Liepiamosios nuosakos dvejopos formos ir jų vartojimas rytų Lietuvos tarmėse

L IETU V.sL UK A. L. B O T Y RO S KL ATU S I MA IT LETT OS aT SR" M. O KS LŲ AKADEMTIJ A DUAL FORMS OF THE MANDATORY PRONUNCIATION AND THEIR USE IN EASTERN LITHUANIA TERMS J. The dialects of our language are being studied more and more every year. A large amount of material has also been collected from eastern Lithuanian dialects. It is found in eastern Lithuania. various archaic remains, which are valuable material for dialectology, language history and comparative grammar of Baltic languages. These dialects contain a number of interesting grammatical structure phenomena, which our linguistic literature has not yet mentioned. Here we will dwell on one fact of the language, widely used in the eastern dialects, namely, the dual forms of the imperative, or two tenses. Another example of dual forms is found in the statements of Russian and German linguists. Prof. J. Endzelynas already examines the imperative mode more extensively. Latvian k. liep. nuos. sex be -k comparsu es k. Lithuanian liep. nuos. genders besides «kt, Prof. J. Otrembskio Tverečiaus dialect description* mentions the use of these genders, and also talks ir about jų daryba. In our linguistic literature, there was no talk about this issue. Most of our dialects have only such imperative genders as ir Go, e.g., carry, do, climb, turn, be... carry, do, climb, turn, be... These are found in the Žemaičių, Western ir Middle Altai dialects, the western part of the Eastern Altai dialects, as well as in the Western Dzūki. There are two types of mandatory genders in eastern Lithuanian dialects. One sexes are those that are used ir Ik, others differ — from the first ones both in their use and in their pronunciation. For example, next to the genders do, write, kapok, nešk, tylėk, atsikąsk there are the genders darai, rdsai, kapdj, nėš, ryly, atsikan t 3. These two types of sexes are ambiguous. The first genders, i.e. those that are used with Ik, are used in some eastern Lithuanian dialects when one wants to say that the command will be carried out not now immediately, but after some time, in the future. The second sexes, which are different from the first, are consum1). Endzelins, Latvian grammar, 887 — 893, Riga, 1951; |. End z elins, Slang and Forms of the Baltic Languages, 211 —213, Riga, 1948. *J. Otrebski, East Lithuanian Tver dialects, 1, 381 —392, Krakéw, 3 Dialect 1934. genders (except for examples with sentences) transposed to lk. 12, Kalbotyros klausimai 181 jamos tada, kai norima pasakyti, kad liepimas būtų vykdomas tuojau pat, nedelsiant, kalbamuoju metu. For example, the representative of these dialects, when he wants the other to do something immediately, will say: pasdkai pasaką; you do what you stand for; take the horse; paraii grass; Dig a hole here; a glass of water; pakal dagger; I don't shout like I'm stuck va in a fence; went to work without standing; I'm gonna have more fun. But if he wants the action, the work to be done later, in the ne speaking time, then he will say: tell a tale; take the horse; parduk grass; dig a pit; eikir dirbt ir t. t. So we see that the sexes, different from the Ik, indicates a command to be executed now, and genders that coincide with lk, indicate a command to be executed in the future. Therefore, those genders that are not recognized by Ik and other dialects mentioned above can be called imperative genders in the present tense, or genders adverbs be -k, a gender o known in many Ik ir dialects, in the future — tense of the imperative, or a gender suffix su -k | The future tense of the imperative clause is made as follows: ir Go, so we won't talk jo about making it here. The present-- day sex making is quite different. Single II-th person o-kamieniy Iš verb formation of these genders formally resembles the direct denotation of the present singular The gender of the second person. For example... spelling of the verb liep. nuos. we are. |. gender is species, of the verb baidyti baidai, barstyti — barstai, laužyti laužai, — gaudyti gdudai, mėtyti mžčtai, — plaukiti plaitkai, ardyti -— aidai, vėtyti vétai, laupyti — (lupinéti) laišpai: baidai — žvi. Tblus — — — iš “vi:$nu. (Linkmenys); This sheet.li. su-nė.lui (Linkmenys); I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm ko sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. (Linkmenys); nemė.tai duona.s, trūpinus rinksi (Salduriskis); Tell me, Mom, n don't be shy. (Cretaceous); esvd-id popie Here. un, padla.gos (Zibaliské, Švenčionių district); high; krupe.lbl (Gražuliai, Švenčionių raj.), pasa-kai, kap tų. here. manager (Dvarapievis, Švenčionių district); - Oh, my God. (Dust) dismantled la.pini. (Dust) signatures pavali (Stelmužė, Zarasų raj.). In conjugated verbs these genders have an ending - Ais. For example, klaisiais, klafisais (listen) daina.lu. (Linkmenys); mokai (learn), dufnas nebu'si (Linkmenys); dairais (dairykis) aplifik sail (Kirdeikiai); md.udaiz_gi (bathing), what stands (Palūšė). These genders are always pronounced at the root. If the root of the verb contains a pure mixed diphthong, ar then the preposition depends on who pronounces the right of the corresponding verb. ma nuos. we are. l. vns. In the first person: 1) If that's true. nuos. we are. lL vns. II-jo asm. gender has a consonant in the limb, it liep. nuos. we are. I. vns. II-jo asm. genders have a strong premonition, e.g. fears (be afraid), dausžai (beat), bafstai (spread). 2) If that's true. nuos. we are. 182 l. vns. The 2nd person singular is pronounced in the root, then liep. nuos. we are. The I. II. person has a strong prepositional preposition. For example, šaudai (shooters), gdudai (catchers), lédai (lodyki), valgai (jedyki), saldai (saldyki). From the in-stem verbs liep. nuos. we are. |. vns, the 2nd person singular has the ending -y. For example, lydy (lydėki), klūpy (klūpėki), ryly (tylėki), pamyly (pamylėki), žydy (žydėki), rary (turėki), gūly (gulėki), ravy (ravėki), neklapsy (neklapsėki- ): pati.li kai AYvi-ra-sni- .s utura (patylék, when the elder speaks. Patiri. la.zdu. (hold the stick. Palūšė); sleep is sleep. I don't know. (sleep, the roosters have not yet crowed. Kaltanėnai); dzi.riv, dzi.rii, dziévu. mili: (be silent and love God. Dotenėnai, Švenčionėlių district); i_fravi-gi dzvi-liku. 1/2 tsp. (twelve years old, Vosiūnai, Ignalina district); neklapsi-_ jau, galvoj net, "Zah (neklapsék, in the head even buzzes. In conjugated verbs, these genders are the same as in the truth. nuos. we are. Alif Lam Ra. vns. 2nd Person Singular Gender. E.g., turfes (hold on), siedies (sit down), gulies (leg down), klūpies (kneel down): turies, kat neišlė.ktum (hold on, so that you do not fall.) sa:dies, ko sti.psai (seski, ko stypsai, Kirdeikiai); gulies geraū, jau meira akisū (sleep better, already sleep in the eyes. : These sexes are classified as follows: 1. If true. nuos. we are. I. vns. The 2nd person is pronounced in the root, that is, liep. nuos. we are. 1st vns. The 2nd person singular has a conjunction at the root. For example, sédy (sit). 2. If true. nuos. we are. I. vns. The 2nd person singular has a conjunction at the end, that is, liep. nuos. these sexes do not change the place of the interjection. For example, ravy (ravėki), lydy (lydėki), šydy (žydėki). 3. If the verb has a short root w, it is liep. nuos. Let's eat. L vns. The 2nd person singular is pronounced only in the root. E.g., rary, gūly (Lying down), caress (tupéki). An exception is made if there is an interference of sounds -ks-, -kš-; then only the ending is pronounced. For example, stuksy (stuksėki), truksy (truksėki), kriuksy (kriuksėki), niuksy (niuksėki), pukšy (pukšėki). The females are only visible in the nest. Iš (i)a-stem verbs liep. nuos. we are. l. vns. II-jo asm. sexes are true. nuos. we are. I. trunk. If the stem ends with a consonant, then that consonant is always soft, except k, m. The fat is p, m, r soft to ir hard. ir The inner wing is slightly curved. E.g., latk (waiting), /go (pronunciation: lėki), sem (semki), grėp (grėbki), bar (barki), gu p (gulki), vėr (veski), sik, né¥ (carrying), B7 (sometimes), get (light), light (Swedish- ), dur Ain, abgdairai un_,Marti'nu (go, look at Martin. Linkmenys); nedi.ré.ji.s nuvein in Because ui of surveys (go to the doctor) Maryte gloves. Linkmenys); duonela.s acikun t, undenelū asiger blz ir well (duonelés 183 bite, drink a little water and you will be fine.) I liked it. ugn e.lai, ori toks pageluo (get warm by the fire, outside it is so yellow. Kirdeikiai); šlwuo, šiuo ačlaimu., Suiide ta.vasei atū'š (slash the yard, today yours will be cleaned); pasver t šunū, tai i, lasi (become a dog, then you will lose. Kaltanénai); paraū zalds Kaiilem (Dūkšto raj.). If we're in direct line. Alif Lam Ra. vns, II-th and III-th person. gender tur; suffix -v-, then liep. nuos. we are. I. vns. The ending of the 2nd person is either -j or -n, or there is only the root. All three genders are used almost equally in all of these dialects. For example, bij, biin, bii (būki), griūj, griūn, griū (griūki), klidly, kliūn, kliū (kliūki), stūj, siūn, siū (siūki), pij, pin, pū (pūki): pabity, da. (be still. linkmenys); bų'm ti (be there. Ignalina); bu: bu“, kui laki (be, be, where you go. Kaltanėnai); ij nezdairus (offer, not looking. Adutiškis). If we're in direct line. |. vns. The 2nd and 3rd person genders have the suffix -n-, then liep. nuos. we are. It. vns. II-your asm, the sex is either with, or the extremity be n. E.g., griaiin, griaii (griauki), maūn, mai (mauki), shaiūn, shaii (shot), bliaiin, bliaū (shot), gafin, gait (shot), rain, rail (shot). Both genders are used for acceleration: graūn | graū ši.tu. column. (Linkmenys); apsmaūn || apsmaū kė.lne.m. (Kirdeikiai); 1987. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac (Calcutta). If we're in direct line. 1. The 2nd and 3rd person genders have the root vowel y and the suffix -j-, then liep. nuos. we are. I. vns. The 2nd-person gender is without the ending j. For example, gy (gyki), /y (lyki), ry (ryki). In other cases, i. e., if the root vowel is not y, the genders are used both without j and with j. For example, atsistdj || atsista (astistoki), š/uoj šiuo || (screaming) || singing song (singing), Sookie || Sokdio (shokuoki), ropdj || ropa (ropoki), nmnwujdj || mya (nujoki), kapdj || kapa (kapoki): daninuoj || dainuo viz bus, ramjaū un_girdés (sing, it will be more fun in your heart. Linkmenys); kapd.j kapa | mé.lkas (hacking wood, Kirdeikiai); mag nuja pamiškė.n (nujok... || Ignalina), If the communicative of primary a-stem verbs has a suffix -0-, - It's July. nuos. vns. II-jo asm. the limb is -y. E.g., tears (red), giedy (giedoki), miegy (miegoki), dreby (drebéki), ciūry (licking), shaking (virpėki) blizgy (blizgėki): don't cry" $it_baisei (don't use so 'baisei, Linkmenys); sleep, kat, sleep (Kaltanėnai); drabi:, drabi, vis ne, tė bu, šė.lta (tremble, it won't be so cold anyway. Ignalina). These genders made from conjugative verbs have the ending -ies. E.g. žadies (zadiekis- ), deries (derékis), knisies (kniskis), barfes (barkis): Zadies atait, tili ko (promise to come, ko quiet. Linkmenys); I'd be grateful. ir_vaZuojam (negotiate quickly... Ignalina); baries, daugaū teip nedaris (scream, he won't do it again. Kaltanėnai). From (i) a-stem verbs liep. nuos. genders without -k are pronounced as follows: 184 If it's true. nuos. we are. The vowels of the third person are a, e, and they have a strong prefix (in the dialect, a middle one), that is, liep. nuos. we are. |. vns. The 2nd person singular has a short preposition. For example, kas (kaski), pavak (pavoki), pašak (pašoki), nėš (neški), vėr (veski), mé7 (meski). If it's true. nuos. We are, |, the vowels of the 3rd person root are 7, » and have a shorting prefix (in dialects, a middle one), that is, liep. nuos. we are. It. vns. The 2nd person singular has also a short preposition. For example, fp (lipki), riš (riški), kmiš (kniski), rit (riski), par (pūski), lp (lupki), skūr (skuski). If liep. nuos. we are. I. vns. The 2nd person singular has a pure or mixed diphthong, then the 2nd person plural is pronounced and has a strong preposition. For example, lait (leish), bar (barki), ger (gerki), kul (kulki), vert (verski), šal (šalki), mal (malki). The second-generation A-series. nuos. esam, I. II-jo person. genders are as follows: 1. Verbs with the suffix -au-, liep. nuos. The ending of the second person is -au or -aun. Both sexes are used equally. For example, šūkaun || šūkau (shout), rékaun || rėkau (scream), riešutaiin || riešuta'į (scream), grybaiin || grybaū (grybaū): širkaun || širkau ir. you will call (Linkmenys); gri-baiin || gri.baū nebizde.le.vi- .s (Grybauk, not fleeing. Kirdeikiai). If the communicative of these verbs is pronounced at the root, then liep. nuos. we are. I. vns. The 2nd person singular has a conjunction at the root. For example, iūkaun || ūkau (ūkauki), siipaun sūpuau (sūpuau). If you are in the middle of a conversation, you are in trouble. nuos. we are. I. vns. 2nd person singular possesses a preposition. The only difference is that in these castings the precipitation is solid. For example, žuvaiin || fuvaii (fish), lapaiin || lapaii (leaves). 2. Verbs with the suffix -wo-, liep. nuos. we are. l. vns. The ending of the 2nd person is -wo or -yoj. Both sexes are used for acceleration. For example, dainio | daimioj - (sing), siūbuo || siūbuūoj (sitbuoki), sopuo || sopriof (sopuoki: breathe hard), Soko || Sokuoj (Sokuoki). Pronounced in the end. 3. Verbs with the suffix -oin the communicative case, liep. nuos. we are. I. vns. In the second person, the ending is -oj. For example, kndisioj (knaisioki), || Idipioj (laipioki), rdičioj (raičioki), vaikščioj (vaikščioki) neld.i : : $ja.j Site aukštai nule.ksi (do not climb so high, you will fall. slopes); I'm not going to give you anything. I'm not going to give you anything. and. daimioj (walk around the kindergarten and sing. Kirdeikiai). Pronounced as the communicative of the corresponding verb. 4. Verbs with the suffix -éin the communicative case, liep. nuos. vns. 2nd person singular ending is -i. For example, didėj (big), mažėj (small), sunkéj (hard): didė.j akmenė.li, magé; j tu „vargė.li (big, little stone, small you, poor). Pronounced in the end. Verbs with the suffixes -in-, -em-, liep. nuos. vns. The 2nd person gender is only the trunk. For example, bldgin (bad), gėrin (good), 185 soėikin (hello), vdrgin (work). dargin (lepinki), barben (barbinki), gyven (gyvenki), darden (dardenki- ), kleben (klebenki), šokden (šokdenki- ): své.ikin graita., paki neišė. (say hello quickly, before it went out. Kirdeikiai); dd.rgin, dd.rgin, tai_pamati'si koks, ušaūks (please, then you will see, what will grow. Gender with suffix -inserted in the root; genders with suffix -emkirčia the limb and has a rigid prefix. The conjugated genders of secondary a-root verbs have the ending -fes. For example, graudenies (graudenkis), gabenies (gabenkis- ), Sukiojies (Sukuokis- ): šukuos graita. ir lack (Turn around, ir run fast. Linkmen). Pronounced as truth. nuos. we are. |. recurring sexes. I-th person plural The genders of the I-th person plural are the same as those of ties. nuos. we are. It. dgs. I-jo person. gender. For example, singam (let's sing), nėšam (let's not yell), tylim (let's be silent), bafstom (let's scatter). - Next to these dgs. The I-jo person genders in Švenčionys region also have a gender with the ending -te. For example, einamte (let's go), bėgamte (let's run), važiuojamte (let's ride), lipamte Let's go. The genders in su the ending re are probably similar to the Belarusian liep. nuos. dgs. I-jo person. gender (uaémre), or according to liep. nuos. dgs. II-jo asm. sex (see section 4.4). (see below). The plurals of the second person plural are made from liep. nuos. we are. It. vns. 2nd person singular, with the ending -te, -e. E.g., daraite (do), Rlailsaite (listen), bafstaite (spread), dainiojte (sing), šokinčjte (dance), detė (put), lintė (go), rirė (bind), būjtė (be), šiiktelte (scream): klaiisaite, kas ti, bir bja (listen, who is there singing). all sing (Linkmenys); rire, rire stones (Kaltanėnai); where, gi lakat, pabu.jtė (wherever you go, stay. Ignalina); I'm sorry, I'm sorry. i_ainté kalkuozan (Adutiškis). Sangraziniy gender ending is -tes. For example, klaiisaités (Klausykités), skvoojtės (šluostytės), praustės (plauskitės), kompuojtės (kompuokitės). Dviskiemenes dgs. II-jo asm. the sexes are pronounced only in the ending has a short prefix. For example, ir /iprė (climb), neštė (carry), sukté (turn). The three-syllable multisyllable genders are pronounced according to vns. Gender of the 2nd person: if vns. IlI-sis asm. is ir pronounced either in the root, or in the suffix, or in the ending, this and dgs. The 2nd person will have a conjunction either at the root, at the suffix, or at the ending. For example, mdkaite (teach), gūlyte (lig down), rasaite (write), sédyte (sit down), padaimiojte (sing), važitojte (ride), bėginžjte (bike), rylyrė (silence), miegyrė (sleep), pakylytė (lift up), panėšyrė (get pregnant), išravytė (get out). 186 The place of intersection of congenital sexes is the same as ta non-congenital sexes. ir For example, paid (learn), Create (comb). Here is described the usage of the dual forms of the imperative verb, the form as it is in the eastern In Lithuanian dialects: Saldutiškio, Linkmenų, Ignalinos, Adutiškio, Tverečiaus, ir Dūkšto, etc. in the surrounding area. Both sexes of the imperative verb are ne found only in eastern In Lithuanian dialects, ir but in the southern part, the construction of the imperative pronoun gender be suffixes is -k almost the same in these southern dialects, only sometimes differs in one other detail. Be to, southern dialects liep. nuos. we are. I. ir Let's be. I. gender often uses parallel semantic be difference. The genders of imperative adverbs are be -k ir Gervėčių, Lazūnų, Apso (Belarusian TSR) kt. ir in the surrounding area. For example, pagiedzi" kokū' gra: zu gičsmi" (Gervėčių apylinkė); sweep, meigos, pir ku: (Gervėčių apylinkė); palukté, gri-dza ir O Grunt (Gervėčių apylinkė); Momula, "no worries (Lazūnų apylinkė); landz iš ‘papeččs (Lazūnų apylinkė); vdigai dūonu: ir, dud Zmonému (Las Vegas). In other dialects of the ir Žemaitija, Western Dzūkijos, there is a saying: „that yr—Kkertdi, that there is —kentai’’. In this case, it can be either the old optatiusformer sexes, or so formed because of rhythm. vo "The age of these sexes is difficult to determine. Prof. J. Endzelynas claims that the Latvian imperative k. vns. II-sis asm. is identical to the su truth. nuos. we are. L In the 2nd person, the same could be in the Lithuaniir an language’. It may be assumed that in Lithuanian the o-kamieniy verb gender suffixes are older than the gender suffix be -k su -k. In other ide languages there are examples of the old optative su -ai-, -oi-, e.g. Greek gšpot k. (Teg nesha), (F)i3o. (tegu mato; -oi means the desirable mode), gothic bars, k. -ai (bring, take), nimais, -ai (imk, teima), Haitian, -ai (vadink, tevadina). (the genders of the ia-stem verbs could be identical ties. su nuos. vns. II-jo asm. sexes, only with su fractured limbs : (kul, vert, met). In our old writings (many in the Postilae, Catechism, Sirvydas’s “Sayings in the Points”) there are imperative pronouns of genders be -k. These sexes are recorded ir su -7, ir be - I. For example, Ducks Postilin contains: Didi Thieves. (duoki), smoke Thieves, athletes. (excuses) There are also Greek ir genders k. su -i: wig <* Aklydhi, (to give), 85% but the ending of the Greek imperative is actually Indo-European iš - said. Eastern In Lithuanian dialects, (-i)a-stame verbs of the imperative genders had to be the ending had to fall recently, because the ending su consonants 7; 7 are soft (w?, m?, k?l). In other words, even the consonant (duo? (t) || says. 1999: The Song of the Song. catch it). || The gender origin of the i-kamieniy verbs is also unclear — phoneticSky equivalents have not been found in ide languages. In Latin, the imperative is a pure stem (audi, lauda, dėlė), but here there is only a morphological similarity. The Lithuanian genders tyly, myly, ravy... are probably generalized according to other stems. 4). Endzelins, Baltu valodu sugas un formas, 213, Riga, 1948, 187 ABOSIKHE ®OPMbl NMOBEJIUTEJIbHOI0O HAKJIOHEHHS M VINOTPEBJIEHHE UX B JĮĮMAJIEKTAX BOCTOYHOH UACTH JIAKTOBCKOH CCP sl. H. COVERAGE Peaome B craree awHasusupyercsi ynorpebsenne ABOSIKHX (bOpM MOBEJHTENILHOTO HaKJIOHeHHA. 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