Kai kurie beasmenių sakinių tipai Malkavos tarmėje

LE BET: 1 LJ KALE BO T YR O5 S KLAUSIMAIL H LT1ESTUVOS TSR M O K S L Ų AKADEMTIJA Some types of non-personal verbs in the municipality of Malkava (BTSR, Magiliovo srt,, Mstislavlis district- )? M. The question of impersonal sentences in Lithuanian dialects is, of course, very interesting in general, and all the more so since such sentences have not been examined more extensively in Lithuanian literary language. For the latter reason, there are many difficulties in describing impersonal sentences in dialects. Lithuanian textbooks for schools are limited to only a few examples of impersonal sentences describing natural phenomena or the physical and mental state of man. The structural and semantic diversity of impersonal sentences is bypassed. In J. Jablonski’s syntax, impersonal sentences are discussed very briefly (definition and some examples are given), but when it comes to the main and secondary parts of the sentence, many different examples are given, among which there are also impersonal constructions, although they are not classified as the latter.’ M. Durys® focuses on the impersonal sentences of Lithuanian language in more detail. He also talks about such impersonal sentences, in which the participle is a personal verb, has an impersonal meaning, etc. However, Duri's own approach to grammar issues is often formalistic. In the preface to the textbook Durys says that he simply followed M, Peshkovsky’s,- ,Pycckui cHHTaKCHC B HayuHOM OCBemeHnHH“. But if in M. Peshkovsky’s syntax the teaching of language facts in many cases overlaps with the author’s formalistic attitude, then Durys’ small textbook remained completely formalistic. It is not the meaning of impersonal sentences that determines their structure, but the form that determines the content, the meaning of the sentence itself. ! This article is an abbreviated chapter of the candidate dissertation,,- JlAToBcKkuū rosop B 6enopycckoM okpyxennn (BCCP, zep. Manbkoeka, Moruaesckolt 06m1.)“* (manuscript), The dissertation was defended at the Leningrad State Lenin Order A, Zhdanov University in 1956. For more details on this and on the origin of the dialect see the author's referral of the same name, Rygiškių Jonas, Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė, Vilnius, 1999. * 10, 19—26, Sean, 1911, * M. Durys, Lietuvos kalbos sintaksė, Kaunas, 1927, 231 Impersonal sentences are those sentences that do not have a grammatical factor, expressed in the noun syllable and denoting the agent of the action or the holder of a certain characteristic; such sentences conjunction not related to the category of person. The article describes more impersonal sentences typical of the su Malkava dialect. They are classified by composition. There are also some more distinct groups in terms of semantics. I. Impersonal sentences with impersonal or impersonally transformed verbs l. Impersonal sentences describing various phenomena of nature The main part of the sentence (subject) is made up of impersonal and impersonally transformed verbs. The sentence has the present, past and future 3rd person forms. For example: : Ale teip spakainiai (calmly) raina*; Yesterday it was very hot. ; Last year I was very baking. ; Again, she's gone. (sighs) Fields of column; At noon it will be raining again; Oh, a lot of stuff. ; It's getting a bit cold. ; De.noja; When we get out, we get in; And the evening begins. laščiot.’ In dialect, besides these impersonal sentences, there are also personal ones, e.g., morning is hot, rain is falling, evening is already dark, thunder is thundering… A. Shahmatov explains the emergence of such sentences by the later addition of the subject to the impersonal sentence due to the influence of personal sentences. The opposite opinion (which M. Durys supports in his syntax) is M. Peskovskiy. In his understanding, the personal sentences rain falls, dawn rises, etc. are earlier, and only later, having started to think critically, a person rejects the name of the supposed actor, thus emphasizing the ignorance of the real cause (the real actor). 2. impersonal sentences, expressing the mental and physical state of a person Only impersonal verbs in the 3rd person form are used in the present tense. They can also be of the past (occasional and frequent), present and future tense, e.g. : Foot ge.lia; Dunti. baildfia (bathing); I'm just a little confused. soup; Look, look, look. to carry it; Heads up. No, I wasn't. ; Yesterday head. sa.pėja. ; Don't read, head. sa.pés... In dialect, alongside such impersonal constructions, perhaps newer personal constructions are often used, cf. : Oh, lip.s sopa very; Head pradé sa.pēt; Sharp. the trunk; Him runka.s knieti, kadnieč (necessarily) that teip do; Nose itch, will die what; As sopa ažu.pinčiai, it is pre.ma (just) ra.du. not... It is worth noting that with the verbs sopa, niešti, peršti, both the final and the noun vowels are used. But with the verbs melts, twinkles, * In order to convey the phonetics of the dialect more accurately, phonetic transcription is used, only significantly reduced. The half-length of sounds is indicated by a point below the right side of the sound mark. Long vowels are marked as lk. Inclination and softness of sounds are shown only in individual cases, “X In brackets some dialect words are explained, 5 The final t of communication is more often soft in dialect. 232 knieti only the noun is used, and with the verbs gelia, maudžia — only the adjective. Toks dvejopas šių sakinių vartojimas būdingas rytų aukštaičių ir dzūkų tarméms.® Literatlirinéje kalboje tokiais atvejais daugiau vartojamos beasmenės konstrukcijos, t. y. su galininku, Šios grupės beasmenių sakinių tarpe yra ir kitokių pagal sudėtį ir reikšmę sakinių, pvz. : But Zi.na.t, prisvarga. already; She's really scared of it. (it became scary); Paru.pė (parūpo) padabot, kas ti de.das; Ajagi, as you want to drink... In some of them, the impersonal or impersonally used verb together with the communicative forms a summary pronoun (gert noris, paru.pė padabot). II. 1998-1999 IMPERSONAL SECTIONS WITH RESIDENT TIME ANONYMS RELATED PARTICIPANTS 4. These are very commonly used sentences in dialect. Depending on how the subject is expressed, these sentences are divided into two groups: sentences with an unspecified subject and sentences in which the subject is expressed in a noun. 1. Sentences su with an unspecified subject, e.g. : Come on. imt, it sa.ka., well va sucked (about hay); Don't be ut afraid of the green ones; It's all right here. (overlooked); Wine tru.puti. nugerta bu.va. ; She gets her coat; Vi.sa.s ku.psna.s nukinkinta (išversta) bu.va. ; Stovi ca.gla.s (bricks) laid down; Zadotkas (advances) bu.va. given... As can be seen from iš the examples, here are du possible cases. In some sentences there is a noun in the noun verb, in others there is no.” jo Because of the absence of the actor in the sentence, the object nominative as if acquires the meaning of the factor. Such a change in the meaning of sentences, when they approach the form of simple personal sentences, is known in some dialects of Russian.® ir J. Jablonski classifies such su sentences with the noun verb, although the noun means an object, as personal sentences. ? The question arises why in those sentences the participle of the non-substantial ir genus is a preposition, because it is not in harmony with the factor. Jablonski does not give an answer to this question. Most likely, the anonymous participles are used here because the actor is not mentioned. 2. Actor in su the role of a nobleman. The actor, expressed in a noble syllable, may be pronouns or proper nouns, e.g. : Kinduriu. ra.da.m, when atvažia.va.m, neieta naujuosna namuosna from kurnica.s (from the chimney); 6 Some pages of I. Špecht’s Litauische dialektische Texte aus Russisch Litaues, Leipzig, 1920, as well as J. Otrembski’s Wschodniolitewskie narzecze twereckie, cz. I. Kraiéw, 1934,? Both these types of sentences are typical of northern Russian dialects; see. A. B. Illanupo, OuepkHh no CHHTAKCHCY PYCCKHX HAPOAHLIX rOBOpoB, 144—145, Mocksa, 1953. On their use in Russian language monuments see C. JI. 1992) 1912 – A. J. B. H. H. (A. J. B. H. H.) 1912 – A. J. B. H. H. (b. XVI B., 321, 1952. 8 O. JI. EH nnn. SaverkH O 3anHCAX MarepHaJiOB No CHHTaKCHCY. —,,DiOJIJIETERKb AKanekTOJiornueckoro ceKTOpa Mucturyra pycckoro si3bIKAa“*, sein, 4, 45 —47, 1948. * The Syntax of the Lithuanian Language, 30, Seinai, 1911. 16. Questions of Speech II, 233 nume.gota well mūsu., started. stuffed animals (belts); Sodi keno it was; He's already Jo bringing the wood. ; Ma.na. no use Zinia.s where; Guest's note, a. ma.na. kvartu.kas (Ziurstas) ažu.mirsta nušimt; Levasios prigriduta Siena. su rugine... Špechtas su considers the constructions of the active past participle of an unnamed genus as Polish, but it would be more ir correct to consider them F. common to Lithuanian Slavic languages; This is shown by the widespread use of Lithuanian in Russian dialects. ir jų ir III. MONSTERS SENTENCES SU A conjunction consists of a communicaiš tive verb, which tells the action, and a modal ir verb, which tells the time. The most commonly ir used modal words are: (ne-)potreba, (ne-)priseis, (ne-)teks, (ne-)muožna, (ne-)možlima. This type of sentence combines two types of sentences: sentences su with object ir noun su sentences with action object in other syllables. 1. In the case of the su subject, the verb is often used ir in the form of the object, e.g. : Already w.gnis raikia dekt; Kiba (if only) melts, then raiks shake hay; Nuvelet in silk. not raikia., only nulu.pt; Runka.s no way can't let go; Raiks already now neu.turt (nakalbét) no one; I need to do some repairs. (roof); Morning, everyone. ar priseis šienas džiaugiant... In Lithuanian language textbooks such sentences are considered to be personal, having both the main part of the sentence. The verb of the noun su together with the communicative is considered o aggregate factor, — the modal word is conjunctive. It would be more correct to classify such sentences as impersonal with a summary -- adverb (modal word bendratis). To consider here as a factor the denominator gal ir ne quite right, because it means an object. Here the noun has the meaning of the final, the connection of o the communicative as a summary participle part to the noun, the separation of it from the modal word is artificial. In literary language, the finalis is used more and more in such sentences instead of the nominative. This is what J. Žiugžda notices." In sentences in which the suffix is used instead of the noun, Žiugžda sees a change in the J. expression of the main parts of the sentence. The sentence in summer has to water the gardens'* is examined as follows: gardens to water aggregate jo factor, has to preposition, in the sentence in summer has to water the gardens factor 'is — considered o only to water, preposition— has to. o Iš there is no real change in the composition of the main parts of the sentence here, only the suffix in the final vowel becomes completely evident. J. Jablonskis, speaking about sentences su with a noun ir as a summary clause®, points out that there can be a lot of | subjectivity when examining such sentences. In the sentence need to harvest rye, asking what to do, the factor will be need to harvest rye, asking what is said o about rye, we will answer: need to harvest rye. So, we're going to have to cross the line. 0 R, Woodpecker, min. veik,, 1 I, 69—70, Žiugžda, Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, 2, 8, 1955, 12 Example taken from the same. 12 Rygiškių Jono Syntax of the Lithuanian language, 25—26, Seinai, 1911, 234 As we can see, J. Jablonskis does not give any criteria by which a general adverb could be assigned to a substantive or a pronoun, indicating that it depends on the question, the logical accent, etc. Analoguous constructions with a noun of the adjective meaning are used in northern Russian dialects, and until the 18th century they were also used in written Russian.’® 2. In impersonal sentences with a summary pronoun, consisting of a modal word and a communicative verb, the adverb may be a noble verb. The use of the genitive here is always conditioned by the semantic meaning of the noun or verb, e.g. : Raiks susmal’t now barley. (part of them, not all as there are); man raiks ža.les pasraut (the prefix indicates the incompleteness of the action); Do Nowhere to sit, Pranokas will come, raikia re.šutu. jam uarne.št; Raikia duot jam kruopu., tegul ėda... If there is no such conditioning, the noun verb is used, cf. : Rakia ground rye (full stock); Muožna uproot poppy.s; You can't get the flour out of it, huh? want to do, etc., etc. 3. In dialect, there are often somewhat different impersonal sentences of this group, These sentences have the same construction, but they do not have a modal word — it is only implied, With a transitive verb, the noun is also used, e.g. : Where this Za.lz will get; Here liesva.s (ladder) pass. whether you will climb over them; Where a.ni.s put, money... 4. Often used impersonal sentences with modal words and non-transitive verb conjugation, e.g. : Pasilset and ke.lia. raikia (before the trip); I'm going to go to pose. raikia; Maž do un bazora. (to the market) priseis nuveit; Nemuožna un jo jot (ant arklio). 5. Another kind of impersonal sentences is interesting. The 3rd person form of the past participle verb "to be" can be adapted to the summary participle (modal word and communicative verb). For example: : Morning breeze. bu.va. Pancakes. isike.pt; Sauna in raike. bu.va. after all, there is no one; I say, maž (maybe) pasilser already raike: bu.va. ; Raike. bu.va, stay so far and then, no and no; Raike. bu.va. jau pape.taut.., These sentences are similar in their meaning to the supposed conditional, i.e. they say an action that has not actually taken place, but is desired. Plg. : Ry: I need to bake pancakes. The word "was" does not emphasize the past tense. The verb "was" in such sentences undoubtedly arose as a result of the influence of Slavic languages. 3aBrpa HajĮO ObiJIO Gbi OJIHHOB HCIeUub, In Russian, Belarusian, Polish, “must” HyxHo, Tp36a, trzeba — predicative words with a modal connotation are classified in the category of state. With the conjunction "GbiTb" they are used as a preposition. In these Slavic languages, "must" itself cannot express a grammatical time, but only states a state with a modal connotation. Meanwhile, in Lithuanian, „reikia“, although it means the concept of necessity as a state, is still a verb and can express the tenses of the verb without the connection „būti“. Therefore, “was”, added to “must”, does not give anything new in terms of meaning, but only emphasizes the unreality of the action. UW Biomnerenb AnajekToJi. I'm a CCCP. smn. I, 17, 1947. 5 A, B, Wlanupo, Ouepku no CHHTAKCHCY PYCCKHX HapOAHHX roBopos, 141-142, Mocksa, 1953. : 235 Sentences of this construction are also found in other dialects, e.g. in the Tverečiaus dialect!8, as well as ir In the Linkmenų dialect, from which it diverged The Malkavan Dialect. This means that they appeared earlier than the descriptive dialect found itself in the Belarusian language environment. J. Špechtas gives such examples already from,,Summa or a short explanation "Evangelicals- ". IV. In these sentences, the predicate is expressed by an adjective of an anonymous genus. In terms of the presence of the actor, these sentences are unequal. In some of them, the state expressed in the pronoun is not associated with any actor, in others it is implied or expressed by a noun, e.g. : Pre. sun tape white; saula.s In very healthy; Oh, I'm sorry. ; be You see how we are happy; Maybe anxious (sad) Malkava.- j, when young, it's all the better in the city... Often here the Slavic baikia [| batka meaning: not bad, good, well (compare blir. Gaiika = 6acHs1), e.g. : Even if you get a little bit of rain, it's over; It's not very hot; When the rye is brought, it will be over... ,,Baika* in the dialect acquired the meaning of an adjective of an anonymous genus. It can also be used as a preposition or prepositional form in personal sentences, e.g. : Every year mils bulba.s ends; The mountains (fur) will be baika... in a similar sense (not bad, good, good) the word Galika is used, apparently, in some Belarusian dialects." V. COMPOSITED IMPERSONAL SENTENCES In the Malkava dialect, impersonal sentences of the following construction are widely used: 1. | + who + we are. 1. The form of the verb 3a is: ‘Examples: There is nothing written. (there is nothing to write about); Nobody's eating. (nothing to eat, food); Nothing is rotting (no grass); There is no pe.ni (no pigs); Palitite, "(rain season), it is no one working (there is nothing to work); There is something reaping (good crops); Yr kas ma.la. (there is grain), but there is no mill. ; Yr what siu.va (there are materials), but I do not have čėsa. (time). is For example: : It's nowhere to swim.s (there is nowhere to swim); There is no cold and swelling; Maybe it wasn't. kadu ra.sha. ; There is nowhere de.da la.pai; I heard, but it wasn't. Someone- 's listening. ; That's enough. (there is where to graze)y Yr kadu here for me ple.pa... n/a 2. | + where, when +4 are; 1; 3a. verb form. 16 Žr, J. Otrebski, East Lithuanian Tver dialects, cz. I, 400. 1 D, Telentiuko unpublished candidate dissertation,,HecJiejjopanne B obnactu Gesopycckoft najJiekTOJIOrHHK- “, Ilnnck, 1949, we find an example “Tanap 3ašuxatbi y Ilinck, Galiksi, a panus, npayga wo ObIO TPyAHO. 236 These are a kind of compound impersonal sentences with impersonal principals, which contain only a preposition, expressed by verbs denoting being not, is, and impersonal subordinate sentences (who ra,ša., who eats., where baths.s ir t. t.). These sentences are interesting both in terms of composition and meaning. As can be seen from the explanations, in sentences with pronouns the noun verb “what” means an object. In some other dialects, the "what" means the actor (there is no who eats — there is no eater). | In Lithuanian textbooks such sentences are not discussed. J. Jablonski, speaking about the main parts of the sentence, gives many such examples from various dialects.!? And regardless of whether in them the denominator denotes an object or an actor, the noun and the verb form are considered a logical factor. In the case of the Malkava dialect, this would be incorrect, because here the noun means an object. When expressing an actor, the noun is used: Nėr kam eina (there is no person who would go); Yr who helps (is an assistant- ); Nobody helps (there is no helper). It is possible that in all the subordinate sentences of these constructions the verbs write, eat, etc. only coincide in their form with the 3rd person form. And according to its origin here is some other form, the examples of Jablonski show that in dialects here varies the form of the verb. Here it may be: esam. 1. the participle of the active kind, the imperative form, the predicative form, etc. The form of the 3rd a. in these sentences resembles in its meaning impersonal verbs, because they also do not indicate the actor. In addition to the sentences: nėr kas valga., nėr kur mauda.s, nėr kam aina, there are also sentences with communicative function: nėr ko valgyt, nėr kur maudytis, nėr kam ait, yr kam padėt and so on. There is no evidence of any such different use. Undoubtedly, all these sentences are very interesting in terms of composition and meaning and should be examined more extensively, based on data from other dialects, HEKOTOPbIE THMbl BE3JIHUKHbIX IPEJIJIO)KKEHHH B I'OBOPE in JIEP. MAJIbKOBKA (BCCP MerncjaBibekuai p-H MorusnesBekoji 06a.) M. K. CHBHIIKEHE Pes3iome crarbe naérca onucanue HanuGojnee xapaKTepHbIX B THEIR TOBOpa Yeah, yeah, yeah. ManbkoBka 6esjinuKsIx pejljioxxē. Besnnynpie mnpelnioxenus pacCCMaTDHBAIOTCH r. IaBHbIM OOpa3OM C TOYKH 3peHHA HX COCTaBa H Bblipa:xXeHHS CKa3yemoro. PaccmaTpHBalOTCs CJIeAYIOUIHEe THŪbI NPEAJIOKEHHH: I. BE3JIMYHDBIE TIIPEMJIO)KEHWS C BE3JIMUHBIMHU HJIH BE3JIMYHO YOU ARE THE ONE! ATTENDANCE; '8 Rygiškių Jono Lithuanian language 25, syntax, Seinai, 1911, 237 II. 1998-1999 BESJIMYHBIE IIPEJ/ÕIOXXEHHSA C HEPOJIOBbIM CTPAJIATEJIbHbIM IIPHUACTHEM TIPOINIEJINETO BPEMEHH (B CKA3YEMOM). I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. CpejH HHX pa3nHualoTCS NpelUIO)xKEHHSI C Heyka3aHHbIM NPOH3BOAHTENEM AefiCTBHS H NpejįJIOXxEHHA C YKasaHHbIM NpOH3BOJMTEJIeM JefiCTBHS (B POJHTE/ILHOM Majexe). B nepBbix npeisioxeHusx ynorpeGasieTcss JAONOJHEHHe B HMEHHTeNLHOM majeXe. H3-3a nonHoro OTCYTCTIBHSI peasibHOro CyO'eKTa JAefiCTBHS HMEHHTeJbHBIH naaex ob’eKTa NepeocMbIC/AHBAETCS, NPHOJKKAETCS IO 3HAYEHHIO K HOCHTEJIO COCTOsIHHS, BupaXKeHHoro npuuactueMm. He's got a.ras. nu.pirkta (ans He€ xopomee naJibTO KynJeHo). B cBoeit rpammaruke H. Sl6souckuc OTHOCHT TaKHe MNpPeJIOKEeHHS K JHYHbLIM. III. BE3JIMUHDbIE IMPEAJIO)- KEHHW A C MOJIAJIbHOHbIMH CJIOBAMU. Buecb HanbGosee HHTEPECHBLIMH SIBASIOTCS NpeJJoXKeHHs C MOJLaJIbHbIMH CJIOBAMH H HMEHHTEJbHbIM nNajexoM B 00’eKTHOM 3HaueHWH. Nuveler silk. neraike (6ykBaJ/ibHO; NOMbITb Ceslelka He Halo). B rpaMMaTHKax JAHTORCKOro S13bIKA TaKHe NpPejIOXKEeHHs TaKKe OTHOCATCA K JHYHbIM, HHOHHHTHB H HMEHHTCeJIbHoli najiex CYuleCTBHTENLHOIO pacCMaTPHBAIOTC KaK CJOXKHOE NOoAJexallee, a MOJlaJibHOe CJIOBO —KaK CKa3yemoe. Dror THN NpeANOXKeHHil BKJoYyaeT B CEO HeCKOJIbKO Pa3HOBHIHOCTEH H CPefln HHX TMpeANOXKeHHsl, B KOTOPbIX CJIOXKHOE CKasyemoe (MOJIaJIbHOE CJIOBO + HH(DHHHTHB) MOA BJHSHUEM CJABSIHCKHX SI3bIKOB OCJOXHeHO (opMoii 3 JMua npolueaero BpeMeHH raaona „ObiTb“: Ryr raike, bu.va. Pancakes. isikept (ByksaJibuo: 3aBTpa Halio ObiJIO 6JMHOB HCneyb). Bausinne narnee, T. K. moHoOHOe OcJIoxHeHHe CKasyemoro BcTpeyaetcss H B JIMHKMfAHCKOM rokope (OT KOTOpPOro oTKOJIOJIcs ManbKOBCKHII TOBOP) H B JPYIHX TOBOpax. IV. BE3JIMYHBIE IPEAJIOXXEHHWSI C HEPOIOBbBIM TITPUJIATATEJIbHbIM. B kauecTBe cka3yemoro MOXeT ynotpeGasTbesi CaoBO bdika CO 3HaueHHeM,- ,XOpollo*, „HHuero“ (cp. Gesopyc. Oaiika = 0acHsi), KOTOpoe OCMLIC/IHBAETCSl KaK HepO/loBOe NpHJarare/ibHoe. V. CJIOXXHbIE BE3JIMYHbIE TMPEAJIO)KEHHS. Kak cJioxHtie pacCMaTpHBAIOTC NpejJioKeHHsl THNa: nér (yr) kas ēd. (OykBajbHO: Her (ects), uro east), nėr (yr) kadu apsvelka (GYyKBaJbHO: HET (ecTb) KOrja ofeBaetcsi). T JiaBHbie nNpeAsoOXKeHHSi COCTABJISIIOT IVIaroJIbi ObiTHS (ecTb, Het). B NPHAATOYHLIX JIONOJIHHTEJIbHbIX C MECTOHMEHHSMH HMEHHTEJIbHbIH najex MecToHMeHHA „kas“ oGo3HauaeT 00’ekT. I'JiaroJi B HEX, MO-BHAHMOMY, TOJIbKO COOTHOCHTCS C (hopmoii 3-ro JHA, a NO NPOHCX 0XKAEHHIO MOXKeT ObiTh HHOI (dopMOK, Ilo roBopam 34eChb BLICTYNAIOT PasHble IJIarOJibHbIe (HOPMbI.