Lietuvių kalbos balsių ir dvibalsių ilgumas, arba kiekybė

SURVIVOR AIR STUDIES RKLAUSIMAL III LIMITATIONS TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES BALLS IR TWO-POINT LENGTH, OR QUANTITY V. VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ I LENGTH, JĮ CONDITIONING CIRCUMSTANCES IR JO MEANING The length of a vowel or diphthong is the amount of time it takes to pronounce it. The length of diphthongs ir of Lithuanian vowels, when all other phonetic conditions are equal, is determined by the following circumstances: a) The character of the syllable ar containing the diphthong: in the open syllable it is slightly longer than in the closed syllable, e.g. in the word kišis (will be. I. 3. asm.) 1=18", o in the word haškis i= 17"; in the word séké 0 é=51", in the word szőlő é=50". In a closed syllable, the diphthongs ir are shorter than in an open syllable, because part of the energy is devoted to the po jų consonant. b) Contrast consonant: po the diphthong of the loud consonant is ar slightly longer than the muffled one, because the muffled po consonants are pronounced more energetically than the loud ones, e.g.: in the word būs 4 =22", o in the word pus u=21". c) Accent: the same accented vowel or diphthong is longer unaccented, because it is už pronounced much more energetically than this, e.g. in the word kasi a =20", o in the word kasi a=17". d) Place of accent in the word: the further the unaccented syllable is from the accented one, the shorter the jo sound, because the greatest amount of energy goes to the accented syllable nearby, e.g. in the word akmué a=15", ir in the word jo akmenyjė a=13". o e) The number of syllables in a word: the fewer syllables a word has, the longer the constituent sounds, the more the jų shorter, e.g. : ir — "The 13th Annual i= 15", Gold Medal". The reason is that the amount of energy devoted to the pronunciation of a word of a certain number of syllables is a limited constant. ir Therefore, as the pronunciation of the accentuated syllable becomes more energetic, the unaccentuated syllables suffer; and the more of them there are, the shorter and less energetic they are pronounced.” ė) The number of sounds that make up the other syllables of the word: if the word has one or more long vowel diphthongs, then the sounds that make up all the syllables ar of the word or to 11*, o (sigma) = 0,01 In experimental phonetics, the unit of time used to measure the length of a sound is the second. In acoustics, 1*(o) = 0.001 sec. 2 Zr. Jl. B. lllep6a, Pycckne raacHbie B KaueciBeHHOM H KOJIKNeC1TBEHHOM OTHOLICHHH, 151, C, « INerep6ypr, 1912. 207 are slightly shorter than in a word without long vowels and diphthongs, because the pronunciation of long vowels requires more energy than short vowels, e.g.: in the word kibo 0-—39", o in the word kybo o=34". f) The position of the vowel or diphthong in the word: at the absolute end of the word vowels and diphthongs are much longer than the same vowels and diphthongs in other phonetic positions, e.g.: in the word sėkti é=23", in the word sektė é=28". o Elongation of ir vowel diphthongs at the absolute end of the word, characteristic of Lithuanian, ir Russian, etc. for languages, interpreted by very slow, undisturbed recursion of language devices®. Also, diphthongs in the last ir closed syllable of a word are slightly longer than in other phonetic positions, but shorter than at the absolute end of the word. | g) Prefix: long syllable sounds with a strong prefix are longer than the same sounds with a strong prefix, e.g.: in the word už dyge (may be. k. 1. participant) o f—22", in word djige (v.s. gal.) “peat moss species? 7=24"; wear 6=34", o in the word nešiotė 6=39". h) Speech speed: When speaking fast, the sounds that make up all the syllables of a word are shorter than when speaking slowly. i) Vowel quality: the corresponir ding short long vowels, standing in the same phonetic positions, are always of different length, e.g. in the word pus 4=21", o in the word rūs i=32", but in different phonetic positions sometimes the long short ir phonemes can be of the same length (see section 4.4). tables of ir long corresponding short phonemes). This coincidence ir of the length of the long short vowel phonemes does not mean jų levelling, because the long short vowels of the ir Lithuanian language differ only ne in length, but in other characteriir stics: quality, tension of the speech organs, energeticity, and so on. mu ir t.t. When one feature of the iš whole complex disappears, if all the other features remain, the long short vowel phonemes are not blurred. ir There is also a difference in the length of vowels and diphthongs of completely different quality. In general, the ir lower middle pitch vowels are correspondingly longer than the už upper pitch vowels, because the upper pitch vowels begin po the consonant closure or ankštumaš somewhat earlier. Thus, the length of each syllable sound depends on the syllable complex: changing the phonetic position, the length of the sound changes a little. ir The unpronunciated diphthongs of Lithuanian, ir which always retain their quality, are characterized by quantitative reduction, or shortening. The length of ir long short vowels and diphthongs fluctuates: a fairly large range of fluctuation is typical of long vowels diphthongs, short vowels ir o —slightly lower (see section 4.4). tables). However, in the same phonetic position, the length of the sound is constant. Ne all the circumstances herein are equally relevant to the length of sound. Long ir corresponding short vowels, forming independent phonemes, distinguishing words ir jų form values, e.g. : a: a in the words kas: kėsy ė: é in the words més: més; i: T in words tiko: tyko (plg. tycoid); ū:fė in the words pis: pils; 5 : 6 in the words lotas (weight measure): Idras (plg. Idti), the difference in length plays a phonemic role, and therefore is the most ir significant, All the other aboveSee. 3 Ibid. 132. 4 Zr. there, inclinations, 132. 208 which cause some change in the length of the syllable sound, only show quantitative fluctuations of the same phoneme in different phonetic positions, but phonemic meanings are not less important. ir II BALLS LENGTH* 1. Frontal vowel length Phoneme į. The length of the long phoneme with upper elevation £ varies approximately from ligi 22" 36", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 20" 32" (see section 4.4). 1 slow. ). —CČ || 2 3 4 5 1. atv. | 2. 100 mg/mL 2, atv, | 3. 100 mg/mL | 4. atv. g a. g. sk. sk. a. g. sk. sk. sk. Žž 22 22" m 36" 24“ 34” 36” 32” 35“ 34“ a 1. atv. | 2. 100 mg/mL 2. atv. 2. atv. į, atv, sk. 3 2. | sk. |. a. & sk. 1. ag sk. 3. | sk. 3. 3 20“ 28” 32” 20* 29“ 28” 297 1 Table 1 Phoneme i. The length of the short phoneme of the upper i elevation varies approximately from 13" ligi 21", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 9" 16" (see section 4.4). 2 slow. ). || 2 3 4 5 10 š 3 5 | 100 mg/mL 1. uzd.|l. atv. i. ir 2, . Atv, atv. 3. D | sk |*8|en | sk | * Žr fatvsk] Bf sk. Žž ig | 217 | 177 | 182] 197 | 16” | 207 | 15° 13“ 2 2, 2, atv.| a. g. ||. atv.|g.'|l. a. atv.|2. atv. 3. atv.|4. 100 mg/mL : sk. '1. ]}sk. 2. . |sk. 3.] 1. 3. |sk.|sk. 4. sk. 7th ed. 7. Žž 147 1.147 1167 | porn’ 9“ 11“ 2 table The 5 tables here show the length of the diphthongs of each vowel in sigma at the most ir important phonetic positions. The numbers at the top of the tables indicate the number of 1, 2, 3 ir t. t. syllables in a word containing a diphthong. ar sk. = in a closed syllable, atv. sk. = in an open syllable, a.g. = at the absolute end. Number before these abbreviations (e. g. : 1. atv. sk.) represents the break of a syllable containing ar a diphthong in a word, the number of po these abbreviations (e. g. : 2. closed sk. 1.) represents the sequence number of the accentuated syllable of the word, "The sign before the sequence of numbers represents ar the length su of the vowel diphthong, 0 ~ — su Tables show the lengths of diphthongs ir of vowels muffled or po between muffled consonants. 14. Colloquial questions 111 209 Phoneme č, The length of the medium-pitched long phoneme ė varies approximately from ligi 30" 49", o not — pronounced 17" from ligi 29" (see section 4.4). 3 slow. ), || 2 3 4 Closed, ||. open | 2. Closed 2. atv. E varnishes RE o 8 sk. | *& S | 59 R- | , „ 6* 0” 33“ iŽ 33 3 3 ~ 48” 497 49“ s 1. atv. a I. atv. | 1. atv. | 2. atv. | a. g. ||. atv. | 2. atv. 3 sk, 2, + E | sk. 2, | sk. 3. | sk. 3. I | sk. 2. incl. 3. w 3 21% 28” 21” 19 26” 29” 17* 20“ 3 Table 1 Phoneme e. Medium-pitched short phonemes, found only in international words, range in e, length from approximately 17” 25", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 14” 19" (see section 4.4). 4 slow. ). 2 3 4 5 6 g 3 1. atv. 1. atv. 3. atv. | 2. atv, atv, 5. sk. = sk. Oh, shit, shit, shit. sk. X 25* 22° 20“ 18“ 17" k 1. atv. 1. atv. 1. atv. 2. Atv, atv. 3. 2. atv, sk. 2 2, sk. 3. Oh, shit, 3. shit, shit. 3. sk. 4. sk. 3. ot iC] Z 19* 14* 19* 187 16“ 14“ 4 Table 1 Phoneme e. The length of the medium-pitched short phoneme € varies approximately from ligi 18" 27", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 14" 21" (see box 5). 210 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 g Ė, closed| a. g. |1. L.A. atv.| a. g |l. off. a. g. |3. atv.| a. g. [Lope sk. £3) sk. sk. sk. sk. sk. 5 96% | 277 | 237 | 25” | 24” | 24° 27” | 20" | 26” 187 | 27° g 1. atv. 1. atv.|l. atv.| am. g. |2. atv.|2. atv.|2. atv.| a. g. 1. atv. 2 sk. 2. sk 7 Isk. 3] blew incl. 3 4 |sk. 3] 3 sk. 7. 3 21” 197 | 16” | 217 | 16” | 14" | 15" | 197 157 | . 5 table Phoneme č. The length of the medium-pitched long phoneme č ranges from ligi 43" 51”, o undialectal — from ligi 33" 35" (see section 4.4). 6 slow. ). 1 2 3 100 mg/mL |l. atv.|l. closed| a. g. ||. atv.|2. atv. sk. sk. sk. Dialect r Lai t 507 | 517 | 507 | 51” | 43" | 49° 8 a.m. a.m. 2 J. 1. ww Lo KC: 357 337 6 Table 1 2. The length of the back vowels Phoneme II. The length of the long phoneme of the upper elevation # varies approximately from ligi 26" 46", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 13" 29" (see section 4.4). 7 slow. ). || 2 3 4 10 8 [l.uZd.] a. g. to]. atv.|I. 100 mg/mL a. g. |l. atv.) a. g. (l.uzd. 8 sk. sk. Oh, shit, shit, shit. sk. = . . wv | 29 28" | 27 27 26" «| 322 | 39" | 40” 46" 44° g 1. open|2, closed| a. g. |l. atv.|l. atv, 6. enclosed 2 sk. 2. sk. 1. sk. 3. [sk. 2. sk, 7, » H g 247 | 237 | 297 | 207 | 18° 13° 7 slow Phoneme u. The length of the short phoneme of the upper x elevation varies approximately from ligi 17" 24", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 12" 19" (see box 8). 1. atv.|2.uZd.| a. g. |l.u2d.|2, atv.| a. g. |l. 100 mg/mL 1. 100 mg/mL sk. sk. Shh, shh, shh. 2017-07-28. pp. 2. "2017-07-28. pp. 2". I. a. g. ||. atv.| a. g. |?. atv.|l, atv. [l. atv. sk. 2. Incl. I. LK. 3. [sk. 2. I.|sk. 3. |sk. 5. [sk. 6. Unmarked 17° a5" hem 17147 913857: 1 18” hit 1 12) 12 8 slowed 211 Phoneme 6. The length of a long phoneme with a medium 6 pitch varies. grazing approximately 34” from ligi 48", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 15" 39" (see section 4.4). 9 slow. ), 1 2 3 4 10 | 8 Isk. sk. sk. 3 = 7 , 387 34” ~| 48" | 48° 39” 8 1. atv.ll. closed| a. g. |1.uzd.|l. uzd.|3. atv.|6. atv. =. sk. 2. Isk, I. Isk, 2. |sk. 2. 3. incl. 1. sk. 8. x . ‘ti 2 397 | 907 | 30° | 287 | 277 | 267 | 15° 9 slowed Phoneme 9. The length of the medium-pitched short phoneme 2 varies approximately from ligi 23" 26", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 16" 21" (see section 4.4). 10 slow. ), 2 4 5 3 3 1, ed. atv.| a. g. 2. atv. 2 sk. (sk. sk. 5 937 | 247 15926" 23" 8 1. atv. I. atv.|l.uzd.|l. 100 mg/mL 3 sk. 2. sk. 3. [sk. 2. incl. 3. 2 o „ „ „ Ld ką 21 20 16 17 (see section 4.4). 11 slow. ). 10 Table 1 Phonem a. Low-rising accented short phonemes range from a approximately ligi to ligi 18" 29", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 10" 19' 212 j 2 3 4 51 6 10 3 E closed| a. g. 1.uZd.|1. atv.| a. g. (1. atv. a g 2 sk. sk. |sk. sk. M ——n€—* 23” | 28” | 18” |207 | 29” | 18" 27" E 1.uzd.|l. atv.| a. g. |1. atv.|l.uZd. (2. atv.| a. g. 1. atv.|1. užd.|4 uZd.|1, arv.|6 ud. (2. atv.|5. atv: sk. 2 2. |sk. 2. 1.|sk. 2. |sk. 3. [sk. 1. 1. lsk. 3. |sk. 4. [sk. 3. |sk. 3. [sk. 5. |sk. 7. incl. 1. "| = 2 15¢ | 177 | 197 | 167] 147] 157] 197] 147] 137 | 177 | 137 | 16 | 107) 12" 11 table Phoneme The a. length of the long phoneme in the lower case varies approximately 4 from ligi 35" 53", o unpronounc- — ed from ligi 33" 40" (see section 4.4). 12 slow). III TWO-POINT LENGTH Any long vowel corresponding to the už short one is longer times. 1,5—2 Diphthongs are about the same length as long vowels, t. y. a diphthong takes the same time to pronounce as a long vowel. The range of length variation of diphthongs is smaller than that of vowels. 1. The length of pure diphthongs Phoneme ai. The length of the ai pronounced phoneme 32“ ranges from ligi 52", o undialectali- — zed from ligi 30” 34” (see section 4.4). 13 slow. ). 2 3 8 1. 1, pp. 2. atv. 5 sk. sk. sk. 3 x» v J 34° 32° | 41” =| 44° | 52° 42" | 48° | L atv.| a, g. a. g. = . - . 8 S < . LA “ k 307 | 33 34 13 Table 1 2 3 4 5 8 closed| a. g. ||. atv. {l.uzd.| a. g. ||. atv.|2. atv.|2,uZd.| a. g. 1. atv.|3. atv. | sk. sk. Oh, shit, shit, shit. sk. sk. sk. sk. i į Žž 397 357 “47%. 1 538.1..477 1 41" 37” | 42 41” | 37” | a. g. a. g. 2 i. , w 2 D] 40* 33" 4 | Table (iii) 12 213