Kirčio ir priegaidės kaita, arba metatonija, pietvakarių dzūkų tarmėje

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI,I LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA STRESS AND TONE-ACCENT ALTERNATION, OR METATONY, IN THE SOUTHWESTERN DZŪKAI DIALECT E. MIKALAUSKAITĖ Metatony in Lithuanian, as in other Indo-European languages, is a very ancient phenomenon. Yet it remains active today. Distinguishing ancient from newer metatonic phenomena is not easy1. Therefore, in her work, which is primarily descriptive in nature, the author does not attempt either to explain metatony or to trace its development. Here, she has merely sought to record the facts and provide a certain classification of these phenomena in the dialect under study. Metatonic phenomena are of two kinds: purely phonetic and, in a certain sense, morphological. The latter metatonic phenomena might in fact be regarded as one of the morphological devices and therefore would perhaps be better discussed in connection with word formation. The author, however, follows the arrangement of traditional grammars here. That metatony primarily serves to distinguish word meanings and thereby stands closer to word formation and semantics is also attested in other Indo-European languages, for example: Greek λευκός (white): λεῦκος (a kind of fish), or Sanskrit kṛṣṇá-h (black): kṛṣṇa-h (antelope); Russian замо́к (castle): замо́к (lock); Latvian laũks (field, noun): làuks (field, adjective). The same device is also used in contemporary standard Lithuanian, for example: àpsiaustas (surrounded): apsiaũstas (cloak), ãvalynė (footwear): avalìnė (shoe shop), and so on. In these examples, we encountered not only tone-accent but also stress alternation. In Lithuanian, and thus in this dialect as well, tone-accent alternation is more widely used, but we also find instances of stress alternation, though less frequently. This work will not distinguish between stress and tone-accent alternation; both phenomena will be examined together, since they are related and often intertwined. In the Southwestern Dzūkai dialect, stress and tone-accent alternation is primarily used to distinguish homonymous words of the same origin and derivation that share a root, for example: mẹ̀lìnè (a blue mark on the body): mẹ̀lìnẹ̀ (a berry), áukštas (adjective): aũkštas (noun), raũkìmas, -aì (folds in a creased garment): rù̃kìmas, -aì (wrinkles), and so on. We find more examples of stress alternation among adverbs, for example: kur tep ilgai buvai? (temporal adverb): ilgaì nèpjàuk (manner adverb); aš pas- 1 Cf. J. E n d z e l ī n s, The Sounds and Forms of the Baltic Languages, 13, Riga, 1948. 85 kū̃: atẽi.s u (adverb of time): the foal runs after (adverb of manner); skẽr.sai² lengthwise³ across the holy altar and you won't find anything: cut across the ends, crosswise⁴ and lengthwise⁵; šviesei parẽ:jom (adverb of time): šviesei. žã:las (adverb of manner); they came back late at night, late at night. žã:las; var.gei gĩ:vas (barely alive): he'll hardly come. is atẽi.s (he probably won't come); gives too much: — have you gathered much rye yet? — not too much (not very much, not much); the hoofprint is too large: not too large (not large) but the horse is fast. Stress alternation is also used when a certain case of a noun that still has a full paradigm functions as an adverb, for example: with all the things scattered about (in places) left the things lying scattered; don't grow tired of his beauty⁶: give beauty; although you keep saying “with his goodness”⁷, nothing will come of it, etc. As has already been mentioned, pitch-accent alternation is used in this dialect much more widely than stress alternation. It is used primarily to distinguish homonymous words of different meanings that are related (or of different origins), for example: á:ncis (a bird): aň.cis (of a shirt), kâltas (a tool): kãl.tas (adjective), miėlas (adjective): miėlas (plaster), á:ušta (broth): aū̃.šta (dawn), dé̃:ng̃a ~ déngia (walks quickly): deň.ga ~ deñgia (puts a roof on), dá:řkc — dá:řg̃a ~ dērgi — dérgia (to punch holes, to perforate): deř.kc — deř.ka ~ dērkti — deřkia, má:řkc ~ mérkti (the eye): meř.kc ~ merkti (flax, hemp), káuksi ~ kiáuksi (a jackdaw, a jackdaw's cry): káu.ksi ~ kiáuksi (a puppy), váu ~ viáu (the sound of a cat yowling): váu. ~ viáu (the sound of a puppy barking), etc. In this dialect, metatony is most often found between the falling and rising accents, or conversely—between the rising and falling accents. Less often it occurs between the short and rising accents, and conversely—between the rising and short accents; least often, it occurs between the short and falling accents or the mid accent. Metatony in nouns It has already been noted that metatony is used alongside other means in the formation of nominal words. In the dialect under discussion, metatony occurs in nominal word formation in the following cases: 1. In derived nouns, where the accent also changes when the stem changes: a) to mark a difference in gender (the falling accent changes to rising, and conversely, rising to falling): vĩl.kas: ví.lke (female), maĩ.šas: maĩše (a large, wide sack for stuffing chaff). This group could also include such recent denominal derivatives of adjectival origin, for example: bá:lcis (a white male pig): bãl.te (a white sow), juódzis (a black tomcat): juõde (a black cat), má:rgis (a mottled bull calf): mãr.ge (a mottled heifer), pá:liš (a dun horse): pãl.še (a dun mare), pí.lkis (a gray tomcat): pĩl.ke || pí.lke (a gray cat), etc.; b) to denote a particular occupation or trade (the rising accent changes to falling): ká:ilis: kãi.lus (a furrier), púodas: puõdζus (a potter) 2–5 In the latter examples the distinction is rarely made. 6, 7 In these examples, only the older generation makes the distinction. 86 etc. This group should include such recent formations, e.g.: bùlvė: bul.ßus (a potato lover), duona: duõnus (a bread lover), kãulas: kaũ.lus (someone who likes gnawing bones), pienas: piẽnus (a milk lover), etc. 2. In derived nouns from adjectives: a) to denote concrete nouns: áukštas: aũ.kštas; b) to denote abstract nouns: áukštas: aũ.kštis ~ height, íl:gas: il:gis, ká:rštas: kar:ščis ~ heat, stó:ras: stõ:ris, šál:tas: šal:cis ~ cold, etc. In these derivatives, we find metatony between the acute and circumflex accents. 3. In derived nouns from verbs: a) to denote concrete nouns: α) the acute accent changes to the circumflex: ká:nda: kan:das (a moth), tráu.ke ~ to pull: traũ.kas (a weakling; someone who shrinks back), vá.lgi.c ~ to eat: vał.gis, bráizge.c ~ to become shaggy (to bristle): brai.zgæs (a bristly person), svæ:r.c ~ to weigh: sva:r.scis (a pair of scales), vę:r.c ~ to string: va:r.tai; β) the circumflex accent becomes acute: li:n.kc ~ to bend: li:n.kis (a knee brace, bending of the leg): kó:ja skaũ.da per li:n.ki; mi:c ~ to tread: pami:nklas: sviẽto pami:nklai! (an unheard-of thing); pastá:te· naũ.ju pami:nklu ~ they erected a new monument; vę:r.š.č ~ to tighten: vá:rža (a tool for catching fish); b) to denote abstract nouns (the acute accent becomes circumflex): gráu.sc ~ to thunder: graũ.smas ~ thunder, kæ:ikc ~ to curse: kėi.ksmas, etc. c) to denote so-called common-gender nouns (the circumflex accent becomes acute): drim.ba: drímba ~ a slovenly person (a sloven), nũr.žga ~ to grumble: nũrzga ~ a grumbler (a sourpuss, complainer), šúr.pcie ~ to shiver: šúr.pa ~ a shiver (a disheveled person), etc. 4. In suffixed adjectives, where the acute accent becomes circumflex: a) bá.ltas: bal.svas, júodas: juõsvas, pí.lkas: pil.ksvas, báltas: bal.zganas, etc.; b) with root-vowel alternation: mé:li.nas: mel.svas, etc. Metatony in verbs In the verbal system, metatony occurs much more widely than in nouns. Here it serves not only to form new words, but also new meanings and new categories. In verbs, metatony occurs in the following cases: 1. In forming derived primary verbs, where the acute accent becomes circumflex, e.g.: júodas: juõsta, bitter — kár.tu: kar.sta, má.rgas: mar.ksta ~ becomes mottled, pí.lkas: pil.ksta: vã.idas papil.ksta; í.lgas: prail.ksta || pra-íl.ksta ~ grows long: without work it grows long; pá.rkai (fades): apár.ksta ~ becomes inactive: the potato sprouts grow inactive in the rich soil (the potatoes contract the disease); well, your grass-colored hands turn black (turn black). 2. In forming derived secondary verbs: a) inchoative verbs with the suffix -auti, where the circumflex accent becomes acute, e.g.: marči — mar.ču: már.tauna || már.tauja, mergà — mer.gu: 87 mė˙rgauna || mė˙rgauja: I was a young girl.—mė˙rgavau⁸; I got married—màrta vau⁹; I grew old.—I got eyes, and through those eyes I myself came out. (poppy); bérgždžà—bérgždžù: bérgždauja || bérgždauja: for the second year the cow has been bérgždauja; half of our men are bérgždauja (are unmarried, bachelors); b) intransitive verbs with the suffix -uoti, in which the falling-rising accent becomes rising, e.g.: báltas: bal.tuoja, júodas: juodúoja, márgas: mar.guoja, mė˙linas: mė˙linuoja¹⁰, pàlas: pal.suoja, pìlkas: pil.kuoja etc.; c) intransitive verbs with the suffix -ėti, in which the rising accent becomes falling-rising: ai.šč~to split: á˙žėc~to split: the hands burst from running (they burst); dau.šč~to smash: dáuže˙c~to smash: silk, while standing, gets smashed~silk, while standing, gets smashed; ker.ta: to hang || kèrteja: from those sides the hands become numb (the belt) and one cannot wash them; klì.šč~to err (mistake?): klá.ide˙c: we wandered until midnight, until we came out onto the road; svei.kc~to recover: sve˙ikė.c~to recover: may your little geese recover all their feathers (so that the goslings would be healthy); brìk.šč~to fray (bràižgas?): bráizge˙c~to fray: the handkerchiefs are already fraying a little (fraying little by little, becoming ragged). 3. In forming secondary occupational verbs (the rising accent becomes falling-rising): dárbas: dar.buja (works). 4. In forming causative verbs: a) from nouns and adjectives: bjaurùs — bjaù.ru˙: makes ugly, daí.lus — daí.lu: dá.lina: how did you get so thin? (you lost weight); kal.tas: kál.cina~káltina, saù.sas: sá.usina, svei.kas: sve˙ikina, šve˙n.tas: šve˙ncina~šventina, mergà—mer.gu: mė˙rgınasi (is in love), vár.gas: vàrgina, smá.las || sme˙.las: smá.lina || sme˙ilina¹¹: nusismá.ilino˙ gražùtukai (the poor things became completely destitute), kai anàs bùt ilgáu. pabùsis bùt mùs visá.i nusmá.ilinis (they would have lived longer, become impoverished); b) from basic verbs: ár.ža~to harrow: á.rzina~to harrow, bír.ba: bír-bina, čìr.ka: čì.rkina, kir.ka: kí.rkina || kí.rko; zìr.ža: zì.rzina, cì.la~to become quiet: cì.ldo, gì.la: gí.ldo, pì.la: pí.ldo, žì.la: žì.ldo, vèr.ka: ví.rkdo~ virkdo, etc. In verbs of this type, the falling-rising accent always becomes rising. 5. In forming iterative verbs: a) those expressing a simple repeated action, in which the falling-rising accent becomes rising: α) kam.šo˙: ká.mšoja~to stuff, vaìr.to: và.rtel.oja, šlau.ža~ ⁸, ⁹ In these examples, metatony also serves to distinguish word meanings: mártauti, mė˙rgauti mean ‘to be a daughter-in-law, a young woman,’ whereas martáuti, mergáuti mean ‘to seek a daughter-in-law, a young woman.’ However, this distinction is no longer made by everyone. Older speakers still distinguish them, while younger speakers accent both meanings on the suffix. ¹⁰ Verbs of this type are also variably accented on the suffix, e.g.: mė˙linuoja, pilkuojaetc. Verbs of this kind with a different meaning are likewise always accented on the suffix, e.g.: mė˙linuoja, raudo˙nuoja(smears or dyes blue, red). ¹¹ In this word, metatony is also used to distinguish word meanings: the verb in its literal sense has a falling-rising accent; for example, one most often hears: no˙rá.gu˙ smá.lina || sme˙.lina, kuólu sme˙.lina; but nusismá.ilino˙(became destitute). 88 šliáužia: šláužoja ~ šliáužioja, kai̇̀šo: ká'išoja ~ ká' išoja etc. β) (with vowel alternation in the root): nár.pa: ne'rploja, vèlka: vá'lkoja, rièca: rá'icoja, gnì-ba: gná'ibo; b) denoting a repeated action performed slowly: α) the acute accent becomes circumflex: smá'uga: smaũ.go: visùs paršukùs išsmáu.ge ~ visus paršiukus išsmaugė (cf. išskardė, i.e. slaughtered one at a time); gná'ibo: gnai.bo: nespė'į bulbùkės usimėkšč ir jau. gnai.bo ~ didn’t have time to get the little potatoes into the sack, and already gnaibo (picks at them little by little); β) the short accent (following vowel alternation) becomes circumflex: knìsa: knai.so: kaũ.le nenó'ri é's ci knai.so ~ the pig doesn’t want to eat, it only knaiso (roots around little by little); kiša: kai.šo etc. c) iterative verbs of effort, which always have the acute accent: α) the circumflex accent becomes acute (the root remains unchanged): 1) či̇r.ka ~ či̇̀kia: čìr.kauna, gai.li: gá'ilauna, krū'ga ~ krūgia: krū'gauna ~ krūgauna, prun.kš ča: prun'kštauna, švil.pa ~ švilpia: švi'lpauna, ùr.zga ~ ùṙzgia: ùṙzgauna, ver.ka ~ verkia: vè'rkauna¹² etc., 2) with vowel alternation in the root: gei.dza ~ geidžia: gá'idauna: viz gá'idavau gà'idavau in Vi'l'nu. nuvažiucoc ale gá'l jau netėks ~ I kept longing, kept longing (really wanted) to go to Vilnius, but perhaps it won’t work out now; rẽn.ca ~ renčia: rá'ntauja, sé'dzi i rá'ntauja li'k sė'ne ~ sits and rambles like an old woman (talks, spins a yarn); spiẽga: spi'gauna, žviẽga: žvi'gauna, krai.pa ~ kreipia: kri'pčoja ~ krypčioja, tū'pa ~ tūpia: tū'pčoja ~ tūpčioja, žań.ga ~ žengia: ži'nkčioja ~ žingčioja, krań.to: kri'msčoja ~ krimščioja etc. β) the short accent becomes acute (the root acquires an lengthened grade of the vowel): súka: súkina || sú'koja: kàs teb diònu apsú'kino? (broke off the crust); nesú'kokit lai.kro.džo! ~ don’t keep turning the clock! (don’t wind it repeatedly); súpa: súpauna: pasú'pauk manì (give me a little push); d) gradual iterative verbs, in which the acute accent changes to circumflex: láuka: lù'kurauna, smáudža: smù'durauna, stú'ga: stū'gurauna etc. ė) diminutive-action iterative verbs: kláuša ~ kláusia: klau-sinėja || klausinėja. Here too, the acute accent becomes circumflex. 6. Momentary-action verbs can also undergo metatony. Here the circumflex accent generally corresponds to the acute, e.g.: krái.pc ~ kreipti: kri'pterėc ~ krypterėti, lan.kc ~ lenkti: li'nkterėc ~ linkterėti, siẽkc ~ siekti: si'kterėc ~ sykterėti, švil.pc ~ švilpti: švi'lpterėc ~ švilpterėti, žvel.kc ~ žvelgti: žvi'lkterėc ~ žvilgterėti etc. Compared with related verbs, interjections also show accent alternation: a) the circumflex accent becomes acute, e.g.: lan.kc ~ lenkti: li'nkc < *linkti, siẽkc: si'kc ~ sykt, žiẽpc ~ žiebti: ži'pc ~ žybt, žań.kc ~ žengti: ži'nkc ~ žingt; b) the circumflex or acute accent becomes short (the root has the weak grade of the vowel): drẽ.pc ~ drėbti: dri.pc ~ dribt, dziẽkc ~ diegti: ¹² The word “verkauti” actually means ‘to weep little by little’, so semantically it would fit better among gradual iterative verbs. Only its formation here is the same as that of iterative verbs of effort. 89 dži̇kc ~ digt, spāus c ~ spāusti: spū̄s c ~ spūst, trāukc ~ traukti: trūk c ~ trūkt, etc. Strictly speaking, momentary-aspect verbs, considering their origin, should be regarded as lacking metatony, since they are more closely related to interjections, with which they share a root (with the same root vowel) and the same accent. They are included here only for the sake of completeness of the verb system. Metatony in verb accentuation So far, we have discussed metatony phenomena that are more or less associated with derivational devices. However, purely phonetic metatony phenomena also occur in this dialect. They are found in the system of verb accentuation. In verb accentuation, metatony occurs in the following cases: 1. The verbs mir.c, gim.c ~ mirti, gimti ‘to die, to be born’ have metatony in the present tense: mi̇ršta, gi̇msta || gėma. In the word “mirti,” the metatony is old (cf. Latvian miršt), but the metatony in the second example is the result of analogy with “mirti.” In addition, the form gėma ~ gema is more widely used in the dialect. 2. The third-person singular of the future tense of disyllabic verbs with an acute root, like the 1st person singular, has metatony: a) the acute accent becomes circumflex: áuksu, áuksi, aũks ~ augsiu, augsi, aũgs; dži̇rpsu, dži̇rpsi, dži̇rps ~ dirbsiu, dirbsi, dirbs; dė̇su, dė̇si, dė̇s ~ dėsiu, dėsi, dėš, etc.; b) the acute accent becomes short: bū̇su, bū̇si, būs ~ būsiu, būsi, būs; pū̇s u, pū̇si: pūs; li̇c ~ lyti: lįs, ri̇c ~ ryti: ris, dži̇kc ~ dygti: dži̇ks ~ digs, pli̇šč ~ plyšti: pliš, but: s ū̇c ~ siūti: s ū̇s ~ siūs; vi̇̇sc ~ vysti: vi̇̇s ~ vys. Here, apparently, metatony did not occur because of the difference in meaning (cf. s ū̇s c ~ siūsti: s ū̇s ~ siūs, vi̇sc ~ visti: vi̇s). Future-tense metatony occurred in accordance with the general rule of Lithuanian: in a monosyllabic word, the acute accent becomes circumflex if the syllable is not shortened. Only Samogitian and some Western Aukštaitian dialects do not conform to this general rule: in the future tense, they have preserved the acute accent intact. 3. Polysyllabic verbs whose infinitive stem ends in i̇- (-y-) or i̇- < -in- also show metatony in the third-person singular of the future tense: here the long vowel is shortened, and the acute accent becomes short, e.g.: raši̇su, raši̇si, raši̇s....; saki̇su, saki̇si, saki̇s... ~ rašysiu, rašysi, rašys...; sakysiu, sakysi, sakys; vadži̇su, vadži̇si, vadži̇s... ~ vadinsiu, vadinsi, vadins, va-dins; kuri̇su, kuri̇si, kuri̇s... ~ kūrinsiu, kūrinsi, kūrins (kūrėns i u, kūrėnsi, kūrėns), etc. 4. Disyllabic verbs with an acute root also show metatony in the conditional mood; in other words, they have a circumflex accent in the conditional mood, e.g.: aũ.ktau, aũ.ktai, aũ.ktu || aũ.kt; kei̇.ktau, kei̇.ktai, kei̇.k-tu || kei̇.kt; kel.tau, kel.tai, kel.tu || kel.t; dži̇r.ptau, dži̇r.ptai, dži̇r.ptu || dži̇r.pt; stuṁ.tau, stuṁ.tai, stuṁ.tu || stuṁ.t, etc. 90 The metatony of the subjunctive mood is a very widespread phenomenon in Lithuanian dialects. It is known among the western Aukštaitians (Kapsai), the Samogitians (Dūnininkai), and, finally, most East Aukštaitian dialects. This metatony is a relatively recent development. It arose when the ending stress of roots with an acute accent merged with root stress. In earlier times, words such as: árti, áugti, bėgti, būti, ėsti, sėsti, šalti, vírti, džūti, etc., were stressed on the ending (cf. Russian бегу́), while words such as: ìrti, kárti, rìmti, skìrti, skìlti, vêrti, etc., were stressed on the root. This is attested by the different tones in Latvian. In present-day Latvian, words of the first group have the broken tone: ārt, augt, bēgt, būt, ēst, sēst, salt, vìrt, žūt (to dry), while those of the second group have the rising tone: ìrt, kàrt, rìmīt, šķìrt, šķìlt, vērt, etc. Traces of ending stress (on acute-accented roots) are also found in our dialects. The southern Dzūkai still say burtáu, burtái; this indicates ending stress. Earlier, a few remnants of this stress pattern were also found in the dialect under description. About twenty-five years ago, I recorded the following examples: kab dėjaũ·s an lā·do· ~ how I fell onto the ice (I fell hard); ė·jo· ė·jo· ir sė·dė·s (went and went, then sat down); kab gailėsis stojōsi tai ir žō·džāi radō·si ~ how grief arose, and so the words arose (when pity arose, the words for lament also came); tokìs mažùkas veršiùkas radō·s ~ such a little calf appeared. In the western Aukštaitian dialect (in the Kiduliai area), I noted the following expressions: I ran there at once and brought it back; I say, if you know how, then learn. These few examples also support our claims about root and ending stress in verbs. The acute tone became circumflex first in verbs of the ending-stress type, as stress shifted from the ending to the root, e.g.: būtáu > bū́tau, augtų́ > augtų13, etc. Later, stress in the second type—that is, the root-stress type—was generalized according to this pattern as well. Thus, by analogy with: aìgtų, bėgtų, būtų, artų, ėstų sėstų, virtų, etc., speakers began to say: ìrtų, rìm tų, skìrtų, skìltų, etc. As a result, only one stress pattern remains today in the subjunctive of disyllabic verbs in the southwestern Dzūkian dialect: namely, circumflex tone and root stress. Our standard language took the opposite path in leveling stress in the subjunctive. Thus, stress in the ending-stress type was generalized according to the root-stress type, so now all verbs with acute-accented roots are stressed on the root and have the acute tone. In this dialect, in the subjunctive of some disyllabic verbs with acute-accented roots, a long vowel is shortened and the acute tone becomes short, e.g.: dzì·kc ~ to sprout: dzìktau, dzìktai, dzìktu || dzìkt ~ I would sprout, you would sprout, he/she would sprout || sprout; lū·šč ~ to break: lūštau, lūštai, lūštu || lūšt ~ I would break, you would break, he/she would break || break; plì·šč ~ to tear: plìštu || I would tear; rù·kc ~ to ferment: rùktu || rùkt! ka tù surūk-tai! ~ may you ferment! (a mild swear); slù·kc ~ to subside: slùktu || slùkt, 13 That the acute tone becomes circumflex when stress shifts from the ending to the root is also shown by the northern Aukštaitian dialects, e.g.: arkìys > ār.kèlis, but à·rkl a (kiln.), galvù > gal.va, but gà·lvo (gen.). 91 trūkė ~ to run out: trūktu || trūkt, but: pærplištau, pærplištai, pærplištu || pær-plišt14 ~ I would tear through, you would tear through, he/she would tear through || pérplyšt. It is difficult to determine the origin of the metatony in these examples. Most likely, it is by analogy with the future tense. The last example of ours seems to support this, as its root and stress pattern fully match those of the future tense: pæ’rplišu, pæ’rpliši, pæ’rpliš ~ I will tear through, you will tear through, he/she will tear through. Moreover, in this dialect, the third person of the subjunctive is much more often used in shortened forms: džikt, lūžt, rūkt ~ to sprout, to break, to ferment, etc., where, according to the general rule, metatony should have occurred as the root shortened. Later, by analogy with the third-person forms, the other forms were shortened, and metatony took place throughout the subjunctive. Incidentally, these latter examples once again confirm that metatony in the subjunctive is a recent development, namely, that it postdates the shortening of monosyllabic words with the acute tone. Metatony in compound words 1. The operation of metatony in prefixed nouns. The regular operation of metatony can be traced more easily in prefixed nouns consisting of a preposition and an inflected non-verbal part of speech: a) ā’pæ- < around, api-, api-: api’galvis (part of a muzzle), api’daira (a circuit, a swath), api’pietė (a midday rest), api’verpinė (thick linen cloth)..., but: apigamas (a mole), apināstris (a muzzle), apivara (a cord for tying on trousers or leg wraps)..., adjectives: api’au kštis ~ apyaukštis, api’ilgis, api’senis, api’storis, api’žalis, etc. b) bė: dúona: beduõnė. (a time when there is no bread, when the bread runs out) gá’lβos (plural): begalvis, dá’rbas: bedar’bis (someone who has no work), pláukus: beplau-kis, kælne’s: bekel’nis..., but: ká·ulas: beká·ulis, kója: bekó·jis, plúksna, beplúkšnis, žá’ndas: bežá’ndzis, etc. c) nuõ || n’õ: núobraukos, núogrę·bos núosema, núoteka (a bride), núota-rascis ~ núotarasistis (a suspicion, a conjecture), núotrauko·s, etc. d) pēr15. pæ’rauda (a thin place made during weaving), pæ’rsliėkė (a thinner thread accidentally released while spinning), pæ’rstogė (a pause), perlaidžini’s — pæ’rlaidžini’ (a carriage's crossing), etc., but: per’nagis (profit): gæ’ras pær’nagis bus; pēr’pete’s (the part of a garment from the collar to the sleeve), pēr’pietė (around midday): or pār’gena pēr’pietė·s?; pēr’takis (a place where everyone walks): pasordžino· medė·li· an to·kō· pēr’tako· neau·ks; pēr·se·ja (a detour made while sowing): pį·lno’s ā·vižo’s pēr·se·ju pridarīta; pēr·vagis (a detour made while ploughing), etc., have no metatony. It is difficult to say why the latter examples have a falling-rising accent. After all, they are older than the first ones. Perhaps this is because the first examples are more verbal in origin, so their prefixes also have the same accent as those of verbs, and 14 Indeed, one can very often hear it pronounced with short “i” in all persons (cf. “plyšti”). 15 The prefix “per” with verbs and deverbal nouns always has a falling-rising accent, as in standard Lithuanian. 92 in the latter ones, which are of nominal origin, the prepositional character is more strongly felt, and therefore the accent is also prepositional here. However, it is clear that metatony in the latter examples is a relic of ancient times. e) pó-, pa: pó·ažis ~ požezis, pó·ažari ~ požezė, pó·dukre, pó·sunis, pó-gro·žis (admiration, showing oneself and seeing others), pó·žmo·nis (socializing, visiting), adjectives: pó·aukštis ~ požaukštis, pó·ilgis, pó·mažis, pó·trumpis, etc. Nouns with the prefix “pa” almost always have metatony: dan·gu (sg. acc.): padánge·s, gá·lvą ~ galvą: pagal·ve· (an individual tax, a small household tax), juósta: pajuóste· (an apron), ká·lnas: pakal·ne·, kam·pas: pa-kámpe·s, kran·tas: pakrá·nte·, vá·ndeni·: pavañ·dene·s (when it rains a lot or snow melts in spring): pava·saro· pavañ·dene·s prasidė·s nemážne·s išvažiuoc ~ pavasario pavañdenės prasidės, nemažnės išvažiuoti, etc. Adverbs of this kind also have metatony: sá·ule·: pasaul·ui (turning away from the sun), vá·ndeni· (acc.): pavañ·denui, vé·jas: pavé·ji || pavé·jui, etc. However, we also have examples without metatony: bá·ržas: pabá·ržis (a kind of mushroom), gú·rblė: pa-gú·rklė (acc.), ká·usas: paká·usis, lá·ngas: palá·nge·, stó·gas: pastó·ge·, sá·rmas: pasá·rme·s, í·gas: paí·lgis (a loaf of bread), í·gas: paí·lgas (adj.). f) priè: priegalvi ~ priegalvį, prieva karis, priemo·lė ~ priemolė (soil with clay): priemo·lė·s labaĩ. indžústa; príetema (dusk), príekurtė· (slightly hard of hearing), príekušlis (partly blind). g) prieš: priešakis, priešgina ~ priešgina, priešpie·čiai ~ priešpiečiai, prieš-pusri·čiai ~ priešpusryčiai, etc. h) pró·, pra: pró·švaistė·, pró·tarpis, pró·me·c·om (just glancing): aš cik pró·me·c·om pažurė·jau ~ I only took a quick look; ke·ršas: praker·šum, but: praká·ulis, praskiep as, prapiestis ~ prapiestis, etc., are without metatony. i) su: sú·temo·s, sú·taupo·s, sú·rausvis (reddish), sú·pilkis, sú·partas (woven with a pattern, i.e. herringbone), sú·žalis (greenish), but: sugrážtai ~ sugrąžtai (screwdrivers), suβ·ertuβe·s, etc. j) su < san-: sú·malinus má·la; sú·naru skau·da ~ the joints hurt; sú-sma uga, sú·βaro·s (a threading-together), sú·βe·la (a little bundle), etc. k) užuo, už: užúogana, užúomarša, užúoβarta (a stubborn person) … Sometimes the prefix už also acquires a lengthened vowel and a circumflex accent (cf. the prefix su): u·škuri·s — u·škuri· ~ užkurys — užkuri. l) ant, in: án·tjuoscis ~ ántjuostis (waistband), án·tkešenis, án·tβo·že·, etc. iñ·kilas, iñ·klornis, iñ·mgis, iñ·pilas, iñ·žaginis; tá·u rai·ka gė·ro· in·žagino· (good switches). These two prepositions apparently never have metatony. 2. The operation of metatony in two-stem nominal forms. In two-stem nominal forms it is even more difficult to establish the laws governing the operation of metatony than in prefixed forms, e.g.: a) buožgal·vis (a tadpole), but: rugapjú·te·, o·škraiv·lne·: ví·lno· su o·škraiv·lni ~ wool with goat hair (coarse); b) gi·vaplaũ·kei, žalavař·ne· (a kind of bird), graitadár·be·, kraivagal·vis, etc., but: raudongúrklis (a kind of bird), ilgavé·ide· (a sow that has been softened), bal- 93 taplū'ksnis, baltasėdis, ilgakõjis, ilgavãrpis, kraivabõrnis, kietasprāndis, kietašĩrdzis, labanãuda; c) baltmar̃gis, mė'liñdrėžis, raudonmar̃gis, žalmãrgis, etc. d) devi'ngalvis || devingal.vis, šimtadařbis, but: devi'nšārdė: || devinšārdė: ~ devynsėrdė (a flower, Dianthus barbatus), devi'nšārvė: || devinšā'rvė: (the same); e) apsmuk.takel.nis, but: išverstagė'rklis (a screamer), varvanó'sis, etc. The examples given show that it is impossible to establish a regular pattern of metatony in two-stem compounds, since words of the same structure sometimes exhibit metatony and sometimes do not. Moreover, it can be observed that there are fewer examples with metatony than without it. The examples with metatony seem to be older. It can also be observed that the accent of the first component of a compound, if that component is stressed, always remains unchanged, whereas the acute accent of the second component, when it is stressed, sometimes remains unchanged and sometimes becomes circumflex. The circumflex accent almost always remains unchanged. The so-called prefixed nominal forms are a different matter. Here metatony operates according to certain rules, which can be formulated as follows: 1. Prepositions nuo, prie, prieš, when used as prefixes, always undergo metatony if they bear the stress16. 2. The prepositional prefix per undergoes metatony with verbs and deverbal nouns, but not with denominal nouns. 3. The prepositional prefixes po, pro undergo metatony if they bear the stress; if they are unstressed, they are shortened to pa-, pra-, in which case the stressed component may undergo metatony, but may also remain without it. 4. Nominal forms with the prepositional prefix be may or may not have metatony in the root. The prefix itself is usually unstressed. 5. The preposition apė is not used as a prefix; it stands in for ap-, api-, apy-. The prefix apy- always has an acute accent. It can only be stressed. The prefix api- is likewise found only stressed, with a short accent. 6. The prepositional prefixes su-, už-, when used with nominal forms, sometimes take an extended vowel grade and then have an acute accent. 7. No metatony has been observed in the prepositional prefixes ant-, in-. 8. Finally, it should be noted that metatony is more firmly established in prefixed nominal forms than in two-stem compounds. This is because the very process of forming the latter is not yet fully established. 9. It may be added that in the verbal system metatony is not only applicable much more widely, but is also much more firmly established than in the nominal system. 10. Moreover, it should be noted that the operation of metatony, like that of other phonetic laws, is not constant. In other words, not all instances of metatony are equally durable. Less widespread phenomena, as has already been mentioned in the article itself, are disappearing, for example: in certain adverbs, certain less frequent 16 Metatony is understood here in the sense of the contemporary language, not historically. 94 Younger speakers are no longer familiar with the double accentuation of verbs, still used by the older generation. However, more general phenomena of metatony (for example, the accentuation of certain verb categories) are becoming increasingly generalized and turning into a new means of word formation. CHANGE IN STRESS AND INTONATION, OR METATONY, IN THE SOUTHWESTERN DIALECT OF THE DZŪKAI Е. В. МИКАЛАУСКАЙТЕ Abstract Metatony is a very ancient phenomenon in the Lithuanian language, but it is still evident today. This article examines the operation of metatony in one of the southwestern Dzūkian dialects. Since this dialect borders the southern dialect of the western Aukštaitian variety, which formed the basis of the Lithuanian literary language, this study may also serve as a reference point for identifying certain metatonic phenomena in the Lithuanian literary language. The author divides all metatonic phenomena into two main groups: purely phonetic phenomena and word-formational phenomena. Special attention is given to the latter: the manifestation of metatony in nouns and verbs is demonstrated. The article shows that, in forming new categories and new meanings, metatony is applied much more widely in verbs than in nouns. In examining purely phonetic phenomena of metatony, the origins of metatony in the future-tense and subjunctive forms are established. In the subjunctive, metatony arose as a result of the merging of baritone and oxytone types of verbal stress. In addition, the author concludes that the manifestation of metatony in compound words has not yet been fully established. Finally, it is concluded that not all metatonic phenomena are equally stable. Less widespread and less frequent metatonic phenomena disappear, while more widespread and more commonly used ones become generalized and turn into a stable means of word formation.