Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos priebalsinių fonemų sudėtis

Lai:E.4[T.U.- V. I-U K A. L B O T Y R O S K. L A USIM ALI LASB.T.U. In the OS TSR MOK. SLUYU AK A. D E MIJj A THE COMPOSITION OF LITHUANIAN LITTERARY LANGUAGE EXTENSIVE PHONEMS V. VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ 1. Understanding phoneme When we talk about consonant phonemes of Lithuanian literary language, we must define the very concept of phoneme, indicate the number of phonemes of Lithuanian language and characterize each of them separately. Soviet linguistics on phoneme is based on the achievements of L. Ščerba and his students in this field. The phoneme questions for this work are taken from L. Zinder's "General Phonetics". In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes the meanings of words or morphemes. Each language has a very small number of phonemes, usually only a few dozen, which make up all the words and morphemes of that language. This indicates that a phoneme is not associated with any particular word or morpheme, but only occurs in many words and morphemes and is abstracted from them. If a phoneme is associated with a single word or morpheme, the decay of individual words in a language would necessarily reflect in the number of sounds in the language. The history of any language shows how remarkably constant the number of sounds in a language is, perhaps even more so than its grammar. It must be said that the consistency of the grammatical structure of all languages depends in part on the consistency of the sounds. Although a phoneme is abstracted from specific words and morphemes, it nevertheless participates in the sound expression of those words and morphemes of which it is a part. Thus, on the one hand, a phoneme is abstracted from a particular word or morpheme, and on the other, it exists only in the word and the morpheme. Without a word and a morpheme there is no phoneme, and there is only a simple sound that has lost its phonemic character. Phonemes sometimes distinguish between the meanings of words, for example in the words [ž/"5g"0:- ]* zlyhalo and [#1'°Vg°- 0:] zlyhalo, [s@n®0:] staro a [s@n'®o:] starého, [šm"o:n"- ū:) manželek a [šm'o:n'"- ū:) lidí, etc. 1 JI. P, 3Hngep, OGwan doneruka, nokr. AKHcc., 1, 2, BubGanoreka JITY, 1954, 2 The article adheres to the transcription of L. Ščerba, set out in his tables „Basic types of consonants and some signs to mark them““ and,,Basic types of vowels and some signs to mark them““, as well as the additional signs he composed. Sometimes it distinguishes word forms, for example: [raed] write and [ral ai] wrote, [sakait) say ir [saking afi] said etc. ir We have previously pointed out that the phoneme exists only in words and morpheme and, in addition, in various sound expressions depending on the phonetic position occupied by the sound. All these differences in sounds that do not change the essence of that phoneme are called its shades. Shade—the form of existence of any phoneme. “In this way—as L. Ščerba said—we see that in living language a much larger number of different sounds are pronounced than we usually think, which in each language are combined into a relatively small number of sound types capable of differentiating words and their forms, i.e. serving the purposes of human communication. These types of sounds are the ones we have in mind when we talk about individual speech sounds. We will call them phonemes. The different sounds that are actually pronounced, forming the part in which the common (phoneme) is realized, we will call the shades of phonemes." The shades that are necessarily characteristic of phonemes are called the necessary shades. In this work we will dwell only on these shades. Essential shades are of three types. 1. Positional phoneme shades. They depend on the pitch and anticipation. These are the most typical vowels. Since we are studying consonants, we will mention these nuances only when talking about the sonants [/, m, n, r], which in Lithuanian language, being the second part of the mixed diphthong, can have a prefix and, depending on it, change their length. However, changing the length of the sonatas does not change the basic quality. For example, in the words jų [A95 rms] duck, [k"vFk ti] duckling, [full] full, [Privas) belly, [a’in71s] duck, [afi71s] duck. [I"m pe] klumpa, [Akl"vmMipa] klumpa [r] ir [F], [?] ir [i], [m] ir [m], [n] ir [#) make up one and the same phoneme. 2. The combination of shades. There are no isolated sounds in language: one sound is always su associated with another. The recurrence of one sound su merges with the ir excursion of another, so the shades of one phoneme depend on su the connection with other phonemes. Such shades, depending on adjacent phonemes, are called combinational shades, for example [m] before [k] ir [g] in Lithuanian differs from [n] against other explosives, etc. 3. Colors depending on the pronunciation. The same word is pronounced differently in ir colloquial full style. This is reflected in ir the shades of individual phonemes. In this work, the kimograms for phoneme characteristics are written in full pronunciation. In other iš words, the focus will be on the full pronunciaį tion, in which all the phonemes of the word are highlighted. A phoneme can have several nuances. The shade in which the general acoustic physiological characteriir stics of that other ar phoneme are most clearly reflected is called the basic or typical. S¢erba refers to typical shades as those “which are least dependent on the surrounding conditionso ”*, such shades 3 JI. B. Ulepha, Oonernka (pauunyackoro si3bika, 19, Mocksa, ‘JI. 1953. B. UllepGa, Pycckue rsnacibie: B KaYGCTBEHHOM H KOJIHYECTHBEHHOM OTHOIWIGHHH, 12 C.-TletepSypr, 1912. 6 are usually those that can be pronounced in isolation from adjacent sounds. be However, this only applies to syllable-- forming sounds, and therefore it is usually much more difficult to determine the basic tone of a non-syllable sound. In this work, dedicated to such sounds, we will describe several equally significant nuances of each phoneme. If two sounds do not distinguish meanings, then they are shades of one phoneme, and if these sounds distinguish words and their forms or morphemes, then they form separate phonemes, for example, in these Lithuanian words [saiis’0:] sauso and (saiis’“0:) sausio [s] and [s'] are separate phonemes because they distinguish the meanings of words, 0 in the words [saffs“o- :] sauso and [saus’)] sausu is one and the same phoneme [s], as in the words [sa#is'°0- :] sausio and [saus’®)] sausiu is the same phoneme [s]. ma [s']. However, it is not possible to say that the phoneme is the only differentiator of the meanings of words. In Lithuanian, consonants often separate meanings, especially the preposition, for example in the words [Ric71s] kietis and [RiZ71s] kietis, [s":4:715] sūris and [s"ū:T1s] sūris. In addition, there are many metatonic phenomena in Lithuanian, for example in the words [k"drpe] kurpé ir [A“ušžp'"us] shoes, [va:/g"o:] eating ir [valg”o:) valgio, etc., where the morphemy [k°yr] and [°F], [val] and [val] differ only in the place of the accent and the suffix; [r] and [F], [7] and [7] here form different shades of the same phoneme. However, this does not mean that sounds that do not distinguish the meanings of words cannot form independent phonemes. For example, [k] ir [g], [¢] ir [dž'] in such words as [k7e biis) klėbys, [gle bi:s] glėbys, [či:r" sio Ti] čyruoti, [dž'i:r "uo Tt1] džyruoti, etc. are independent phonemes that alternate with each other in an optional way. su So, it is clear that when determining the number of phonemes of any language, you can notlimit yourself to me .only by finding the appropriate pairs of words, because such pairs in the language are random, very rarely used phonemes may not have at all. ir In such cases, it is necessary to investigate whether the difference in jų sounds depends on the pronunciation mechanism, on the position of the sound. ar A rarely used sound forms a separate phoneme when it is an essential element of several words in which it is tų present. For example, Lithuanian language [¢] ir [dz], [dz] ir [dz'] are independent phonemes, although the opposite meaning of the words pords do not have. In terms of phonemes and ir their shades, it is necessary to indicate on what basis certain shades are assigned to a phoneme. Here the focus is on moments®: į du that these 1) shades do not distinguish cannot ir distinguish values ir 2) that all the shades of one phoneme are opposed to all the other phonemes, each of which exists in its own shades. iš L. Ščerba says: "Every phoneme is „.. defined first and foremost by what distinguishes it from other phonemes ją of the same language." 8 See. JI. P. 3unaep, min, veik., 1, 94. 4 JI. B. lllep6a, Gorneruka įpanunyszsckoro sabika, 21. 2, Determination of the number of consonant phonemes of Lithuanian literary language The consonant phonemes of Lithuanian literary language cannot be examined in isolation from vowels and diphthongs, with which the question of consonant palatalization is closely related and plays a very important role in determining the number of consonant phonemes of Lithuanian literary language and their nuances. However, neither the sound structure of Lithuanian literary language nor the question of palatalization of consonants has been studied in phonemic terms. On these issues, there are some purely phonetic remarks. For example, J. Jablonskis in “Lithuanian grammar” said only this: “The consonants of the Misy language can be hard or soft: a) Before e, g, ė, i, į, y consonants are pronounced softly: geras, keras, retas, gręžti, nuskensti, tekėti, sėti, visas, kitas, kibiras, grįžti, lįsti, grynas, šykštus, vyras, žymus. b) Fats before a, gq, o, u, ų, # are pronounced sometimes hard, sometimes soft. The sound of the words, happiness, time, child, bite, turnip, side, twisted, that is, gridy smoke, blow consonants d, g. k, I, n, p, r, 5, sh, t, v before a, q, 0, U, Y, t are supposedly hard. If the consonants a, q, 0, u, y, ū are pronounced softly, then they are written after them in before the vowel itself: kūtas, straudas, šią, šio, šių, siūti, siuvo, siųsti, peiliai, žodžiai. . <“ P. Jonikas, in his “Pagramantis dialektas”, based on experiments, indicates a slight difference between soft and softened:,,§ 51. The consonants (although relatively weak) are softened less against the vowels of the front row, and slightly more against the consonants of the back row… However, satisfied with this general observation, I do not distinguish between the two kinds of softness, and J. Gerulis in his dialectological work „Studies of Lithuanian dialects“ indicates the unequal degree of softness of [s] against [e] and [s] against [uv] in such words as [sena lis] senelis and [s'""vvVimas] siuvimas and others. " As J. Gerulis says, in many dialects (some of them close to the literary Lithuanian language) they differ from each other: the second is softer than the first. J. Endzelynas in "Baltic languages sounds and forms" follows J. Gerulis' opinion??. On this point, P. Skardžius clearly expressed his opinion in the review of B. Sereiskis’s book,,Systematic guidance for students of Lithuanian language”: “The author also speaks incorrectly about the softening vowel i: i, standing between the consonant and the vowels a, ą, o, u, y, #, does not soften the opposing consonant, but shows that a soft consonant stands before those vowels. So in the word notebook si is equal to 8’ [soft s]J. What else are the syllables of the word =vi-, «mis: here before the i standing the consonants v and nm are certainly softened; here we cannot say that vi, mi is equal to v', n' [i.e. soft v, mn]; it "Rygiškių Jono, Lithuanian language grammar, 8, Kaunas — Vilnius, 8 1922, P, Jonikas, Pagramančio dialektas, 22 —23, Kaunas, 1939. ® See. J. Gerullis, Lithuanian Dialect studies, 31, 40, 60, 70, Leipzig, 1930. 10 See, J. Endzelins, Baltu valodu skaijas un formas, 44 —45, Riga, 1948. more can not to be said about the word snow: here is į a diphthong, derived from ei; so that is ie inherently grown iš i su e, ir therefore it is not true that this i could be an independent, merely softened sound” 11, These purely phonetic notes show that Lithuanian consonants are divided into three types, one į iš tų types can be called hard, the second— soft and. tretig—mute consonants, as in the words: [š"u6, = ud shi). The question arises whether the difference between the different types of consonants depends on the nature of the consonants themselves (in this case, hard, soft and softened consonants should be considered independent phonemes, and vowels — only shades of one phoneme- ), or on the vowels and diphthongs that follow the consonants (in this case, all differences in consonants should be considered shades of one phoneme, and the vowels and diphthongs that follow them — independent phonemes). Here it should be noted that hard consonants occur before the vowels of the back row [a, a:, 2, 0:, v, u:], before the diphthongs [au, ai, uo, ui] and at the absolute ending of the word. Soft consonants —before [a, a:, 2, 0:, v, u:] and before diphthongs [au, uo]. Softened —before frontal vowels and diphthongs [1, 1:, €, @, 6, 16, €1, ae1)?. First, we will look at whether the hard and soft consonants in words like [§°ud] and [š'"u0], [sakail] and [sak’°aii], etc., are shades of one phoneme or independent phonemes. "In Russian words such as pa, p'a, we have two different consonant phonemes, but one and the same vowel phoneme (of two different tones), because the hard and soft consonants also occur in an independent phonetic position, whereas the different tones of vowels always depend on the opposing consonant, the palatalized consonants of Russian form separate phonemes because they occur, just like the non-palatalized, in an independent phonetic position—- at the end of the word"! ?, In Lithuanian literary language, as indicated, soft consonants do not occur at the end of a word. The reason is given by the history of their origin: soft consonants originated from hard ---j, followed by a backward vowel or diphthong. Therefore, hard and soft consonants of Lithuanian literary language cannot be opposed at the end of a word. However, in all other positions—- before backward vowels and diphthongs—they distinguish words and morphemes, for example: [sais’e:] and [saiūs'"o:], [k"omp"o:] and [k"vmp'""- o:]. It is not clear whether these consonants can be regarded as independent phonemes. The vowel [o:] retains its basic quality both after a hard and a soft consonant, although after a soft consonant it is significantly reduced, forming a different tone of the vowel [0:]. The difference in pronunciation between hard and soft consonants depends on their own, not on the vowels or diphthongs that follow them. Sepa11 P, Skardžius, Kalba, 1 vol., 46 (1930). 12 Do not confuse spelling and pronunciation: for example, the last diphthong of the words Jakiai and lakei is pronounced [s1], although in the spelling it is noted ai in the first case, ei in the second. B JI. P. 3Hnugėp, Coserckoe BocrokKoBejenne, 3, 94, Mockera (1956). rator —an apparatus that allows you to hear separately isolated sounds of any word, also confirms that compounds [m°e:] ir [m'"o:], [r“o:] ir [rei], [k°0:] ir The difference between [A'"0:], [gau] and [g'au] depends only on the consonants. These circumstances provide the basis for considering hard and soft consonants as independent phonemes. Since the contraposition of hard and soft phonemes (including, of course, borrowed sounds) can be carried through the whole consonant system, except for [j], which cannot have a corresponding hard pair, this contraposition is a differential phonemic feature. Therefore, in the words [A“umMip"o:] and [k"umMp""o:], [£*0:5"0:) and [16:6 0:), [R°Wr0:] and [R'"Šr"o:], [sag"ū:]) and [sag'"ū:), ([Meib“ds) and [merl®ys], Įmaūkti) and [m'aitk?i), [pasa:lm°o:] and [pasalin’o:], [er®y) and [Ger®Y), [saiis®e:] ir [sadis’ oi], [ud] ir [¥°ud], [gra:$"0:s] ir [gra:&' ois), [sauna) and [sirs'aii), [jav®a:) and [av'"ū:) consonants [p and p’, b and b’, k and k’, g and g’, tir’, micm’, nir nw, rir, sir s, Sir &, Fir &, z and 2’, 0 and V) are independent phonemes, distinguishing the just mentioned words and morphemes. However, some consonants are used very rarely. The latter include le, c', & &, dz, d=’ and dz, j'). Their independence is not as obvious as the previous ones. For example, the sporadic use of the consonants [c] and [c'] in Lithuanian literary language gives only one phonetic position against the back vowel in the words [c"dkr"us] and [c'"Šc'e] (dog in children- 's language- ). where [c] and [c'] are independent of the position occupied. —The hard [č] is used in very few words in Lithuanian literature: [čaižš“ds, Šiūčas, B'dčas) and others. However, there are some morphemes, such as [Sinč“d) and [anė'“*d], Įsn*dč"o- :) and [jaun"dė- '""o:), where [č] and [ė'] stand before the vowels [v] and [0:], which cannot evoke the essential difference, i.e. in one case hardness, and in another — softness, by which [¢] differs from [č']. [dz] is. [dz') in words like [dz’ii:kas] and [dz""šRin ti) stands before the backward vowels [u:] and [v], and the pronunciation of the latter does not cause the difference we see between [dz] ir [dz']. [dz] and [dz'] must be considered as independent phonemes also because they form the essential elements of the few words in which they occur. The hard [dž] phoneme occurs only in international words, borrowings, for example: [dždul i 15] and others, which can be opposed to the Lithuanian word [d¥ aitksmas), to prove the independence of the phonemes [dž] and [dž']. The above shows that [c] and [c'], [¢] and [&], [dz] and [dz], [dž] and [dž']) are also independent phonemes, although used very rarely. Phonemes [f, x, r] were not used in Lithuanian before, and therefore there was a long debate about their use, since they occur only in international words and borrowings. In dialects, [f] is often replaced by [p], [x] — by [k], [Yy] — by [g]. Even those borrowed, usually proper names, which came into the literary language by an indirect way, but have long been used in the Lithuanian folk spoken language, such as: [Pranc’u:zia) Francija, [Pranc'iš"- k"vs] Pranciškus, [pard:pya) parapija, [1s1*571ja] istorija, [Pra:nas) Pranas, [PTič kus] Pričkus, [arm")mka- ]) armonika, [Č'žkija) Čekija and others, yielded to the general tendency in the language, and the sounds [f, x, y] were replaced by the earlier mentioned sounds or completely omitted. 10 This is acceptable for words that have long been assimilated by the Lithuanian people, but could not be changed in new jų borrowings that came into the Lithuanian į literary language ne iš Lithuanian dialects, o simply iš foreign languages. The decisive word on this issue was said by J. Jablonski, who still 1893 m. began to demand that the international words of Lithuanian literary languages be written with [f, x, y)**. In his 1920 article “Several matters of spelling” he says that in literary language it is impossible to translate without [f, x, Y] sounds, with such a large number of borrowed and international words:,,...fonas, phonographas, phonetika, relefonistas; phone, turntable, graphics. telegraph, telegraphist, telegraph; fauna, flora, physics, physiology, farce, farce, forcing, reform, chalva, chloroform, profession, professor, philologist, philosophy, sphere, differential, profane; figure, pharmacy, firm, filter, flirt, flirting, furor, Charbin (city name), Faust, philosopher Fichté.. <1» Changing them with your own sounds would mean imitating your grandparents for free. In this article he emphasizes that Lithuanians already pronounce [/5 x, vl Jablonskis in international words, while those who do not follow this pronunciation and replace [f, x, Yy] in international words with their own [p, k, g] sounds:,,...b) by writing those words without ch, f, h we do not make it any easier for Lithuanian people to understand the meaning of those words; c) our people, when uttering their words, now begin to pronounce ch, f themselves (cha-cha-cha! fe! falšius, falšyvas, festungė, firankos, felleris, futeris...); d) people themselves, taking foreign words into their language, especially the new and more enlightened generation, now pronounce them somewhat differently (and with f, ch...)** To this question J]. Jablonski returns to this several times in various articles and reviews, for example, in 1922 he wrote: "It is surprising that some people who used to pronounce these words with ch, f, h so beautifully write them so inconsistently. Not understanding this, I advise writers to be more consistent — to write as they used to: chalva (certain delicacies...), chloroform, psychology, farsh (with ch, f, h)...We take these words into our writings and speech not from the first source of these words, but from our cultured neighbors, so let us write them as we are accustomed to pronounce them from those neighbors"." While these sounds were controversial in the past, they are now used in Lithuanian literary language in all international words and borrowings without doubt. Therefore, we include them in the number of phonemes of the Lithuanian literary language, because with such a large number of international words that include [f, x, Y], it is impossible to translate without them. The independence of phonemes [f’, x“, Y’] and their independence from phonemes [f, x, Y), as well as [t', d'] from [z, d] is illustrated by several examples —international words, where they occupy the same phonetic positions, but are pronounced differently. 15 Ibid., 104–105. 16 Ibid., “Jablons105. kio raštai, 4, 278, Kaunas, 1935. 11 for example: [t"8] tu and [2° is] tuulis, (2'ė) du and [d'"vbari] Diubari, [x°vrma] churma and [brax""dra] brachiura, [f°y7ya] furie and [k9urf""- Orstas] elector, [y ugen"5ta1] Huguenots and [y'"vg"3] Hugo. There are 45 consonant phonemes in Lithuanian, forming hard and soft pairs: [p, p', b, b', t, t's d, d', k, k's gg os Cs 65 Č' de, de’, džsidėts m, ms ", ty 5,80 Fs Hs 21 Bil ils rs 0 OBA na) The following can be said about the third category of consonants, i.e. softened consonants, which occur before frontal vowels and diphthongs. In terms of their degree of softness and character, Lithuanian consonants before frontal vowels and diphthongs differ fundamentally from Russian consonants. L. Shcherba wrote in his article “Theory of Russian spelling”: “Since normally in Russian only soft consonants stand before vowels;,,H, 23” (i.e., “i, e”), it may appear that soft consonants before these vowels are phonetically conditioned, all the more so that there is indeed articulatory and acoustic proximity between them: when pronouncing both, the middle part of the tongue rises to the hard palate. However, this is undoubtedly inaccurate with regard to the softness of consonants before the vowel, “9%” (i.e. “e”): the thing is that when pronouncing Russian soft consonants, the tongue rises to the palate as much as when pronouncing “K”, namely much more than when pronouncing “3” (i.e. “,e”), from which it follows that the softness of consonants before this vowel is not at all the result of living assimilation”1*, In Lithuanian, the softening of consonants before vowels of the anterior row and diphthongs, on the contrary, is of an assimilatory nature, since the degree of softening of a consonant depends on the degree of tongue rise of the vowel or diphthong of the anterior row that stands after the consonant. If the tongue rises higher to the palate when pronouncing a vowel of the anterior row or a diphthong, the consonant in front of it will also be softer and vice versa. It is possible to observe - even several degrees of softening of the consonants before the vowels of the front row and diphthongs. It is possible that, even in historical terms, the consonants before the vowels of the anterior row differ from the soft consonants before the vowels of the posterior row, P. Skardžius points out that "the noun suffix -ė can have various origins. In particular, its derivatives may have lost the j before -ė in the same way as, for example, vs. šm. mede from *medje and others, it seems confirmed by the Finns from the Baltic borrowed purje = būrė, ds. km. (dialect) žēmjų = lat. zemju, lat. faciés "face" etc. But, on the other hand, as Latin facés "candle, lamp" etc. shows, in ancient times there could have been an old ékamien next to -j. Now we cannot distinguish it from the Baltic languages- !" ?,: In the study of palatograms of all consonants before vowels and diphthongs of the prepositional and postpositional orders, we will notice that the consonants before [1, e, @, e, 16, €1, @1] are always less soft than the corresponding soft ones before18 JI. B. Illep6a, Ha36panubie pačorbi no pycckomy s13biKy, 170, Mocksa, 1957, 1 P, Skardžius, Lithuanian language word making, 70, Vilnius, 1941. 12 vowels against the vowels of the back row. Exceptions include only African ir consonants [f, vy], x, between which only the hard soft ones differ. ir This is probably due to the fact that the ta apical afrikats themselves have a very high elevation of the tongue. Therefore, when pronouncing hard Afrikaans, the tongue touches the palate almost as much as when ir pronouncing [1, e, e) (see section 4.4). 1, 2 Figure 1. ). Borrowing consonants [f, x, 7], apparently does not succumb to the general law of phonetics of the Lithuanian language, 3 fig. 1 —k° [k96:], 2—% [Ritas], 4 fig. 1—79 [Piktas], 2— ~ ~~ ”0 J 0 3-k [ki:la], =k" 4 [R'"ūtra] | p“ [pavp"*v] Furthermore, other consonants before [i:] usually differ little or not at all from the corresponding soft consonantir s. If there is a ir difference, it is rather qualitative, quantitative: palatalization of o ne consonants before [i:] is sometimes more forward than backward in vowels. The reason for the absence of a clear distinction between the softened soft consonant, whose softness depends solely on the position occupied, and ir the o. vowel [i:], which in Lithuanian is marked by the highest elevation of the ne tongue, should be considered as the reason for the absence of a clear distinction. Apparently, this is why [i:] draws the consonants closer to the soft ones. However, some soft consonants, such as [k', g', n']) are so soft that they approach the middle consonants of the tongue, and before [i:] they are not so soft (see palatalograms 3-6 and others). So in the middle of the Word 13 [k'] at the beginning of a word occurs before [o:, v, u:, au], and [g'] —before [au, oi, v] and so on. [Rk'] ir [g'] occurs before all the above diphthongs. [k] and [g] at the beginning ir and in the middle of the word, standing in front of other consonants, even if ir po jų standing front row vowel or diphthong, never soften not soften. ir Phoneme [p]. A bilingual pure explosive muffled phoneme, pronounced by pressing both lips together. The closure formed by the lips suddenly opens, and closes with VV. "The Sound of Noise". When uttered, also the strings are not tensed and do not vibrate, therefore —r phoneme [p] is muffled. G. 0The phoneme [p] is characterized by a the following combination shades. Pv ip a 1. [p] before vowels [a, a:], before two7 figured vowels [ai, au], etc. This shade of the phoneme [p] is characterized by a sudden explosion, from to 100 105° (see section 4.4). Figure 1. ). 7 He—unpalatalized ir unlabialized (see section 4.4). lip photo fig. ). 8 2. [p] before vowels [o:, 2, v, u:] ir diphthongs [u1, uo] has the same angle of explosion as before [a, a] and so on (see Figure 7). In addition, it is labialized (see lip photo in Figure 9 and compare with Figure 8). oT i Bond pa. 11 P (Pf: Figure 10 1e] 3 [Angry] 3. Thinned [p] before the front vowels ii, [1, =, @, e) ir before diphthongs [1£, e1, ei]. Before [1, e, (ce) kt. ir [p] softened slightly, before a o vowel [ii] it is palatized very much (see palatograms 10, 11). Pronunciation of [p] before uz20 vowels and diphthongs, the tongue does not touch the palate at all. The angle of explosion ranges from 105° to 110° (see Figure 12). 4. A solid aspirated [p] at the end of a word. The angle of explosion here is approximately the same as before the rear row. balsius (100-105’). The explosion is accompanied by a clear aspiration (see Figure 13). grey S.v. -—— 0 K v I — Folder 4 or Lu Figure 12. faip wi u A +—— f EL p“ Figure 13 Phoneme [p’]. The phoneme [p'] is pronounced like [p], only with the additional elevation of the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate, making [p'] soft. (The softness is clearly shown in palatalograms 14, 15.) The angle of explosion of [p'] in all the above phonetic positions varies between 100 and 105“ (see chimogram 16). 15 Figure 1. p' [p'jdu ii) paupi lip photo fig. O“ SV. Figure 16 21 Phonemes [p’] have two combinational shades: | 1. Unlabialized [p'] before [j] at the beginning of a word. and before [a, ai. a] word picture, fig. ). 17 Figure 17 p" [plaip’al Figure 18 p“ [pdvp”) 2. Labialized [p'] before [0:, 2, V, u:, uo, m). When uttering this shade, both lips are compressed (see section 4.4). ). 18 The degree of ir softness of the burst angle is the same as the above shade. Here it should be said that F. Fortunatov was mistaken in claiming that “before [j] the labial consonant itself is not completely soft”*!, Figures 14 and 15 show that [p'] before the vowels of the back row and [p'] before [j] have the same degree of softness. Phoneme [b]. It is a bilingual pure explosive fricative phoneme. Pronunciation is the same as [p] (see X-ray figure 19), but when pronouncing [5], the vocal cords come closer and tighten. These are the combination shades of the phoneme. . [5] before the vowels [as a], before the diphthongs [ai, au] and before some other I vowels, [5] This shade is characterized by a steep angle of explosion, ranging between 100—110° (see figure 20), hardness and is unlabialized (see lip picture figure 21) Vv. Figure 19. b [bd:ltas) aki b a: o #° Oo: s fig. 20 NP. O. GoprynarTosB, OF ynapenun u joatore B Čalruliekux s3bIKAX, 4, Bapmasa, 1895. 22 21 Figure 1. b [bd:ltas] 22 Fig. b° [b"0:ba)] 23 Fig. b [ba/]75 t 1] 2. [b] before vowels [2, o:, v, u:] and diphthongs [wi, uo]. This shade is characterized by the same sharpness of explosion as the earlier, labialization ir ir (see section 4.4). lip photo fig. 22 ir plg. ją su 21 Figure 1. ). 3. Palatalized [6] before front-row vowels [1, 1:, £, @, €) ir before diphthongs [1z, a1]. 21, [b] before [1, £, @, e) palatalization (see Figures 23, 24), and before [i] palatalization quite significantly mi (see section 4.4). Palatogramg 25 Fig. ir plg. ja su 23 Figure 1. ir X-rayg Fig. 26 ir plg. Figure 19. ). 26 Figure 1. the tongue rises to the hard palate, 0 19 Figure 1. jo no. [b] the angle of explosion is usually irregular (from 110° to 115°, see -Figure 27. ). Phoneme [b'). Ji pronounced as a ir phoneme [6], only the middle part of the back of the tongue is additionally raised to the hard palate. Pronounc- [5] ed before the vowels and diphthongs of the back row, lie24 fig. b [be 5 11] 25 fig. 8 [bi:ral fig. 27 23 fish does not touch the o, palate at [67], all, when pronouncing rio well seen 28, 29 Figure 1. [6'] explosion angle the same as ir [5] before the vowels of the back row (from to 100 see 110°, 30 Figure 1. ). touching the gum with the tongue. 28 b' [bjaur’is) 29 fig. 6" [baub'?8] gabius SV. 9 a b V Ss 30 Figure 1. Different du combination phonemes [b'] shades: 1. Unlabialized [5'] before [j] at the beginning of a word ir before [a, a:, ai, au] in the middle of a word (see section 4.4). lip photo fig. ). 31 j a 2. Labialized phonemic [5'] tone before o:, [2, v, w] ir (Wednesday, Wednesday) (see section 4.4). 32 Figure 1. ir plg. su 31). Both shades are equally soft (plg. 28 ir 29 Figure 1. ). 24 Phoneme [t]. It is a pure explosive muffled anterior apical phoneme of the tongue (see Figure 33). It is characterized by greater energy and tension than Russian [£]. When pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue forms a closure with the alveoli and upper teeth, and the back lies horizontally, as in other apical sounds. A 3 Figure 33 Figure 34 t [td] The abrupt opening of the closure by the air flow ir causes a large amount of mucus. The phoneme [¢] is characterized by these combination shades. er A Ho a = "2 + a r ¥ 35 Figure 1. t Figure 36 [td] t (tasks) 1. [¢] before [a, a:, ai, au) other consonants with a ir vowel in the back row. po This [t] is the hardest of all shades iš (34, 35 Figure 1. ir unlabialized (see section 4.4). lip photo fig. ). 36 Explosion angle from to 95 110° (see section 4.4). 37 Figure 1. ). 2. Labialized [t] before vowels oi, ui] [2, diphthonv, gs ir [w1, uo] (see section 4.4). 40 Figure 1. ir pg. su 36). Both shades are equally soft. (see section 4.4). 34, 35 ir 38 Figure 1. ir has a uniform angle of explosion (see section 4.4). 39 Figure 1. ). | phase KA. 37 Figure 1. 38 Figure 1. t° [t96:] m 3. Palatalized [t] before the front vowels i:, [1, €, «2, (e), diphthongs [1s, 1, @1] ir before other consonants po preceded by a frontal vowel or a diphthong, [r] softens slightly in this position (plg. 41, 42 Figure 1. su 34, 35 Figure 1. ). [t] the angle of explosion before the front vowels varies between 100 ir 120° (see section 4.4). 43, 44 Figure 1. ). 4. Aspirated [rc] at the end of a word. It has all the characteristics of solid unpalatalized [t] and, to, is aspired be fig. ). (117 tox | VV. —a—— T - ad 9“ k Ss 44 Figure 1. 26 Phoneme [t'). Phoneme [t'] is pronounced in the same way as [t], with only an su additional elevation of the middle back of the tongue towards the hard palate. Ji rarely used (only in international words), so we ir can distinguish only one labialized [r'] tone, which, as shown in the i figure, is softer than 45 before the front vowels [7] (see section 4.4). 45 Figure 1. ir plg. jį su 42 Figure 1. ). [¢] angle of explosion approximately the same as [¢] before the vowels of the back row —space 95 ir 110° (see section 4.4). 46 Figure 1. ). Phoneme [(d)]. "Slammi's explosive tongue preSakiné apikal phoneme fig.) (47 is more energetic than Russian [d]. It differs from [r] by its sharpness. The phoneme [d] has three combination shades. 1. [d] before [a, a:, ai, au) and before consonants that are followed by a backward vowel, as in [ddr] dar, [draik“o:] draiko, etc. This shade is unlabialized and hard (see Figures 48, 49 and 50). The angle of explosion is between 100 and 110” (see Figure 51). Figure 45 £** [t'9571s] tulle St. | fre, =. ' -6Figure 47 d [ddr] Figure 48 d [dai:r“o:) >. 0 oY Figure 49 d [dare] "Figure 50. d [ddr] i 27 2. Labialized [d] before ot, uw] [2, diphthonv, gs ir [s, uo]. The degree of palatalization ir of the burst angle is the same as that of the specified shade, only ką contributed by a marked labialization in fig., the latter in plg. (52, 53, 54 su 50 Figure 1. ). dalgiu sw. , 5 hi ; K AIK Beran gd a f g? v Figure 51 deleted VV. FTE vg Te 52 Figure 1. 3. Palatalized [d] before it, [1, 6, @, e; 1€; €1, 1] ir before other consonants, of which po the front-row vowel or diphthong stands. [d] in this position slightly palatized (see section 4.4). 55 Figure 1. ir plg. ji su 53 Figure 1. ), against [i zacija stronger (see section 4.4). 56 Figure 1. ). The angle of ne explosion is as specified here [d] shades: from to 110 115° (see section 4.4). 57 Figure 1. ). 28 :] palatal, as shown in Fig. 56 d (d east) Phoneme [d'). It is a soft phoneme used only in international words. Pronounced as [d], but with an su additional elevation of the middle of the back of the tongue to the hard palate. high y St. B A eV | 0— di! d Fa f u: 57 Figure 1. Phoneme [d'] has only one combination tone before a vowel [v]. It is characterized by strong labialization ir softness. As shown in the figure, 58 [d'] is softer than [d] before front vowels, even softer than [d] before [73] The angle of explosion varies between 110 ir 135°. Kv 58 Figure 1. d“ Figure [d] 59 k [case] Phoneme [k]. Slamesian pure explosive posterior muffled phoneme (see section 4.4). 59 Figure 1. ). It is located between the posterior edge of the tongue and the posterior ir edge of the soft palate. The closure is opened abruptly, air escapes through the formed ir opening su with saliva. The vocal cords do not vibrate. [k] has these shades. 1. [k] before [a, a:, ai, au] before consonants, ir regardless of which vowel goes before them— front-back po row. ar [k] in all these positions is a solid fig. 60 k Figure 61 [as:] k [by:) 29 The tip of the tongue, resting on the teeth, forms a closure that passes into an opening formed by the same organs in the same place. The transition from closure to opening is very smooth. The phoneme [c] in Lithuanian has the following nuances. bi] LJ 89 Figure 1. ¢ [cdkt’] 1. [c] before [a, a] ir [v, x], with the vowels po of the back row. This shade is the hardest and is not labialized at all (Figure 91). The blowing element in it, as in other shades, is very short (see Figure 92). 90 Figure 1. c [ead:ras) 91 fig. c [cakr*] 2. Labialized [¢], before vowels [2, o0:, uv]: Its blowing element is approximately the same as that of the opposite shade. They are also both equally hard (see Figures 93 and 90). This shade is labialized (see Figure 94). ATE {Ly JE o -0— cakt VV. > ¢ a k aj 92 Figure 1. Phoneme [c']. The soft [¢’] is pronounced like the hard [c], only with an additional elevation of the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate. This additional rise is very clearly seen when comparing Figures 89 and 95. 36 Phoneme [c'] has two shades: 1. unlabialized before the front vowels (1, #:, e, @, el; 2. labialized [c'] before backward vowels [v, your] (see section 4.4). 96 Figure 1. ). Both shades have the same degree of softness (see figures 97, 98) and the same length of blowing element (see figure 99). Figure 93 e? [c9d:Zis]: 94 fig. c* [c"Ukr"vs] KA Figure 95 ¢’ [c'ibe) Figure 97 ¢’ [c'ikt“) Figure 98 c“ [c""u:—c"- "ū:) ro ET S al IEE Si The closure is formed between the alveoli of the tip of the tongue. The L Yes 37 Phoneme [č], Muffled explosive tongue anterior apical afrikata rounded su opening with second ir posterior focus (zr. 100 Figure 1. ). [¢] closure smoothly passes through the opening. ir į The blowing element is formed in the same place as the ir closure, this facilitates the transition from closure to opening, S— T S. Vv. HIS — — 100 Figure 1. & [cdiži:T1] Distinguisdu hed [¢] phonemic 1. shades: solid shade before [a, ai, al ir [0] (see section 4.4). 101 Figure 1. ). It is unlabialized; 2. hard labialized before vowels [¢] oi, u:] diphthongs [2, v, ir [u1, uo]. The main signs of this shade hardness — labialization ir (zr. 102 Figure 1. ). Both shades feature a short blow element (zr. 103 Figure 1. ). 101 Figure 1. ¢ Figure 1. 102 &° [g'iūč?o:) chaižyli NN. SY. ai El i no JA C ~~) ~ 103 Figure 1. Phoneme [¢’]. Pronunciation is similar į [¢] pronunciation. The difference lies in the additional elevation of the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate. ). (104 When [¢], pronouncing the tongue touches the palate more than when pronouncing [c] (see section 4.4). 105, 106 Figure 1. ). The [¢] blowing element is approximately the same as ir [¢] (zr. 107 Figure 1. ). 38 We have du combination phonemes [č') shades: unlabialized 1. before [¢) [a, at, Iš, 1, g, @, 100 mg/ day) (see section 4.4). 108 Figure 2. 2.1.1.1.1. labialized [č"] before oi; [2, vw, u:, uo, wi) (see section 4.4). 109 Figure 1. ). t ] 104 Figure 1. č' [ch'd] 105 pav. & [d'izr"uo £1] 106 Figure 1. no’* [č"ū:1:] čempė SV. 108 Figure 1. ¢& Figure [d] 109 &° [ė*9ū:815] 39 Phoneme [dz]. "African-- American Ancestral Languages". Ją speaking, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli. The closure į smoothly passes through the opening. Explosive ir blowing elements are formed in the same place (see section 4.4). Figure 110 ). *v. 110 Figure 1. d2° [dz°ii:kas) There are these phonemes [dz] shades: 1. Hard [dz] before a consonant [v], which po follows [a]. This shade is characterized by hardness is unlabialized. ir 2. Labialized [dz] before [u: uv], characterized by hardness (see section 4.4). 111 Figure 1. ir labialization. Blowing elements of both [dz] tones are very short, even shorter than the už corresponding dull ones. Jų inflatable also, compared to the su corresponding mufflers, significantly lower. Phoneme [dz"). Phoneme [dz"] pronounced as ir [dz], only with su additional elevation of the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate (see section 4.4). 112, 113, 114 Figure 1. — ), —r— LAH pav. 112 dz’ [dz'i:r"do Tt1] m—t. 113 Figure 1. dz’ [dz Popsi ti] pav. 114 dz’ [dz'i:r"uo ti) 40 There are two shades of the phoneme [dz']: 1. unlabialized [dz’] before vowels [1, 72, e, e) (see Figure 115); 2. labialized — before [y, uo] (see Figure 116). Both shades feature a short blowout and a long burst (see section 4.4). 117 Figure 1. ). a is J Figure 115 dz’ [dz"inkt- ®] Figure 116 dz“ [d2"upTéT1) dzingt | „— VV. Pi, J [f L~) dz’ L rR k te Figure 117 . Phonem [d#]. It is a pre-Sakiné apical cannula of the tongue with a second posterior focus. The end of the limb forms a closure with the alveoli. The closure smoothly transitions to the opening. [dž] in Lithuanian occurs only in international words and usually has nuances: linkusį labializuotis prieš du 1) [a, au] kt. ir (see section 4.4). 118 Fig.), 2) labialized before [2, 0:, uy, ui] and others. 118 Figure 1. dž Figure 1. 119 dž [screaming] Both shades are characterized by hardness (see section 4.4). 119 Fig.), with weak blowing ir with short blowing element (see section 4.4). 120 Figure 1. ). Phoneme [dj'). Phoneme [dž') pronounced the same as ir [dz], only with su additional elevation of the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate (see section 4.4). X-ray 12] ir palatograms 122, 123, 124 Figure 1. ). 41 The length of ir the inflatable explosive elements is the same as ir [dz] (see section 4.4). 173 Figure 1. ). There are du combination phonemes [dš'] shades: tends to 1) labialize before vowels f:, [1, ¢, a, a] ir before diphthongs [e1. au) (see section 4.4). 124, 125 Fig.), 2) labialized [dš'] tone before vowels [2, oi uv, w:] before ir diphthongs (uo, ui] (see section 4.4). 126 Figure 1. ). Joule VV. Am T T „a dž du r L s id, p. 121 J. Thaani [smiles] Fig. 123 dz’ [dj Figure 1. 124 J. Thaani [j'iT m You] E Figure 125 —————m— dž" Figure 1. 126 dz’ [dž""o:vd] 42 c) Nose smooth. Lithuanian nasal consonants ir [r, I], having a consonant prefix, are of ir uneven length and therefoir re occupy a special place among sounds. Languages of Lithuania [m] ir [m] very frequently used phonemes have many ir positional nuances. They occur at the beginning of a word before vowels [a, ati, oi, 2, us Už e, @ 85 1, ii], before a diphthong [wm], [n] o before ir [uo]. [m] ir [n] at the beginning of a word is never used before consonants. They po consona- [4, s, nts sh], o [n] ir po [g] sometimes occurs at the beginning of a word. In the middle of the word [m] ir [m] is before vowels [ay ai, oi, yu, 2, Už ¢, e, 6, 1, 2], before diphthongs [ai, au, wi, uo, 21, @, (ii). Be to, [n]— before consonants [%, g, £, d] and so on, and [m]—against [p, 5, t, d). At the absolute end of the word [m] ir [x] used very often. [m'] ir [n'], like other soft ir phonemes, is used less often. Its iš nature is only present immediately before the vowels of the back row, and after [m', n'] there is never a consonant, so it never forms mixed diphthongs. In the beginning of a word, it appears only in a few sounds, e.g. : Įm'auk"č'"o:t1) roar, [Įm'afūkTti] meow, etc. [n'] at the beginning of a word before the vowels o:, w:), before [2, the v, diphthong [au] and at the end of consonant combinations, for example, in the words [žn'aūkti] žniaugti, (šn'aūk š 71) šniaukšti, [gn'duš Ti] gniaužti, [kn'aūkti] kniaukti. In the middle of a word [m"] and [m'] occur only before [2, oi, uv, wi], before diphthongs [au, uo, wi]. In addition, [n'] occurs before [a, ai]. Soft phonemes [m'] ir [m']) are also used at the end of consonant compounds, for example: [p?iz0z1ksm- ’®0:] adverb, [n°uom’ ail] nuozmiau, [Gc7kSn'°0:] cry, [9eik9n'"o:] factor, [da2n’aii] more often, [g"drkšn'""- o:] gush, etc. in Phoneme Inm). "Bilabial nasal explosive fricative phoneme". Ji pronounced the same as [5]. Pronunciation differs only in the work of the soft palate: when pronouncing [5], the soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the air stream into the nasal cavity, and when pronouncing [m], it is lowered: the air passes freely into the nasal cavity and gives a smooth [m] nasal resonance. Phonemes [m] are characterized by these combination shades. 1. [m] at the beginning and in the middle of a word before vowels [a, a:], diphthongs [ai, au]. [m] in the absolute ending and [m] in all mixed diphthongs, after the hard consonant kūri cina, as well o [m] before hard consonants [p, 5, £, d], sometimes o before ir softened. This [m] is characterized by hardness and is unlabialized. The tongue does not touch the palate when pronouncing it, 2. Labialized [m] shade before the vowels [2, o:, v, w] and the diphthong [wi] at the beginning and end of the word, in addition, before [wo] only in the middle of the word. Both shades have the same hardness, but the second differs from the first in labialization. 3. softened [m] tone at the beginning and in the middle of the word before the frontal vowels |[s, «e, 1, 71] and diphthongs [1s, £1, @1]. This shade is significantly palatalized 43 (see section 4.4). 127 Fig.), o before the voice [i:) palatalization even stronger, ir such [m] differs very little from [m'] (see Figure 128 and compare with Figure 129). In addition to the above mentioned combinational nuances, the Lithuanian phoneme [m] has several positional nuances, linked to su the place of accent ir in the adjective. 1. [m] in non-mixed diphthongs in a pronounced syllable at the beginning of the word, in the middle end. ir Tokyo [m] length on average 11,03 g. 2. [m] in non-mixed diphthongs at the beginning of a word, in the middle of an ir unpronounced syllable. This positional [m] shade is shorter than the first one: average 9 g. 3. [m] in mixed diphthongs [dim, @’'m, im, dm), where the firm pradé or short prefix falls on the first part of the mixed diphthong, Im) here shorter than the firm prefix. su [dm] — 10 o, [@m) — 11 o, [im] — 14 65 [dm] — 12,65 g. 4. Longest [m] in mixed diphthongs, where on [m] falls firmly on the ground. Tokyo [m] length in the compound [am] average 16,92 g, [em] — 18,2 0, [vii] — 14,62 6, [19] — 19,65 g. 5. [m] in unaccented mixed diphthongs where the accent falls on the next po [m) syllable. Toks [m] is slightly longer on average už [m] in a mixed diphthong su with a strong-sided adjective jo on the first part. Length of this shade in the compound [am] occupied 12,8 4, [em] — 13,56 o, [1m]—14.03 c, [m] — 14,44 g. 6. [m] in diphthong compounds at the third syllable or further from the accent. Toks [m] characterized ir reduction is very short. In the compound [am] it only 7,78 g. Phoneme [m'], Corresponding to solid [m] soft phoneme. Ji pronounced as [m], but with an additional su elevation of the middle of the back of the tongue towards the hard palate (see Figure 129). These combination phonemes are distinguished [m’] shades: unlabialized 1) [m") before diphthong [au] at the beginning of the word in ir the middle of the word, 2) labialized [m'] shade before vowels o:, [2, uv, w:] before ir [uo, ui) in the middle of a word. Be to, are positiondu al phonemes Shades [m’]: 1) [m'] in a pronounced syllable. Its length is 14 5, 2) [m'] in an unpronounced syllable. Such [m'] length on average 11,42 g. Phoneme [n]. It is a tongue's anterior sharp nasal apical smooth phoneme, pronounced as a tongue's anterior explosive ir [d], difference only Figure 129 m“ [m’aiik’a) the fact 44 that, when pronouncing [n], soft palate, lowering the air flow ir through the nasal cavity, resulting in nasal resonance į (see section 4.4). 130 Figure 1. ). | ! Phoneme [n] has these combinational tones, before a vowel 1. [1] [a] before ir diphthongs [ai, au] at the beginning of the word in the middle, [n] ir at the absolute ending, [rn] before the hard [z, d] ir [n] in mixed diphthongs with a hard po consonant. This shade is characterized by hardness (zr. 131 Figure 1. ir is not at all labialized. Y.v. 3) 2. Labialized [x] before the [2, vowels oi, vu, w:] before ir the diphthong [wo] at the beginning ir of a word before ir [wu] only in the middle of a word. This shade has the same hardness as the previous one ir (see section 4.4). 132 Figure 1. ). 3. Palatalized [x] at the beginning ir in the middle of the word before [1, #, £, @, 15, el, ei) before softened ir [T, d) consonants. This shade is characterized by a slight degree of palatalization (see section 4.4). 133 Figure 1. ). 130 Figure 1. n Figure „131 [na:mas] n [nam“*6:) ii of fig. 132 n° Figure 133 [n°] A [AH] fig. 134 n [afika) 4. Tongue rear hard [m] before solid [4] ir [g]. Pronunciation ir way force the same as [A] ir [g] (see section 4.4). 134, 135 Figure 1. ). 5. Tongue Rear Explosive [m] against soft and softened [A] ir [g]. As you can see iš 136 ir 137 Figure, it is more contradictory than the previously specified shade. Phonemes [n] is characterized by these positional shades. 1. [n] in non-mixed diphthongs at the beginning, middle and end of the word. ir Tokyo [x] length moderately prone to 13 g. 45 52 Phoneme [š'] It is characterized by these combination shades. 1) labial. Zuotis at the [¢] beginning jr y; Y of the word Before the vowels las a] ir diphthong [au] strongly 2) labialized [$'], Depending on the occupied background. 1999/ 2000 Before the vowels lo; ius u:] before a ir diphthong in the ir middle of a word (see section 4.4). 160 fig.), (wo, us wi) at the beginning pay, [š*a:] Yi 157 pay, [š*a:] ¢ pay, [fa] 159 g 160 go Abiejy atspalviy blowability strong no įr different from [3 (see section 4.4). 161 Figure 1. ), Phoneme [2]. Thai ‘Slamesio’ Puff tongue anterior apical hard fricative phoneme, corresponding to the muffled [s] (see section 4.4). 162 Figure 1. ). Ji Characterized by weak puffiness, distinguish these phonemic [2] shades of these characteristics a: 161 pay, It is stronger than usual before the smooth ones (see 163 and fig.). 164 2. labialized [2] at the beginning of the word occurs immediately before the vowels [0, uv, wu] and diphthong [wt] and before [2, oi, 4, u:] in the middle of the word. This colour has the same hardness as the previous colour and very low blowability (see Figure 165). Vi 6 163 Figure 1. z° [29Jjna] zmeko VV. ee A 9 G ~ ~~ z m oe k’? o: Fig. 164 2° v r 2 a 165 Figure 1. 3. Palatalized at [2] the beginning of the word before [1, £], in the middle of the word [1, before ft, g, e] ir at the beginning and in the middle of a word before some consonantpo s, which are preceded by a vowel of the front row. This one, compared to the two above mentioned shades, is characterized by some palatalization (see Figure 166). Before the vowel [i:] it softens significantly (see Figure 167). Inflation very weak (see section 4.4). 168 Figure 1. ). Phoneme [2']. This is the soft consonant phoneme corresponding to the hard [sz]. It is pronounced with an additional elevation of the middle of the back of the tongue towards the hard palate, so [s'] is soft (Figure 169). 53 ~~~ 166 Figure 1. z [217 Zi] 169 fig. 2” [2 1rz2"V] 170 fig. ž [žarna] We have two shades of phoneme [s']: 1) unlabialized [s'] in the middle of the word before vowels [a, o:] diphthoir ng [au], 2) labialized [s2'] in the middle of the word Both shades have very weak blowing, and both are equally soft. Phoneme [#]. The frontal hard apical sharp phoneme with a second posterior focal point (see Figure 170). [š] is pronounced as the corresponding muffled [š] (see page 51). There are three shades of the phoneme [£]. Hard [£], prone to labialization, at the beginning of the word before the vowels [a, a:], the diphthong [a1] and before the hard consonants [/, m, v], in the middle of the word before la, ai, au, a1] and before the hard [d, m, /]. Inflatable strong only against smooth often (see section 4.4). 171 Figure 1. ). 54 2. strongly labialized [#] at the beginning of the word before [2, oi, u, u:] and in the middle of the word before [uo, w, 2, oi, v, ut]. This shade is also solid (see Figure 172). Inflation is weak (see Figure 173). ~ VV. fr and until yy. Figure 172 #° [#°0:1¢) words SV. Es Toe o. >a V ž 0: j v fig. 173 Figure 174 Figure 175 # [z f:d1] Palatalized [š] at the beginning and in the middle of the word before [1, ii, ce, €, Ig, 21, ee1], at the beginning of the word before [n, /, v] and in the middle of the word before [n, /, d], etc. The palatogram Figure 174 shows that [š] before [1, £, ce) and others softens slightly and much more before [iz] (see Figure 175). It is strongly inflatable only against the smooth ones. 55 Phoneme [#']. The corresponding soft phoneme. Differs from [ż] in that the middle back of the tongue moves towards the hard palate [ž'] more Slama than [š]. The phoneme [š'] is characterized by two combination shades: 1) [š'] at the beginning of the word before the diphthong [au] and in the middle of the word before [a, a:, au], 2) labialized [£’] before [2, oi, u, ui, uo, wi]. V. 3 3 Figure 176 #° [#°d:vaut1] Figure 177 #° [#°60:71) Tr NAT ~ p= et ž'o a: p ji = 178 Figure 1. Both shades are characterized by softness (fig. 177) and weak puffness (178 (fig. ). Phoneme [v]. Tai šlamesio sprogstamasis lūpų dantinis kietasis skardusis priebalsis. When pronouncing it, the lower lip is brought closer to the upper teeth, creating an opening through which the air flow causes friction and mufflement, characteristic of the sound [vo]. The following phoneme [v] shades are distinguishable. 1. solid unlabialized [v] at the beginning and in the middle of the word before vowels [a, a:] and diphthongs [a1, au]. This shade is by nature not latalized at all and, when uttered, the tongue does not leave traces on the palate. The blowing of this [v] is very weak (fig. 179), only after consonants it is stronger, valgau She,; peorrpiimeps in 56 2. Labialized [v] at the beginning of a word before labial vowels [o:, 4, 2] ir the middle of the word [0:, before yu, u:, uo, wi]. This shade is characterized by the same hardness and weak blowability as the first, labialization. Between two labial ir vowels it is ir pronounced with both lips, as in the words: [5"5v"o:] buvo, [dž'""u:v"o:] džiūvo, etc. 3. Palatalized [v] at the beginning and in the middle of a word occurs before vowels (1, ii,, 65 Is, el, @i1]. This shade is slightly palatalized (fig. 180), only before [i:] palatalization is very strong (see fig. 181). [v]) very weak inflatable (see section 4.4). 182 Figure 1. ). 181 Figure 1. v [vf:ras] everywhere See. ]. o v 4 50 in F. 182 Phoneme [v']. It is pronounced like the hard [v], but with an additional elevation of the middle of the back of the tongue to the hard palate (see Figure 183). There are two shades of the phoneme [v']: 1) unlabialized [v] in the middle of the word before the vowels [a, a:] and the diphthong [au] and at the beginning of the word before [au], 2) labialized [v'] in the middle of the word before [o:, vu, w:] and [wo, w]. Between the two labial vowels, this shade is pronounced as bilabial. [0] inflatable weak. Phonem [f]. It is a lips-dental muffled phoneme, paired with skardzigja [v]. In English, [f] has the following nuances. 1. Unlabialized solid before vowels lio. 2 | (a, @:] and diphthongs [a1, au]. Pronunciation of the solid [f]. Fig. 183 v' [v'du] the tongue does not touch the palate at all. 2. the hard labialized before vowels [o:, 2, 4, wu] and diphthongs [t1, wo]. Between the two labial vowels it is bilingual. Both shades are characterized by blowability (Fig. 184). 57 "F" (PDF). It is the soft one, corresponding to the hard phoneme [f]. It is pronounced like the latter, only with the difference that when pronouncing [f’], the middle back of the tongue rises to the hard palate, this is very well seen in Figures 185, 186. It only occurs in international words, usually before [y, 1]. We have two shades of it: 1) labialized before [y] and so on, 2) unlabialized before [1] and so on. fabula V.V. 185 fig. f° [f "5maTe] 186 fig. f“ [firma] Both shades are characterized by the same degree of softness and quite strong blowability. Phoneme [j]. It is the middle of the tongue. The tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth and its sides on the lateral teeth; the middle back of the tongue oe sa sv rises to the hard palate, leaving a narrow opening in the middle (see Figure 187). Passing through this opening, the air weakly slurries. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords vibrate. We have du [j] shades. 1. Before the vowels [a, ai, & eo 1, 1] and before [au, 12, ai) at the beginning and in the middle of the word, in addition, 187 fig. j [javai] |. at the end of the word after each vowel or diphthong. It is unlabialized. 2. labialized [j] at the beginning and in the middle of the word before the vowels [2, oi, vu, w:] and before [wo] and in the middle of the word before [wu]. Both of these tones between vowels are characterized by a weak blowing and a high degree of sonority, while at the beginning and end of the word they are less sonorous (see Figure 188). 58 Both shades are characterized by the same degree of 190 softness (see Figure 189). Phoneme [x]. It is a glottal sound that is pronounced by moving the back of the tongue towards the back of the palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. The soft palate ir raised closes the į passage of the nasal cavity. od 189 Figure 1. j Figure 190 [si] j° [776:] Phonemes [x] are characterized by these combination shades. 1. Hard non-labialized [x] in international words at the beginning and in the middle of the word before [a, a:, a1, au] ir po at the absolute ending of any vowel. Tariant [x], the tongue does not touch the palate at all or only slightly. 2. Hard labialized [x] at the beginning ir in the middle of the word [2, before oi; uv, w:] ir (uo, m). The softness of this shade is the same as in the previous ir picture. ). (191 Phoneme [x'). This is the soft phoneme corresponding to the hard [x]. Pronounced like the latter, but with a su strong additional elevation of the middle of the back of the tongue to the hard palate (192, 193 Figure 1. ). i a 191 Figure 1. x° Figure 192 [x°Jras] x' [x'srs"omnėsas)] 193 Fig. x“ [brax"crawled] 59 The phoneme [x'] occurs only in international words, usually before [y] and before the front vowels. There are two shades of the phoneme [x']: 1) unlabialized before [1, ¢] and other vowels of the anterior row; 2) labialized before the vowel [,]. Both shades have strong blowability (Fig. 194). chaos St. 8 TT Ra ~~ o X a >, 5 a Figure S. 194 Phoneme [y]. The phoneme [y] in Lithuanian has an articulation similar to that of [x], except that [x] is pronounced without a vowel, and when [y] is pronounced, the vocal cord vibrates. There are two shades of phoneme [y]: 1) solid unlabialized [y] before vowels [a, a:] diphthonir gs [a1, au], a hard 2) labialized before the vowels o:, vu, 4:] and a [2, diphthong [t]. Both shades are equally hard (Fig. 195). 195 Figure 1. Yy" [rumbling)] Fig. 196 y“ [YTM ug®d) fig. 197 y“ [r'idra] Phoneme [y']). It is pronounced in the same way as [y], but differs from the latter by a very marked elevation of the middle back of the tongue towards the hard palate (see Figures 196, 197). It occurs before the vowels of the front row and before [y]. We have two shades of the phoneme [vy]: 1) unlabialized before the vowels of the anterior row, 2) labialized before [uy]. Both shades are very soft. Inflation is fairly strong b) (see Figure 198). Hiugo VV. o ® re LS / Tq o 4 198 Figure 1. 60 Winding flute, The winding flutes of Lithuanian language include [f] and [/’]. As mentioned above, [7] and [!'] sometimes have different lengths, with a slash and a prefix. [/] in Lithuanian is at the beginning of the word before [a, a:, 2, 0, u, Ut, 151158, @, €) and before [ai, au, wi, uo, Is, et, @1], and also after consonants [4, g, p, b, 5 8 wy E) or others, [7] in the middle of the word is used before all vowels of the anterior and posterior order, before all diphthongs and before consonants [k, g, 7, d, n, v, š, ž) and others. The [/] at the end of a word occurs only in a few words, such as: [£°6:1) until and [R76:7] until, [pak"0:!] until and Others. [’] is less commonly used —in the middle of the word before ir vowels [a, ai, 2, 0:, u, uw] and before diphthongs (au, uo, wi). At the beginning and in the middle of a word sila occurs only after some consonants, e.g. po [&, g, Š, £, p, b] ir kt vv Soft [!'] in the literary kal-199 fig.? [/a:pas) boje does not occur at the end of a word. Phonem [f]. Tai liežuvio prieSakinis apikalinis šoninis pučiamasis veliarizuotas sonantas. It is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue to the upper premolar teeth and to the alveoli. The back of the tongue is slightly raised, the sides of the tongue are not pressed against the lateral teeth, and the air flow is left free. The air flow blown from the sides of the tongue gives a very weak friction. slam. [f] and [!'] are called lateral sonates. When pronouncing [7], the middle back of the tongue does not touch the hard palate (Fig. 199). We have the following combinational [/] phonemic shades: 1. [7] hard denticle velarised, unlabialized occurs in Lithuanian language at the i beginning of fig. 200 /[/4:5*0:) fig. 201. P [Ficpa) If In the middle of the word in before vowels [a, a:] and before diphthongs [ai, au], [/] at the end of the word and [7] in mixed diphthongs followed by a hard consonant. This shade is characterized by hardness — the tongue hardly touches the hard palate (see figure 200). 2. Labialized [/] before vowels [2, 0:, uy, u:] before ir [w, uo). This shade has the same hardness as the one above, and is velvety (Fig. 201). 61