska, Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 94–105. Mikelionienė Jurgita 2017: Tarptautinių terminų apeliatyvacijos aspektai [Aspects of Appellativation of International Terms]. – Terminologija 24, 127–144. [Minakova Liudmila 2013: Apeliatyvacyja anamastyčnaj leksiki jak sposób utvarennja techničnych terminau [Appelativisations of Onomastic Lexical Units as a Method of Creating of Technical Terms]. – Izvestija Gomelskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni F. Skoriny 1(76), 2013, 30–34]. Минакова Людмила 2013: Апелятывацыя анамастычнай лексікі як спосаб утварэння тэхнічных тэрмінаў. – Известия Гомельского государственного университета имени Ф. Скорины 1(76), 2013, 30–34. [Novinskaja Natalja 2013: Terminy-eponimy v jazyke nauki [Eponymous Terms in Scientific Language]. – Vestnik RUDN, serija Russkij i inostrannyje jazyki i metodika ich prepodovanija 4, 34–38]. Новинская Наталья 2013: Термины-эпонимы в языке науки. – Вестник РУДН, серия Русский и иностранные языки и методика их преподавания 4, 34–38. Popescu Floriana 2009: Eponyms in the Language of the Romanian Mass-Media. – Interstudia 3, 157–162. Popescu Floriana 2024: Eponymisms are a Precious Legacy. – Reading Communication in Postmodernity. Discourses and Social Perspectives, ed. I. Boldea, C. Sigmirean, T. Mureș: Arhipelag XXI Press, 5–12. Ráduly Zsuzsanna 2016: Az Eponimák Fonológiai És Morfológiai Adaptációja A Magyar, A Lengyel És A Horvát Nyelvben [Phonological and Morphological Adaptation of Eponyms in Hungarian, Polish, and Croatian]. – Studia Slavica Savariensia 1–2, 362–369. Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Aušra 2023: Eponiminiai aprangos terminai Aiškinamajame aprangos terminų žodyne [Eponymous Clothing Terms in Aiškinamasis aprangos terminų žodynas (Explanatory Dictionary of Clothing Terms)]. – Terminologija 30, 122–141. Skujiņa Valentina 2002: Latviešu terminoloģijas izstrādes principi, Rīga: LVI. Slabin Uladzimir 2023: Should eponyms be kept? Emphatic yes. – Journal of Baltic Science Education 2, 188–191. Strous Rael D., Edelman Morris C. 2007: Eponyms and the Nazi Era: Time to Remember and Time for Change. – The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ 9(3), 207–214. [Superanskaja Aleksandra, Podolskaja Natalija, Vasiljeva Natalija 2005: Obščaja terminologija: Terminologičeskaja dejatelnost, Moskva: Editorial URSS]. Суперанская Александра, Подольская Наталия, Васильева Наталия 2005: Общая терминология: Терминологическая деятельность, Москва: Едиториал УРСС. [Tatarinov Viktor 2006: Obščèe terminovedenije: enciklopedičeskij slovarj [General Terminology: Encyclopedic Dictionary], Moskva: Moskovskij Licej]. Татаринов 16 Виктор 2006: Общее терминоведение: энциклопедический словарь, Москва: Московский Лицей. Thomas PBM 2016: Are medical eponyms really dying out? A study of their usage in the historical biomedical literature. – Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburg 46, 295–299. [Vasiljeva Natalija, Tritenko Tatjana 2023: Terminy-mifoэponymy: problemy ponimanija i interpretaciji [Mythonymic Terms: Problems of Understanding and Interpretation]. – Lingvistika i metodika prepodovanija inostrannych jazykov 2(19), 17–28]. Васильева Наталия, Тритенко Татьяна 2023: Термины-мифоэпонимы: проблемы понимания и интерпретации. – Лингвистика и методика преподавания иностранных языков 2(19), 17–28. Vaskelaitė Ramunė 2023: Asmenvardinių makroekonomikos terminų variantiskumas [Variation of Macroeconomic Terms with a Personal Name]. – Terminologija 30, 95–121. Verstift Daniël E., Heisen Jelle, Somford Matthijs P., van den Bekerom Michel P. J. 2024: Eponymous terms in acromioclavicular joint surgery. – Clin Shoulder Elbow 27(2), 229–236. Werneck Alexandre Lins, Batigália Fernando 2011: Anatomical eponyms in Cardiology from to the 60s to the XXI century. – Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 26(1), 98–106. Whitworth Judith 2007: Should eponyms be abandoned? No. – BMJ (British Medical Journal) 335, 425. Woywodt Alexander, Matteson Eric 2007: Should eponyms be abandoned? Yes. – BMJ 335, 424. Zemlevičiūtė Palmira 2024: Mitoniminiai terminai pirmajame tarpukario Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje [Mythonymic Terms in Lithuania’s First Psychiatry Textbook from the Inter-war Era]. – Terminologija 31, 204–221. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/terminologija/article/view/2417/2417. PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ ANTHROPONYMIC TERMS IN THE FIRST LITHUANIAN PSYCHIATRY TEXTBOOK OF THE INTER-WAR PERIOD Summary The article deals with the anthroponymic terms in Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry; 1935), the first original Lithuanian psychiatry textbook to be written in the inter-war period by Juozas Blažys (1890–1939), the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist that, as often as not, are rooted in the last names of actual persons, with but a limited number of them based on the names of biblical and literary characters. Most anthroponymic psychiatry terms stem from the last names of famous researchers in the field of medicine (among others), who were the first to describe, explain an underlying thing or were otherwise involved in that process. These are dominated by compound two-word terms, with the anthroponyms functioning as their subordinate components, and their main components grounded on one-word terms, such as liga (disease), modifikacija (modification), refleksas (reflex), simptomas (symptom). Anthroponyms serving as subordinate components are, to a certain extent, adapted by Blažys to the morphological system of the Lithuanian language. Usually, anthroponyms are Lithuanised, to an extent, with Lithuanian endings appended to the authentic root 17 morphemes preceded by an apostrophe, Basedow’o liga (Basedow’s disease); less often, to the authentic root morphemes directly, such as Korsakovo psichozė (Korsakov’s psychosis); in isolated cases, anthroponyms have preserved their original form, such as centras Wernicke (the Wernicke centre). Therefore, changes that occur in the anthroponym structure once it becomes a subordinate component of compound terms are arguably insignificant. In the process of appellativisation, the most significant number of structural transformations occurs in anthroponyms as when they become constituent components of one-word psychiatric terms. This process does not involve the entire anthroponym (as is the case with compound terms), but rather its root morpheme, usually with an affix -izmas (–ism) added, such as nikotinizmas (nicotinism) and sadizmas (sadism). All one-word anthroponymic terms used in the textbook have survived in modern Lithuanian psychiatric terminology – without a doubt, owing to their clarity, international recognition, and compact expression. At the same time, the survival of compound terms has been rather more complicated. Some of these terms can be questioned, as is the case with I. Pavlovo mokykla (Pavlov’s school); others lack accuracy, such as Morelio ausys (Morel’s ears); others still designate notions that have already lost their relevance, such as Bechterev’o refleksologija (Bechterev’s reflexology), and so on. Even though some compound terms have caught on, they did so with a degree of modification – for instance, the spelling of the anthroponymic components has been modified: as a case in point, Ganser’o sindromas (Ganser’s syndrome) is now Ganserio sindromas; then there are those have been abandoned altogether, like in the case of Freud’o psichoanalizė (Freudian psychoanalysis), which is now just psichoanalizė (psychoanalysis); others still have transformed their main components, like Babinskio refleksas (Babinski reflex) vs. Babinskio simptomas (Babinski symptom). This is a case of a partial survival of the term. Many of the compound anthroponymic terms have been omitted from the latest sources of Lithuanian psychiatric terminology, as they do not belong in the field of psychiatry at all. 18