Kirčio ir priegaidės kaita, arba metatonija, pietvakarių dzūkų tarmėje

LIE TSU Vil) K. A-L B O T-YX ROS K. L. ALSO MALI LL. E T *U:V. O “8 TSR MOKSLU AKADEMI]- JA KIRCIO IR PRIEGAIDES KAITA, ARBA METATONIJA, SŪTVAKARIU DZUKU TARMEJE E. MIKALAUSKAITE Metatonia in Lithuanian language, as in other Indo-European languages, is a very old thing. But it still works these days. Distinguishing the old and new phenomena of metatonia is not an easy thing!. Therefore, in her work, which is more of a descriptive nature, the author does not try to explain metatonia nor to give its development. It is only attempted to record the facts and give a certain classification of these phenomena in the dialect described. The phenomena of metatonia are of a dual nature: purely phonetic and, in a certain sense, constructive. The latter phenomena of metatonia should perhaps be regarded as one of the means of making words, and therefore it would be more appropriate to talk about them in the context of word making. However, the author follows the order of traditional grammar here. The fact that metatonia actually primarily serves to assign meaning to words and thus is closer to word formation and semantics is also evidenced by other Ide languages, such as Greek Asuxéc (white): Asūxos (such a fish) or Sanskrit krsna-h (black): kfsna-h (antilope), Russian sdmoK (castle): samok (lock), Latvian laiks (lawn, dkt.): lauks (lawn, bdv.). The same means is used in contemporary Lithuanian literary language, for example: dpsiaustas (surrounded): apsiafistas (coat), avalynė (shoes): avalinė (shoe store), etc. In these examples, we had not only a change of preposition, but also a change of accent. In Lithuanian language, and therefore in this dialect, the change of preposition is used more widely, but we also encounter the phenomenon of the change of accent, although less often. In this work, no distinction will be made between the acute and the chronic changes, and both phenomena will be examined together, as they are related and often intertwined. The change ir of the preposition of the accent pi€tvakariy in the Dzūkų dialect is primarily used for words of the same origin and action of the same root, for example: mė'li'ne* (blue spot on the body): me'li*ne’ (berry), d'ukšras (bdv.): —ai.kštas (dkt.), raū.ki'mas, -ai; (clothes folds): rd'uki'mas, -ai. (wrinkles) and others. There are more examples of accent change in adverbs, e.g., kur tep il.gai buvai.? (time preposition): long: nepjd'uk (mode preposition); I'm at 1Plg. J. Endzelins, Baltu valodu skaijas un formas, 13, Riga, 1948. 85 when: ate. ; su (time preposition): kumelivkas bėga pa'skui (name of type); If you go along the bridge, you won't find it: go across the bridge. * and along. *; šviėsei paré‘jorm (time preposition): light. shawl (adjective of manner); rd'msei parvažū:Borm:ramsei. Salas; vaf.gel gi'vas (just alive): poor man. is atei.s (soon he will not come); What do you mean by 'to't? —nepef.dauk (at the most, little); oversized foot's heavy: nepef.dzidelis (mažas) arklikas dle grai.tas. Dialect change is also used when a certain noun verb of a still full paradigm becomes an adverb, e.g. su pisai.s daiktai.s acikrad'uste': dd'iktais (vietomis) pali‘ta da'iktais sail.sa; neacidzaua sao’ graFumi: goodbye to beauty; ai.k already ai.k with 10's gerumū": g@&rumu niéko nebis neduos and so on As already mentioned, the prepositional change is used much more widely than the accent change in this dialect. Ji used primarily for relatives (or of ir different origins) for homonymous herbs of different meanings, e.g. d'ncis (bird): ad.cis (shirt), kd'Iras (tool): kal.tas (bdv.), sweet (bdv.): miélas (gypsum), d'ušta (viral): afi.šta (dawn), danga ~ dėngia (goes fast): den.ga ~ defigia (roof), dat ke —da ra ~ dérgti ——dérgia (pollute, biaurti): de’r.kc—- de r. Ra ~ detkti —deikia (damage), ma*rkc ~ mérkti (eyes): me r.kc ~ meikti (linen, hemp), kd-uksi ~ kiauksi (cow): Rail.ksi ~ kiaūksi (puppy), du ~ viau (whistling sound): vad. ~ viaū (barking sound of a puppy) etc. ir In this dialect, metatonia is most often found between the tvirtagalė and the tvirtapradie pronouns, or backwards between the tvirtapradie — pronouns. ir It is less ji common between the short and the firm tongue and backwards—between the firm tongue and the short tongue, and less common between the short and the firm tongue or middle tongue. It has already been mentioned that in the construction of nouns, metatonia is used in addition to other means. In the described dialect, metatonia in noun formation occurs in the following cases: 1. In derived nouns, where the root changes and the preposition changes: a) denoting a different genus (the strong-pronounced pronoun changes to strong-pronounced and vice versa): vil.kas:vi'lke (female), mai.šas:- md'iše' (a large, wide bag for stowing pigs). To this group we could also add such novel noun derivatives of adjective origin, for example: hd'Icis (white girl): bal.re' (white pig), /todzis (black cat): judde: (black cat), md'rgis (marbled version): maf.ge: (marbled heifer), pd'Išis (pale horse): pale: (pale mare), pilkis (grey cat): pilke:|| pi-lke: (grey cat), etc. ; b) when denoting a certain occupation, business (fixed-form preposition becomes fixed-form preposition): Ad'ilis: kai.lus (fur worker), pot: pudžus (pot flowerer) 275 In the latter examples, the distinction is rarely made. 6, 7 In these examples, only the older generation makes the difference. 86 ir t.t. To this group should be assigned such innovative forms, for example: bilve:: bul Bus (potato lover), duona:dudrius (bread lover), kd-ulas: kad Juice (who likes to chew bones), milk:piénus (milk lover) ir etc. 2. In nouns derived from adjectives: a) for specific nouns: d'rukštas: aii.kštas; b) for abstract nouns: d'ukštas:- ai.kštis ~ aūkštis, ilgas: il.gis, karštas: kai.ščis ~ kaištis, stdras: std ris, šaltas: šal.cis ~ šaltis, etc. In these vedas we have metatonia between the stvrtaprade and the stvrtagala precauda. 3, In nouns derived from verbs: a) for specific nouns to mark x»), the strong preposition is replaced by a strong preposition: kdnda:kani.das (bite), trd-ukc ~ traukti: trafū.kas (contraction), vd'Igi'c ~ valgyti: val.gis, brd'i izgeCe~ braizgéti (brizti): brai.zgas (blasting), sve Fo ~ svérti: svaf.scis (lever), vec ~ vėrti: vaF.tai; p) the firm-toed preposition becomes firm-toed: linū.ke ~ lifikti: H-Aikis (adding, bending of the leg): koja: skati.da per li'ūki'; mic ~ mifiti: monument: world's monuments! (an unheard thing); "pastate" nail.ju pami'nklu ~ built a monument; ver.šč ~ to carry: vd'rža (a tool for catching fish); b) to denote abstract nouns (fixed preposition becomes fixed noun): grd'usc ~ thunder: grafi.smas ~ thunder, keriko ~ kchikti: kei.ksmas, etc. c) for the so-called common nouns (tvirtagalė preposition becomes tvirtaprade): drifi.ba: dri"mba ~ drimba (sudribélis), fur. 2 $am— niufzgia: Ku'rzga ~ niūrzga (surūgelis, bambeklis- ), $uf.pcie ~ šiūpti: šiūrpa ~ šiūrpa etc. ir 4. In adverbial ‘substantives, where the strong preposition becomes a strong noun: a) white: white, black: striped, grey: gray, black: white, etc. ; b) with the change of the root vowels: mé-linas:melsvas, etc. In the system of verbs, metatonia manifests itself much ir more broadly than in nouns. Here it serves not only to create new words, but also to create new meanings and new categories. In the verbs, metatonia occurs in the following cases: 1. When forming derived primary verbs, where the strongpreposition becomes a strong preposition, e.g.: juodas:judsta, bitrus —kd'rtu:ka¥.sta, spalvotas: mar.ksta matgsta, pilkas: pil.ksta: vaidas papil.ksta; ilgas: prail.ksta prailksta ~ prailgsta:be dabo“ prailgsta; pd-rkai (susna): apai-ksta ~ appatksta: riebd i žamerį potatoes apai-ksta (potato cancer develops); no tu Zoli ran-ko's apai-ksta (pajuosta). ~ || 2. In the formation of iSvestin subordinate verbs: (a) self-contained verbs with the suffix -auti, where the strong preposition becomes a strong part, e.g. marci —mar.cu': md-rtauna || md-reauja, merga —mer.gu“: marrgauna || merrgauja: jauna bupail.—me rgavaud; "apshanijau ma'rtavau"; 87 I'm old. —akis ingijait., through those eyes you're coming out. (sighs); bergždžėa —ber gždžu“: berrgždauna barrgždauja: an.tri matai: kdroe berrgždaunai; sodžait.s pūse: boy's squealing || mu (are unmarried, elderly); b) self-employed verbs with the suffix -wori, where the strong preposition becomes a strong preposition, e.g. bd'Itas: baltuoja, juodas: judduoja, mdrgas:maf- .guoja, mé-li'nas: blulinuoja", pd-lsas: pal.šuoja, pil.kuoja, etc.; c) self-contained verbs with the suffix -ėri, where the strong preposition becomes strong part: ai.šč mmeižti: d'riše:crečižėti: raiikos no" féjo sud'iže'jo: (exploded); daiiščnodaūžti: dd-ugec~dauzéti: šil.ka sto: Rė'dama sudd'uže:ja silk standing breaks; kei.ta:kaerti kerteja: no: tu“ šo'lti ramkoss insika rei || I'll wash it. Sc can not; kliSc error: = (error?): kld-idec: pūsi" nakciės kld'ideijo'm iki iššjjom kaltu pūsę in naktis ~ kldidéjom (wandering) until we got into the pit; svei-kc ~ sveikti: sverike'c ~ svéiketi: sverike:nusi žassūkai visi kopustūs nulase: (to make healthy geese); brikSc ~ brigzti | (braizgas?): brd-izge'c ~ bréizgéti: rankd pie's jail. po" biski" brd-izgeja (a little bit of squirting, squirting). 3. When forming secondary active verbs (tvirtapradé priegaidé becomes tvirtagale): darbas: daf.buja (working). 4. In the formation of causative verbs: a) from nouns: ugly —bjaiū.ru: bjd'urina, beautiful —dai.lu:dd-ilina: ko“ tep susidd'ilinai? (slipped); kal.tas: kd"Icina ~ accuses, safi.sas: sd'usina, svei.kas:svavikina, švefi.tas: švarncina ~ celebrates, mergd —mef.gu:: merrginasi (makes love), vaf#.gas: worries, smai.las || smei.las:smdilina || smeilinaTM: nusismd-ilino gražutūkai (completely settled), kat ands bii't ilGail. pabūpis bii't mus visd'i nusmd-ilinis (would have lived, would have become poor); b) from primary verbs: ar.za ~ eizia: d'rzina ~ erzina, bir.ba: bi*rbina, čir.ka: či"rkina, kir.ka: kirkina || kf*rko", zir.ža: zirzina, ci'la ~ tyla: ci*ldo, gila:gi"ldo“, pila: pi-ldor, šilai ldo, verka:virgdo ~ virkdo, etc. In this type of verbs, the preposition always becomes a preposition. 5. In the formation of repetitive verbs: a) denoting a simple repetitive action, where the strong preposition becomes strong preposition: «) Aanišo:: kdmšoja ~ kamšioja, vaf.to": vd'reeloja, Flait.ga ~ 8, * In these examples, metatony serves also to assign the meaning of the word: mdrtauti, mėrgauti means to be a girl, marčia, and martduti, mergduti means to look for mar&ids, mergds. However, this distinction is no longer made by everyone. The old people still distinguish, and the young people pronounce both meanings in the prefix. 10 Verbs of this type are also pronounced in the preposition, e.g. me li*nioja, pilkūoja, etc. In addition, the verbs of this type with different meanings are always pronounced in the prefix, e.g.: me'li*nūoja, raudo*nioja (red, blue, paint, paint), 11 In this word, metatonija is used for the meaning of the word: direct. The verb of meaning has a fixed preposition, e.g., it is usually said: no‘rd‘gu’ smai.lina || ‘smeidina, kuolu" smei.lina, but nusismdr'ilino" (he settled). 88 crawls: 3ld-ufoja ~ crawls, kai.šo:: kd'išoja ~ crawls, etc. B) (with change of root vowels): nar.pa: nes ploja, velka: vd'ikoja, riéca: rdiicoja, gniba : gnd-ibo; (b) denoting a repeated action: x) tvirtapradé priegaidé turns into tvirtagale: smdwula: smail.go: visits parSukiis ismail.ge: ~ strangled all the piglets (cf. išskaidė, i.e. slaughtered one by one); Gnd'ibo": gnai.bo: nesp'į bulBike's usiméksc ir jail. gnai.bo: ~ didn't have time to knit the potatoes and then gnaibo (a little bit of kasinéja- ); P) short preposition (after a change of vowels) becomes a strong consonant: knisa: knai.so: Raii.le: nend-ri ės ci knaiso' ~ the pig doesn't want to eat only knaiso (it is knisin' little by little); kiša: kai.šo" etc. (c) repetitive verbs of the institution, which always have the preposition firmetaprade: o) tvirtagalé preposition becomes tvirtaprade (root remains unchanged): 1) čir. Ra ~ čuūkia: či'rkauna, gai.li: gdrilauna, kriūga ~ kriūgia: krūgauna ~ kriūgauna, pruik3&a: primkitauna švil. Pba ~ whistles: Sof-lpauna, ur.2ga ~ uizgia: #rzgauna, ver.ka ~ cries: ve rkauna® and so on, 2) with the change of root vowels: gei.dz a ~ cries: gd'idauna: viz garidavau gdidavau in Vilnu nuvaioc ale gd! jail. neteks ~ I still gdidavau, gaidavau (I really wanted) to go to Vilnius, but maybe I won't; ren.ca ~ refidia: rd'ntauja: sė'dzi i rdntauja lik same: ~ sits and rattles like a hay (tells, rattles); spiéfa: spi'gauna, žviėda: žvi'gauna, krai.pa ~ kreipia: kri'p coja ~ krypcioja, tūpa ~ tūpia: tip coja~ tūpčioja, Zan Garvžeigia: ži nkco'ija-- ožingčioja, krami-to: kri'msc o:ja =vkrimsčioja and so on. B) The short preposition becomes a strong preposition (the root acquires an elongated vowel): sūka: sickina || sickoja: kas teb dionw apsirkino"? (the crust is shattered); Don't play lacrosse! ~ Don't turn the clock! (don't turn around); supa: sūtpauna: pass me by (pass me by); d) will facilitate repetitive verbs, where the preposition of the firm beginner changes to a firm end: Id'uka: liūkurauna, snd'udža: snitdurauna, std-ufa: stū'gurauna etc. ir ė) minor participle repetitive verbs: kld'usa ~ asks: klail.sineija || asks. Here, too, a firm beginning turns into a firm end. 6. Verbs of the momentum can also have metatonics. In this case, the strong preposition usually corresponds to a strong verb, e.g.: krai.pc ~ turn: kri‘ptere'c ~ krypterėti, lafši.kc ~ leūikti: li-nktere- 'c ~ linkteréti, siéke ~ si€kti: si*ktere- 'c ~ sykteréti, Soilpe ~ whistle: Soilpterec ~ Svilpteréti, švel.ke ~ look: šoi:Iktere'c ~ Zvilgteréti, etc. In comparison with related verbs, the prepositions of the imperfects also change, a) the preposition with a fixed end becomes a fixed part, e.g.: laini.kc ~ lefikti: linke < *linkti, siékc: sikc ~ sykt, žšiėpe ~ žiebti: ši"pe ~ žybt, ZFan.kec~ žefigti: #nke ~ žingt; b) a strong-end or strong-start preposition becomes an abbreviation (the root has a weak vowel): drė:pc ~ drėbti: dripc ~ dribt, dziéke ~ diégti: 12 The word “weeping” actually means “weeping little by little,” so its meaning would be more appropriate for slowly repetitive verbs. This is the same as the repetition of the phrase. 89 dzike ~ digt, spd'usc ~ spausti:- spdūSc ~ spūst, trd'uke ~ traukti: trūko ~ trūkt ir tt In fact, the momentum verbs, given their origin, must be considered without metatonia, because they are more closely related to the pronouns, with which they have a common root (with the same root vowel) and the same preposition. They are put here only for the completeness of the verb system. So far, we have been talking about the phenomena of metatonia, which are more or less related to the means of creation. However, there is also a significant amount of metamorphic activity in this region. They are found in the verb pronunciation system. In the pronoun of verbs, metatonia occurs in the following cases: 1. The verbs mir.c, gim.c ~ mit, born in the present tense have metatony mirsta, gi'msta || gee'ma. In the verb “die” the metatony is old (cf. Latin mifst), but the metatony of the second example is an analogy creature according to “die”. In addition, the gender ge'ma ~ ge'ma is used more widely in the dialect. 2. The future tense of the two-pronounced strong-pronounced root verbs 3 persons, like Ik, have metatonia: a) a strong preposition becomes a strong preposition: d'ukSu, d'uksi, ail.ks ~ dugsiu, augsi, aūgs; dzi'rpsus, dzi'rpsi, dzif.ps ~ I will work, you will work, difbs; dá'su, dási, dás ~ I will, I will, I will, etc. ; b) a strong-pronounced preposition becomes an abbreviation: busu, būsi, būs ~ būsiu, būsi, būs; psu, pusi: pusy le mo lyti: lis, ric mo ryti: ris, dai“ko ~ dygti: dziks ~ digs, pif:šč ~ plyšti: pliš, but: Sic ~ siūti 1 Sis ~ siūs; VfFc m—vyti 1 vis ~ vės. Here, apparently, due to the difference in meaning, metatonia did not occur (cf. SuSc~ siūsti: Sas ~ siūs, viS¢ ~ visti: vis). The metatonia of the bilingual tense occurred according to the general law of Lithuanian language: in a single-syllable word, the strong-started prepositioné, if the syllable is not abbreviated, becomes a strong-started preposition. Only the Žemaičių and some of the Vysočiniai western dialects do not agree with this general law: they have kept the strongly started preteritum healthy in the future tense. 3. multi-stemmed verbs with i* (-y-) or i: < -inin the communicative stem, also have metatonia in the future tense 3 person: here the long vowel is shortened, and the firm preposition becomes abbreviated, e.g.: raSi*su, rašisi, rašis...; said, said, said...~ said, said, said...; will say, will say, will say; vadzi'su, vadzi'si, vadzis...~ I will, you will, you will be; kuri*su, kwrisi, kuris...~ kiirinsiu, kiirinsi, kūriūs (kiirénsiu, kiirénsi, kiirefis) and so on 4. verbs with two stems of the strong root pradés also have metatonijg in the predicate, in other words, they have a strong preposition in the predicate, e.g. aiū.ktau, ail.ktai, ai.ktu || aii.kt; kei.ktau, kei.ktai, kei.ktu“ || kei.kt; kel.tau, kel.tai, kel.tw || kel.t; dzif.ptau, dzir.ptai, dzir.ptu || dzir.pty stum.tau, stum.tai, stumi.tu || stum.t et al. 90 Metatonia is a very widespread phenomenon in Lithuanian dialects. It is known by the western Altays (Kapsai) and the Zemgalians (Dūnininkai) and, finally, by most of the eastern Altays dialects. This metatonia is a relatively recent thing. It was founded when the bridge was built over the river with a bridge bridge. In the past such words as: drei, dugti, bėgti, biiti, ésti, sėsti, šalti, virti, džiūti, etc. were pronounced at the ending (see Russian Oeey), and such as: irti, kdrti, rimti, skirti, skilti, vėrti, etc. were pronounced at the root. This is evidenced by the different dialects of Latvian. The words of the first group have the acute preposition in the present Latvian language: aft, atgt, bégt, būt, ēst, sést, salt, vift, žūt (dry), and the words of the second group have the ascending preposition: izt, kart, rimt, Skit, škilt, vert, etc. Traces of terminal pronunciation (tvirtaprade root) are also found in our dialects Southern Dzūki and now still say bu'tdu, butd+i; it shows terminal pronunciation Some fragments of this pronunciation have existed before in the described tar. 2000. Some twenty-five years ago I wrote the following examples: kab dejail.s an lū*do: ~ as dėjaūs on Iėdo (I fell badly); went" &jo and Sedos (going, going and sitting); kab gai.lescis stojo'si tai ir žodžiai radosi ~ as pity stoOsi, so and words radėsi (when pity came, so and words raudai appeared); such a little calf radé's ~ such a little calf radds. In the western dialect of Aukštaičiai (in the Kidulių district) I have noted the following sayings: aš tuojai nubėgail ir parsinešiau; You say you can, so fuck it. These few examples also support our statements about the root and ending pronunciation of verbs. Tvirtapradé preposition became a strong preposition primarily in the accentuation of terminal verbs by raising the accent from the ending to the root, e.g.: būtdu > bitiau, augtų > aiūgtų“ and so on. Later, according to this type, the pronunciation of the second type, i.e. the root type, was generalized. Thus, according to: afigtų, bėgtų, būtų, afty, ésty sėstų, vištų etc. started to say: ištų, rimtų, skirtų, skiltų, etc. Thus, today in the Southwestern Dzūkų dialect, the pronunciation of two-syllable verbs remains only one type of pronunciation, namely: left only the strong-end preposition, but the root pronunciation. Our literary language, by smoothing out the pronunciation of the verbal form, has gone the opposite way. This means that the pronunciation of the ending type has been generalized according to the root type, so that now all the verbs with a firm root are pronounced at the root and have a firm preposition. In this dialect, the long vowel is shortened in the pronoun of some two-syllable verbs of the strong-start root, and the strong-start preposition becomes abbreviated, e.g.: dzikc ~ to sprout: dziktau, dziktai, dziktu: || dzikt ~ to sprout, digtai, digtų | digt; Lise ~ break: /ūštau, lšštai, liso || ist ~ luztau, lūžtai, Iūžtų | zt; plisc ~ tear: plistw || plist; riško ~ rūgti: smoke | vitke: what did you eat! ~ That th sour! (gently shakes his head); slike ~ to slug: slėūktu || slike, 18 That, when the strike is drawn from the end to the root, tvirtapradé¢ pregaidé becomes tvirtagale, paro do and northern zuk3taiiy dialects, e.g.: arklys > af.klis, but d'rkT a (origin), galva > gal.va, but gd'lvo (end). 91 trūko ~ trūkti: trūktu: || trūkr, but: paerplištau, perrplištai, parrplištu | par plist! ~ pérplystau, pérplystai, pérplysty || pérplist. It is difficult to determine the origin of these metatonic examples. Most likely, this is an analogy according to the future tense. This seems to be supported by our last example, whose root and pronunciation are in complete agreement with the future tense facnim and pronunciation: pearrplišu, perrpli'ši, perpliš ~ pėrplyšiu, pėrplyši, pėrpliš. In addition, in this dialect, the abbreviated genders are used much more often in the 3rd person of the pronoun: dzike, lūšt, rake ~ digt, lūžt, rūgt, etc., where, according to the general law, metatonia had to occur when the root was abbreviated. Later, the 3rd person example was shortened to other forms and metatonia occurred throughout the pronoun. By the way, the latter examples once again confirm that the metatony of the pronoun is a new thing, namely: there is a younger abbreviation of single-syllable words in the strong-part suffix. Metatonia in compound words 1, Metatonia action in prepositional nouns, The proper action of metatonia can be traced more easily in prepositional nouns consisting of a preposition and a variable non-verbal ir part: a) ape: < about, api'-, api-: apigalvis (part of the apinary), api‘daira (concept, liuba), apj'piete* (lunch break), api-verpine: (thick linen cloth)..., but: apigamas (molar), apinastris (apinary), apivara (rope to tie the skirts or ji boots)..., adjectives: už api-auksės ~ apyaukštis, su api'ilgis, api'senis, apisto'ris, api-Zalis and so on. b) be: diona: beduone: (the time when there is no bread, bread ends) ga'lBo:s (dgs.): begal.vis, darbas: bedat-bis (who has no work), pld-ukas: beplaii.kis, karines: bekelnis..., bet: kdulas: bekd'ulis, kdja: bekdijis, pliksna, (plūsna): bepliksnis, Zd'ndas: bežd'ndzis and so on. C) nud || no:: niobrauko's, nuogre-bo's ntiosema, nuoteka (bride), miotarascis ~ nuotarastis (suspicion, judgment), photos, etc. d) dog; parauda (while weaving made rarity), pa-rslicke (while spinning released thinner -thread), perrsioge (transition), perlaidzini's —parrlaidzini: (transportation expenses- )..., but: pef.nagis (profit): good per.nagis will be; per.peres (part of the garment from the apical neck to the sleeve), pef.piete: (apical neck): or paf.gena per.piete- 's? ; per.takis (a place where everyone walks): paso'dzino' meda'lian to-ko per.tako“ neail.ks; pef.se; ja (circumference, made by séjant): pi-lno's oats per.seju added; per.vagis (circle, made by ploughing) etc. no metatonia. It is difficult to say why the latter examples have a strongly pointed premonition. They are older than the first ones, Perhaps because the first ones are more of an active origin, so their prefix has the same preposition as the verbs, and 14 True, very often it can be heard pronounced with the short,,i in all persons (plg. ‘tear’. 15 The prefix "per" with verbs and actionsubstantive nouns always have a firm prepositional beginner, like lk. 92 in the latter, which are of noun origin, the prepositionality is more felt, so here the preposition is prepositional. ir However, it is apparent that the metatonia of the latter "examples is a creature of ancient times. e) a little; pa : pdražis pdežis, ~ pdražari: pdežerę, ~ pd:dukre*, pdrsunis, pod'gro'žis (admiration, self-exhibition seeing others), pd'šmo'nis (observation, ir visitation), adjectives: pd'aukštis pdaukštis, pd'ilgis, pdrmažis, pd'trumpis and so on. Nouns with prefix ~ su „pa“ almost always has a metatonic: dafi.gu“ (vns. gal.): paddnge's, ga'lva" ~ gilva: pagal.ve (individual tax, small-family tax), juosta: pajudste: (apron), kd'Inas: pakal.ne“, kamū.pas: pakd'mpes, krantas: pakrdnte', vandeni": pavan.dene- 's (when it rains a lot or snow melts in spring): pavasario: pavan.dene- 's prasidės nemazné's išvažiūoc ~ pavdsario pavaūdenės prasidės, nemažnės išvažiuoti and so on. Adverbs of this type also have metatonics: sd-ule:: to the sun (from saulés), vandeni" (gal.): to the sea, vėjas: to the wind || to the wind, etc. However, we have examples without metatonia: barržas: paberržis (such a mushroom), gurkli“: pagūrkli“ (gal.), kd'ušas: pakd'ušis, ldngas: pald'nge", stégas: pastdge, šd'rmas: pašd'rmers, ilgas: pai-lgis (a piece of pie), i-lgas: pai-lgas (bdv.). f) prié: priegalvi-~ priegalvį, prievakaris, priemo'le' ~ priemolė (land with clay): priemole's very. cold; prietema (prievakaris), priekurte“ (a little deaf), priekušlis (around). g) priėš: priešakis, priežgina ~ priešgina, prįešpiecai ~ pusryčiai, priespusri'- cai ~ pusryčiai, etc. h) pro, pra: prd'švaiste- ", prd'tarpis, prédmecom (only by glancing): ja cik promecom pažurėjau ~ I just looked at the prėmečiom; karršas: prakef.šum, but: prakd'ulis, praskiépas, prapiéscis ~ prapiestis, etc. are without metatonia. i) with: sutemoss, sutaupo's, siurausvis (pink), su-pilkis, su"Partas (woven swarts, i.e., tree), swžalis (patterned), but: sugra-tai ~ sugrąžtai (atgraZtai), sup ertufe’s, etc. (i) su < san-: surmalinus mala; siunaru skail.da ~ joints hurt; sismauga, siu-PBaros (suvértuves), si-fela (susivélélis), etc. k) užuo, za: užūogana, užūomarša, užuopBarta (uzsispyrélis)... Sometimes the prefix za also acquires an elongated vowel and a strong-beginning preposition (see prefix with): uškuri's —uškuri: ~ užkurys —ūžkurį. 1) on, in: an.tjuoscis ~ belt, arfi.ketešenis, an.tfo-fe: and so on if.kill, if.clone, iū-migis, im.pile, in.jagin: td'u rai. Ra garo" in.ragagino" (good whip), These two prepositions, it seems, never have metatonics. The laws of the action of metatonia are even more difficult to determine in binomial nouns than in prepositional nouns, e.g. : a) buozgalvis (kūjutis), but: rufapjicte’, oškavi"ine": vūŪno" su o:škavi'ini ~ wool with goat wool (rough); b) givaplaii.kei, šalavai.ne* (such a bird), graitadar.be*, kraivagalvis and so on, but: raudonguūrklis (such a bird), ilgavaride: (pig softened), bal93