Dėl kai kurių baltų kalbų žemės ūkio augalų pavadinimų kilmės

S QUESTIONS III vio LU ACADEMY ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME BALTIAN LAND USE PLANTS NAMES A. SABALIAUSKAS Radish (Raphanus sativus) 1. A. de Candol (38,553) believes that the radish is native to Western Asia. According to the Talmud, radishes grew well in ancient Babylon (see O. Schrader, Reall., 2, 251). From Asia, this plant'must have entered Egypt very early. Herodotus (2,125) indicates that, judging by the drawings in the pyramid of Cheops, the builders of this monument, in addition to onions and garlic, ate radish (ovgappain) abundantly (cf. G.Buschan, 243). As a popular food, radishes are mentioned in ancient Greek comedies (see O. Schrader, Reall., 2, 251). Radishes were also known to the ancient Romans. They usually added the epithet Syriaca to the name of the radish or marked quae Assyrio semine vemit. This also indicates the oriental origin of the plant (see O.Schrader, Reall., 2,251). 2. Balts and Slavs probably got acquainted with this darZove a little later. There are no archaeological evidences of its existence in Baltic and Slavic lands. For example, based on linguistic data, we can say that Lithuanians already knew about radishes in the 12th century. Of course, the Slavs had to know them earlier, because the Belarusians, as we will see, got acquainted with this plant through the Slavs. Three. in languages, the most commonly found names of radish of dual origin. The Greek name of the radish, įagpavię, payd4yn, is of the same root as the name of the turnip, jgmug, insugh. In the Greek language from this plant called radish and got its name. From the Greek language such a name of radish entered the Latin language —raphanus. The name was later adopted by the Romance languages: rafano, esp. rabano, port. Radishes. In addition to the Greek loanword, the Latin language had another own name for radish, rudix, which originally meant “root”. The word comes from the Germanic language:. height. rari(c)h, retich, sen. angl. redic, vid. vok. height. radish, red radish, radish. Reittich, Sven. Ratrika. Sen. Vok. height. merraatich indicates that this word originally had the root a in Germanic languages (cf. F. Weigand, 577—8; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., 597). From the Germanic, the latter name of the radish came into the Finnish language —raatikka (see T. E. Karsten, IF, 26, 250—1; Germ., 207). It is also found in Hungarian rerek, 17. 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311. — 4. We find such a name of radish also in Slavic languages: ssl. Russian. Pemoka (H. H. Cpesnesckuii, 3, 216), Russian. pedoka, baltr. psdsoxa, ukr. pedoxa, serb.-chrv. podaxsa, pomxsa, pOxea, slovėn. rēdkew, check. Fedkev, Fetkev, slovk. red'kev (V. Machek, 60), Rost., left. radish, height. light. Rare, I'm sure. light. fatkey (plg. F. Miklosich, et al. Wb., 284—5; A. IlpeoGpaxenckuil, DT. CJ, M. 2,194; Vasmer, et al. Wb., J. 2,504; Holub, F. Kopečny, et al. sl., V. 321; Machek, Et. sl, At first 432). glance, it is iš clear that these names of radishes in Slavic languages cannot be reconstructed as a unified pronoun. Iš of the above examples, at least four pronouns can be reconstructed:*r- * edaky, rodeky, *rodoky, *rodoky (plg. V. Machek, Rost., Such 60). inconsistency indicates that this name of radish is not a Slavic word; most of the Slavic languages he entered the Germanic Į iš (plg. A. Meillet, Ėtud., 184; C. C. Uhlenbeck, AfsIPh, 15, 490; V. Kiparsky, Lw., 276—7). Russian forms of the name probably originated from iš German. Jam. Languages (plg. V. Kiparsky, Lw., 276—7). German narrow in e Russian could be expressed as in the word » ir Bopro < vok. Bern (plg. K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 42). In Slavic languages, the phonetics of the name of this radish may have changed due to popular ir etymology. Some of these names in the Slavic į languages may have entered the ir iš Romance languages (plg. M. Vasmer, Et.Wb., 2,504; V. Machek, Rost., Later 60). in the iš Russian language such a name of radish entered some other ir į Soviet The Languages of the Union: Evenk. pedoxa, the same. pedoka, bur.-mong. ir pedox kt. 5. The name of this root radish is found in the Baltic, ir namely, Lithuanian Latvian ir languages. We find it in jį the old ir monuments of our language: in the dictionary of K.Širvydas (331), J. Morkūno Postilae (270). Į in English this word has come in sen. iš Russian language. Got it even before 5> e, that is, ne later than XII a. (plg. K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 42; B. H. In the eastern 397). part of the county, the name of the river is found in the form "Rudnik". K. Būga (ZfslPh, 1, 42) believes that it, as the Latvian name for ir radish, is derived from sen. iš Russian (K. Belarusian language in Belarus — Weissrussen) forms *psdbk8, where the root is due + to consonant hardening. A similar r change in vocalism K. The mouth ir see in the Latvian word krusrs (by the fall) (K. But this form, as 2,538). we will see, caninterpretation differently. ma ir 6. In Latvian, the most common name for the radish is rutks. J. Endzelynas (EM, 3,565) believes that the form is ši probably derived from the iš form *ridiks, only the root vocalism changed by the word ruds ,,pink, brown“. This, perhaps, in part would iš indicate such ir forms of this name as ruduks (EM, 3, 554; J. Endzelins, La. Gr., 72), rudax (T. Šmite, FBR, EH, 12,51; 2, 381), occurring next to the form rutaks (F. Adamovičs, FBR, 3, 107). In this way it would be possible to ir interpret the Lithuanian form rudikis, because the form *psdoxv, iš from which, K. in the opinion of Boge, the mentioned Latvian-Lithuanian names of radish ir might have come, is not found in Russian language monuments. In Latvian dialects, the one-time recorded form ridiks ir (EH, 2, 375). Because of its isolation, it is difficult to draw any conclusions, 258 The Latvian name of the radish in the current Latvian language is found in anothercomposite name me of the vegetable mdrrutks — „,kriens“, which is derived from the German word. Meerrettich, translating the second part of the word. Iš The name of the radish has given its name to some other plants: lake ir radish, devil radish, black radish, "Cicuta virosa", forest radish, "Geum rivale", field radish "Raphanus raphanistrum" (EM, 3,565). Curonian Dune fishermen's Latvian name for radish is retichs (J. This name is 77). derived from the German iš language. 7. We see that the White Slavs ir have the name of tą radish themselves. In both groups, as in many bų other ide. ir languages, this name is borrowed. Most of the Slavs received Germanic, Belarusian jį Slavs. iš o iš The name of the radish is not known in the ancient Prussian language. Carrot (Daucus carota) The 1. homeland of this plant tends to be Europe or Anterior Asia (plg. A. de Candolle, 554; O. Schrader, Reall., 2,69; H. Burchardéwna, 170). Traces of carrots are found in Switzerland in the remains of Robenhaus Sioux settlements (plg. G. Buschan, 148; O. Schrader, Reall., But 2,69). this finding is doubted by some (see J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 234). 2. In the territory of Poland, we find carrot seeds in fossils dated VII—IX a. (plg. H. Burchardéwna, 164, 175). There is a lack of knowledge about carrot cultivation in Lithuania and Latvia at this time. XVI a. In inventories of Lithuanian manors this plant is mentioned, although relatively often ne (plg. K. Jablonskis, 419, 451, 455, 678). 1624 m. ir 1630 m. In the cadastres of Latvian manors we found that carrots were provided by Latvian peasants as a tribute to the landlords (plg. A. Svabe, IMM, 1922, 169; J. Sehwers, 301). 3. He's coming. languages we find several names of different origins of this plant. The name of the carrot, carota, has passed from Latin into some other languages. languages: it. carota, alb. Carrot, French carotte, English carrot, German Karotte Spoon, etc. In Germanic and Slavic languages, the most common other name for carrot is: Old German. height. mor(a)ha, vid. vok. height. Morhe, morhe, vok. Mėhre, sen. angl. more, angl. more, sen. dan. more, sen. swedish. mora et al. (cf. J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 234; F. Weigand, 2, 206—7; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., 484), rus. mopkoes, MOpK8a (B. Hans, 2, 347), baltr. Mopxea, ukr. mopxsa, bulg. mopxos, serb.-chrv. Dea, Slovene. Carrot, check. Carrot, word. Carrot, left. marchew, height. light. Morcheeba, Earth. Puddle. marchwej (cf. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 158-9; A. Ilpeo6paxenckun#i, Dr. ca, 557; F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 192). From the Slavs, this name of the carrot has passed into other languages: rum. morcov (plg. A. Rosetti, 44), mold. mM0pxoe. The word has also been used in other languages of the Soviet Union. mopkoss, bur.-mong. AM0px006, equivalent. M0pK086, the same. mopkoes, etc. From the Slavs, as we will see, the Lithuanians also received this word. - On the origin of this word there are different opinions. It is primarily associated with gr. Hesiod's Bpaxava =k šypix Adyave, by reconstructing the Greek form of the prolyte *myk- (see A. Walde, Vrgl. Wb., 2, 313; Ė. Boisacą, D. ėt., 131; J. Hoops, Reall., 1, 234; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 158; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., 484). From a semantic point of view, such an association is quite possible, because often a cultural plant gets its name from some wild plant 259 iš (gr. Shipiz Adgyazvya, "wild vegetables"). However, it is difficult to reconstruct a unified ir pronoun for Greek, Germanic and Slavic words. Many researchers considered the Slavic name of the carrot iš a Germanic loan (plg. F. Miklosich, et al. Wb., 192; A. Walde, Vrgl. Wb., 2, 313; C. C. Uhlenbeck, AfsIPh, 15, 489; O. Schrader, Reall., 2, 69). This opinion was supported by ir Boduenas de Kurtenė (10), Such a statement iš is justified in part, because iš the names of carrots found in the Slavic languages of this root cannot be reconstructed in a unified pronoun. But, on the other hand, it is ir impossible to phoneticalšį ly associate the name of the carrot in all Slavic su languages with the Germanic name of the carrot. Therefore, iš Germanic are probably borrowed only Polish, Lusatian names of carrots (plg. V. Kiparsky, Lw., 75—6; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 158—9; V. Machek, Rost., 167). V. Machekas (LP, 2, 158; Rost., believes 167) that both Slavs and Germans received the name of carrot from an unknown non-Indo-European language. iš He writes in: "Because, k že ta Plant je v Europe home from the ancient times, od 1ze claim that both Slavic * mrarky, tsk and Germanic * murxo were —independently of each other— pijaty feči pfedindoevropskych pūvodnich obyvatelū Europe“ z (Rost., 167). 4. As mentioned, the name of this root carrot entered the iš Slavs ir į Lithuanian language. In our dialects and writings we find various phonetic ZedZio variants: carrot, carrot, carrot, carrot, carrot (plg. J. Dagys, 116; F. Kurschat, Wb., 1, 67, 135). The Lithuanian form morkvė quite corresponds to the Russian. dial. woprea, baltr. Mopxaa; iš where it entered the Lithuaniir an language (plg. A. Brūckner, Fw., 110; J. Otrebski, Tw., 3, 33; B. H. Kocreasnuukuii, 259; K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 48). The form morkva is already found in the dictionary of K. Širvydas (142). The form carrot appeared already in Lithuanian soil. Such a fall of the consonant » in borrowed words is quite often observed, cf. liėkarsta < liėkarstva, kélyti < kvėlyti (Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 135). This consonant sometimes falls out in its own words (cf. J. Endzelins, La, Gr., 212—20; BVSuF, 49-50). Various changes in the stem occurred according to the analogy of other words, for example, the form karokvė could have arisen under the influence of the words bulvé, rdpé, morkas according to other -okamieniniai vegetable names. 5. Latvians do not have the name of this root carrot. The most common word there is burkans, which we also find in other neighboring languages: rus. Gopkaw, 6yprkan (B. Ilanb, 1, 115, 143), East Prussian German. Burkan, Borkan, Porkan (H. Frischbier, 1, 120), suom. Carrots, please. Carrots, mushrooms. nypoxka, lyb. borkons, lit. burkonas, burkūnas (L. k. žd., 1, 972, 973). As we see, this name of the carrot covers a certain part of north-eastern Europe. Of the Slavic languages, only Russian has jj; of the Germanic languages, only the East Prussian Germans have it. In the Baltic Finnish languages this word came from Russian (see J. Mikkola, Ber., 91), but it is not clear where it came from in Russian. V. Kiparskis (Baltend., 201, cf. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., 1, 108) believes that the Russians received this name of the carrot from the Baltic Germans, and here this word entered through the monastic Latin language from Greek (Bpžxava). Thus, it would be a word of the same origin as the previously mentioned Slavic, Germanic name of carrot, but it appeared in a completely different way. However, M. Fasmeris (Et. Wb., 1, 108), seems to reasonably disagree with such an interpretation, because gr. fpgnava is a very rarely used word that is not found in scientific literature. K. Būga (ZfslPh, 1, 48) has written on this subject:,mopker kann von gleicher Herkunft sein wie Geprxans. Only we do not know today such a language in which m can become b or vice versa. Not only MSpKbL and 6vpkans, but also lett show that there was a language in the Baltic Sea in ancient times in which 4 can be replaced by m. buca and mu260 ca ,, Tonne". So there are no unquestionable explanations. 6. This name of the carrot is found in the Latvian language monuments of the 17th century, for example, G. Mancelis (Phras. lett., XVI) writes,,- gelbe Rūben, Burrkani- “, J. Langijs,,- Burkans, plur. Burkani, gelbe Mėhre oder Rūbe” (cf. t. p. J. Sehwers, 301). It is difficult to say which way this word entered the Latvian language. It is possible that the Latvians received it from the Russian language, as stated by A. Brūkners (Fw., 75), according to K. Buga (ZfsIPh, 1, 48), the Baltic Germans borrowed this name of carrot from the Latvians, but it could also be the opposite. In Latvian dialects, besides the form burkans, we also find the forms burkanis, burkants (EH, 1, 254). The latter form may be of the same origin as lit. burkantas. However, the suffix with the formative -z may have sometimes appeared in this word in the Latvian soil in the diminutive form bŽurkanrinš (about this suffix cf. J. Endzelins, La. Gr., 316—7). 7. This name of the carrot is sometimes found in Lithuanian dialects: buškonas, burkūnas (Lk. žd., 1, 972, 973). These words probably entered Lithuanian by two ways: from East Prussian German and Latvian. Geography also shows this. In the dictionary of K. Širvydas (243) we find the word burkuntai < burkantai. It is often used as a synonym jų for the word "pastry". It entered the Lithuanian language from the Russian language (cf. K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 48; Pr. Skardžius, Lw., 48). However, the meaning of this word is very unclear. These linguists believe that it is the same suffix as est. Carrots. However, this statement is doubtful, because we do not find a similar suffix for this word in Russian sources, and of the Baltic Finnish languages only Estonian has such a suffix in this word. This may also have been the origin of the name of the city in Lithuanian. In the Lithuanian language, the word barkfinas "Melilotus" (L.k. žd., 1, 537; K. Būga, ZfslPh, 1, 48) of this root is found quite widely. This word is also found in Russian (B. las, 1, 143) with this meaning, from where it entered the Lithuanian language. The difference in root vocalism of these words should be explained by their phonetic diversity in Russian. 8. In the western dialects of the Lithuanian language there is another name for carrot. There are various phonetic variants of this name: germėlė, geFmolé, germiilė, germuolė, gitmolé, girmolis, girmuolė (L.k. žd., 3, 260, 261, 344; J. Dagys, 116; J. Gerullis, Chr. Stang’as, 82). This name was borrowed from German. In East Prussian German dialects, the form Gëlmėhre is found (H. Frischbier, 1, 224, 225), from which the name of the carrot derives (see K. Alminauskis, 53, 54). The Lithuanians only changed the consonants when borrowing. Similar metathesis phenomena, especially in borrowed words, occur quite often, cf. lat. redele, est. redel < vok. Jam. ladder, 261 , also a borrowed word, which has entered these languages in various ways. The name of this root cucumber has a large number of Slavic languages: o02ypeų, oeypox (B. Jlamib, 2, 649), baltr. 142) A. Pacropryes, II. oeipox, serb.-chrv. Yzopax, check. cucumber, cucumber, word. cucumber, cucumber, cucumber, cucumber, cucumber (V. Machek, Rost., 227—8), lenk. ogdrek, high. Puddle. Cork, jam. Puddle. cucumber. From the mentioned names of cucumbers in the Slavic languages of this root, one prolet cannot be reconstructed. According to Slovak and Serbo-Croatian names, the pronoun *angurcan be reconstructed, while the names of cucumber in East Slavic, Czech, Polish languages indicate the pronoun *ogur-. The older pronoun is *angur-. This would indicate the source of the mentioned Slavic cucumber names gr. byzantine. gyyougov (modern Greek: ayyouvpt). The Slavs probably received both the plant itself and its name from the Greeks (see M.Vasmer, Et. Wb., 2, 253—4; ZfsIPh, 19, 449). Prolytés *ogura's appearance is explained by V. Machek (Rost., 228) as a result of dissimulation, with the nasal nm disappearing before the smooth r (,,...asi pfes spodobu: n-r > r-r > O-r“). The origin of the name of this cucumber is not quite clear. Some gr. ¥yyovgov explain, based on the Greek material. In their opinion, this word means,,nei$nokes, green” (shyovpos = shopog). From a semantic point of view, this interpretation is quite reliable, because cucumbers were consumed raw, without waiting until they were fully ripe (see O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 653; V. Hehn, 320). Gr. šyyovpov is also associated with pers. angūr "bunch of grapes" (cf. F. Miklosich, Et. Wb., 2, 371; V. Machek, Rost., 228). Because there is a certain kind of small cucumbers, whose fruits somewhat resemble grape buns. Finally, it is even possible to explain gr. šyyovpov as contamination of pers. angūr and gr. ¥yovpos (cf. J. Holub, F. Kopečny, Et. s., 254). Alongside the Greek name žyyovpov, the compound name of the cucumber is also found, tetpžyyovpov (V. Hehn, 316), from which the Albanian name of the cucumber rrangull (cf. O. Schrader, Reali.,1, First the southern Slavs had to get acquainted with cucumbers. This was due to geographical factors. 653). The assertion that the word oeypey entered the Russian language from the Polish language has no basis (cf. V. Jagič, AfslPh, 7,495). With the Greek origin of the name of the Slavic cucumber, not everyone agrees. For example, P. Chernych (Her. rp., 301; Ou. Jiekc., 113) believes that the Greeks probably got this name from the Slavs. Slavs, in his opinion (Ou. sexc., 61), probably got such a name for cucumber somewhere from the east. However, the interpretation of P. Černych is difficult to substantiate (see, for example, JI. A. ByJiaxoBernit, BS, 1953, 1,137). 4. From the Slavs, the name of cucumber along with the object itself went to other countries. The name is also found in Germanic languages, such as German. Gurke, Sven. Pickle, dan. cucumber, norv. agurk, angl. gherkin,karniSonas, marinuotas agurkėlis- ’. In Germanic languages, the name of this cucumber has entered relatively recently. The Germans first met him. In general, the Germans got acquainted with this plant in two ways: from the Romans and from the Slavs. This is illustrated by the geography of the cucumber name in German dialects. In southern and western parts of Germany, the name of the cucumber is derived from Latin cwcumis, -eris, and in other parts from Slavic borrowings. The Germans from the Slavs received this name on the trade route. It appears already in 16th century language monuments (see Trübners Wb., 259). In the German language, the name of this cucumber is found in various phonetic forms: Omorke, Umurke, Agurke, Augurke, Augurk, Gorken, Gurcken, Gorken, Gurchen, Ajurke (F. Weigand, 780-1; 263 , Drivers Wb., 259; O. Schrader, Reall., 1, 653; O. Schrader, IF, 17, 30). Similar phonetic diversity is characteristic of many borrowed words. Through the Germans this name of cucumber passed ir į other Germanic languages. Iš Slavic name of this root cucumber borrowed Hungarians ir wborka, — ugorka. It is also found in ir Baltic Finnish Languages. Į there he has entered by two ways: germany est. iš — kurk, suom. Cucumbers (plg. JI. XakyJinnen, 2.63) ir just Slavic iš Finnish. — wuggurits (plg. J. Mikkola,Ber., 23). In later times the iš name of cucumber in Russian language entered ir į some other Soviet The languages of the Union: evenkik. oeypey, bur.-mong. Ye2epcbi, tuv. ozypey, avar. oxpey kt. ir 5. The name of this root cucumber is found in Baltic ir languages. Į here he got also probably by two ways. The Lithuanians borrowed iš the name of cucumber from the Slavs. Į Lithuanian language this word could have entered Polish or iš Belarusian languages. K. Būga (Jd., 19), A. Bruckner (Fw., 66) believes that the Lithuaniašį ns got the name from iš the Polish. Others allow both possibilities (plg. Ms. Skardžius, Lw., 26; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., 2; J. 2nd ed., pg. 3,5). agufka could have come iš from both Polish ogurek (from XVI a. ogdrek), is white. iš oeypok®. Ši form is found in ir various XVI a. History of the Principality of Lithuania (plg. K. Jablonskis, 451; K. Bouga, I.e., Such a name 19). of cucumber is often found in mifisy in ancient writings. Jį has already J. Bretkūnas, K. Širvydas, S. Chilinskis (plg. K. In the English language, the forms 19). of the adjectives in the plural are: ir (Vkš, Užv, Kl, Kv, Škn, Grz, Krp, Ping, Skd; K. 100, pp. L.K., ed. 19; d., 1, 26), gap class (Sint, Pln, Nv, Mžk, Sd, Krtn, YI), guiklas (Pcs; A. Bezzenberger, Lit. F., 116). Formant -the appearance here K. Young explained the influence of the word gurklys (plg. K. Such an interpret19). ation is quite possible. The vowel drop at the beginning aof the word may also confirm the iš connection of these words. E. Frenkel (Et. Wb., 178) otherwišį se explains the question. Jo In the opinion, the word guiklas iš borrowed from the o German -/- language, formant arising under the influence of the word cviklas. It is hardly possible su to agree with such E. Frankel's interpretation. The only argument that this word could have been borrowed from German is iš a-absence. But this voice could have fallen ir be under the influence of foreign language (plg. baltr. a2ypokK: eypox, vok. Cucumbers: Cucumbeir rs kt. ). In Lithuanian we find ir some other plant names derived from the name of iš cucumber, namely: cucumber, "Borrago officinalis" (L.k. d., 1, 25), Poppy-grower "garden grass with large hairy leaves, cucumber flavor" (L. k. d., 1, 25), aguikés ‘Borrago officinalis’ (L. k.d., 1, 25), cucumber juice ‘Borrago officinalis’ (L. k. d., 1, 26), aguikialapis, agurklialapis, agurkliaZolé,- ,a grass that grows in ar algal lakes in rather deep puddles and whose leaves are small in the water ir (not lily), pedunclo es thin long, even ir to the bottom“ (L. k. d., 1, 25, 26). In the words aguiklialapis, agurkliažolė first -Is probably inserted, arising from the second -Influenced, because the words aguikla, aguiklé are not used in this dialect. The name of a meadow found in Latvia ir Agurkle, which is also related to liet. su Eagle (plg. J. Endzelins, LV, Latvia I, 1,6). 6. The name of this root cucumber is also used in Latvian. The history of its entry into Latvian language is somewhat different from that of Lithuanian. Already in E. Gluko (1652— Bible translation we find the form 1705) ‘to Augurku". This debt vid. iš vok. 264