Kuršėnų tarmės kirtis ir priegaidė

LTETUVIUYRALBOTYROS K.:L A -U-S I. M A I, III ETETUVIOS' "TSR: M OR 8 LU ‘A'KADE M1] A ORIGIN AND FUTURE OF KURŠĖNŲ TORMĖ VYT. VITKAUSKAS I. ORIGIN 1. Types of cutting § 1. The Curonian dialect* is one of those Žemaičių mudininkų dialects, where the universal law of accent retraction works, i.e. accent from the short and firm ending is retracted to the beginning of the word. Knowing that in almost all of the accent-deferring Samogitian dialects (and at the same time also in the Curonian dialect) a certain vocal firmness® remains at the old accent point, one can understand the great difference between the Curonian dialect and the literary language (Ik) pronunciation systems. Since there are several accents in a word in certain cases, the cases of their presence, the diversity of their appearance require a broader description, examination. First of all, special names for individual dialects are needed, terms that are already presented in dialectological literature®. These terms are used here. There are five types of accents in the Kuršėnų dialect, as in the dialects described in the literature: 1. basic—antique (where the accent is not digressed): darbinin.ka ~ darbiniūko, kirta--kiito, kra mi ~ kramė (butt, head, nothing), le beda (shot), nuvi ka ~ nuvyko (successful); 2. main —distractive (pronounced with great intensity, weight, but it is distracted from the limb, a creature of recent times): auli's ~aulys (hive), darzis ~ daržūs, laka ~ laka (hole in the hive for bees to escape), pura ~ putra (cock); 3. secondary — final (part of the vocal strength that remains in the old accent position): dukrų" ~ dantū, (į)išgunoi's ~ iSgastys, kaūkai ~ kaukai (aitvarai), miski ~ miškė; 4. secondary —attractive (caused by the accent being drawn to the beginning of the word): blėzdin.ga ~ blezdinga (swan), mudki kla —skola, ašturfiū ~ aštuonių, (ų)udbulė*s ~ obuo1 The Kuršėnų dialect belongs to the group of Žemaičių dūnininkų dialects and occupies the eastern part of the Kuršėnų district in the triangle between Klaišiai (doun.), Upyna (doun.) and Kužiai (aukšt.). * Exceptions are made for the Klykolių, Akmenės, Vegerio neighbourhoods, where the accent is not heard in the old place (see Lithuanian spelling dictionary, 113, Kaunas, 1948). 8, Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 1,109—117, Vilnius, 1957 (hereinafter V. Grinaveckis, Svdt kirtis); V. Grinaveckis, Phonetic characteristics of the North-West mud dialects and their development. Kand. disertacija, rankr,, Vilnius, 1956 (hereinafter V. Grinaveckis, Švdt phonetic characteristics). They are used in A. Jonaitytė's article "Radical dialect interjection and preposition". —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, Vilnius, 1959 (hereinafter A, Jonaitytė, min. veik,), in liais; secondary —nucleus (appearing in the syllable passing the main ancient accent of the accented syllable): md“žŽar'sis mažasis, vi'résni sis vyrėsnysis (vyresnysis), zrd'ugd@ traukdavo, karkvabalis kaikvabalis, pėišais pėšasi, gai.le's gailiasi 61 5. po — ~ ~ va ~ ~ ~ ~ (repeats), push's--push's (rushing), muse's ~ battles (beating), praiiske's ~ praūskias (prauskis) ir et al. 2. The first syllable of the § 2. Iš ending of a į word is accentuated in the following cases: a) Iš all short endings in diphthong words: bal.ta galva balta galva, dail.#i dauZ, di'nas dienas, krei.ki ~ kreiki, švi'si šviesi, tubra tora ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (created- ), wife of ~ Fmuond (female), grazi grazi, ~ kati kat ~ (kudakuoji, tarški, baries), pupa pupa, ~ tury turd ~ (I have), zap tupū ~ (tupiu), all night all night etc. ~ ir In this case, there are no ar exceptions to derogations. b) Iš of all short limbs in syllable words: ai.dama eidama, darbiniū.kūs darbininkis, "Veni gyveni, karšti kla ~ karšykla, nėgalū negaliū, nésina nešina ~ gi ~ ~ ~ ~ (carrying), virgins ~ virgins (little girls, Ww papruii.ti ~ papranti, skélbeni ~ skelbeni ~ (you announce), aikukūs ~ vaikiukus (boys), vi"rukū ~ vyrukū etc. ir (For the exceptions ir to this pronunciation variations see. § 4.) c) Iš all fixed limbs: aki's akičs, doi avifj, dėvi ~ ~ "At nine, ~ draūdū' threat ~ (insured), geririf's ~ good (good), kriėsla" ~ chairs, lėdū" ice ~ cream, mūžais. ~ less, pasucail. ~ pasiučiaū (better), pragara ~ pragarai: numa: pragard | bé_num,i* negerd ~ numai (home) — hells, be numfj wrong, heart's ~ 3irdi€s, takd's ~ paths, #abard’ ~ gills ir t. t. (For exceptions, see § 5 IV.) d) Iš secondary short ir tvirtagaliy dialectal endings (which are Ik the penultimate syllables), Pye, babaks babškas ~ (ranks), čėsnaks Garlic, ~ K“dėks lydėkas ~ (and deka li pike), ~ 'raks pi pyragas, ~ verpėc verpétas ~ députac ~ (new word) deputitas, kandidatac ~ (new word) kandiditas, katina'ė katinaiti ~ (katinditi), mama ~ mamaite (mamdite), pudna'é ~ ponaiti (none. ponditi)®, child) ~ child, Zmuéné'l ~ human being (moteréle), yenik ~ Janike, krūpik ~ krupike (rupūžioke), sėserik ~ seserike, mami‘ ~ mam§te (mamyte), gaidūks ~ gaidikas, kailšiūūks ~ kiaušiniūkas, vai kūks vaikiūkas ~ (boy), draiššūk draugiūk, ~ Vi'rūk vyrūk, žuncūk ~ žąsiūk, pali-kt ~ pali€kta ~ (leaving), sūkimb sukimba, ~ sūšneji.k sudneiika, ~ ufmifst užmiišta, ~ nésutii.k nesutifika, ~ serie (this ir morning) etc. (About the fluctuations of such pronunciation Zr. § 5V.) § 3. The accent retraction is so strong that sometimes the word of the accentuated part of the language (sometimes an adverb) loses the main accent, because the main (o accent retraction is ir acquired by the preposition going before the word, for example, that, — tą , li ginims pri, kit, ir. @ gPd'un gi'vé'nima ~ that comparison pry others (reproach for being unfaithful)i ir "griduna (married) life, at first gri*$ti old ma'das| kel nes 3ail.ras Soarkd pedi bė began to ~ return to the old fashion: trousers : narrow, This type of 4 accent deduction described In this case the $ 3, secondary accent is left with a comma ir Below the vowel, and in other cases it is abandoned, 5 Here is one of the cases of metatonia (see § 35 e), jackets shoulders, all na'kti prala'ksti dun. 62 be sū Ei ro All night danchu su (tooth hurt), cat. ‘pri. , da'rba |end Driplieši'ti] duo IA uk us before lexapro when it is used —unable to tear (awaken), o į dancers wi 1€ka (Lekia), the sofa's left um Dard, uds~butter I left on the pardds (sell), briobas ai.nam kap, un i Itautkikis vi'ra atlėid--bėbos, einam ant kapų: Tautkikės (Tautkutės) vyrą atléida (replying- ), smd'ugi un. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. (total):with croup I fucked up the kid, you know. ~ubago footer su message (he knows why he does so), kas ruūžiem sūserg vis pri,_an,uds ai.n | vafdi'ti ~ Who is sick of roēžēm (such a disease), goes to her to ride (uzkalbéti), veiziek iš, „arč,ail. ir You're dead. (look) iš closer ir you will ir see etc. Occasionally, kadi ir iš The accent of a polysyllabic word is moved to the prefix, į pVZ., uf, d, arin, ies vasaruos gražūs |galiesu pasipjd uti td'm kaftu ~ for the garden summerGjas gražūs, galésu pasipiduti tam kaftuo (kartui), zi'k mė'tu pragi'vé'na pud fem, ai.c us ir. even ‘madiio žemai.tiška' ~so many mint prasyvėno po žemaičiūs and neįmadėja (nepataiko) žemaičių kalba,mūna senūtis it bič, "al 4 ūs lib atidt's nai.jūs aii. lis ~ 18400 (my) grandfather (grandfather) to comrades liūob atidūos (added) new mud-workers south of the Kurėnai pri Rig who are beginning to no longer remove the accent from the long ends, this phenomenon is rare, and in the whole area of the Kuršėnų dialect the accent to the consonant is not often moved, e.g., maice from „pirmus di'nuos abžergi ~ maičią from pirmds diends apžergė (apsėdo, pančigė), jė'dzi su, uii.trū gi'vė'nimu tai.suos gi'vė'nti ~ Jūdzė su antrū gyvėnimu (su uošviais) taisosi gyvėnti, su, „lai.vė puo_,@ Zera dė'vi gū'ra ~ su laivė (valtimi) po €Zerg dévé (gave) steam ir etc. This phenomenon is also observed in other dialects that divert the accent (Kalnalis®, Laukuva®, Sakinas®, etc.), e.g., ir vd re dn. 'work' ~viré on work (Siup§liai, Šiauliai district); di‘ks vaks lėp tievou i Lk os ~dfkes (i8dykes) vaikas lipa tévuo (tėvui) į akis, kezofdolektd’s metd's bovd'u u ddr jdunc |ajū'u pio nebr,és ~ keturiélektais (1914) metais buvau dar jaunas, ejau (ėjau) po nibres (vakaruškas) (Kaunatava, Telšių raj.); rata’ važ eniesé's bė. „drkbū“ | „lakios pa.u.kšte' bė sp,drni“ ~ „flying birds without wings“ (in ancient times they used to speak about the present times in this way), „mėdž,ės ši'rgo ži'rgo dž, rej ios Pjd'usta“ ~ „medžiūs (wood) horse horse behind rejos (javos) piausto“ (Papilė, Akmenės raj.); vari"k kd'rves ii" La'uk,ds ~ drive cows to the fields (Raudėnai, Kuršėnų raj.) and so on Some dialectologists claim that this is incliné® (and examples are given when talking about inclination), but the secondary—deductive accents and the secondary—final accents, allegedly in words without the main—deductive accent, show that in the Courland dialect and elsewhere in the Samogitian language there is a kind of accent deduction, rather than the usual inclination. In the speaker- 's consciousness, the preposition was as if attached to the word of the part of the speech that was being conjugated (sometimes also to the adverb), became like its prefix, and therefore the accent on it, on the preposition, was diverted. 8 P, Kniūkšta, Kalnalio dialekto fonetika ir morphologija, diploma darbas (rankr.), 13, Vilnius State V. Kapsuko University Faculty of History and Philology, Department of Lithuanian Language, 7 V. Grinaveckis, Švdt 1959, fonetinės ypatybės, 110—113, * A. Jonaitytė, min. veik., * A, Jonaitytė, min. veik., 120. 63 3. Unlawfulness of the strike retraction $ 4. Limiting to su dialects in which only the conditional declination law applies (Kūrtuvėnai, Šiauliai), the Kuršėnų dialect has such pronunciation examples that show the accent digression of the first syllable without ending. į a) In polysyllabic words with a long penultimate syllable, the short endings of the syllable often jump iš į tą long syllable, € o ne į beginning of word, e.g. aštū'ni (and eight) ~ eight, for a score. Juice Pigeons (and ~ juveniles) ni (and herd) ~ herd, herd (and barber-s- ~ hop) barbershop, miski'si (and miškiūū'- si) ~ miškūsė (in the woods), Sakudsi (and common) Sakudsi) ~ šakosė, sijonūs (and sijuonits) ~ sijonūs, H4uobu'li'- nė (and yudbu'li-- né) ~ obuolynė (obuolienė), vagi'sta (and vagi'sta) ~ vagysta (vogystė- ), nerufi.di (and néruni.dit) ~ nerandū. V. Grinaveckis says that ,,in multilayers In ZodZies, where the final syllable is short, the second from the end of the word is long, o the consonant of the second syllable from the end of the word will be detached at the į same time as in the first two cases”, at the same time as the consonant was detached in the two-syllable words short end to the long root, b) in certain cases in ir the three-syllable words to the t. y. long syllable without leaving any trace of the consonant in the other syllables* a) iš (plg. $ 8(a). Presented here The facts of the Curonian dialect, doubts, be show this stage ir of accent diversion, when the accent was diverted from the second long syllable at the end of the word in multisyllable words. b) Mostly in the language į of the younger generation dialect representatives occurs such an incorrect detachment of the accent (in polysyllabic words), when the accent from the short end jumped down the penultimate short syllable, and not to the beginning of the word, e.g., aduoma'tikė ~ Adomaitikė (Adomaityte), gi'vėni ~ gyveni, Raušiūiūs ~ kiaušiniūs, karapūrkės karaputkės ~ (broken houses), lššūvū liežuviū, ~ muolifitis ~ clay, i* žardėlės ~ into Žardeliūs (village name), gerésni ~ better, gražesni ~ more beautiful, senėšfiūs ~ older, etc. As you can see, the accent is drawn from the syllable itself, which in other dialects has the main ancient accent. In the speech of older people (45 years and over) such a phenomenon is rarely į tą encountered, and younger people who speak dialectically are not too often — pronounced in this way. Most likely, here will be the influence of the southern neighbors of Kurėnai — Šiauliai, Kurtuvėnai, Kelmė. — c) The accent from the short ending to the beginning of the word almost never jumps over the vns of the present tense participants of the feminine ending pronunciation. in the noun: ateinufi.ti ~ coming (cf. the form pdrdnd.n.- té ~ pareinantill known in Laukuva), atlekufi.ti ~ leaving, jemufi.ti ~ taking, kli"kufi.ti ~ screaming, pi*kstufi.- ti ~ angry, skaustufi.- ti ~ hurting. 4. Cases where the cut is not reversible § 5. I. The accent in the dialect is not separated from the syllables in the void: betžūka' ~ berziukai, kumé'li ~ kumėlė, kepūri ~ kepuré, neld'imi ~ nelaimė, papilienitke papiléniskiai ~ (Inhabitants of the Papile area), called: ~ vadintojai, vaiviora® ~ vaivérai (such berries), fagd'ri ~ Žagarė, etc. 10 V, Grinaveckis, Svdt fonetinės ypatybės, 95; V. Grinaveckis, Svdt kirtis, 112 (cf. the same phenomenon as in the Kuršėnų dialect, A. Jonaitytė, min, veik., 113. 11 V, Grinaveckis, Svdt phonetic characteristics, 66. 64 II. 1998-1999 The interjection is not withdrawable from all solid-ends: a) the dgs of conjugated parts of speech. naudininke: stuogd'- ms ~ stogams, ži'dd'ms ~ žiedams, luovė'ms ~ loviams, žaltė'ms ~ žalčiams, galvioms || galvims ~ galvėms, galvūms, gerkliems || gerklims ~ gerklėms, gerkliūms, kačiams ~ katėms, akims || akims ~ akims, akiūms, pirtims ~ pirtims, su'nd'ms ~ sūnams (sūnums) (ret.), pi'tūms ~ pietūms: ki" virsma pi'tūms ~ ką virsma (virsime) pietūms, pi'menims ~ shepherds, balti'ms || baltims ~ baltiems, baltims, graži'ms || grafims ~ gražims, grazims, $lapiioms || šla Duūms ~ šlapidėms, šlapiūms, ani'ms || anims ~ aniems, anims (jiems), duoms || antims ~ anėms, anūms (joms), penki'ms || penkims ~ penkiems, penkims, pefikioms || pefikūms ~ penkiéms, penkiūms and so on. ; b) adjectives, pronouns and numeralsZiy vns. naudininke: baltd'm ~ baltdm, baltd || baltd'i ~ baltai, send'm ~ senam, send’ || send'i ~ senai, linksmé'm ~linksmidm (linksmam), linksmé® || linksmé'i ~ linksmidi (lifikksmai)!2, visd® m ~ visam, visd" ||visd'i ~ visai, katra'm ~ katrdm, Ratrd’ || katrd'i ~ katrdi, tuoké'm ~ tokiam, tuoké' || tuokė'i ~ tokiai, pirmd'm ~ pirmam, pirma“ || pirmd'i ~ pirmai, vi'nd' ~ vienam, vi'nd' || vi'i ~ vienais c) vns of present tense o-kamieniy and past tense cardinal verbs of all stems of gallinic conjugation. In the I and II person: mard'u ~ see, mata" ~ see, plerpsd'u ~ plerpsau (sitting idle), plerpsd' ~ plerpsai, prašd'u ~ ask, prašd' ~ ask, dungend- 'u ~ dangendu (moving), dungend' ~ dangendi, kri'pd'u ~ krypau, kri'pa" ~ krypai, musd'u ~ mušau (beating), muša" ~ mušai (beating), gifid'u ~ ginidu, ginė“ ~ ginéi, mafid'ų ~ maniau, manė" ~ manči, etc. ; d) in some adverbs and pronouns: kada' ~ kadai: sd'uli jati. kadd' nusilė'ida ~ saulė jail kaddi (recently) nusiléido, pirmd: ~ pirmai (first), visd" JI visd'i ~ visai, dauga' u~ daugidu (most), labd'u ~ labiau (most), pifmd: u ~ pirmiau (first), skubd'u ~ skubiau (most urgently- ), stumbd'u ~ stambidu (most urgently- ), ti'šd'u ~ tiesidu (straightest), ti Stiog ~ tiesi, makald'i ~ makaldi, tabald'i ~ tabaldi and so on. III. The consonant is not removed from the secondary strong-only endings: pašurims ~ pasiutimas, šalims ~ šalimas, didelis ~ didelumas (greatness), lengvims ~ lengvumas, gru'stils ~ grištuvas, Jliektiūts ~ lėktuvas, negé'rs ~ negéras, negd'l ~ negilia (can not), netiir ~ netūra (does not have). IV. It is believed that the castle was built on an old fortified site. Then there are either a few such words, where it is necessary to remove the strike from the end to the root, or one wants to emphasize something with these words, e.g., labū' gerd’ padarė" [kad ate] padiesi min griobus iškd'išti ~labal gerai padaréi, kad atejéi (atéjel): padési mun (man) grébus (bowels) iškašti (clean), su_,rugé- 's kvi'té's puo_,ri'ga vasiniejuos| ka,,pežima' traticje ~su rugiais kviečiais po Rigą vazin€josi, kad vagonai trat¢jo, gerd ka, bioba gabi] kita'p badu nuspruoktu ~ gerai, kad yába gabi (apsukri): kitaip badū nusprdgty (nudvésty), grašė“ padarė“ grasé'| niéra kuo saki'ti ~ gražiai padaréi, gražiai, nėra kė sakyti (iron.), belesit' piščika: grūdus ~ belesą viščiūkai grūdus, duobiliai: avižiūi tūrū | šaddit rugi'fiu ar galūks Tr ~ dobiltį avižū turū (turiū), straudū rugičnių af (irgi) galiūkas (šalinė) yra, etc. These examples where kir12 This adjective has an u-root in dialect: lifi.ksmals ~ links; liūi.ksmimo funny (funny), 5, Vocabulary questions, III 65 tis inextricable, is more casual, unlawful, one could say, a deviation from the norm of dialect pronunciation. V. The conjunction is sometimes not separated by iš secondary strong endings, e.g., atei.n atei.n baišd'usis bi'ri"s viru ateina ateina baisidusis (diggiest) group of men, nesutiii.k ~ |lai. skird's ~ nesutiūka to (tegul) skarasi (differed), pijudks ši nigeris/ nakail. kis negd biti pijokas (drinker) ~ negéres, šud nekaūkės negilia būti, patail.k jeniki |turū nauji'na pasaki'ti ~ pasatk Janike, turū naujyna (news) to say, pakrei.pk stiklini| i'pilsu ~ pakreipk stiklinę — ipilsu kt. ir Ir in this case there is no ju regularity: the same person can say ir nésutifi.k nesutifi.k disagree, papruii.t papruii.t paprafita, ir sūšlump sušlump ~ sušlampa etc. ir ~ ir ~ ir 5. Place of cutting § 6. Main —attracting intersection. It is, as mentioned, derived by removing the accent from the beginning iš of the į word end. This consonant is usually in the first syllable of the word, e.g. ail.sis ausis, brusle: ~ broliai ~ (and briole’ ~ bréliai), di bie duobė, ~ dudvena dovena ~ (gift), other: ~ hard, kril'pits ~ in grains (dgs. gal., kruopas), pavai.zūs ~ pavaizus (beautiful, picturesque), ri"bina ~ riebina (bold), sli "We are ~ heard (you make it slippery), stipina* ~ stipinai (horn part), svet kata ~ sveikata, vaga ~ vagū, etc. However, there are ir cases when the main —the deductive accent is in the penultimate syllable (see section 4.4). but § 4 air b): wicked witches ~ (those who curse very much), ~ malii'ni mill, ~ pliešikiai ir robbers etc. (For more information on — the usage of the word "speech" in the iš context of speech therapy, see speech therapy.) ar į $ 3). $ 7. In the old place of the consonant, the final consonant is usually — preserved, e.g. amatd amatai, bėjuorūs bajorai, ~ gali galė, kartikés ~ kartikės ~ ~ (small card), ludpa: ~ cattle, plaid. its lungs, ~ sprained ~ (trousers wedges), ~ rémit remū (remiu), springi ~ spinngi (dvasini, badu marini), §akikés ~ forkikék (small branch), tingifittks ~ lazy, tingint' s ~ lazy, trifi.ki trinki ~ (dick), chalk va children, ~ nothing va crown, ~ green greens etc. ~ ir This accent is not heard in polysyllabic words, when the accent of the short end is retracted so long the first syllable, where iš other forms have a main į —an ancient accent: ~ lef.zdama leisdama, cf. Ič*izdams=e 1éisdamas, pei.gdami ~ peikdami, plg. pei.gdams ~ peikdamas, šail.gdami ~~ šaukdami, plg. Safi.gdams ~ $alikdam, miii.klina ~ minklina (swept dough, dough covered), cf. miii.klinas ~ mifiklinos, pufvini ~ purvini, plg. pufvinc ~ pulvinas, sni'gina ~ sniegini (snowy), cf. sni‘ginc ~ sni€ginas, švi" psena~ Smile (smiles), plg. swipsena ~ $whip, (u)whip ~ tail, plg (1)i dega todega, ~ vel kina velkina ~ (towing), pg. vel.kinc ~ velkinas, ir et al. It is also characteristic that in preesdélétos forms the consonant does not i jump the prefix, e.g. išlei.zdama išleisdama, ari ~ #damos ~ ažaždami ir etc. § 8. The — secondary withdrawal consonant is normally heard in the following cases: a) Polysyllabic words in the long penultimate syllable, when the consonant is diverted by a short ending, e.g. wear'mi nivi, guli-kla gulykla iš ~ ~ (guolis), képi‘kla ~ bakery, sale place, ~ seller, pavai.zi ~ pavaizi, cook 66 ~ cook, etc., etc. In this case, the secondary adverb is very strong, and it often happens that it remains the main adverb (see § 4 a and $ 6). b) In the last short syllable of four-syllable words, when the accent is drawn from the short ending, e.g. kai/ifiūkūs ~ kailiniukis, mažutėlės ~ mažuteliūs (mažutėlius), mudrriškikė ~ moteriškikė (moteriškėle), (u)undefiškū ~ (v)andeniuki, vablūkūs ~ vabaliukiai, vakaftūkūs ~ vakariukiai (vakaruškas), abakiké ~ Abakikė (Abakaite), bartasiké ~ Bartašikė (Bartašiūte), etc. And in this case, the secondary- —abductive accent is clearly audible and sometimes is the principal—abductive accent (see $4b). c) In the long penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words, when the accent is withdrawn from the long ending, e.g., mubti-ng'l ~ motynéle (mother), tangia ~piningai (money), raddubnii: ~ red, rinkiėjuos ~ rinkėjės (foot riséjos), sėpri"fiū" ~ septyniū, etc. This salutary-attracting accent is weakly audible. : d) Four-syllable words in the long third syllable from the end, when the consonant is removed from the short ending, e.g., kėreivėlės ~ kareiveliūs (kareivėlius), pėtraiūskikė ~ Petrauskikė (Petrauskaite), raddudnami ~ raudonamė, etc. In this case, the lateral-abductive consonant is heard only optionally. $ 9. Side-by-side. Many of the Žemaičių dialects pronounce long pokirtinis syllables with a distinct lateral-deflective accent, e.g., bimbdls ~ kūlis, galdu ~ galuo (to the end), gierdls ~ gėralas (Kretinga), krėpmd'ušis ~ krūpmaušis (toad), mėta" ~ mėtai, sūūnkė" ~ suūkiai (Kaunatava, Telšių raj.), dė"rbd" ~ dirbai, va'li'te ~ valyti (clean), vi'rd" ~ vyrai (Laukuva)l4, rad: ~ ritai, va'rlkuojė- 's ~ valkiojasi, žemtevelkdūėoms ~ Zemévilkoms (Raudėnai, Kuršėnų raj.), dé-ked ~ daiktai, It"fidžuojė" ~ landZiojai, Zilogré: ~ ~ Zidgriai (a type of fence, wicker) (Tirkšliai, Mažeikių raj.), $onéi ~ šūnie (for a dog), vikdu ~ vaikuo (for a child), £émé'nc ~ Z€minas (Zemétas) (Tryškiai, Kuršėnų raj.) etc. There is no consistent pronunciation in the Kuršėnų dialect. The salutative noun occurs here only in certain cases and in certain forms: a) Male noun forms ir vns. in noun: bd'Itd'sis ~ white, beautiful, beautiful ~ (beautiful), ju'dd'sis ~ juodasis, ma'žd'sis mu maZasis, paskutini'sis ~ paskutinysis, mt'sd'sis ~ mūsųis (ours), pfrmd'sis ~ pirmasis, ufi.trd'sis ~ aiitrasis and others. This form of pronoun is now extinct, because the forms gerėsis, baltasis are now used more and more widely. I have heard those forms pronounced at the root, but with a secondary—subjunctive accent: gė'rasis gėrasis, ja'unasis jaunasis. be ~ ~ b) air present tense of the a-root conjugative verbs III person ending: dirdd's döodasi, keftd's ~ keitasi, sé'kd's ~ s€kasi, nėkeld's ~ nėkelasi ~ (not moving), ~ pūrd's foam (sighs), shd'uša's ~ shd'uša's (The most), ~ Sona's not there (norisi), gai.lé's ~ gailiasi (Galician), m#'lé's ~myliasi (making love), pasival.kuojė- 's ~ pasivalkiojasi: kudkė “They are already holy [passive It's ready to go. „gėrū“ what ~ is this health: pasivalkiojasi (is eating) tréba bien, po pajemd’s ir ~ 1 J. Aleksandravičius, Kirtimas ir priegaidé Kretingos dialekte. —problems of Lithuanian linguistics, 1, 99, Vilnius, 1957. : 4 V, Grinaveckis,Svdt kirtis, pajemasi: 110. 67 pėjema's tas,; rūblis| nésam ra" be _How long ~ you left (is taken) that ruble, nėsam that(p) kapéikos. be c) SangraZiniy verbs in the future tense 3rd person singular: bui'sė*s būsias ~ (will be): refi.k pa:galus nu. skidri'na | bū'sė's munis nemū'tus ~refika pagalius nil (nuo) skiedryno, būsias (apsimetė) munės (manęs) nemūtąs, dungė'ncé's ~ dangėnsias (danginsis), di'sé’s ~ dūosias (duosis), kraipi'sé- 's ~ kraipysias, mūščė's ~ musias, raiti'sė's ~ raitysias, ri'sé’s ~ riesias (riesis, pyksis), siesė's sésiasir t.t. ~ ~ d) SangraZiniy imperative conjugation of verbs vns. At the end of the second person: ail.ké's ~ aūkias (offer), buū'kė's ~ būkias (be, be), krazi-ké- 's ~ kratykias, nedū'kė's ~ nedūokias (don't give up), nežvalgi'- kė's ~ nežvalgykias ~ (don't ir look), sieskė's séskias etc. * e) Verbs with the prefix -av (usually in the present tense): nugeltiiond va ~ nugelténavo, $i 'kd'va ~ šūkavo, bi’ dd'va ~ būdavo, nujū'gda- 'va ~ nujudkdavo, nupraii.zdd'va ~ nupraiisdavo, praši'dd'- va ~ prašydavo, veizieda'- va ~ veizédavo, šu'da'va ~ žūdavo (vargdavo), etc. Now this accent is not often heard: the younger generation only says bu dava~ būdavo, ai.dava ~ eidavo. f) In the unpronounced prefix -a'tis ~ -aitis, -a'ti ~ -aitė: bruold'tis ~ brėlaitis (brother- ), tievu'nd'- tis ~ tėvūnaitis (farmer, to whom the father would write the farm), ničnieka'- če ~ ničnėkaičio (nothing at all), pičpilnd'tis ~ pičpilnaitis (a little boy), pičpilnd'ti ~ pičpilnaitė, vičvi'nd'tis ~ vičvienaitis (one for one), vičvi'nd'timo vičvienaitė, a duomd'tis ~ Adomaitis, ki'ga'ti ~ Kygaitė, kleminckd'ti ~ Klemanskaité, vitkd'uskd'ti ~ Vitkduskaité, etc. g) In some compound words (in a short syllable): akietvirbalis ~ akėtvirbalis, kafkvabėlis, pūsesėri ~ kusinė, uSpakalis ~ ūžpakalis (in dialects with dounininkais it is also said #$pakd‘lis). 6. Proclysis and enclysis $ 10. In some cases (e.g., in the case of a word that has been spelled in a different way), the word is written in the same way as it is spoken. These words are called proklitiky or enklitiky. I. Proclitically are the following monosyllabic words: a) pronouns: ligu ta_,vai.ks prasišito | pa muoti kap smaks pul.n ~ like (just) that child prasižiėja, stepmother as smékas pulna (puola), šis, „vai.kis nebai.ks gert'ju~ this child (bernas) won't finish well; b) numerals: kuo, „kratd's tuoš „Čierkikis | kū" būoba nemū'ta | dvi, tris išgeri ~ ko kratais tos Cierkikés (taurelės): when bėba does not see, two three ižgeri; c) prepositions: dvi ži'mi i" _ui.tra ski‘fu d'je~dvi ži'mi į aštrą skyrių (klasę) ėjo (Ėjo), vi'n diel, pnėdžu prakapuojima rei.g Fa ni'ti's~vien dėl mėdžių (medų) prakapavimo reika žanytės (ištekėti- ), kipri kūpri pa'cas kū'te" pruo_niiosi ~kupri kūpri (the sweating passed) pūcas (rat, scale) kūtei pro nėsę (nosį); d) conjunctions: vaū'gi" rei.g diti| ka, pu, šė'mis nekel.tu- 's mo vagie (a thief) reika dūoti, kad nū (from) žėmės nekeltųs (nekiltų), nepasté buom | ar, „tuoki veid15 It happens that they say and sfeskis ~ séskis, Zindokis ~ ZinOkis, nepraii.skis (do not wash). 68 4 rods returned | ar; svei.ka ~ we didn't notice (we didn't notice), if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream (broken) mirror was brought, if the stream [išluoš bila ~ je (jei) bėba kaustyta (nepėsčia), išloš bila (case); e) particles: zi, „kviekšt kviekšt sūkviekšti ir,_nuspakniioje ~ tik kvékst (klykt) kvėkšt sūkvėkštė nuspaknėjo ir (leg shakes) II. 1998-1999 Enclitics may refer to: a) pronouns: kud kvi'kat | a. „you smd'u, „who taught you kvykat (to swim), or you (you) smauga (smaugia) what; 100 mg/ day. d'itra zajęli and: ~Kkalé ta, jaū ditra (feeling) went in and (yes); b) adverbs: sénd, „jau | buina vi'nas rūkšlas ~ sena jau: mouth of one smoke (wrinkle); c) particles: kitoks, tin vici'nis | lentikes pa'rkaltas ~koks ten vidsienis (inner wall); lentikės pūrkaltos, kuo, ce leii.di pri,,būobišku darbii: ~kd čia lendi pry (prie) bėb'škų darbū, nior, „tik žuodi ištraukti J ka, galiétu puotd'm li' žūvi ld id ti ~ isn't (want) only to take out a word i, so that he can potam (paskiau) tongue laid (apšnekėti). 7. Unlawful spelling § 11. In folk songs and otherwise rhythmic sayings, the interjection finds itself in an unusual and completely unbearable place in colloquial language for reasons of rhythm. For example, gaidelė' pradėd gi'dūoti | numiské: pradėd vaikščioti | kė:Ik kėlk ké'lk mergeli | niéra lai.ka mi'guori (in colloquial language it would be: gaidėle' praded gi'ditoti | numiske praded va'ikščuoti | kė“Ik kė'lk kė“Ik mergė“l | niéra lai.ka mi“gūoti ~ gaidčliai start singing, numiškiai (homesteaders) start walking, kėlk, kėlk, kélk, mergéle, there is no time to sleep), a@ “čų tau berneli Huž, pmeilū žukšti | da'r nebūva'u girdiejūš nu. „pat mažumē'- lis (in colloquial language it would be: @' Gu ta'u berné'l yug mei.lu Zuodéli | dd'r nebuvd'u girdiejusi nu, „pat mafumé lis ~ ūčiū tau, bernéli, už meilų žėliu, dar nebuvau girdéjusi nū pat mažumėlės). 8. Logic crossing $ 12. In each sentence, the speaker usually emphasizes one word in order to draw more attention to the thing that matters most to him. For example, bėnė maftes muni sé'ni nuskau.stu ~ benė maičios munė s€ne nuskaūstų (nuskriaustų), ar iš, tuo-li acisūkis asi ~ až iš toli€ (far, far away) atsisūkės esi, kuo td'p marčuos nėkenti | a. i', ai*dega ana tamsta" i'kūnda ~ ko taip marčios nėkenti, a(r) į uodegą ana tamstai įkando, trink su „ū'pa's] netrink su, šlutražu | nigara pratrinci ~ trink su lapais, netrink su | šliotražiu: nūgarą Pratrinsi (saunoje- ), je, tap ildaū. za sė“ ni įtes min Svetka ta | bi su priversta veizieti's ~ if (if) this sėnė is so long it will affect my health, I will be forced to take measures, etc. For example, ar, "gražu sė'na žmuogu usgauhiori ~ ar gražu séna žmėgų užguuliuoti, in, gera nusipieriem Sifidi'n~ir gerai nusipėrėm šiafidien!, kuokė, "Če mūna sveikata ~ kokia čia mūno (mano) sveikat ir kt. (in the word svei kata the accent is heard even in the syllable -ka-, where it is not jo normally heard). 69 "krauna ir lei" kraū,ni' ~ lei (tegu, te) kraūnie, péizuo péizoja ~ (teases) ir tenepei.zuoji' e tenepeizojie ir kt. $ 36. The short preposition strongtaprade is replaced in the case when, after the end vowels fall, the secondary diphthongs u-- are formed ar after the conjunctive vowels of the compound words fall. :, I, m, n, r ir ult: arrow ~pila ir pilam (piles), Calling~ calling ir calling ~ calling calling, ~ shin shin (kaso)ir šind's ~ šinasi, pipirs ~ pipirs ir pipira® ~ pipari, kil kūla ~ (kulia) ir kūlam (kuliame), pilkūms ~ pilkūmas ir pilkūma ~ pilkūmo, dir dura ~ (duria) ir diram (in the door), the ~ broken-hearted broken-hearted (such a mentor) ir gru'stūva ~ griistuvo, $ilg siūva ~ (and $#'n silina) ~ Šūvat ir siuvate, numsarks~ ~ numsargas (housekeeper) ir etc. YJIAPEHHE H MHTOHAUMUSI KYPIIEHAWUCKOI'O T OBOPA B. U. BUTKAYCKAC Pe3iome Cucrema yJapeHHsi KYpIIEHalCKOro roBopa CHJIbHO OTJIHYaeTCsi OT JIHTepaTypHOro fi3blKa, TAK Kak yJapeHHe B HEM OTTATHBAeTCS Ha INepBbi CJIOT CO BCEX KPAaTKHX, a Take H C JOJIHX BOCXOASIMX OKOHYaHHH, T. e. roBOp NPHHAJJIEKUT 30HE TMOJHOH OTTSXKH YAapenus (sūkū ‘a Kpyuy“, minkli& ‘recto’, vakari ‘BeyepoM‘, virbalė' “crnnubr). B roBope BerpeuaroTCA cJayuau, KOr/ia Npeji/IOr NMPHMBIKAET K HMEHH WJM MECTOHMEHHIO H TIOJYYaeT OCHOBHOEOTTSIHyTOe VjapeHHe (sit colored) ‘c JOKIAEM). B cBsi3n Cc Tem, uYTO KYypiuEHAKCKHĖ TOBODp HaXOJIMTCH PSJOM C TOBOpaMH, NIDHHAJŪIEXAUIIKMH 30He UacTHUHOKH OTTsKKHM YyAapennsi (Kyprysenait, IllaykeHail, Illsyjai), TO HMEIOTCS CJIyuaH, Korja B JaHHOM TOBOpe (B MHOTOCJ/IOXKHbIX CJIOBaX) YAapeHHe OTTSTHB2eTCSA € KpaTrKOIro OKOHUAHHA TOJIbKO Ha IIpejįNIeCTBYIOMHAŪ CJIOBa, a He Ha ero Hawaii (pabai.ga ‘komerr, tiny “MAJIJOCEHbKHX"“), Ojnnarko yjgapenne COXpaHsSeTCCS B HHUCXoAsuel HHTOHALHeKH (vaikd'ms „,NeTSiM““, Žina',,Thl 3Haemps““), B pekux ciayuyasx yJapeHHe coxpaHseTCA H B JIONTHX OKOHUAHHSX Bocxoagimed noarors (duobilū" avizii* tūrū „y MeHs ecTb KJieBep H OBEC'), OJIHAKO 3TO SIBJIeHHe He 3aKOHOMEPHOe. Kak H B Jpyrux >XeMalTCKHX TOBOpaX, NPHHHAJJIEXKAIIHX 30HE MOJHOH OTTSXKKH YJApeHHs, Tak H B KYpLUEHAHCKOM CYIIECTBYeT O Ppas/HYHBIX THIOB ylapeHusi: OCHOBHOe jpeBHee (muoka,,yunT‘‘), OCHOBHOe-OTTsiHyTOE (kaftū „BMecTe“), No6oYHOe-OTTSAHY TOE (muokikla,,mKkoJa‘), MOGOYHOE-TIEPEHECEHHOE (rauddond-sis,,KpacHbih“) H N060YHOE-KOHEUHOE (kliebi's „,oxanka“). B crarbe Ha OCHOBe COOpaHHoro MATepHaJia paccMaTpHBaeTC5i5 MECTO OTJeJIbHBIX THIIOB VIIOMAHYTbhIX YAapeHHil B CJIOBe H CJIyuaH HX VIIOTpeOJICEHHS. B KypiueHaiickom roBope HMeloTcs 4 HHTOHAIIHH TJIaCHbIX 3BYKOB: Kpatkas(’), HHCXOLSIAS ("), Bocxonsimasi (7) Ho cpenHss (°). CBOHM TpoH3HONLICHHeM OHH MOYTH He OTJIHUAIOTCHA OT IIDOH3HONNIEHHA COOTBETCTBYIONIHX HHTOHAIMHA, CBOHCTBEHHBIX COCEJHHM ayKIITAHTCKHM TIOBOpaM, H No3ToMy OJIMSKM JIHTEpPaTypHOMY SI3BIKY. 76 Kparkas HHTOHALHS TPOH3HOCHTCS KPaTKO, HO CHJIbHO, CHJIbHee UeM B roBopax, JIETINHX B OCHOBY You're a fool. JTa HHTOHAIKHA XapakTepHa I'm sorry. I'm sorry. (lip ‘mepér¢, visi ‘Bee’, rac ‘kojieco’, lėsti ‘KJIeBath'). Hucxopsmas HHTOHAIMS B CBOEM INPOH3HOIIEHHH HMEET 3JIEMEHTHI TIpepbiBHCTOH HHTOHAIHH, CBOMCTBEHHOH JIDYTHM KeMaHTCKHM TOBOpaM, OJHAKO It's a good idea. OHa oTJMYaeTcst GOJBIINM CXOJACTBOM C HHCXOJIsIell HWHTOHALMeH COCeJHHX AVKIUNTARTCKHX rOBOPOB (Hamp., {IAKHHCKOro roBopa). Hucxojįsutyio HHTOHALKIO HMEIOT ĮOJITHe CJIOTH C OCHOBHbIM JPEBHHM VJapeHHEM (in the varnish ‘XoauJi‘, nuor “xouer“), OJHAKO HHOrja e8 HMEIOT H HCTOPHYECKH KpaTKHe TIJIaCHble C NOGOYHBIM nepeHeceHHkIM Yjiapennem (dainū'da'va 'uacTo mean‘). BocxoJlama1i HHTOHALIKA TO XapaKTepy IIpOH3HOINIeHHA O/IM3Ka COOTBETCTBYIO= miefi HHTOHAIIHH HEKOTOPLIX COCEJHHX TOBOPOB 3aNlaJHUX ayKTaidToB. Hey, HmeJOT JOJTHe CJIOTH thing (sal.dZe ‘cmazkoro®, kelė’ ‘nyTu’, kirpi-kla ‘napukmaxepckas’). B orJiKyKe OT BOCXOAMAINEH HHTOHAUMH JAPYTHX KEMAHTCKUX FOBOPOB, HaiGoJiblIasi CHJIA 3TOH HHTOHAIHH B IM(TOHraX H JIHOTOHTHUECKHX COYETAHUSIX CKOHIEHTPHPOBAaHA Ha BTOPOM KOMIIOHeHTe (KaK-H B JMTepaTypHOM s3bike: accessories ‘gecaTh’, mai.šas ‘Mmemnok’, saii.sas 'CyXo#'). Cpe/lsisi MHTOHALMS —HOBOE siBJIeHHe rosopa. Graveyard JBHXXeHHS! OCHOBHOrO TOHa HHTOHAIMSI OTYACTH KHanOMHH2eT BOCXOJAINYIO HHTOHAILMIO TOBOpa, OJlHaKO B KOHIE OHA pe3ko obpbiBaercs. CpejHIO WHTOHALHIO HMEIOT JOJTHe CJIOTH B CJIEAYIOUIHX cJaydasix: a) MPH COKPAIleHWH BOCXOJAUIeH HHTOHALHH (jounc “Hoxac“), 6) B ABYCJIOMKHBIX CJIOBAX, Korja yaAapeHue OTTATHBAETCS C JOJrOro OKOHUAHHA Ha JOJITHH KOpeHb (i ta' “JoXK“, vilkū“ “BOJIKOB- “), B) B OTJIEJIbHbIX CJIyuasiX B MHOTOCJIOXKHBIX CJIOBAX, KOrZla yAapeHHe OTTATHBAETCS C KPaTKOTO OKOHYAaHHS Ha JOJTHE KOpeHb (sarmatd “crbių“). MHOrza cpegniojo HHTOHAIIHIO MOTYT HMETb JOJTHe CJIOTH C MOOOYHBIM OTTSIHYTHIM YJapeHHeM (pakert&- -s “no yrJaam‘). Ilonrnue GesyjapHble CJIOTH, CTOSIMe riepejį YIapHLIM CJIOrOM, BCErja npoH3HOCATCS C BOCXOJAIIEH WHTOHALMEH, a CTOSINHe TIOCJIe YAapHOro —Vale Beero ¢ HECXoAsimel (stū'mimūos ‘Tosikanue’). BeTpegatorest Take CJIyuaH, Korja CJIOTH, CTOSIIHE MOCJe YAAPHOro cJora (operesicb Ha CJIYX aBTOpa) NPOH3HOCATCH C BOCXoAsiuied uHTOHauued (šau.kčau. ‘kpuyan Own’). B KOHILe CTaTbH NPUBOAATCS NpHMepbI METATOHHH B I'OBOPE.