Zietelos tarmės įvardis

Lt HET UVWIYU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAILIIN LT ET UVOS TSR MOKSLU "ARK ADEMITJA ZIETELOS TARMES Ivardis! A. SECTION 1. In the dialect of Zietela, the Zaseciy and Pagari gardens are traditionally called the same. Those gardens are Belarusian TSR Gardino srt. Zietelos (bltr. The northern part of the district. Lithuanian in public life and in families is almost no longer used here. Only a few speakers of the dialect can speak Lithuanian well (youngest m., oldest jų 50 o 96 m. age ). In addition to Lithuanian, the main representatives of the dialect also speak well the local Belarusian dialect (i.e. "po-prostu"), Russian and Polish. From the nearest Lithuanian-speaking Dzūkijos villages: Rodūnios, Varanasi district (in a straight line about 60—080 km to Zietela), Lazūnai village. (Jūrėtiškiai district, about 80 km), Naujieji Giernykai estate? (Ščiūčino raj., about 50 km), Azierkų sodžiaus (Gaidino raj., about 120 km) The dialect of Zietela differs in the following phonetic features: it retains the healthy nasal 4, ¢ and mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en, e.g.: ižgūzdino?, t@sa "continues, pulls", kamipas, pantis, temt ~ temti, penki, and also does not sound, e.g.: pati, gaidi's, diend, dvi, sv@éas, meedžas "tree". These two features of the Zietela dialect coincide with the dialects of the western and central Highlands. In all other phonetic characteristics, the dialect of Zietela is either pa1 Abstract of this article was read at the dialectological conference in 1959. „The pronoun of the dialect of Zietela“ is part of a larger work,,The dialect of Zietela“, More about the history of the inhabitants and the study of the dialect has already been written, see. A. Vidugiris, Some features of the Zietela dialect and New works on Lithuanian dialects, —Lithuanian linguistics issues, 2, 195-213, 239—246, Vilnius,? 1959, Belarusian SSR Grodno srt. In the northern part of Ščučino district (8 km from the district centre) there is the so-called New Giernykai gardens (bltr. Héeme I'épuukn), whose inhabitants, according to local people, moved from Varena and Marcinkoniai in the second half of the 19th century. In the past, 18 Lithuanian families lived here, but now (according to data from 1958) their number has decreased by more than half, The elderly in the families and among themselves speak a beautiful Dzūkų dialect, The children no longer speak Lithuanian, * The transcription specified in the atlas material collection program is used, see. Lithuanian language atlas II material collection program, ed., 105 —118, Vilnius, "The 1956. accent mark on the sounds a and e also indicates their length. The length of an unpronounced sound is indicated by a dot at the top right. The length of the sounds i and «x, regardless of whether they are pronounced or not, is marked everywhere. The length of the naturally long sounds o and ě is not marked anywhere. The prefixes of pure and mixed diphthongs, the signs (/, ~) indicate the length of the corresponding syllables, except for i, 4 + I, my mn, r, whose first syllable is always short in the Zietela dialect. The 2000-year-old 8-track soundtrack, 8. The 113-year-old, who is a native speaker of the language, has been a member of the National Assembly for three terms. ir iš į ir ir rą 2 $. A large number of materials showing the archaic character of the Zietela ir dialect are given by pronouns. The pronoun of the Zietela dialect has many elements of old morphology, which are sometimes only found in other dialects, but no longer in other parts of the ne same dialect. ir Therefore, the morphology ir of the pronoun is described in more detail here. Zietelos dialect, as ir 1k, there are relative ir non-noun pronouns. The numbers are only two. Even the remains of ir the plural have not been observed: in its place are used the plural forms of the numerals dit, dvi, abi, abi, su e.g.: kana jis abū wdiscojot kur jūs abu vaikščiojote“; Only the two of us o ,,0 Life. Sections pronouns are divided according ir to the meaning of their functions in the sentence. Personal pronouns 3 $. The following personal pronouns are used in the dialect: as, rū, danas ‘his’ and ir “ji”. Recent du pronouns dnas ama ir are discussed more broadly in the related pronouns (see section 4.4). 14, 21—33 §§). Due to a kind of interchange, the personal pronouns as, rū ir recursive pronoun savė “self”. They are alternated as follows: Singular Plural V. aš (89) | rū - mas| més, you you manė, || tavė, K. savė mūsų, you're' me. N. tdu, sdu mūmi“, jūmi* manė, G. tavė, savė mūs mums, jūs man, || tau, savimi Į. mūmi*, jūmi* In.s savi" manin® 11.5 savii Ad.šmanip || tavip savip | mūsip* || jūrsip* || manim(p), || tavim(p), savim(p) mūsim(p), jū'sim(p) mu'sum(r) Al ju'sum(r)* || mu'sumpt, || ju'sumpt Non-verbal pronouns (aš, rū, savė) characteristics of verbs 4 §. First, the eyes fall on į two parallel first-person vns. ‘nominative forms Aš ir 100 mg/ 12. 5 ml Gender ėš (sometim3$) es less commonly used than as: nothing#nėš dii; 4 Forms su with two accents indicate that they may have an accent at the ir root, end, ir e.g. mimi || mumi, mū'sip || mu'sip. 5 All four postpositional pronouns for convenience are called by their Latin names: internal present (inessivus) — inesyvas, internal variable (illativus) — iliative; the adverbial present (adessivus) — the adverb, the adverbial present (allativus) — the adverb. 6 Part of unheard forms (manifi, mu'sum,ju'sumt) paradigms were taken iš Ch. S. Stang, The Lithuanian Dialect of Zasėčiai im Area of Wilna, „Norsk — Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap“, 18, 189 (1958), aik šeri, ėš tau graža' merga" 114 parddisu; 35 visa Findjau’. The ancient origin of the gender is evidenced by the old founds® and other languages, namely: la es, sen. isl. ek, arm, es, gr. žyo lot. ego?. Linguists explain the existence of the form ėš next to af in Lithuanian by the vowels a-: ekaitalization in the beginning of the word'®. However, such a a ir e It would not be possible to explain the change only with the present Zietela dialect, because more examples with e at the beginning of the word are not agreed (cf. ašis, aZaras, dgle, apušė). Except for this word, one-stake, an exception was made. — The second-person pronoun:4 is sometimes used with the accentuating particle -ai: o kuf tūjei buvai (here j is inserted between the vowels to avoid a hiatus). 5 §. The genders of the singular noun and adjective are completely the same, namely: af if nurnoaik nebūs tavė cha “or there will be no one here today”; pameesk déle savė “leave for yourself- ”; aik nūg manė, bo aš kidsu tavė “get away from me, because I’m going to hit you”; said that I'll fall, "say that he'll take me". It is believed that the ending e and its use for both these vowels are very ancient things, cf. sen. sl. Me, you, asshole. The same common ending of these two verbs is also known by the Lithuanian old rastail2. It is possible that the same old vns is used in some of our conversations today. klm. ending -e, e.g. in northern Šakiai region and southwestern Kaunas region (left bank of Nemunas- ), somewhere in Kaišiadorys and Vievis districts. Only here these forms often have a consonant in the root, namely: mane, tave, sebe or manė, tavė, savė (alongside the common mane, tave', sūve*, or manės, tavés, savės)? ?, Meanwhile all Zietelai territorially closer Dzūkų šnektos (Azierkų, Rodūnios, Varanavo, Lazūnų aps.) vns. the genitive is said: mani“, tavi“, savi', greta mani’, tavi", savi", and the finitive —mani“, tavi“, savi" greta mani, tavi", sūvi" or mani, tavi, savi. 6 $. Vns. user has mostly abbreviated forms, i.e., the same as Ik, namely: mdn (rarely mdf), tdu, sdu. Only a few times I heard longer forms, e.g. ūnas mani dwoja duonos “he gives me bread”; jdm reika savi "he needs himself". As we can see, the latter longer forms are pronounced strong. Old writings indicate that the accent was on the root, plg. 28745, 7 It should be noted that the form ėš is not used equally by all dialect representatives. 8 A. Bezzenberger, Beitrige zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache, 161, G6ttingen, 1877; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, 504, Riga, 1951 (hereinafter —Gramatika); B. Zukelis (about 50 years old), P. Chaleckienė (96 years old), V. Kaška (60 years old); P, Arumaa, Studies in the History of the Lithuanian Personal Pronouns, 9 —11, Tartu, 1933 (toliau —Untersuchungen..- .); Dictionary of the English Language, 2, 843 (red. J. Balčikonis), Vilnius,? 1947. See, J. Endzelins, Gramatika, 504; J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 0 P. Arumaa, Untersuchungen..., 147, 9—12; J. 1957, Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, Vilnius, 0 3, 135, Warszawa, 1956 (hereinafter — Grammar...). 1 J. Endzelins, Gramatika, 504—507, 510; J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, 147-148; J. Otre¢bski, Gramatyka..., 3, 135-137. 12 Plg. Bezzenberger, min. ill., 161, 162. 13 E.g., material collected for the atlas of Lithuanian dialects from the southern part of the Lithuanian SSR, Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute dialectological database 115 (284 1753,, Program 4844, question), tdwi-gu tawi sawi 16,,'%. Probably here the intersection will be moved by vns. adverb gender manip, ravip, savip. "Only once was able to hear enklitiSkai used vns. the noun form mi, namely: danas ačunča mi ko „he (son) sends me something“ (P. Chaleckien¢ from Pageriai, 96 years old). In ancient writings, i has both a noun and a suffix meaning, e.g.: if) to mi plant bloom; Anas Wedda. mi 7 §. Vns. the genders of inagininko are without the ending -7, e.g.: manim, tavim, savim. In the forms lingkor, samimi the consonant alternates, e.g. tajimM, sajim. v su j, These consonants change places and vns. adhesive (p.e. 9 $). In the Lazūnų dialect no consonant is heard in place of v: saimi "self", aish su trees "I will go su with you". In dialect, there are some peculiar constructions where the pronoun savim is the noun of the performer of the action, equivalent to the noun of the tool, e.g.: pac sajim nešasi; She's buying herself. „on their own, with be the help of others, built a market“, cf. wasn't a drkle, we got to stop; push yourself (Shakina); ariem savim (Courtesy). Occasionally vns. Ing. meaning is used vns. adhesive, e.g. : tavip sa ndru gerdst sasidédinét "I'd rather be with you" Tajip neisit aš sa "I'm not going with you." 8 §. Vns. the ir inessive iliative has the same ending as :4-, .- or consonant root nouns, namely, -im, -y: manifi; prireinkdid vdndifio savin “I drank water į myself”; daf anas savi“ tūri vdndifio "Now it has water in it." 9 §. Vns. the form of the adhesive is multiple, e.g.: manip išgru'dinčį dafités “my tooth fell out”; bir manip bastard "I had a spinner (spinning- )"; I still have two cows I have two more cows. manic inder bit: ,,don't want to be with me“; tavip jdū seni naginei "your old nails"; Tajip kas o Fr „o ką tu has’; What do you smell like? "what is yours It smells (at you) like that“; ar tajimp moma i'rd "do you tu have a mom"; zavinm chebaty long "your shoes are long"; o savirp tu does not contain tin “or have no pencil with you”; and sajip total volume ‘if (at home, at home) has everything“. Sex manip, tavip (|| tajip), savip (|Įsajip), manomal®, are made by an old non-postpositiiš onal localising, which has become an old usurper su (my, your, yours) postpositions ir - Drink. O other genders, namely, manip, lingkorp || tajimMip, saviip | sajimp, it is assumed that these are analogous derivatives, derived from relative pronouns vns. the gender of the adjective: jdmp, tdmp, which gave the impression that the pronouns vns. the adhesive has an end -mp. This ending has been added to the old non-postpositional vns in a secondary way. localizer (or beneficiary) genders! ". P, Aruma, the latter forms are explained by dgs. adhesive forms mu'simp, ju'siMp influence! ?, In the forms menim, tevim, savim the consonant p has fallen due to the difficulty of pronunciation. 14 See, Daukšos Postilė, photographic edition, Kaunas, pg. 1926; but J. Endzelins, Grammar, 507; J. Otrebski, Grammar of..., 3, 136. i5 A, Bezzenberger, min. ill., 163, 164. 16 Plg, A, Bezzenberger, min. veik., 251, 253; J. Endzelins, Gramatika, 508; van N. Neighborhood, Those pronouns Adhesive forms of the Old Lithuanian. Archivum Philologicum, 4, 49, Kaunas, 1933; A, The language is spoken in the locality of Pajala in Lithuania. — Some questions of Lithuanian language grammar, Vilnius, 29, (hereinafter-- 1957 Articles...). 17 Plg, from N. Neighborhood, min. ill., 49; A, Laigonaité, Pašalio victininkai.,., 29, 1s Pie, P, Arumaa, Untersuchungen.,, 174-175, The endings of these 116 Cannot accept su P. Aruma ir A. Laigonaite for the latter forms of the strong-first preposition (manimp, tavimp, savimp)'*, because these genders are much su more frequently strong-first prepositions. forms are firmly marked ir Ch. Stangas®. Su In the strong past participle, these genders are used only occasionally, usually by representatives of weaker Lithuanian-speaking dialects. Similarly explainable form by me ir (<maninipt, plg, also mu'sumpt, where the 13 §), ending consonant is z adjective. There are £ more examples of adding a suffix in the dialect, e.g. ddugést || ddusdiūst, pušdut "half"? ! 10 $. Almost completely coincides dgs. forms of ir a noun, e.g. duris adardiū jūmi “I have opened the door to you”; sa learns them; anas atroiūiko biisti-ma: mūrni ‘he took our lives’; inas sa mūmi will be "he lives with us"; sufthu will bind you; dirpsu jumi; or sa Gnits savi mumi "they are our kinsmen- ". Only very rarely are short dgs used. caud. gender, e.g. mum $code was jo “we felt sorry for him”; dchunte mims lip" "sent us a letter". As we can see, the pronunciation of the longer forms is very confused. A separate discussion is needed for the longer form múmim, which was heard only once, and which in its meaning can also be dgs. adjective and utilitary, e.g. i'rė mimim kélas 2a "there is a way here" ir "there is a way for us here". Most likely here is dgs. adhesive be postposition -p (< * mumimp), because examples be p ir the forms with the two ir syllables mentioned are quite numerous in the dialect, e.g.: bir jam (|| jam) dvi pirki “he had two bucks”; first bit n®@kam Zagrés “first somebody had a jaggery- ”; lašinei jai krdunasi ‘it (pig) grows bacon “; mui sim spit not very tasty ,,musy pike is not very tasty“, chairs by them slid, not aš stirred ",what's with them (and) served them, I aš don't know." It is possible to assume that this ir is the form of adhesive that initially took hold in dgs. naudininke, o then was generalized by other pronouns dgs. ir to the owner. But strictly speaking, it is difficult to say, because such dgs. Ing. examples from Zietela is not recorded. These forms are known to the southern sa Dzūki: Jum mumini niéko nebūs (Plikiai, Rėdūnijos raj.)?2; mūjim raika bi-lbés sodzi-¢; su one aš mujin; I su don't know, I was raped by a girl. (Azerbaïdjan, Yugoslavia). The 2000 DGS. caud. ir ing. forms are in the su extremity -iem, namely mimiem, jiimiem®. P. Aruma majas no atsiradusias dėl abiejų, dviejų analogijų?. 11 §. The usual dgs. final forms are ours, you. Occasionally, the meaning of this verb takes the ir form mum: janies mum, mergi'tes, mėgo ‘they (boys) 19 Plg. P. Arumaa, Lithuanian oral Texts from the Wilnaer Area with grammatical Notes, 44, Dorpat, 1931; A. Laigonaitė, Pašalio vietininkai.... 28 —30. 20 Ch. Rod, min. ill., 189. *1 P, Aruma considers the consonant to £ be an enclitic second-person pronoun which here performs only formal # > t, characteristic functions, see. P. Arumaa, Investigations..., 35; plg. E, Hermann, Lithuanian Studien, 388, Berlin, 1936. But this P. The ability to recognize ar arama is hardly a faith, because there is ir no meaningful connection between the mentioned words in the enclitic t(i). * Plg, dar O. Broch, Zum Lithuanian siidlich of Vilna. »»— Norwegian Journal of Linguistics," 19, 27 (1958). *8 Zr. J. "Silver-plated sculpture of a man, fil. m. candidate degree dissertation, rankr., 121—122, Vilnius State V. University v. of Cape Town. Vilnius, 1955, "* P. Arumaa, investigations..., 73. 117 loved us, the girls." The latter gender is used in other eastern Altay dialects as well. It is believed to have come here from the two-count noun or indefinite noun, § 12. These pronouns, dgs. inessive and iliative forms are not agreed at all. They are replaced by dgs. adjective (see § 13) and aliasing (see § 14), which are used in dialect whenever people or living things are mentioned. 13 §. In terms of form, dgs. the adverb is varied, e.g. mu'sip bi'stasi kitish, "we live differently, differently"; kd ju'sip gatdvina- ,,that you cook (eat)“; mu'simp maa d.tarina,,- we have a little Lithuanian language- “; mui sim Ss ~ rai ilgi, “we have long strings (earth bands)”; jusim(p) kap “as with you”; will be guests to us and you, will be guests to us and you. As we can see, their extremities are almost exactly the same as vns. adesyvo, namely: manip || manim(p), —tavip || tavim(p). Based on this, P. Aruma and N. van Veikas explain jy's appearance vns. analogy of adhesive forms*?. The same analogy can explain the final pronunciation of those forms (mu'sip, ju'simp), and the forms with root accent (mū'sip, misim(p), are considered to be of older pronunciation, cf. dgs. kilm. "you're, yours." 14 $. It is noted that dgs is no longer used in all other conjugated parts of speech and other pronouns. Only non-noun pronouns have preserved the aliative forms in the dialect, e.g.: vižnas ataidinėja mu'sumt saldėtas "one soldier comes to us"; koplonas atūį mu'sumipt "a priest came to us"; dnas ju'sumpr nuvaeį "he went to you"; mana kdrvé ju'sumū nubėgo, "my cow has run to you". It is probably because these genders in a certain way replace the dialectally unused iliative of these pronouns (cf. 12 $), that Ch Stangas put them in the dgs. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. ", Dgs. aliative is made of dgs. klm. and the postposition -pi, so mu'sumpt << * mu'sun + p(i) + t, khethap < -+ *jusun+ p(i). The sound n before p in dialect becomes m (see impilk, šiūmpjoūs), and the p, found in the ending or before the added r, falls because of difficulty in pronunciation. The prefix ¢ is probably added later, after the word has already fallen:, And the final pronunciation of these forms can be interpreted as vns. and dgs. an analogy of the adhesive (manip, mu'simp). Now dgs. aliative in the Zietela dialect disappears. It is most often replaced by the preposition pas with a suffix: aik pas mūs; I'm not coming to you. Note. The non-verbal pronouns kas, viskas, ni*kas are interchangeable, like relatives, so they are reviewed below. 15 §. The third-person pronoun has two genders: the masculine anas "he" and the feminine ana "she". The same is true for the dgs. The name is derived from the Latin "ani" (years). || || All other forms of the verbs are made from it, the root. iš ji It is assumed that the forms he, she, she, you have been replaced here by the demonstrative pronoun ands, ana®®. In ancient writings, besides the genders he, she, they, they, there are also other genders, e.g.: ans gano; Duck ir mi už mi Gulifis rupeftis; years, anis, anie®® Zietelos tarmėje irgi retkarčiais pavartojamos dar formos jis, ji, jiė, if, jos, pvz. : || ar jO ** Plg. J. Endzelins, Grammar, 516; P. Arumaa, investigations..., 53, 50 —77. * Pig. P. Arumaa, investigations..., 184; N. van. Neighborhood, min. veik., 27 49, Zr. Ch. S. Stang, min. veik., 189. *8 Plg, J. Endzelins, grammar, 517; J. Endzelynas, Balty kalby garsai formos, 150. ir ® See, A. Bezzenberger, min. ill., 163, 168. 118 neldido, he ar didn't want to; nuduedinėja sava" ji dūkteri" "marries his daughter"; ji beautiful bir; She's ir ji not a gardener, o she's a iš sissy, she knows how to cook. "they can cook well". The same phenomenon is known in ir Slavic languages, for example: sen. sl. he, she, he, bet his, their®® Kad In the dialect of Zietela there was no interferenbe ce of Slavic languages at all, as shown by the generalization for both families dgs. noun form dnies ūni's anés ani" || ini, || because || mot. || g. form of dno occurs rarely. Sometimes these forms are used as adjectives, namely: jūnas, hanas, jana, su hana, janis, hani's plg. 4, j, bltr. H, ha, yal. This pronoun is changed as follows: Singular Plural anas, V. ana anies ani"s || = || anės ani, || anos, jie jie, jos jo, jos || K. i N. jdm, jeil|jdi(ret.) jiemi || jimi, jomi G. ji ja them || you, them In. already(?) Ad.jamp jdmp, Il jeip jdip, jiesmip jiesmi | jiemp juiesmi, || josmi josp, jos. || || || Al For more information on the features of relative pronouns, see. 21 —33 $$. Possessive pronouns 16 $. In dialect, possessive pronouns are used in a wide ir variety of forms. The pronouns manas, mana, tdvas, tava, savas, sava are all surviving forms of the infinitive, e.g.: manas brolis tei pača nūmirė "my brother also died"; I'm gonna have to do my own thing; will not be jaū mands karotirkos „will not be my cows“; bdču tavdm anyway “to your father anyway”; shu'rgk jdū tava" žmdgu' ižvilko "look, they have already taken your husband away"; kelį savū nuvoejų “he went his own way”; sa mandį momdi bit ūnas, “he was with my mother”; the first mandi bit; tavén maštinon ūŪ.tari"t, "to speak to your machine (recorder- )"; savaip brolip pasiklausk “ask your brother”; su'nai me iždolo jdit; "I bought a scarf for my daughters" ("nupirkdū po skeėpta' savémi dūkterimi- ") These pronouns are changed as are the adverbs. The dependence or relationship of surrounding objects to a group of persons is indicated by the nouns muūsiškis, mūsiškė, ju-siskis, jisiSké, e.g.: musiškis liežorvis negražūs „our language is ugly“; nuvaždaų nekatroi musiški „some of us went away“; o juūsiškėi veséj many be'sta,,0 your garden or many live“; The musician's eyebrows Sei,,sent us here". But these pronouns are used together and without the suffix -iškis, e.g.: misis su'nūs nesupranta,“misy sūnus nesupranta (in Lithuanian)“; fly vesė big "our gardens big"; anies bir mu'šoi baznt'čoi; o kap jursis apekii'nas tūrisi,,0 % Plg, J. Endzelins, Gramatika, 517; J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, 150—151. J. Otrębski, Gramatyka..., 3, 143. 119 as your guardian holds’; ju sip $onip mdža daugėst busta “in your country may many live”; pdiltai musi maži "our eggs are small"; mui siemi vaikdmi prisakt'ta "commanded to our children". Similar pronoun forms are also found in the dialects of the surrounding Dzūki, for example: iš mūšos selo rūšėsi litvinais "from our garden he wrote Lithuanians"; My son's gone to work; ti" mi sés sotkos būva "there were our aras"; from mt'sha id.tarka dz@kavojasi. “our language is being mocked”; busta mt'sei nekurti ti" "some of us live there" (Lazūnai); simple d.tarka mi-sé “simple our language” (Dieveniškės); he's, o when he comes, it's not diss ifūigi old" ir man" your „o (son), when he comes, he doesn’t look at the old ir Man” į (Ramaškonys). In Zietela, the generalized pronoun of adjective pronouns is only occasionally used, e.g.: ir ti sūvo bdbai nupirk skeepta" "and you buy a scarf for your wife"; My lord's not home, Miss Bdcho jail "is no longer our father's." Explanatory pronouns 17 $. Some of the demonstrative pronouns disappear. The pronouns šis, šizas anas some of which have survived only in certain sentences, namely: iki širam šdni; or $5, or td pripitko; ati shitana ends “go to this end”; This finger won't last long. jėmė rastrindinét this dog, this thing “began to rub this shiūo, this thing”; ddr po andm kari "still after one war". Now instead of the pronouns šis, širas, the pronoun icai || icaik, itof has been adopted, and the pronouns anas, another pronoun used in the sense tasai || cai || caik, tdi || tdji, e.g.: icai brolis gadnzesnis kab caik "this brother is better than that"; caik k&las krėliškis, o icaik dainaviškis; icaik vesés vége Jakšai hívják, o caik Mišurnai „this end of the (Zasečių) sodo is called Jakšai, and that one is called Mišuonai“; iroi pūsėjį gadnéesné meeva, kab tdį "on this side (of the river) there is better meadow than on that side". The same root noun izas, ita is widely used in Azierkai, Lazūnai, Dieveniškės, Ramaškonys, about Rodūniai, as well as in the eastern and southern part of the Lithuanian SSR. In the eastern part of the Latvian SSR pronouns itis (alongside irys), itudds, itaids?! are also familiar. According to E. Fraenkel, these pronouns originated from the demonstrative pronouns tds, ta, tokis || rokas, roka -it mixed with Belarusian e3TOT, H5TOT, 3Thl, 23TakiK, ysTaki, KoaTakis?. Mr. Aruma also explains these pronouns in the Slavic jtaka®. However, the origin of the vowel 7 remains unclear. This question is answered by J. Endzelynas, who considers these pronouns to be Baltic, i.e. of the same origin as šitas, Sita, široks, šitokia. Only in the pronouns iras, icaik, ita, ito], itokis || itoRas, inroka the first accent is derived not from šis (cf. fas, šitoks), but from *is (cf. Latin and Gothic is, in the place of which Lithuanians now use the form jis)TM 31 Cf. J. Endzelins, Grammar, 537 (372-373 $); E. Fraenkel, The State of Research of Lithuanian spoken in the Vilnius area. —Balticoslavica, 2, 25, Vilnius. 1936. 32 E. Fraenkel, min. weak, 25. * P, Arumaa, Lithuanian Oral Texts...,, 56. “4 See, J. Endzelins, Grammar, 537, Pronouns caik, rdj(i), icaik, itoj change as follows: Singular icaik, t0j(i), 120 «= icaik, ito] V. K. 40, tos, ito, itos tdm, tai, itam, N. itai ta, ita: G. CL we |, di, that's it, that's || it, that's it In. tam tam, || itam(e), 6], itoi It. tana, itana, iton Ad.tainp || tamp, yes, itamp, yes Plural rie V. tie ti, 26s, || itie iti, Atos || tit | K. tw N. riemi imi, || tomi, tiem, itomi mes tus, tas, G. itus, itas || ais, tomi, irais, itomi I In. ruesa, tosa, ituesa, itosa It. tuosna, tosna, ituosna, itosna Questioning ir relative pronouns 18 §. The eye is drawn to the so-called biidvardinés origin pronoun kienas, kiena “whose”. It is used in a questioning, relatively insignificant sense. ir Hearing the following jokes: kienas® child; quinone; kina tu tdi cow; manure primifisi kia ana tu "maybe tu you remember whose it is"; kitno ddr dobra strovche, o katro ledoka “whose roof is good, whose is o bad”; I'm gonna kill you. all the same tu chinese land birt “so much in whose land to live”; kitni dni®s; not knowing which cows he was grazing; Whose cows are there, whose child is next to them. Also, separate verbs of this pronoun are used elsewhere, namely, in Lazūnai, ir Gervėčiai*6, only here the consonant is in the ending— kienas (as curry). Next to the pronoun katras, katra are often used the forms katrbis, katrot, e.g.: katrois žūdis tau gražūs; each of the two prayers; each side of the horn. They could have arisen from a noun of equal meaning which || Euros, which || kuror. Both these pronouns (each ir which) in dialect are used equally alongside be differences in meaning, e.g.: kuris arkli*s gadnesnis „which horse is better“; katrd itai šloikas ",which is a hat" | Almost all questioning pronouns can be used in the relative sense, e.g.: ir kuris arkli's gūdnas, tai gerai ait vagdi "which horse is good, it goes well va35 J, The name of the star is derived from the name of the star. su iš kiend, plg. J. Endzelins, Sikumi. — Latvia PSR Institute of Linguistics un and Literature Articles, 6, 326, 328, Riga, 1958. 3 For J. example, Senkus, Some Special features of Lazūnų dialect. — Lietuvos TSR The Academy of Sciences, A 1 (4), 191, Vilnius, 1958; P. Arumaa, Lithuanian oral pexte..., padaré, 57. 121 greta jū" nendru akimi aš macie-. About Dieveniškes ir Ramaškonis dgs. the user has an ending -mu: visiemu diosu ābolii’, o saviemu nāutū; I've been thrown out of my horses, dgs. o ing. — limb -mi: pėjėmė viédzmu dukteris su dviem(i)5?. Extremities -mi ir -mu origin can be explained, one, the old dgs. caud. su -Mus ing. ir su -mis and, secondly, binary su -m (from older limb) -ma) contamination®. 30 §. What is said about vns. ing. and dgs. ward. (see §§ 23, 28, also applicable dgs. for the tail: shortened unshortened limbs are used. Unshortened limbs preposition strongstart, e.g.: pie juos stiprést tuėjosi „about them held stronger“; the same jerk, next to you visits paddušže ir "they killed them all"; The corners of the cups are painted" "that these corners (the house) purchased’; tis pačūs adiok jiemi; what angles it has and well, “what shelter it has and well”; tit take you "you take them". 31 $. Like other ir nouns, so do pronouns dgs. ir the inessive has a characteristic limb -sa, e.g. juesa, josa, rosa, tuesd, visuesa, ituesa, itosa, tokuosė, tavosa, katruesė, visosa, viseldkuosa, nėekuosa. The same ending is widely found in the Dzūki both — Lietuvos TSR81, both Belarusian In Lithuanian places of the TSR, e.g.: visudsa muštūvuosa (Azierkai, Grodno district), tosd, visosa, pirkosa (Pelesa, Plikiai, Rodūnios raj.)62, tuesa Nevašuosa, kiemuosa (Nevašiai, Ramaškonys, Varanavo raj.), mu'sė, žmonėsė, juosa (Lazūnai). Since this ending is found mainly in places where many consonants are pronounced hard before the vowels of the anterior row, it has been thought that -sa is a result of s hardening®,. However, if s hardening and could be explained such dgs. in other dialects, it is not possible to do so in Zietela dialect. The prefix s before the vowel e at the word end is always soft: pūsa, mise: (vs. gal.), pusės, musės, vesės „sodžius“ (dgs. gal.). It is not to be confused with the towns of Varnavo, Rodūnios, Pelesas. It is not possible to turn the -se into -sa due to dilution. Old writings show that the ending -sa was used much more widely in Lithuanian dialects in the past. All this confirms that we are dealing not with a phonetic but with a morphological phenomenon. 58 pp. The material collected by the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute for the dialect atlas (288 289 Program questions). More about limbs -ma use sen. in ir written dialects see A. Bezzenberger, min. veik. 149; P. Arumaa, Investigations..., 78. 8 Plg, P. Arumaa, Lithuanian Oral Texts..., 20, 24, 25, 26, 27,61 —62 tik dgs. jo caud. solid-leggsu ed attachment. 80 See E. Fraenkel, min. veik., 36; see also. PArumaa, Untersuchungen..., 50-78 81 Plg, J. Senkus, New material on Lithuanian dialects. Proceedings of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, A 1, 150, Vilnius, 1955; M. Svirskas, min. darb., 59 —61; B. Savukynas, min. darb., 110 —116. 62 O. Brochas, when describing the Lithuanian dialect of the eastern part of Rodūnia region, writes the plural inessive ending -se, although he notes that s is a firm one (,,Zu den L.PI. ist ausdriicklich bemerkt, daf das s vor @ nicht palatalisiert war“, see. O, Broch, min. veik., 21. 8 pg. A. Laigonaitė, Pronouns in Contemporary Lithuanian Language, filol.m. 1956; J. Senkus, New material on the dialects of the Lithuanian language, min. veik., 150. 1956; J. Senkus, The dialects of the Lithuanian language, min. veik., 150. "7r A. Beszenbiorger min. veik., 144—147; plg. The first grammar of Lithuanian language. 1653 metai, 123 (2911514)s 434, Vilnius, 1957; M. Slavodlinskis, Giesmės tikėjimui katolickam priderandios, 1646. Photographic permit. Paruošė J. Lebedys, 25 (I 1485, II 594-30), Vilnius, 1958; Bible litewska Chyliniskiego. New Testament (1657), 2, 10(6v),,. Released by CZ. Kudzinowski -J. Otr¢bski, Poznan, 1959. 128 32 $. Dgs. The iliative genders, made of pronouns with more than one syllable, pronounce mainly the penultimate syllable, e.g.: katriosna, katrdsna, tokiesna, maniesna, savdsna, visuosna, kokdsna, greta ituesna „in these”, n@kuosna „in some”, nezkarryuosna,, some”. The gender of the iliative of monosyllabic pronouns has the accent at the ending, namely: nuveimu aš juoesnė; tosna kdrtésna inloifido “in that bitch (a chicken) flew in”; the thin rye ran away; Let's talk about how I got the job. 33 §. Dgs. the adjective is used mainly in personal pronouns, e.g. juesmi refi an žūmės jėma, kap zvéris, “they eat like animals on the ground”; nebir juosmi razumo “they had no understanding”; o jtesmi netėp, kab mii sim,,0 with them it is not as with us“; I didn't ask ji*mp "I didn't ask them"; bir k@rveres vaikil jiosmi "they had four children"; ji*smip table nebit “they didn’t have a table”; ji"smi nėrė ko dot "they have nothing to give"; jésmi daišgi" svi®sto "they have a lot of butter". Only occasionally do adjectives of other pronouns occur: o Aituūosmi nėr niko "and the others have nothing". The examples show that the construction of these forms is much more varied and more complicated than that of non-nominative pronouns. The postpositional endings —(s)mi, -(s)mip, -mp ‘are added to dgs. rear (juesmi) or dgs. noun (j#smip., josmi). All other pronouns, both relatives and other nouns dgs. the adhesive form is no longer in use. Now even the inessive forms of personal pronouns are used parallelly for the same purpose, i.e., in the sense of adhesive, for example, beside ruėsė krūmuėosa ganém, cf. sentences that speak about living objects, namely: juosė mėza and ddugést gi*ddį, “there they might have sung more”; ztefi josa dvi pirki i"ra "she has two breasts"; zefi juosė kalnas, žvirždos, neduga kunddos „,there is a mountain, sand, potatoes do not grow in their country“; "They all had no sense." "34th Annual Awards Nominees". In all other parts of the language, the noun forms that have disappeared have left somewhat more significant traces in the noun. The vns of some demonstrative pronouns have been preserved in a comparatively good way. pronoun genders of the noun: caik, tdji tdi, icaik || ‘shisai’, itoj "This one, this one" (plg. 17 §), greta caig, icaig (ret.) The noun forms have occasionally relative or ir questioning pronouns vns. denominator, e.g.: kursaik kčeturas kdjas tūri, caik tai gali pliū'kt "which has four legs (every quadruped), it can swim’; karrdį aps@ve:, hard] né "Which is wrapped, which is not" Excluding vns. inagininko, whose noun genders are thought to be consistently present in nouns (plg. 23 §), other feminine forms of the feminine gender are not accepted. There are only a couple of men heard. g. noun forms of personal pronouns, e.g. jojo itai di*džuūkas “it is his grandfather”; I feel like I'm in the woods ‘jo (bark, sheep fat) stirring cabbages”. It falls into the eye chief. g. vns. making noun forms of the noun. Limb -ai here has an emphasis meaning is common in almost all ir Lithuanian dialects and old writings$? *. k. Consonant added at the end k (Speech. g) has originated most likely ** Plg, A. Bezzenberger, min. ill., 168, 9, Slang questions, 1U | 129 from the particle gi% and suffocated at the end of the word. There are many examples with such a k or g in the dialect, namely: pernaik "last year" || pernaig (reč), tiktaik, kadaik nu'naik,"now", radaik || tadaig; Listen, listen, listen, listen. Plg. Daukšos Postile —tenayg 1544, tataig 6308, kdlaig 2005, 199,,, taddig 200,,, viendkig 133, tasaig 407,,. There are several examples in the dialect with a double part grg(t), namely: kdmgig || kamgik, kuigig || kuigik. It may also be used as an adjective, for example, caecilia (caecilia). "I'll be there for you, I'll be there for you, I'll be there for you, I'll be there for you." The prefix k in the words caikig, icaikig, tadaikig is probably preserved in the more common genders caik, icaik, tadaik. The remaining $35 is for non-second-person pronouns. Some pronouns have no second-person remains. Most of the time, the vns of the second-generation demonstrative and relative pronouns are used. the forms of the noun and the suffix, namely: kokas tai vaikas,„koks tai vaikas“; what are these words; and this must be done and this must be done; long itai gi*smė; that Sei, that it works "that this, that that work". Also often used is the pronoun all, all of the nondetermined genus: I all žšindjau; heat burned everything “fire burned everything”; infinitely precious all. Sometimes in the sense of no second gender The origin of this pronoun is used, namely: viso bit, ot viso bit,„all was, ot todo was“; viso žindjdu, ot viso žindidu: after all, “everything is gone”. The whole pronoun can also be used with another pronoun of the same gender. e.g.: own, one; all the swamp bit next to all your bit; visa vina kap būs “as it will be”; All the wifna anas nendri ait. 36 §. Conclusions: 1.The pronoun of the Zietela dialect has retained many old morphological forms, which are almost no longer used in our other dialects, e.g.: non-noun pronouns vns. kilm. with the ending -e, all four pronouns, adjective pronouns, rare pronouns kiénas, kiena, tiekas, netieka, ėš (next to af) etc. 2. Not all ancient things are equally well preserved, e.g. the vns of non-personal pronouns. and dgs. adhesive is used so often that it has even displaced the inessive, whereas the adhesive of relative pronouns is used only. in singular, and plural, except for a few personal pronouns of unclear construction, no longer has adhesive. There are so many dgs. the gender of both the adverb and the adjective already replaces the inessive and the iliative or prepositional constructions. The old vns. the beneficiary is only remnants: mani, savi, mi. 3. Descriptive Zietela dialect according to its non-nominative pronouns vns. kilm. and maybe. ending -e, as well as gimininiy pronouns mot. g. vns. The ending -aj coincides with some of the West and Middle Highland dialects. These are completely different from the Dzūki. With all the ancient characteristics, and with the Slavic languages 66 P. Aruma derives the consonant k from the particle ka, cf. tijoūka "there", šijoūka "here", u'naka ‘that’, see P. Arumaa, Lithuanian Oral Texts..., 70. 130 In terms of influence, the name of the Zietela dialect has much in common with the Dzūki and especially with Lithuanian-speaking areas of the Belarusian SSR. Other characteristics, such as the formation of indefinite pronouns, various additions of consonants, etc. Zictela dialect is distinct. MECTOHMEHHE B 3ETEJIbCKOM TOBOPE A. 10. BHJ/IYTHPHMC Pestome BeTejIbcKHM TOBOPOM Ha3biBaeTcA FOBOP ABYX JAepeBenb 3acéthu (Zasėčiai) u Ilorapsi (Pagiriai), KoTOpbie Haxofstes B [lsitoBckoMm (Zietela) paiione ['pojgeHckoit 061. Benopycckoii CCP. [lo-1MTOBCKH TOBOPST 3/iech TOJIbKO CTAPHKH. Tak Kak 3TOT roBop co BpeMeHeM Obi H30JHMPOBaH OT TEPPUTOPHH CIUIOLIHOTO pacnpocTpaHeHHA JIHTOBCKOTO f3bIKa, TO B HEM COXPaHHJIOCh MHOTHE MOpipoJIiorHUecKHe HepThl, KOTOpble yiKe He BCTpedaloTcsi B APYTHX JIHTOBCKHX rosopax. B cratee omnHceiBaeTcs: MOpOĖjOJIOTHA MECTOMMEHHMi: HX OGpa30BaHHe H H3veHenue. B roBope ynorpe6asiioTCsi TakHe apXaHuHble (OpMBI, Kak: aJieccHB (manip ||manim(p) „Yy Mena“, mi-sip ||mūrsim(p) „Yy mac“, jaip „Yy nee“ kamp tokamp „Yy KOro TakKoro““), amiaTup (josp „K HeH“, mw sum(p)t „k nav“, ju'sum(p)t „K Bam“), MaNATHB (kana,Kypa'', tana „Ha TOT“, nzkana „KYyma TO“), OKOHUaHHE -e JIHUHbIX MECTOMMEHHH B DpOJKHTEJIbHOM Maljexe (maniė, „MeHsa“, tavė „TeG6a“, savė „ceOs“), OKOHYAHHE -i H SHKJIHTHKA mi B JaTeJbHOM TMaaexe (mani| mi „Mne“, savi „ceG6e“). B rosope coxpaHHJI0OCb BONPOCHTEJbHOE MecTOHMeHHe Riénas, kiena „uel““ c TpHTSxATEJIbHbIM 3HaueHHeM. C TMOJIHbIM oKOHUAaHHeM HHOTJa BCTpeyaeTcs ONpejieJiHTeJ/IbHOe MecTOHMEHHe tfekas ““CTOJILkit. Úacro ynorpebasiioTesi CBO6e0Opa3HbIe NpHTS2KATEJIbHbIE MECTOHMEHHS?7184*— sis, mū'sė | Hau, Kama“, ju'sis, jū'sė pall, Bana“, psfiom c mui siSkis, -ė, jūsųiškis, -ė. Huorjja Jinunoe MecronHMeHHe af NPOH3HOCHTCH Šš, XOTS1 ČOJIbINe CJIOB, HaUHHAIOILHXCS C TJIACHbIM e B roBope HeT (cp. ašis „ocb“, dfaras,,03epo‘, agle ‘,enka’’). * Hekoropkie cBoeoGpasHbie MecTOHMeHHe B roBope O6pa30BAJIHCb TMOJ BJIHAHHEM COOTBETCTBYIOUAX CJIABAHCKHX visaldkis || visaldRas = visas, visdkis, cp. Well. wszeldki Gen. Anas. Yesasiki K Jp. Kak BHIMM, H30/HpPOBaHHOE MOJIOXKEHHE 3eTe/bCKOr0 roBOpa OT JAPYTHX JHTOBCKHX TOBOPOB CNOCOGCTBOBAJO COXPAaHEHHIO apXaumunoii MODp(DOJIOTHH MecTOHMEHHH, KaK H JpPYTHX UacTeHK peuH, a OKpY KEHHe CJIABSIHCKHMH SI3bIKaMH —HaXO[HT CBOE BbIpaK€HHE B CMELIAHBbIX, PHODpH/ĮHbIX H Ap. MECTOHMEHMSX. 131