Rytų aukštaičių pietinės tarmės fonetika

LTETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAIL 111 LTETUVOS TSR MOKSLU AKADEMI1]A PHONETICS OF THE EAST AUSTRIAC SOUTHERN DIALTH! K. MORKUNAS Transcription The transcription® specified in the material collection program of the Lithuanian language atlas is used in the work. Only in certain cases it has been slightly changed, or rather clarified (see below). 1. The edge, the anticipation. The place is marked with a signpost. The uncommonly long tail is not visible. Signs of the adverbs: a) short prepositions — gravis (*), b) firm-pronounced prepositions — acute ("), c) firm-tagged prepositions — circumflex (“), d) middle prepositions — lowercase s (*) (the middle preposition sign is written on elongated short vowels, as well as on long vowels and diphthongs fe, uo, whose firm-pronounced and firm-tagged parts are so similar in the preposition dialect that they are not completely different), e) cross-pronounced prepositions — lowercase 2 (*). 2. The length. Since all unpronounced vowels are short, and accented (except those with a short prefix) are long, the length of vowels is not marked by a separate sign: the length of vowels is indicated by the prefix sign (the signs of the middle and transverse prefixes of monophones), e.g.: viras ~ vyras, vaikū ~ vaik. The short vowels are marked with a short prepositional sign, which also indicates the shortness of the vowel, e.g., būs. In diphthongs and mixed diphthongs, the strong-front prefix (secondary-origin prefix for diphthongs and middle prefixes) also indicates the length of the first syllable, and the strong-end prefix indicates the length of the second syllable, while the cross-front prefix indicates the half-length of the second syllable. In some cases, the long vowel is marked with a dash on the vowel sign (e.g. i, @). 3. softness. The softness of consonants is indicated by a band on the consonant mark. This is always used to indicate soft and softened consonants that precede the pre-vowels of the back row, at the end of a word and in consonant samples, e.g. gulit ~ guliū, šžvė?ė. This work is the abbreviated I-th part of the author’s monograph on the southern dialect of the eastern Highlands (without the section “Kirtis and priegaidė”). * Zr. 1956. „Lietuvių kalbos atlaso medžiagos rinkimo programa“, II leid., 105—118, Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, Vilnius, 1956. the vowels of the row, always pronounced softly, so because of the simplicity of transcription in this case softness is not significant at jų work, except for those jobs where it is simply about the softness of consonants (§§ 14,79). 4. Hardness. Hardened before e, é consonant / is not marked separately. The I hardness of this is shown by po jo the appearance of posterior vowels (and before) e, 54 in dialect / always pronounced hard). For the same reason, the hardness of other sporadically ir hardened consonants is not significant. 5. Aspiration. The aspirated consonant at the end k of a word is not marked separately, except tą “The place of the section on consonantism, where jį (§ 83). 6. The Vowels. The front of the back row vowels is not significant for influence. j Jų prefixation indicates before going or softened j consonants. 7. Other signs. The transposition mark for į dialectal literary language is the tilde (—). Transposed according to dialect and 1k sound equivalents, e.g. grištėla ~ grįžtėlė. If the dialect form does not differ in its sounds from the Ik corresponding form, or differs only in the appropriate accent retraction, then ar ji į 1k not transposable. For space-saving reasons, transposition is not allowed if the dialectal form is separated from Ik only by a corresponding to the 1k short a (< d), e.g. kdulas. The meaning of dialect words is also explained by words, usually written in quotation marks, if necessary. Two different types of bridges are used, for example, a bridge with a single bridge. Individual aspects of transcription are explained in the work itself. Introduction i. Dialect area, most characteristic features, name, inhabitants, sources $ 1. The area of the investigated dialect resembles a not quite regular pear, the tip of which reaches Ukmergė in the north, and the thick end in the south ends in the vicinity of Mūsninkai and Čiobiškis (see map — fig. 1). In addition to the above mentioned, more important settlements in this area are: Pašilė, Pabaiskas, Krikštėnai (the older name of the village was Vilaikius ~ Vileikiai), Bagaslaviškiai, Gélvonai, Vindeikiai. According to the current administrative division, the pointed end of the area lies in the southern part of Ukmergės district, while the wider end occupies almost the entire western part of Širvintų district. In addition, the eastern corner of Jonava district (Būda, Keizionys and other villages)* also belongs to this dialect. In the middle of the dialect area there are no greater natural obstacles that could seriously hinder human communication. However, there are relatively large forests and rivers on the outskirts. These natural boundaries form the greater part of the dialect boundaries. § 2. The most important features of dialect phonetics, which are mainly taken into account in setting the limits, are the following: 1. Old mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en > um, u(n), im, i(n), e.g. stimtise samtis, gdlou (< *galvan) ~ head, mifikas ~ mefikas. Po I en > un:lunta ~lenta. * Note. When the article was finished editing for the press, the Mančiušėnai district of Širvintos district was abolished. At the same time, the boundaries of Širvintos, Ukmergė, Jonava districts were slightly changed. Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania ir Government of the Philippines 23, 434 (1959), 6 2. the unpronunciated old d, € (> Ik o, ė) and the diphthongs wo, ie have become a, e: stavet ~ stand, vaika ~ child; sedét ~ to sit, dare ~ to do; padélis ~ pot, pen, penny. 3. Instead of the old short word ending a, a reduced vowel is pronounced (sign a): dirba ~ dirba, vaikas. ~ 4. The syllable of the short ending is retracted to the penultimate syllable, which consists of the ar long vowel diphthong ie, uo, e.g.: todra, diena (but: first, sweat). 8 3. The fate of the binary am, an, em, en indicates that the investigated dialect belongs to the eastern Highlands. The area of the eastern Altay dialect, as is known, occupies approximately a triangle, at the points of which are Kriukai, Musninkai, Zarasai. Since the described dialect lies in the southernmost corner of this triangle, it is, given the geographical position, ji ir named Eastern Highland Southern dialect*. Only the phonetic characteristics of the investigated dialect, which could give it a nickname, were not found. In this case, the name of the southern dialect of the Wałęsa would be best for her. (for the term, see $ 85). $ 4. In the study dialect, which extends from north to south about 40 km, there are some differences. However, more of them are only on the fringes, where foreign and neighboring dialect features are often not yet present. There are also some minor differences in the language of the dialect speakers living further away from the borders. For example, in some places — Lapiskiai, Leščiūnai (Juknoniū apygarda), Neverėnys, Stavarygala (Bagaslaviškių apygarda) and others —instead of the old short word ending a often (but not always!) a reduced vowel with a fluent # shade is heard: stdlus ~ stalas, vaikus ~ vaikas (after the softened consonant and j —as in the whole dialect area: švėčis ~ svėčias, vėjis vėjas). § 5. In the Rapt area there is a considerable number of people who use a slang Polish language (in terms of ethnicity they are usually yrd ~ Lithuanians). Most of the speakers are in the surroundings of Širvintos and Musninkai, less are found elsewhere (about Pabdiska, Krikštėnai...). This language, which was previously spread through bent manors and churches, did not have any major influence on the phonetics and grammar of the dialect under study. Only the local dialect vocabulary experienced its clearer influence. In one other village (Sukiniai, Kulniškių apylinkė, Pakertušė, Krikštėnų apylinkė |. and others) there are Russian families, who moved to the dialect area during the years of the Tsar's rule (mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries). But there are few of them; understood that their language and influence on the general character of the dialect could not have. The majority of the population is composed of farmers, with a smaller proportion of workers and servants. _§ 6. The material is mostly written from the author’s native Kulniškiai (kulniškiį ~ Kulniškiai) area, but a considerable amount — also from other locations. Of note: Graužiččiai, Vaikalės, Mažčikiškiai, Žūkliai (the old people mostly say: ždklijiį ~ Zuklijai), Gailiūnai, Krikštėnai, Kelmai, Mikalajūnai, Neverėnys, Mančiušėnai, Vindeikiai, Pigasiai, Juknėnys, Čičbiškis and others. The definition of the boundaries also required clarification of the most important characteristics of the neighboring dialects. In this 3 Study dialect, which occupies only a very small part of the eastern Highland dialect, would be better called spoken. By calling it a dialect, we take into account the fact that: 1) the concept of dialect is very relative, 2) instead of terms with a narrower meaning (adverb, spoken...) in Lithuanian linguistic literature in similar cases the term dialect is mainly used. a number of areas within the study dialect už were visited: Mėdinos, Kunigiškiai, Ūpninkai, Vėpriai, Labanėsiai, Kalvėliai, Dovydiskiai, Jonūškai, Jogvilai, Rimeisiai, Limėnys ir etc. Use of ir collected (from rapt area ir other dialects) Lithuanian language atlas material, available in Lithuanian TSR MA Institute of Lithuanian ir Language and Literature. When collecting ir ją material in summary, the main focus is on the language of the older generation of people; the latter are least affected by influence. Ik 2. Borders of dialects § 7. Southwest Frontier. Starting slightly į southeast of Čiobiškis, the dialect ši border runs Neries river down approximately to The Village Voice. The study dialect is ji distinguished from the middle-highland dialect. So, on the left On the side of the stream, healthy mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en are preserved: sdmtis, rankė, penki. There is also the unchanged word end ir old short nėša, vaikas. a: From the studied dialect, these middle highlanders, it can be said, do not differ in the pronunciation of the 4, & ir unpronunciated old ie diphthongs wo, (only next to padelis here is sometimes said podėlis ir puikiais)*. ~ The inhabitants of Rapt Paneris call their neighbors, who live on the other side of the Neris, "kapūkai" because of the pronunciation of the word kap. $ 8. The western border. This border also consists mainly of natural borders. Starting from Neries (prie Keižionių), iš at first ji goes į north through forests (maximum — Bėrkelių miškas), at The Manciuščnais reach o Širvintos, — then continue down the river to Šventė. . Since the ir už western borders are inhabited by the middle Highlanders, who have healthy mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en®, the border can ši be said to be a continuation of the southwestern border. However, there are some ir differences between the two. Už the old unpronounced qualitatively unchanged 4, č ones of the western dialect border have only the end of the word: galvas ~ galvos, dirba dirbo, ~ kdfves kūrvės, ~ mdte mūtė, in the middle ~ of the word o instead of the mentioned old vowels is now pronounced w, i: doubles ~ * clover, mukifif ~ teach, misds ~ meat, side? ~ sit down. Cia u, i could have occurred as follows: 4, & > o, é > wu, i. Unpronounclk ed diphthong uo here mostly turns pudélis pödélis, u: dunéla ~ duonélé, rdrusi in ~ rolls, only in open ~ At the back of the door — a: rėma ~ rémuo. Instead of the Ik un-consonafe nt e: diphthong is ~ pronounced earth's ~ winter, šite šitie. Old short word end a už western borders, as rapt, ir turns working, a: child. 4 In previously drawn dialectological maps (plg. : APh, 4 (1933); The 118) south-western border of the LKRŽ is indicated very incorrectly. Iš the actual word root unpronounced Baltic pronounced as 4 Zalininky even in Žasliai, Palomenės ir other middle highland neighborhoods, in the end o it is preserved even further southwest. į ir But plg. : J. Senkus, Nauja medžiaga apie lietuvių kalbos tarmes, MADA, 1, 149 (1955); Č. Grenda, Palomene dialect, dipl. d. (rankr.), 15, 19, Vilniaus State V. University of Kapsabet v. IFF Department of Lithuanian 1957; B. Language, Švenčionytė, Žaslių dialect, dipl. d. (rankr.), 17, Vilnius State V. University v, of Kapsabet IFF University of California Press, 1956. 5 Closer to the border (Kunigiškiai, M&dinos- ...) the old an, en at the end of the word are still often pronounced as rapt by these middle Highlanders: šūku ~ šaką, kati ~ Kite, miški ~ miškė, 8 The characteristics of the middle highland dialect (sdmtis, švefita, blugai r blogai, dubėla ~ duobėlė, miline ~ méljné) can be heard quite often in the edge of the ir investigated dialect, located at the western border (Sližiai, Samantėnys, Gavinėnys...). § 9. The narrow western border. From the confluence of su Širvintos ji Šventąja goes the last river up to Ukmergės. This natural dialectal boundary still „,reinforces“ the forest strip running almost all the left bank. Iš the north-western study dialect has du neighbors. Almost up to The village of Kalvėliai still continues the middle highlands, further on o the eastern highlands puntininkai?. — The first, it can be said, are no different from the middle highlanders, living on už the western border of the dialect ($ 8). Only the už Holy One's reduced voice (here it is usually pronounced in a fluent tone) su is heard only w instead of the old short ne word end but usually instead of the old firm beginning e.g.: vdrnv, šakė, sen). a, ir -4, Yes šį -d says the ir eastern highlanders living on the right side of the river Šventoji. The latter su still meet middle highland dialects ir with the pronunciatia, € ir on of old vo unpronunciated diphthongs (nurėt ~ norėti, dijimos ~ dėjimas; rufikas ~ rafikos, dėve ~ dūvė; kuldlis ~ kuolėlis). Other features of the phonetics už of the eastern Highlands, located on the northwestern border, are almost identical to the dialect under study. Only the slash of iš the short endings they divert all į long syllables: dl, vigtv, jaiino, rufikv, pifmi (although sometimes it is still said: valdzi ~ valdzia, pifmi). Iš morphological inconsistencies can be mentioned that the eastern už Highlanders of the aforementioned border use vns of masculine nouns. forms of the beneficiary having -m, e.g. : vatarum, paršum, brélum brdlim)~brolium, pifsium pifslim)~ (|| pitslium, sūnum, piemefium (|| piemenim) piemenium. ( || ~ This is -m probably due to the fact that the vns. the limb of the beneficiary (plg. : andm pirmdm kdrum, šitam sendm žmėgum, o as well as latviešu tam labam tēvam "to that good father"). Such forms (su -m) Šventosios paupiu used in Kalvéliai, Baraučizna, Dov$diškiai, further northwest o į — In Danavaija, Jakutskis, BielazariSki and ir elsewhere. The inhabitants of the investigated dialect of the Paupi language sometimes refer to the eastern Highlanders, living beyond the river Šventoji, as Urėkai (say, because of the use of the word auré). § 10. The eastern border. From Ukmergė ši border passes Graužiėčių — Jogvily, Paprėniškių — Inkilų villages, eastern Petrašiūnų, Daugėčliškių side, Šašučlių forest (the monsters jį usually call it: Šašuolių girė), through Širvintas Towards the neighbors. Į the east of už the mentioned borders are primarily rotiniai, who, as is known, translate the elongated a accentuated imperfect into an o su unstressea d, slightly (2): labialized ~ weak shade ritas ~ rūtas, s3ka sūko, mina (< * man < * mind) my, ~ Ishibas laib, ~ kdlnas kalns, ~ kdfve kauve. ~ Here the e (> e) in the same ir position narrows: géras ~ géras, namélis ~ namélis, praštėšne ~ prastésnė, pétnij ~ pérniai, Félva ~ Zélva. The isoglossa of rotary, which began with the Holy, is very clear throughout. It is only a little more difficult to determine where it ji ends in the south, because there the local dialect has almost disappeared due to the influence of the Polish language ($ 5). The last villages of the clear rotary ® In the existing dialectological maps (APh, 4 (1933); LKRŽ, 118) approximately from this place (Kalvelių k.) the middle and eastern border of the Highlanders is further drawn through the Pabaisko — Gelvonų stretch towards Musninkai is inaccurate; plg, §§ 7,8. is Bezvydžiai, Sudėkiai, Liménys. According to the testimony of old people, several decades ago this language was spoken in the Zibalū area (Karališkiai, Matūkai, Drubliénys...). In fact, in the language of the older generation of the area (although it is also not usually a pure old local dialect) you can still often hear the characteristics of the rotniki: pdkase ~ plume, tindi „tenai“, géras, didėšnis ~ bigger, gė?ė ~ drink. Beyond the rest of the eastern boundary (Širvintos —Kaimynai) significant phonetic differences from the investigated dialect were not observed. Only instead of the old diphthong en of the word root, which po /, mainly is in: linte board, lifigvas ~ lefigvas. $ 11. The ~ Southern Frontier. Starting at Kaimynai, it runs along the southern side of Musninkai to Neris, and further along Neris to the southwestern boundary ($ 7). This line coincides with the Dzungarian isoglossa indicated in dialectological maps. But in fact UKMERGĖ oViliaudžiai | ' Deituva a, ie ® Ry ygirkile ORimeisie ži o“ pa he Rat aaa o 2000: No, I'm | Not a Man. : į! o: *. 33 5 Mižniūngi 130% i mother 3.3 M 100 mg 2 Velma The Baptist. * “ p at i i i OSlyžiai | r o Ags ~ un igiškiai | si pninkai J In the picture ey | i t i o j Gg Šninonys | ji © Družiai į i Ramašksrys o tgašiai H OTaučiuliai amoen may la AS 3 1 2 Ll + y mainai 8 waren 6 Figure 1. The southern and eastern borders of the area are uncertain. I—border of the eastern Highlands southern dialect, 2—border of the middle Highlands, 3—border of the Rotininkai, 4—border of the Dziky, 5—borders of administrative 6— districts, forests, "Pig. : the APh, 4 (1933); LKRŽ, 118, 10 peculiarities of dzūkavimas now rarely occur even far į south of už this boundary, for example, about Kernavė, Miežionis, Paparčiai most often said: diena, tik, gaidžai, šveČai. Years ago, 50—60 according to old local people, there was more Dzūkian here. Be of old people now ir instead of roosters, guests are sometimes called roosters, Sveti. It can be said that the past participle vns of the verbs used by the old generation is regularly used. I personal forms are: dudau "weaving- ", weaving ‘‘vedžiau’’, matali "I saw", stafail "I built". These forms occur in nearby rapt ir areas (Janiénys, Juknėnys...). Beyond the southern boundary, the imperfect accent (except for individual words), Garsynas 1. Vowels $ 12. The dialect has the following vowels: a — as I; is short: root long: ldpe fox. ir ~ a — Blow (quantitatiir vely qualitatively a; reduced) is only short: duck grows, table table. ~ ~ ¢ — as I; is short: vedi, old long: véde vēdė. ir ~ 2 — open, wide (with a shade) is e; short: nes nešū long: neša ~ nėšaš, ir ~ ė — as Ik ė; is only long: father, cat. s — distracted į butt is only €; long: /shq ~ 1&kti, frog ~ frog, i — as lk; is short: all long ir (slightly less tense than Ik y, į) : viras ~ man, žišĖ See. ~ ot — as Russian k. 54 ar Polish R. y; is short: prapuolols prapuolgs ~ long: ir jacket: strykt. ~ 0 — slightly more open is only už Ik o; long: £month ~ Zmonés. u — as I; is short: lies long ir (slightly less tense than Ik #, y): mist. ~ Po suminkstinty consonants ir j vowels a, o, # suprieSakéja, sometimes even iSwingsta other vowels (plg. §§ 75, 76). 2. Non-syllabic vowels § 13. The dialect has the following non-syllabic vowels: į — intermediate intermediate i ir ji: jimi ifūti, ~ rédif rodei. ~ 4 —intermediate between vir v: šdkau ~ $okau, turėjių ~ turėjau, Priebalsiai 3. § 14. The dialect has the following consonants: 5, d, g, j, k, Alif Lam Mim. n, p, 7, 5, 8, t, 0, 2, žŽ. They are said to be mostly the same as ir 1% e.g.: bdsas, ddrbas, gdras, kūtmis, 8 However, the spread of e is not always equally pronounced. For this reason, as well as for the ease of transcription, the extended e is not marked with a separate sign, but is written as a simple e everywhere (except in the workplace where the e extended e is mentioned, § 77). ? Based on experimental t. y. jo research, the pronunciation of consonants in Lithuanian literary language is described by V, Vaitkevičiūtė in her dissertation work “The composition of consonant phonemes in Lithuanian literary language”; see. LKK, 1, 5-66 (1957). 11 mdžas, ndgas, pddas, rdtas, sasas, šaukštas, tūkas, vdras, zūrza, ždda. Dialects I are slightly tougher than I'm going. Priebalsis x, going against the palatal R, g, dialect, as ir Ik, turns into the back of the tongue, e.g. rinka tika, žiūge ~ ~ Zefigé (n — hard posterior tongue x, g — softened posterior tongue n; elsewhere in the work this is not marked n separately, t. y. nm) everywhere. Rarely, mainly in words of non-Lithuanian origin, the consonants ch are still f, present, h, e.g.: fAbrikas, chardkteris, aha In the case of adjectives, the ir vowels are pronounced as follows. : He's working, climbing. The j prefix is always soft, e.g.: jié, joji Yeah, yeah. For more information on the consonant softening, see. $ 89. 4. Afrikatos § 15. In the dialect there are the c, ¢, following afrikata: dz, dz. They are pronounced as lk; ir can be hard soft, e.g.: cūkras ir cūkrus, cipi cYpti, Čdiža ~ čaižo, čepsėti, ~ dzaki, dzimbinėi, ~ adžabėdi atžabėti, džiršt. ~ 5. Diphthongs $ 16. Diphthongs are of two types: 1. Diphthongs: ai, au, ai, all, ei, éi, &i, ie, ii, ill, of, ui, uo, e.g.: ldibas, maišas, kdulas, laūkas, galvai galvai, dirbau dirbau, véidas, reiki " reikia, ševėį barkėje, žalėį ~ žolėj, siena, ~ kdtiį kūtei, žindjių ~ žinėjau, | galodį ~ galvoj, bunkis, ~ duona. ~ ~ ~ 2. Mixed diphthongs: al, am, an, ar, am, an, el, em, en, er, él, ém, én, er, em, en, il, im, in, ir, ol, om, on, or, ul, um, un, ur, e.g.: paltas, andm, kitan, vdrna, vėžam, rufikan raikon, dėlnas, kemši, sént, verki, vėl, katėm, gerešnėn, nėr nėra, didelėm didelėm, žalėn žolėn, pilnas, šimtas, piit, pirmas, kdl ~ < ~ ~ "why", sticks, head, kilt, stimi, shot, dirt. The sounds ir that make up the separate sandus of diphthong mixed diphthongs are pronounced as the same ir sounds that make up the non-joining diphthongs. į Only the two-vowel ie, the uo pronunciation of the separate sands is not heard. The first syllable of a diphthong au (usually a tvirtagalio) is sometimes (but not always!) pronounced with a weak o-shadow, e.g. pdūkšte ~ paūkštė "bird", sdilsas ~ satisas. 6. § 17. The dialect has the following trivowels: sel, iem, ien, ter, uol, uom, uon, vor, uoj (uot), e.g.: abjem, kasdign ~ kasdičn, tuom, duofikepi ~ dūonkepę, publka ~ pėlka, šuorkas ~ 30rkos "shorai", tuoj. The trichomes are newly formed; some of them rare> occur only in words of non-Lithuanian origin. 12 Vocalism I. Number of vowels § 18. In dialect, there are two lengths of vowels: there are ir short long vowels (for the length of the double-sided individual sands see $ 20). However, the long vowels are not as long as, for example, in the southern dialect of the Western Highlands. Rapt they are slightly shorter. $ 19. The number of vowels in a dialect depends mainly on the accent: a) All unaccented vowels in the dialect are short, e.g. : (pronoun vowels) grudai grūdai, ~ grišiėla grįžtėlė, ~ kusnélis kąasnėlis, ~ lapini s ~ lopinYs, makėi mokėti, ~ šakinėt šokinėti, ufalikas ožuoliukas, ~ vejėlis véjélis, ~ virėla ~ ~ beast beast "The ~ Beast"; dki gospodarkę, dkis oczy, głowu ~ głowę, gdva giwo, ~ kati kite, mékitu ~ ~ ~ ~ - mékyty, rufikas ~ rafikos, régesi ~ rogése, Some ~ Tag. b) The accentuated vowels in the dialect are long, e.g.: bėga, ~ dėbali ėbuolį, ~ narės gt norės, ~ (dif treat, ~ šilai siūlai, ~ Visth visi], ževė ~ bark, Foor? mo The beasts! Vowels with a crossing prefix are pronounced slightly shorter uz than vowels with a middle prefix. But ir some, ir others they are long. The old short vowels in the dialect pronounced longja i ir are of the same length as the long ir vowels of iš nature, e.g. kdš2 kasti, més, ~ riša, tori. For cases where accented vowels are short in a dialect, see §§ 2nd, 27th, 35th, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 62—65. $ 20. a) Each, pronounced ar unpronounced, diphthong forms a long syllable. Individual syllables of unpronounced diphthongs are short, e.g. paikit vaikyti, ~ lauki, peilū peiliū, puikibe ~ puikybė, kalba, ~ kartū, delnt delnfi, vefki, mifkiĖ ~ mirkyti, stulpėlis, plumpsėt, ~ pubvi nas purvynas. ~ b) The length of the individual stones of a double-pronounced syllable depends on the preposition. 1) The first syllable of a diphthong with a strong preposition is pronounced long, and the second syllable is pronounced short, e.g. ddilinė, kaulas, Svéikifii, baltas, šdrka, gėlė, bert. Vowels 7, u, going kiréiuoty tvirtapradZiy diphthongs in the first verses, lengthen and seem to be pronounced equally long in the same position su a, e (but plg. $ 19b), e.g., loop, work, work, ~ squeeze, squeeze, push, Rili. ~ 2) It is the second ir longest-- running two-season series. The second syllables of these diphthongs are pronounced shortly, < for example: jäll, gerdį gerojė, Sakén. 3) The first syllable is short, the second is long, and the third is long, e.g.: rašė ~ o rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė, rašė ~ rašė. 4) The second syllable of the diphthongs pronounced with a cross-conjugation is semi-long, and the first is short, e.g.: mažai, mata, sukei, visur, kitan, visam < visamė. c) Bivowels ie, uo of the length of individual sands are not heard in the dialect. For the solidhead and solidtoe frictions on fe; uo resemblance, probably, and the individual syllables of these diphthongs are pronounced of the same length, e.g.: vįenas, šienas, jubdas, juokas. The same applies to the length of the first and second stanzas of the trisyllables, since these stanzas in dialect always consist of the diphthongs ie, wo. "The third syllable of trishars is pronounced shortly, e.g. vigngubas, dviem, tuom "tuo". 13 forever I ~ fought, forever I ~ fought; mūilštum, mūštumei ~ mūštuméte; Stop, stop, stop. Thus, in certain cases, the prolongation of short accents in 7, w the dialect will take placeta ir now. i c) Dialects ž, #, correspondiIk ng to 7, pronounced Ųų have come from in, along iš the same un path as dialects ir i, w, correspondiIk ng to uncut į, # ( $ 35c), o dialects £, #, correspondlk ing to accents ę, 4, origin is the same as ta dialects correspondiir ng to 1, #, unpronouncik ed ¢, ą (§ 35(d). Only these 7, #, being pronounced, not abbreviated in t. y. dialect; retained its length, e.g.: grist return, lis ~ listi, 1st tisti, ~ ~ £158 ~ To see SdS? ~ shaving, $452 ~ 16th; ay grist to ~ cut, cut; jšalal ~ Oak, stone to ~ dig, gravel to ~ drill, Sula to ~ freeze. ~ ol . § 37. In the root of the word or occurs (mostly in singulars) instead of Ik 7, y po sporadically hardened consonants, cf. § 90. About ol, used at the end of a word instead of the old en, gone po /, see. § 85. 2. Diphthongs Diphthongs ai (ai) § 38. The two-vowel ai dialect is of multiple origins. a) Dialectal ai, corresponding to ai, is Ik of the same origin as ir I'm going. This diphthong in dialect is undialectal accented, ir e.g.: daiktu daiktų, laikiė laikyti; thing, ~ ride, turn turn. ~ ~ b) There is also a secondair ry diphthong ai in the dialect: 1. For the dialect ai corresponding to Ik the beginning of the word ei, see ai. § 24a. 2. Instead Ik of ei: 1) po hardened / ($ 84), 2) po sporadically hardened consonants (§ 90). 3. In some words instead of a lk diphthong uz (§ 42). 4. Caused by elision of vowel contraction ar (§ 78). Instead of the uncreiated ai diphthong first sando, in dialect sometimes pronounced pusti a (second verb in), 7 > e.g.: baiSduse baisiausia, ~ gaidžūkaiį gaidzitkai, ~ kailinei kailiniai, vaikam ~ vaikui. ~ However, this two-way a: conversiai on is not lawful. It is more frequent in the speech of the older generation of dialect representatives, younger o people almost always pronounce ai the unpronounced word stem as For the final word, see. af §§ 66, 67. au (ol) § 39. a) The dialect au, correspondIk ing to au, has the same origin as ir 1k. In dialect, it is undialectically ir pronounced, e.g. : ausit ~ ears, grow, ask to me listen; grows, bone, latex, 20 b) In non-Lithuanian real names, dialects au correspond to the rare eu at the beginning of Ik the word, e.g.: auropa ~ Europe, Augie ~ Eugenia. Instead of the unrepeated diphthong au of the first sando a in the dialect, there is sometimes a blowing a (second stanza # > 1), e.g.: daugau ~ daugiau, dausduse ~ daugidusia, sudaiįžau ~ sudauziali. But this pronunciation is more bidding (but ne lawful!) only to the older generation, the younger o Word stem nekirCiuota almost always au pronounced as Ik (but plg. $ 16). For the word end au, see au. au §§ 66, 67. ei (if) $ 40. a) Dialects ei are mostly of the same origin as ir I'm going. This ei corresponds to Ik ei (but plg. § 38b). There is a ei non-dialectal accent in ir the dialect, e.g. : $work, family ~ family, meižėnai ~ Meižėnai "Kulniškių apyl. kaimas’; Vchid, séila ~ schilé, crooked. b) There is a small difference in the origin of the two. 1. About the dialects that have arisen through contraction ef (which Ik corresponds to the adjacent syllables e ir i) see. § 78. 2. The adverb is pronounced as in the dialect. “Unpronouncei ed in dialect sometimes turns into ff, e.g. : (ne)riekéje ~ nereikėjo, grijčati ~ greičiau, krijoaruikis ~ Kreivaraiikis, Erijoulib? ~ curved. However, such a ei > ij occurs only in the speech of the older generation, the younger ones o pronounce the šį diphthong in the word stem as I'm going. For the end of the word, i see ei. §§ 66, 67. yes, uo § 41. a) Dialects ie, uo, corresponding to ie, uo, are of the Ik same origin as ir Go! Go! *. In dialect these diphthongs are only accented: with the old 1) accent, e.g.: pienas, vienas, niekas, šienas; bread, laugh, cough, pot; with a digressive hyphen, e.g.: diena, Šviesa, 2) vieni; agubona, eight, krubpa. b) Diphthongs ie, occur in uo dialect in words of non-Lithuanian origin instead of short Ik accents (or in dialects with accent) e.g.: kitaiiškas „,chemiškas“, e, o, faneera „fanera“; agramioma, harmony, bikutus "beside", kilometer, papyrus. The diphthongization of min is less common, prolonged in ė dialect ie o lk 2, can be said, lawfully turns wo. c) Other origins ze, wo: 1. Diphthouo ng in dialect is pronounced instead of Ik o in the following adverbs: kublai „so far“, lik šublai, lig šiolei“, tublaį „so far“. 2. About the dialects that have arisen through contraction ie (lk corresponding to the adjacent syllables: and a) see $ 78. Unpronunciated ie, uo are consonant in dialect (> e, a), see §§ 23, 29. On the end of the word ie, uo see § 68. 19 Pig, Endzelynas, GF, §§ 14,15. D right ut § 42. Dialects wi correspIk vi ir onding are of the same origin? ?, This diphthong in the word stem is rare. It occurs only in one other Lithuanian word, for example: įišguiniė išgulnyti "to drive out", ~ mdištitis muistytis, zit, (bus. ~ 1. III asm.) 2uis (near: zdjiė zūjyti, zdjis ~ zūjys), sometimes ~ in old ir borrowed Slavic languages iš (instead of the Slavic y), e.g. builis (plg. Russian. Obuib), smiike ~ smuiké ‘violin’ (plg. brush. cMbIKB), tuna (plg. Russian. ThiH, le. zyn). Soap on loan (plg. Russian. MbLIO) ir jo in the Vedic «i diphthong in the dialect most often turned ai ar aj, e.g.: mailas majlas, | įisimailint įisimailinė || išsimuilinti, < mailuotas mailuotas, || About the diphthong at the end ui of the word see. § 69. Mixed diphthongs Old mixed diphthongs § 43. In dialect, as ir Uh, there's 16 the old mixed twins. However, some iš jų (am, an, em, due to conjugatien on with other diphthongs) is now very rare. al, ar § 44. Dialects al, are ar derived from: 1. Iš old al, ar. Lk they correspond to the same diphthongs, e.g.: galvd, kal; Where's the cow, ~ mate? 2. Iš Starting words el, er, plg § 24a. el,er § 45. Dialectal el, er corresponding to the same Ik diphthonir gs are of the same origin, e.g.: delnai kėlmas, , velkū; Setdis, birch. il, ul; and, ur § 46. Dialects il, ul, and, ur, having equivalents Ik, is of the same origin as z ir 1k, e.g.: wolves, full, belly; a flock, a herd; four-piece, mit, zifni; gurkls ~ throat, to shake ~ the puff. For the present tense of the verbs ul, and, ur, 7, resulting from metathesis, see $ Yeah, yeah, yeah. im, um; and, un § 47. The dialect diphthongs im, um, in, are of different un origins. 1. Dialects im, in, um, un, having equivalents Ik, is of the same origin as ir Go, for example. : jimi ~ ~ iff, stuffy, gimaii to give birth; tuber, ~ mist; atmiphitis, soft, phiika; um, im, un, in, corresponding to am, em, an, en, are derived from ~ the old mixed diphthongs ~ am, em, an, en, e.g.: kumpėlis 2. ~ kampėlis, simtis ~ samtis, kumpas kampas; kimpine Ik sponge, pimpe pämppė, tipi pull; (un- ® Plg. : Endzelynas, GF, § 18; Otrębski, iš GrJL, 1, § 244, kai ~ lankai, pdfitis ~ péntis, rufikas ~ raškos; kifirdė ~ to suffer, žinotas ~ known, pifiktas pefiktas. ~ ~ ~ ~ 22 ~ ~ For am, em, an, en > um,.im, un, age in zr. § 85. 3. About the dialect un, corresponding Ik en po /, see. § 85. am, an, em, en § 48. Since the old am, an, em, en are replaced by other diphthongs (§ 47,), these diphthongs are now rare in the dialect. They occur only in the following cases: 1. em, en are in the plural and its derivatives of those verbs, in the present and past tense of which, or only in the past tense, these diphthongs break up, i.e. the first syllable becomes part of one syllable, and the second syllable becomes part of another syllable. — į Other. For i example: : sémi, sémdava ~ sémdavo, semtis, sémk, semitu ~ semtų greta: semū ~ semiū, sémi s€mia, ~ séme sémeé; ~ vämi, vémdava ~ vémdavo, veiiis, vémk, veiitu ~ vefity greta: vemū ~ vemill, vémi vémia, véme vémeé; témt, ~ témsta, tenis, ~ (su)temtu ~ (su)tefity next to: réma ~ t€mo; givént ~ gyvénti, givéndava ~ gyvéndavo, givefis ~ gyvefls, givénk ~ gyvénk, givefitu gyveiity greta: givenū gyvenl, givenafi gyvena; kutént, kuténda- ~ va ~ kuténdavo, ~ kuténsu ~ Kkuténsi- ~ u, kuteiis, kuténk, kutefitų ~ kutefity greta: kutėna, kuténa ~ kuténo;. sėnė, sénsta, (pa)seiis, (ne)sénk, (pa)seiitu ~ (pa)sefity greta: (pa)séna ~ (pa)séno. Analoginiy am, néra. an 2. em, en are verbs in words, in whose root they alternate with im, in (i), e.g.: kimšt, kemša, kimša ~ kimšos krimist, kremta, krimta ~ krimto; list ~ to let, lefida, lifida ~ to lift; pick, pick up, pick ~ pick up; shnki, Slenka, šliūka ~ sliūko. In the same verbs, due to the change of root vowels, am, an are in the dialect conjugated to um, un, e.g.: kumšiė ~ kamšyti, krumtiė ~ kramtyti, ltndžei ~ landžioti, rdfikei ~ rankioti, sluūfikei ~ slinkti. 3. an, en (before b, p > am, em) are in the root of the present tense, where they were formed after the insertion of x, e.g.: zadkt, zaanka, zaaka ~ uziko; nukdapiė ~ to be knocked down, nukamba (< nukafiba- ), nukaba ~ to be knocked down; šlapi, šlampa (< Slafipa), (pa)slapa ~ (pa)slapo; sutapt, coincides (< sutaiipa), sutdpa ~ coincides; gest, genda, gėda ~ shame; (nu)séki, (nu)seika, (nu)séka ~ (nu)s€ko; (pra)sméki ~ (pra)smeégti, (pra)Smenga, (pra)iméga ~ (pra)smégo; (su)glépt ~ (su) glébti, (su)glemba (< (su)gleiiba), (su)gléba ~ (su)glébo; apšēpt, apšempa (< apSefipa23 ), apiépa ~ ~ apšēpo; 2 sheltering ( < zlefiba), zlēba ~ žlčbo; brit, brefide, brida ~ brido; kris, krenta, krita ~ krito; skrit, skrefida, skrida ~ skrido; Snowy ~ snowy, Snowy snowy, ~ Snowy snowy. In the root of the word due to insertion en (em) always remains healthy, o an (am) in some words inverted un (um), e.g. : acruiide. < atsiraūda, misunderst- < ood does not understand. However, this un (um) mainly occurs only in the language of the older generation; middle generation (not to mention the younger ones) here usually say an (am): acrafide, nesuprante (but plg. § 94a). 4. In another speaker, e.g. am, ami ‘about The dog's voice", amsēt, amisis "kraūikt-kraūiki „about the voice of a crow, blackbird“ grefigrony, > gremsi- -gremit gremžt-gremžt, „the sound of ~ grumbling, grumbling“. 5. In individual words, most commonly in į recent dialects, e.g.: dmžis amžius, dmžinas, kambarys ~ kambarys, banga, bandimaj ~ bafidymai, kraiitas, mankii mankyti, ~ safidelis sandėlis, vafigerikšte ~ vangiarykštė „vingiarykštė“, ~ afirkapis, antpečią ~ antpečiai, befigi beiitgi. 6. in some real names, e.g.: ~ patdmsis ~ Patdmsis < (surname, probably, dialect elsewhere), samanténis i iš ~ Mansfield (village), Mansfield, Massachusetts ~ Mančiušėnai (village). 7. In words of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g.: ambulatuorije "ambulatory", anglas, bankas, dakūmentas "document", fundamentas. In words of this origin, the dialects am, also correspond an to unpronounced om, on, ir Ik e.g. kambdinas kombainas, kampauotas komrėtas, ~ kantuora kontora. ~ ~ For the secondary root of the word am, an, em, en see. § 49, at the end of the word see §§ 72, 73. Mixed diphthongs of secondary origin § 49. When the number of syllables in a word ir decreases, the sounds of two adjacent syllables merge into į one syllable, resulting in new mixed diphthongs. The first syllables of these diphthongs in dialect may be: g, e (correspondiIk a, e ir ng to 0, unpronounced ė, uo; ie), i, u (correspondiIk ng to uninterrupted 7, y; u, if), 7, # (correspondiIk ng to accents 7, y; u, #), ė, o (correspondi1k ng to the é, 0), o second syllable — consonants /, m, nm, r (Only corresponding to the same sounds). Mixed diphthongs of secondary origin are rare in the root of the word. More often they occur only in the following cases: in 1. In the first syllable of compound words without a connecting vowel, e.g. : žalmaige ~. žalmaigė, dvarpanis ~ dvarponis, plangalis ~ plongalys, stargalis ~ storgalys, dankepé ~ duonkepé, šžemdi?bis ~ žemdirbys, žėmvage || žėnvage „žemuogė“, šembjevis šienpjūvis, ~ vemplaiikis vienplaūkis, ~ venmafškinis vienmarskinis, ~ ventuftis vienturtis, ~ tdpermalkes popiermalkės, ~ dektindaris, žvirdabes ~ žvyrduobės, šunmažgis, šufikelis, midūrnaktis, sirma:Selis ~ sūrmaišelis, rauddfilige ~ raudėnigies. 21 From the eastern Highland dialects the forms Brenda, krenta, skrenda have also entered the literary language. Plg. J. Jablonskis; Selected Writings, 1, 264, Vilnius, 1957, 24 . 2. Falling out ar of word ending vowels in diphthongs, ar e.g.: dns ūnas < "he", back || back ~ back, fir is, mid, < del because of ~ (in prolapse), 14], CEO, Dismissed $81 ~ so far, Sifiden today, < witan "Antanai", srėšul "Stasiuli". 3. When the iš middle vowel of the word is lost (e.g. 7), kėlnes kėlinės, < šulnis šulinys, < dvilka dvylika, < ketutdlka keturiėlika < (for more examples see. $ 79). In the root of the word, mixed diphthongs of secondary origin, regardless of the prefix of the syllables forming these diphthongs, are usually pronounced with a strong su prefix. Only pronounced diphthongs tų whose first verses are ė, 0, premonition clearly inaudible (in this case, the middle wait mark is written everywhere). The first sandy 7, w, lk corresponding to both i, #, both ff, J, the length is the same, e.g. : Sufigribis ~ spruce, sirmailel ~ salmaichelis (about the length of double-sided sands see also $ 20). On mixed diphthongs of secondary origin at the end of a word Zr. §§ 71—73. 3. Trivowels $ 50. are rare in the root of the word and occur ir only in the following cases: 1. For word conjugation, end breakage due to vowel ar dropping, adjacent syllables to diphthongs ie, uo ir for consonants I, m, mn, r, j when one į syllable is merged, e.g.: petžiem perZiém, ~ piembufnis pienburnis, ~ $jempjevi šičnpjovį, ~ kazdisn kasdién, sublpalaikis, ~ venublka vientolika, vemiolktas < vientoliktas, duiofikepi < dūonkepę, tof tuojaū. ~ 2. The trivowel ien < is used in the present tense forms of verbs likti, migti, which have the insertion of -| e.g.: lenku n, "If", lisiki ‘lieki’, lienka ‘remain’; užmijenga „falls asleep“, užmiengam „„we fall asleep“. 3. In words of non-Lithuanian origin, the trivowels uol, uom, uon, uor are derived from the diphthongs ol, om, on, or, after the short d has been converted to wo in the dialect (see § 41b), e.g.: puolka ~ polka, puompa ~ pdmpa, frubontas ~ frontas, nuorma ~ ndrma. Similarly, trivowels have appeared in Lithuanian words: (jiki) kuol < (iki) kol, (iiki) tuo! < (until) then. Trivowels in dialect are only accentuated; unpronounced trivowels become diphthongs, DVZ., papergalis ~ popiergalYs (see also § 49). See $20c for the length of three-sided individual stocks. For the three-vowels at the end of a word, see $74. 4. Change of root vowels § 51. In the dialect there is the same sequence of root vowel changes as in Ik. Some examples: 1. e line (e-é-i-i-a-o0): béfi, béralas, biréž ~ byréti, batštiž ~ barstyti; brenda, brisé, bride ~ bride, bride; | drėbi ~ drėbia, drėpė ~ drébti, drip2 ~ dribti, drapštiė ~ drabstyti, drdblis ~; droblius; gēna ~ géna, ginė, “to protect (cows)”, ganit ~ grazing, naktigane ~ naktigoné; mžna, užmint, manit ~ to think, įišmanaė ~ knowledge; 25 mėšėė, mėtit ~ to throw, sūmatas ~ estimate; | nėšė, nėščią ~ nėščiai || ndščią ~ nūščiai; ivėti, tverū ~ tveriū, Ėvdre ~ tvčrė, tvdPšriė ~ bandastyti, todra ~ tvord; VėšĖ ~ to carry, to pass, to ride. 2. i row (i-3-1e-ei-ai): germinate, ~ sprout, germinate; givas ~ alive, acigeivelal ~ to revive, to revive, to revive; Eni§t, knišlis ~ knyslys, kndisei ~ kndisioti; likt, lienku „I remain“, laikiė ~ ~ keep, support; minint, minta, meitelis ~ girl,,meitélis“, maitifii; sijė ~ beam, atdseje || atdsaje,,atdseje“, pdsaitas; ‘ $niké ~snigti, Snow, Snowball? ~snow leopard, snaigeld? ~ snaigeliéti,- ,snyguriuoti“. 3. u row (u-ū-uo-au-o): Bluvdi ~ bliūvėti, bldut ~ bliduti, blévai ~ blidvotis gnūšt ~ gnūšti, gūiūšte ~ gniūžtė, gidusi ~ gniaužti; klūpčei klūpčioti, klūpčei klūpčioti, klūpčei ~ klūpčioti likteret lūkterėti, ~ lūkurei lūkuriuoti, ~ lduki; ligt, liobas, laupté ~ to loot usnūšė uZsnusti, smiida snuuda, ~ sndusi; stuburas ~ stuburas- ,,stump, remains ~ of a felled tree“, stabris stuobrys stuobris „stump; ~ unrangus || mees’. III. Vocalism at the end of a word 1. Vowels a § 52. In dialect, the old short The end of the word is a turned into other sounds (see section 4.4). § 53). It remains only in the pronouns ands, katras, viskas. The a at the end of the word (it is always short) is of the following origin: Old long strong (pronounced unpronounced) 1. Iš ir a. Lk it corresponds to a short of the same origin, a, e.g.: lazda, galva, Saka, laba, visa; bread, meadow, slope, thick. 2. Iš This dialect corresponds to the unpronouna. ced e.g.: laūka a Ik 0, ~laiiko, stdla ~style, md¥a life; ~ ldzdas ~rods, walls walls, ~ stdras stėros; ~ duga grew, ~ dugdava grew, ~ diva was, ddra ~ does. ~ The shortening of the old tvirtapradzio and tvirtagalio @ at the end of the word occurred not at the same time. The transformation of the old d into a vowel o (§§ 32, 55) shows that during this transformation only the accentuated (strong-- rooted and strong-tailed) a of the word root and the accentuated strong-tailed d of the word end had retained their length in the dialect. All the other old (unaccentuated word root° and word end, as well as the accentuated strong-rooted d of the word end) d had already been shortened, and for that reason the mentioned transformation (vowel 0) did not affect them. 26 The short a at the end of the word in all Lithuanian dialects now in place of the old unpronounced and pronounced @ also indicates that its abbreviation is an older abbreviation of the unpronounced strong-end, common only to the Žemaičių northern Highland dialects. In addition, in some northern eastern už Highland dialects, the @ unpronounced d is not completely abbreviated ir and is now pronounced as a semilong, e.g.: azrdla. ~ atėlo, vafga. ~ vaigo, (vns. kilm., dgs. vard.) šdata.s ~ Adatos, rufika.s ~ raūkos (Debeikiai, Kamajai, Karsakiškis...). 3. Iš old-fashi- &, oned po /, plg. § 54. 4. From the unpronounced word kamiengalio wo. This a Ik corresponds to wo, e.g.: réma ~ rémuo, rdzasi w kręgach, siedzi w ~ sdduach. ~ a § 53. a) The dialect a corresponding to the Ik short a or e is: 1. Instead of the old short a that followed a hard consonant, e.g.: (in the open ending) duga, aūna, būna ~ bilina, dirba, duoda, kdla, nėša; (not)good, hot, cold; (closed ending) aidamas ~ going, drtas, white, work, hot, laukas, first, one. 2. Dgs. 1) a< dn, followed by hard consonants, e.g.: (unpronounced) bdltas, galvas, geltdnas, pdras, vdrnas; (pronounced) gerys, kasas, kitas, runkas ~ hands, branches, all. 2) e < č, past pol, e.g.: (unpronounced) didelas ~ dideles, ždlas ~ Zolės; (pronounced) bites ~ bites, Raulis ~ pigs, frogs ~ frogs. The appearance of a (a), both quantitatively and qualitatively reduced, is undoubtedly the result of the word ending being shortened**. Rapt a from the short a had to have appeared quite long ago —even before the abbreviation of the strong-end (unpronounced) and the strong-start (unpronounced and accented) @ at the end of the word, i.e. before their transformation into a short a in dialect (§ 52). In the case of the last a, derived from the aforementioned old 4, it would have become a. Dgs. The ending a of the final forms a, most likely, appeared at the same time as a from the old short a. Very long ago, the ending of the aforementioned forms fell out of the folksyllabic “4, and the remaining first syllable d of the former diphthong, apparently, also shortened quite early (even before the old -d shortening). The same old was dgs must have been. of the final ending ě > č, which after the hardened / in the dialect still became a (also cf. § 64). b) In dialects, the reduced vowel « also occurs instead of the unaccented (from old or because of accent deduction) word end w, following a hard consonant. However, 4 > a is not as regular as the short a. Most often « is pronounced in the closed ending #2 For the ending shortening in other Altay dialects see. Vl. Grinaveckis, The Shortening of Endings in Lithuanian Dialects, PIMD, 8, 100 etc. (1959). 23 The present tense III person form of the verb to be is usually pronounced in dialect without the final a: see (negative form ner), but is also said unabbreviated: jira ~ is (is not ~ is not), Cia a neidvirtes a, galifhas daiktas, because the form is considered an old noun, which also had a final a d (plg. Angel Green, GF, § 334). * Plg. : K. Širvydo dgs. gal. Wisas PS I 4,, weislingas PS I 48; and vns, įnag. plunksnu nasztu PS I 18, PS I 52,,;5 Debeikių, Obelių, ir etc. dgs. gal. rufikas ~ hands ir vns. innag. ruiku ~ ranka, to, Be plg. : Angel Green, GF, § 212; Endzelins, Gr, § 256. 27 instead of dialect u < #, e.g.: lietus lietūs, ~ rūkštas rūgštūs, ~ siūras ~siris, sinas sūnūs, ~ tufgas turgūs, ~ šmdgas ~ Rain, ( || salty, plg. § 65); It is rarely used in ir place of other dialects, etc.), e.g.: u ( < ū, uo ir sdldas~ saldūs, grdfas grūžūs, (dgs. ~ gal.) pubdas ~ pūodus, siūnas ~ sūnus. About the fate of « softened po consonants in dialects ir j see. § 63. € § 54. In dialect there is only a short e at the end of the word, but there are no reliable examples where the old short e has been preserved. -e $ 64). The current word end e is derived from: 1. From the old unpronounced č. This dialect e is at the open and closed end of the word and corresponds to the unpronounced é of Ik, e.g.: kd?vė ~ cow, ldpe ~ fox, medine ~ wooden; dre ~ šrė, kdse ~ kūsė, mdte ~ mite, sake ~ sakė; (vns. kilm., dgs. vard.) katoes kūrvės, ldpes lūpės, šėmes Žėmės, medines medinės. After the hardened /($ 84) this dialect e ~ > a, e.g.: sdula ~ ~ sun, kėla ~ kėlė; ~ sdulas sun. ~ Shortening of the unpronounced č (characteristic of other northern Altay dialects), no doubt occurred at the same time as the shortening of the unpronounced 4th ~ consonant at the end of the word ($ 52). Rapt, as in many other Lithuanian dialects, -e < -€ has fallen out of the I i and II person plural forms of verbs (of all i and tenses), e.g.: tūrim, turėjem ~ turéjome, turėdavam ~ turédavome, turésim, turgkim, turėtumem ~ turétuméme; tril, turejel ~ turéjote, turėdavai ~ turédavote, turésit, turékit, turétumei turftuméte. Dgs. The soft limbs of the II person forms:** indicate that the e after it fell in the dialect not long ago. The same is shown in the ancient scriptures. For example, in the anonymous Catechism of 1605 and in K. Širvydas’s “Sayings in Points” the dgs still ~ prevails. I and II person forms with the ending -e: zirime KA 275,14, pramineme KA 11.,, busime KA 535,, daritume PS I 6;;, dirbome PS I 175, pirksime PS II 783, klausikime PS I 83,,, daritumime PS II 1823; žinote PS I lį;, Sedesite PS I 55, Atstokite PS I 6,4, ne imtumite PS II 6,,„, But in the same writings there are already mentioned verb forms and without this -e, e.g.: norim PS I 854, nesimokiem pasiputet PS I 17,5; PS I 279.,, unknown PS II 109,4. 2. From the unpronounced diphthong ie. This dialect e Ik corresponds to the unpronounced ie, e.g. dif pses dirbsies, kafstises karstysies, mdkises ~ mokysies. 3. About the ~ e, which originated ~ from the subordinate dialect a (<d, the un-kissed old tvirtagalio nekirCiuoto uo), see d, § 75. é, £, 0 § 55. The word-end é, o are derived from the old pronounced consonants č, a. Lk they correspond to the pronounced consonants of that original origin & 0, PVZ. : gešmė ~ song, karė, ževė ~ bark; dabės ~ pits, katės, ževės ~ bark; 25 Dgs. In the dialect of I-person forms -m is pronounced hard, and, kakd ~ kokio, takš ~ tokič; beards, heads, ų 28 sticks, machines, new. After a hardened /(8 84) ė > e, e.g.: kalė ~ kalė, šalė ~ žolė; bitės ~ bitės, žalės ~ žolės. The old pronounced č rapt at the end of the word, as well as at the trunk (§ 32), must have narrowed even before /hardening; otherwise after /here now would not be pronounced e, but another sound®S. it § 56. Dialectal 7 (short), derived from the old short 7, is in the open and closed end of the word and corresponds to the same origin Ik i, e.g.: dšti ~ eat, niesti ~ niėžti; gugli, stdvi, turri; (vns. vard.) eye, ear, night, thief. From the open end of the Word, the old short ¢ is sometimes dropped, e.g. šm < šiuomi, rom < tuomi, manim < manimi, medun < medumi. (Example: sawim PS I 9355, sunum PS I 24,,, 745, človekum PS I 10,9, 19,, 54,, greta suni. PS I 15015,515, human PS I 15653.) § 57. Dialectal i (short), derived from 7, lk corresponds to 7 of the same origin, e.g.: mati, sama, grazi, plari (cf. Tverečiaus graži, placi, brungija „,„dear“- ); (dgs. gal.) eyes, ears, nose?". Tvirtapradzio -in abbreviation, supposedly occurred with -d abbreviation ($ 52). -$ 58. Tarmės 7, 7, kilę iš tvirtagalio 7. The i (short) lk of this origin corresponds to the i or unpronounced y, and the 7 (long) corresponds to the pronounced y. ja-kamieniy noun vns. a denominator, e.g. deer, barley, 2bdis; arklis ~ horse, dagis ~ day, gaidis ~ cock*?8, 2 i-stame nouns dgs. a noun, e.g.: dkis ~ eyes, šiėdis ~ hearts, piftis ~ piftys?. § 59. Dialects 7, 7, corresponding to Ik in, are derived from the diphthong in, after the extinction of the folk-syllabic x (§ 86). 7 (short) of this origin is unpronunciated, and 1 (long; rarely occurs) is only pronounced, e.g.: dki ~ aki, dufiti ~ daiiti, pifti ~ piiti, vdgi ~~ vagį; kaki ~ some "something", taki ~ some "something". § 60. 7, originated from the local forms of the strong-origin -ėn. This dialect -i Ik corresponds to the -e derived from the same -én, e.g.: lauki ~ laukė, miški ~ miškė, sėdi ~ sodė, Dieni ~ piene, šiąeni ~ šienė. '"In dialect before the folk syllabic x from the end of the word fell off26 E.g.: svėdasiškių kaD ~ kalė, pels ~ pel&; pelds ~ miškė, pami.los ~ pamylės; ragweed, fula grass; Grass grass ~ ~ ~ (next to a word with a mid-pronounced &: [Skt ~ 1€kti); plg. : V. Training time, min. ill., 37; E. Swirbly, Raguvos tarmé, dipl. d. (rankr.), 18, Vilnius state V. University v. of Kapsabet IFF Department of Lithuanian Language, 1954. — *7 For the Lithuanian language istem nouns dgs. gal. -of origin plg. Angel Green, GF, $ 236. *8 More about Lithuanian nouns vns. ward. limbs See -is, -ys for the origin. : Angel Green, GF, $ 194 (with references); J. Kazlauskas, Iconjugation nouns transition into į conjugation, UMD, 26, 41 tt. (1958). *? About Lithuanian i-kamieniy nouns dgs. denominator endings -ys (rapt > -is) for the origin see also : Angel Green, GF, § 223; Endzelins, Gr, $ 281; J. Kazlauskas, min, active, 42, 29 2) the unpronounced -on after the hard consonants, e.g.: van ~ lėvon, ruiūkan ~ rainkon; 3) unpronounced -én after I, e.g. didžidlan ~ didžiūlėn, sdulan ~ sdulén, séilan ~ séilén; 4) -un after hard consonants, e.g. alait ~ alui, medah ~ honey, turgan ~ tuigun. The pronounced -un sometimes remains unchanged, e.g. dungun ~ dangun, medun. c) -én, -en, -on correspond to the Ik -én, -on, e.g.: katén, ževėn ~ Žievėn; didelin ~ didelén, Zalén ~ žolšn; galvdn, lazdėn, šakdėn, valdžėn ~ in power. (d) -in, -in 1k corresponds to: 1) -in, e.g.: laviū loviū, ~ piftin, šiPdihs 2) -yn, e.g.: aftin®® ~ near, gerin ~ good, žemin ~ down; 3) unpronounced -ēm, e.g.: drobin ~ drėbėn, dpin ~ ūpėn, žėmin ~ žėmėn; 4) unpronounced -om, following softened consonants or j, e.g.: nekėčin ~ niekėčion, sdujin ~ saujon; 5) -un, following softened consonants or j, e.g.: gdjin ~ gėjun, križin ~ kr¥Ziun, pėčin ~ pėčiun. The diphthong -in is also present in the inflection forms of the plural of all stems, e.g. gerusin, miškiosin, naujėsin, Sakdsin, šiPdi sin ~ širdysin, šemėsin. 3. Triacoustics § 74. At the end of the word, the trivowels em, wom occur in certain cases. Trigarsj zem has a plural (=dual) noun jvardiné ending, e.g. anjem, baltiem, citiem, magiem. Unrecognized -iem > -em, e.g. gefdusem ~ best. Trigarsj -uom has vns of some masculine pronouns. subjunctive, e.g. aniom, katruom, kakuom ~ kokiudm, rakubm ~ tokiudm. IV. Combinatorial laws of vowels 1. Vowels § 75. After the suminkstinty „priebalsių“ and j, the vowels of the back row always come before, e.g.: jdunas, džaui ~ dziduti, pjéve ~ pidvė, ždvaui ~%i6vauti, jidifit, juosta, lines ~ liūnas. The contraction of the dialect a is sometimes even pronounced as a vowel e. More specifically, e is heard in the following cases: 1) in an open syllable instead of a short accented and unaccented a of various origins (see §§ 21-23, 52), e.g.:jevai. ~ grains, sduje ~ handful, pradžė ~ beginning, žinė ~ news; jedinėi ~ ride, žeplinėi ~ Zioplinéti, kéle ~ kélio, naiije ~ natijo, grages ~ gražios, sdujes ~ saujos, turéjes ~ turdjos; jeStéla ~ striped, apjese ~ belted, vaftélesi ~ in the gates; 3 In the dialect of these adverbs, the secondary diphthong -i# is pronounced with a firm-end suffix, 36 2) in place of the diphthongs az, am, an (pronounced tvirtagaliy and unpronounced am) of the first sando, e.g.: z = z arklei arkliai, gener geniai, naujei ~ naujai; horses ~ with horses, ~ new new, clean ~ clean*? ; medinem ~ ~ mediniame- (e), naujem ~ ~ natjame; dodsem ~ with two, sdujem sdujem, sedéjem we sat; grafen ~ gracefully, naujen ~ newly, ~ fvaren ~ $variaii. ~ The contraction of a long dialect a (such as an open accented strong-end syllable and pronounced strong-started diphthongs) into a vowel e does not occur; in this case it is pronounced similarly to Ik, e.g.: jdvas, (vns. uud.) brufigdi ~ precious, new, takdm ~ such. This is also the case for the first and second-order fractions, e.g. : Cds ~ straw, Shaiiras ~ wide, gafiath ~ ganiail, jaura, Rūuras ~ hole. On the end of the word old short a > 7 zr. § 63a. § 76. Instead of the cut-off uncreated 4, the dialect often uses the vowel 17, e.g.! : blivdi ~ bliūvėti, blid ūkas ~ bliūdžiūkas,,dubenéiis®, Sipinét mo Ciupinéti, citing? ~ ¢iuZinéti, dživesei ~ dZiuvésiai, firdėnis ~ Jurdénys "village", mafičišėnai ~ Manciuščnai „kaimas“, sibubi ~ siūbuūoti, sildlis ~ siūlėlis, sifitingf ~ siuntinéti, sivėjis ~ tailor, Sifiden < šiundien (cf. Širvydo Siun dienu PS II 995) < šiandieną, šnirėlis ~ šniūrėlis, širėė ~ žiūrėti. See also $ 63b (with references). 2. Expansion of the vowel e § 77. The e is not equal to the amplitude. In some cases it is narrower, in other cases it is pronounced wider, with the g vowel shade, cf.: 1. meti, remi, melt ~ yeast, melt? ~ sit Sti, sefitt ~ senill, venjem ~ some; kėli ~ kélig, méte ~ mėtė, sénem ~ s€niam, Féme ~ žėmė, šėmem ~ žemėm, (jst.) pedi, vési, VėšĖ ~ verti; betšėlis, kelminas ~ kelmynas, mefki ~ mefkia, peiki ~ peikia, véidas, pétkelt, vélf; 2. metė ~ metū, melem ~ mielém, sedém ~ séddm, seni ~ senū, v@ndm ~ viendm; mere ~ méta, senu ~ séng, žemas ~ žēmas, veddamas ~ vėsdamas, veesk ~ vėžk; biržai ~ biržai, kelmas ~ kėlmas, pefka ~ peika, perkraui ~ pėrkrauti, (su)veltas ~ (su)latas. The examples show that the e is pronounced narrower if it precedes a front-order (or pre-ordering) vowel or a soft consonant (case 1), and wider if it precedes a back-order vowel or a hard consonant (case 2). Therefore, the vowel e is affected by pojo 38 It should be noted that K. Širvydas, mainly following the phonetic principle of spelling, after the softened consonant and j ending -ai mostly writes -(i)ei, e.g.: — žodžiey PS I 1,4, seney PS I 3.4, kurtiniey PS I 32, numireliei PS I 325, plačiey PS I 4255, padeieiey PS 1 2853, kurstitoiey PS I 283, stunditoiey PS I 29,, tureiey PS 1 255, weiey PS I 505, žodžieys PS I 18,4, pačieys PS I 18,s, punčieys PS I 39,,, brungieys PS 1 454,, (see use) kuriey PS I 1445, pačiey PS I 169,, bažničiey PS I 287,g, and only much less often —(ai, e.g.: ne priderunčiay PS I 43,, duSiay PS I 247,, pinkiays PS II 230;s, weiays PS I 2805, didžiays PS I 3014. In other cases, after the softened consonant and j Širvydas is usually written (i)a, e.g.: waykséioia PS 1 32,, persekioia PS II 140,, Kokia PS II 140,, (see local) kuriami PS 1 45,, kokiamy PS I 42,,, (see common) ku nomažiasniam PS II 182,,, having only rarely occurs e.g. PS II 141, ir e, : Nuzhenghuchi ‘descending’ PS II 70,,. 37 going sounds (regressive assimilation occurs). However, there is no consensus on whether e is a vowel or a consonant®®. Some examples suggest that this vowel may be influenced by both a vowel and a consonant, e.g.: be akjes ~ be akies, nedrtas m neartas, ne džeras ~ ne Ežeras; kaeps ~képs, pes ~ pėš. The width of the vowel e in dialects also depends on its length. The short e (vejelsikas ~ windmill, velnes ~ devils), seems to be slightly narrower, and the long e (vejélis ~ breeze, vėlnis ~ windy) — wider; also short @ (kepū ~ kepū, kelmu ~ kelmū) —narrower, long «e (kėpa ~ kėpa, kelmu ~ kėlmą) —widener. In the eastern Highland dialects, the expansion of the vowel e in certain cases is a relatively old phenomenon. This is suggested by the spelling of this vowel in ancient writings; plg. K. Širvydas: daug giaro PS 1222,, wisa giara PS I 1725, Mialas PS II 1445, miatu „metų“ PS II 704, sianu „seną“ PS II 7058, Siasztu „šeštą“ PS I 31755, užkialdamas PS II 131,*. For the influence of a hardened consonant in dialect on the vowel e following it, see §§ 84,90. 3. Contraction and omission of vowels (Contraction and Elision) $78. a) Two vowels may come together in compound and prepositional words, in conjugated forms or when the middle consonant is omitted from the word. These two vowels of adjacent syllables are sometimes combined into one vowel or diphthong, e.g.: (a-e > 0, e-1 > ė) pdžere ~ pėžerė (< paežerė); nėr(a) (<ne-is), nebėr(a) (<ne-with-is); (a-i> ai, e-i > ei) atdima (< ata-ima), pdima (< pa-ima); nčima (< nė- -ima)*1; (i-a > ie) apsieve ~ apsievé (< ap-si-avė- ), apsevi mas ~ apsievimas (< ap- -si-avimas) „apavas, avalynė“, nusjeve ~ nusievé (< nu-si-avė- )?? ; (ė-ji > ei, a-ji > ai, a-(v)i > ai) kaleimas (< kalé-jimas); klaimas (< kla-jimas > Ik klojimas- ), ačlaimas (< atSla-(v)imas). b) When two vowels (or a vowel and a diphthong) of adjacent syllables meet, one of those vowels may sometimes be omitted, e.g.: neparinėtas ~ neaparinétos, neplaidži ~ neapléidzia, népkifite ~ neapkentė, neteis ~ neateis, netldida ~ neatléido, 39 Plg, E, Grinaveckienė, Mituvos upyno tarmės fonetika, LKK, 1, 159 etc. (1957). 40 However, Širvydas writes ia (sometimes even ea, e.g., Petras PS II 186,,) instead of e in strictly indefinite cases and inconsistently; Also see: žiame PS I 31,, nužiamintas PS I 304,p atmiatis PS II 61719, didiasnio PS II 73, giwianimu PS II 76,, diagina PS II 76,,, piani PS II 80,,, žodialo PS II 158,, miayly „meilę“ PS II 1705, 183,,, prakiayktas PS II 764, piarpliszis PS II 188,,, niandri „vns. innag.’ PS II 19943, with lamps PS 1 2275,, selectable PS II 172; ir gielazi PS I 183;„, žiemes PS I 65,4, didesne PS I 57,,, giwenimu PS I 655, degunty PS I 205,, peni PS II 80,;,, žodelo PS I 37,9, meyly PS I 524, 5844, 3494, kieykia PS II 142,,, perkalber PS II 16,4, iš rendres PS II 994, semkite PS I 214,,, apdengieme PS II 182,,. The signs ia of,,Punktuose sakymuose“ are mainly used to mark the long (pronounced) e. Furthermore, ia instead of e seems to be more common in the second part of,,Punkty“. #1 In the dialect, besides the past participle forms atūjemių ~ atiémiau, atajemii ~ atdémei.- .., pajeme ~ paėmė, nejeme ~ nėėmė, the forms atdimių, atdimii..., pdime, nčime are often used. : + 2 In the nusieve dialect, most likely, there were ir nujieve ~ nuievé ‘nueve’, 38 néivefe ~ neatveze, nest (< ne-esh), neina (< ne-eina), nebeina (< ne-be-eina), nėje (< ne-ėjo), neusėje ~ neužsičjo "he didn't live, was angry", apseif ~ apsieiti, apšaūlt ~ apsiaūti (< ap-si-aūti), nušailė ~ nusiaūti (< nu-si-aūti). c) It is not always possible to know whether a vowel is contracted or omitted; 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. 1999: "I'm not alone" (feat. "Therefore, the contraction and omission of vowels in certain cases are very closely related to each other." Falling of vowels (Synopsis) § 79. a) In dialect, the short unpronounced i is mostly dropped from the middle of the word, e.g.: 1. Like Ik, from the words: kelnes ~ kėlnės (< kelnės), vélnis ~ vélnias (cf.: wetinas PS I 1443, welinas PS II 47,,, wélino DK 13,,, 144, and welno KA 133,, wėlno KA 144). 2. From words: dešnė, dešnis ~ de$n§s (cf. Ik: dešinė, dešinys), šilma (cf. Ik šilim2), šulnis ~ šulnys (cf. Ik šulinys), ametka, ametkdnas (cf. Ik: Amėrika, amerikonas). 3. From numerals: veniolka ~ one-one, vemiblktas ~ one-one, dvilka mo dvylka, dvilktas ~ two-one... deviidlka ~ nine-one, devifidlktas ~ nine-one (cf.: Dwilika PS I 104,,, septiniolika PS I 22614 and dwilka KA 244 455 Ik: eleven, eleven-one- ...). 4. from the suffix -ynykas, -ė (=Only -ininkas, -ė), e.g.: lidnikas ~ liūdnykas (< liūdynykas- ), mainikas ~ matnykas (< matinykas- ), gifnikas ~ girnykas (<girinykas), mėšnikas ~ mėsnykas (< m&sinykas), lešidūnikas ~ liežūvnykas (< liežūvinykas). Sometimes the above words are said with an i, e.g. liikinis ~ liūdinykas. In the prefix -inykas i remains if, if it is omitted, there would be a group of more than two consonants, e.g.: kaltinikas ~ kaltinykas, rdštinikas ~ rastinykas, kumpinm kas ~ kampinykas, da? The name is derived from the Greek word σινίκι (siniki), meaning "hour clock" or "hour gauge". In dialect, this i declination is also not observed after the consonants m, n and g, k, plg.: nubmninikas ~ nūominykas, daininikas ~ daininykas (for malūnikas maliūnykas see. ~ $ 102), a vagrant. ~ į Balsio 7 iš The -inykas suffix indicates the age of decay in some place names, e.g.: mūšnikai ~ Musnykai (< *Musinikai) "Ik Musninkai", upnikaj ~ Upnykai (< *Upinikai) "Ik Ūpninkai", uli Enikai ~ Ulščnykai (< *Ulidinikai),,Pabaisko apyl. kaimas“, pasadnikai ~ Pasodnykai (< *Pasodinikai) "Gelvony apyl. village", as well as old writings, cf.: prieszniko KA 535, liesuwnikay PS I 82,4 * Similar is in other ir dialects (plg. E. Grinaveckienė, min. verb., For not 163). accidentally, to it seems, the same examples are sometimes cited by some linguists as cases of vowel contraction, by others as vowel omissions — (plg. : Angel Green, GF, § 34; Otrębski, GrJL, 1, $ 360). 39 (next to: preesziniko DK 539, priešinikas PS I 5g1, priešinikay PS I 14,, priešinikus PS II 2225). 5. From the sangraza particle -si-, e.g.: nezduode < ne-si-dioda, nušnėš < nu-.-si-né- §, pastrauk < pa-si-trduk. b) The disappearance of other vowels from the middle of the word — a rather rare phenomenon, occurring only in one other word, e.g.: kėtres < kéturios, kėtris < kéturis, kėturias, kėrrečdešims < kvorriasdešims (but: keturi, ketutuū ~ keturių, keturiem...). 5. Dropping, inserting and adding vowels $ 80. Cases of vowel dropping, insertion and addition are rare in dialect, mostly occurring in words of non-Lithuanian origin. a) Falling: šaikodė ~ šeikvėti „to waste“, kafdijonas „accordion“, lėkštrika, lėeštrika „,„electricity“, lementėris ~ lementdrius „elementary“, ndlizas „analysis“, raštuot „to arrest“, raštėntas „,arrestant“, rdpnikas (|| ardpnikas) „bison“,:dmine ~ tdėminė „atomic“, zamabilis „car“. b) Insertion: širetas || širatas || šdratas "Šratas", gimindzije "gymnasium", gimindštika "gymnastics", pdleras "coat". c) Addition: uzbdnas (cf. brochure 36aH) “pitcher”, Consonantism I. Origin ir pronunciation 1. Priebalsiai bd, gs Ry 0, Py Xs 858s ly Ty By EF § 81. The dialect consonants 5, d, g, k, m, p, r, s, š, t, V, 2, š have the same origin (and the same pronunciation, see § 14) as the corresponding Ik consonants, e.g.: burnė, duodu, galas, kdtas, margas, putd, réges ~ rOgės, sdmanas ~ mosnos, šaltas, witas, vdkaras, zulifii, ždagaras. j § 82. a) Dialectal j has the same origin (and pronunciation, see § 14) as Ik, e.g.: jaunas, jdura, juodas. b) In dialect j is extinct: 1. As with Ik, between consonants and vowels of the front row, e.g.: (esam. 1st vns. II asm.) tight, several, shuffied, ~ wrapped, (even. k. 1. vns. II asm.) glaudei 3 Sufiter ~ siuntei, soft; , (dgs. vard.) šlapi, žali, (naud.) Slapiem, Zaliem. 2. from the old samples: gj, Aj, Ij, mj, nj, rj, si, ši, Vj, 27, žj, which preceded the vowels of the uZpakalinés sequence. In these iš samples, the consonant j before it (i.e., the first sample sand) is softened when it leaves the sample, e.g.: rugū ~ rugifi, lak ~ lekiū, Zalé žalia, rama ramiail, gafiau ganiail, sunarei sąnariai, Safiras ~ siafiras, šdudas ~ straudas, dave ~ daviaii, ~ sufzath ~ zurziaū, de ~ ~ Gožio, b) Rapt consonant /, ~ going before e, ė, is not ~ hardened in the following cases: 40 3.From the pns. locality accentuated endings -éj(e), i e), e.g.: dabé, ževė, žalė (|| dabéi, ževėj, žalėį) < duobéje, žievėjė, žolėjė; Aki < akyjė, ausi < ausyjė, pitti pirtyje, šiPdį širdyjė*". c) As in many dialects, the root of the word rapt < has preserved < samples of the labial consonants b, p with j before the vowels of the back row, e.g.: bjaurūs ~ biaurūs, (su)bjūra ~ (su)biūro, pjdui ~ piduti, pjauštiė ~ piaustyti, Pjevėjis ~ piovėjas, Pjudi i ~ piudyti, rugepjiite ~ rugiapiūtė, $pjaui ~ spiauti, Spjaudalis ~ spiaudilius, $pidve ~ spiove. At the end of the word j after 5, "Dp has disappeared (previously softened these consonants), e.g.: drebū ~ drebiū, drebath ~ drébiatl, ldpu ~ lapių, vefpir ~ verpiu, vef path ~ verpiall. Before the pre-Sakinj vowel 7 after b is pronounced only in the adverb labjin ~ labyn (most likely, according to labjau ~ labial). d) The samples of the dantiniy consonants d, ¢ with j, which preceded the vowels of the back row, disappeared in the dialect (as did Ik), turning into dž, ¢ afrikatomi®, e.g.: gaidžei ~ roodžei, gaidže ~ gaidžio, gaidžių ~ gaidžiui, gaidžū ~ gaidžiū; švečei ~ svečiai, $vėče ~ svėčio, švėčiį ~ svėčiui, Svečū ~ svečiū, veld ~ verčiū, vePčati ~ verčiali, vefči veičia. ~ l § 83. Dialects / have the same origin as 1k, e.g. ldibas, lape ~ lapé, Iššas, Iūbas ~ lubos, Lipa ~ lūpa, lieptas, liga, Liki. § 84. a) In dialect, the hard / (which is pronounced a little harder than Ik) is not only before the vowels of the back row, but also before.e (also before e, which goes through the first diphthong sandu), ė. : Iddas ~ Izdas, Idki ~ Iškia, vėlanas ~ vėlenas, žalėla ~ žolėlė; Idišė ~ Ičisti, laidimas ~ leidimas, dideldi ~ didelči „big“, hk šeldi ~ lig šiuolči, „until now“; gulšė ~ to lie, įižšblėsa ~ to fade, zilėė ~ to be silent, velėna ~ grass, fale ~ grass. The prefix / is still pronounced hard in dialect: gėlbai ~ gėlbėti, kalbėi ~ kalbėti, silsėi ~ silsėti "to rest". In other words, in such cases, i.e. not being pronounced directly before e, ė, I is pronounced softly because of assimilation, e.g.: kilpėla ~ kilpėlė, pilnėt ~ pilnéti (see also $ 89d). 1. In sound words (in verbs, verbs made from them and other words), e.g.: klépi, klėpsi, kléptelaje ~ Klėptelėjo, klebeniot, lėpi, lėpsi, lėpterei lėpterėti, lepši ~ s ~ Fox fox „prasis“ ge plėšt, Pleškėt, Dlepėt, Plepts ~ plepys, plepiis, Plepi, Pletpi ~ pleipia, šIėPĖ, šlepsėt. *4 It is also believed that in dialects vns. local forms of eye, ear... could have appeared forms of eye, ear, iš which j su i (short) assimilated į the long i (= (y). Plg. J. Kazlauskas, On the Origin of the Local :- Forms of the Singular Subjunctive of Root Nouns ir in Lithuanian Language, UMD, 26, 66—67 (1958). 4 From the Lithuanian place names found in old chronicles and other documents (written in foreign languages) it is assumed that *dj, *that dj, > about & End of a. 14th or beginning of 15th century. This shift, probably, occurred not in all Lithuanian dialects at the same time, It seems that a little earlier it began in south-eastern Lithuania later ir —in the north-western part of Lithuania, 41 2. Before a dialect e, which originated from an unpronunciated diphthong ie, e.g.: lemuo ~ tušt, letaiis lietaus, ~ lešiūvis liežūvis ~ (but plg. $ 29). 3. In words that į entered the dialect recently, when the / hardening process was already over. Most of these are words of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g.: kalėdas kalėdos, ~ kaledd? ~ kalėdėti, kalendėris ~ kalendėrius, klebdnas ~ klebonas, lefitas ~ lefitas® „slow“, klėtka „cage“, blėta dlėka || "tin", plots "basement". Soft / pronunciir ation in words gléiza ,,broken earth, dirt; liquid, sticky mash“, klévas, lefida, žalėsiį žalėsiai, which seem ~ to be old dialect words. ir § 85. Fat / against e, ė hardening, typical of ir other Highland dialects¥, is a relatively old phenomenon. Another not less / important feature of the phonetics of the eastern Altay (and Dzūk) dialects, i.e. the transformation of the old diphthong in, helps to approximate the beginning en of hardening. As we know, the old diphthong en in the eastern highland dialects is in en (transitional stage iš en į in); plg. pronunciation of the word svifitė in the following dialects: Svifite (Gelvonai), švifize. (Svedasai, Obeliai), Svefite (Panevėžys, Pakruojis). Po the old consonant ! in the en same dialects had an even more diverse fate. There are jo now even more new diphthongs in this place: in, bin, on, un. Such an uneven diphthong en po! the fate depended on what came first —the conversion of the diphthong fat /hardening in these dialects began. In those dialects where first en > in, ten!, found before 7, could not harden later. Therefore, here now and pronounced linta ~ board, lingvas ~ light. This pronunciation ar is typical of en all eastern in — Highlanders living east of the line Parévéja —Biržai —Vabalnifikas —Subūčius —Troškūnai —Kavarskas —Vidiškiai —Širvintos —Kaimynai®. This area includes the majority of the Punt people (including all the Eastern Dzūki). These highlanders could be called lintiniukės according to tabla > lint(a). The other thing happened where J. was previously hardened. Po hardened /the first en of the diphthong became a (as e po! became a in other cases, e.g.: į lesa > lasa, leisti > laisti). "There's a light, a light, a light, a light". Later, with the beginning of the transformation of the old diphthong an into un, an < en, which is not pronounced differently, evolved along with it. As a result, in some eastern Altay dialects, from lanta, langvas (< board, light) came lunt(a), lungvas (as well as runk(a) < hand). It is located in the western part of the county, on the western edge of the above-mentioned river. The most important localities in this area are Smilgiai (Biržai district), Krinčinas, Vabalniūkas, Kaisakiškis, Raguva, Siesikai, Ukmergė, Pabaiskas, Gélvonai, 46 For the origin of this word see plg. Būga, RR, 2, 105. 47 Only the western Highlanders do not pronounce the /prieš e, ė, and all other Highlander dialects (Dzuks, Eastern and Central Highlanders) pronounce it hard in this case. 48 The same must have happened with the old diphthong em, which followed J, cf. K. Širvydo: netymtiby PS I 1144, nelymti PS I 125,. However, with this em in the position mentioned, there are no examples in all dialects. 49 In indicating the limits related to /hardening, the material collected from the Lithuanian language atlas was mainly used. 50 Thus (with the diphthong an) these words are now pronounced by the people of the Central Highlands, the western Dzūki and the Zietela dialect, where the consonant /before e, é is hardened, and the old an, en are not replaced by un, in. 42 Chidby, Musninkai, Kernavė. Also, lunta is said by the southern pantininkai (Truskavės, Ramygalos, Krekenavės neighborhoods). All these people who pronounce lunt(a) can be called "wasinifikai®". In their area, as we have already seen from the names of the places mentioned above, also includes the whole rapt. The diphthong an, turning into un, had a transitional degree — double on (the first syllable — narrow short o). Some of the eastern highland dialects have preserved this stage to this day. This is the way the current form of these dialects, lont(a), came from lanza (< board). The East Highlands, which can be referred to as the Lontinifics, live in the entire Pontian area and in the northern part of the Pontian. As mentioned, in some places the old en, which followed /, is replaced by the diphthong win. The origin of this diphthong seems to be less clear. It simply could not have arisen from in (< en), because the consonant / before in would not have hardened later. This is shown by the words lindo, linguoti, linksmas, whose I before in is pronounced softly in all eastern Altai dialects. Therefore, the statement of some linguists that in dialects where Žointa is pronounced, first en > in, and then hardened /, seems not entirely correct and, moreover, incomprehensible. However, loinrta could not have arisen from lanza or lunta, because we do not have any examples of such a transformation either. Thus, this bin instead of the old en had to come about in another way. It is possible that in some Altay dialects, before the beginning of /hardening, the first syllable of the diphthong en had already narrowed, i.e. en > en. For example, the words šventė, žengti at that time here were pronounced šventė, žengti. When I comes before e, é in the wave of hardening, board (< board), light (< light) here has been pronounced board (board), light (light). In these dialects, however, en became in, i.e. šventė, žengti > švintė, žingti. After the hard I assholed the first sand ¢ (==) of this further process (en turning in) also had to turn into a butt 7 (=). But if the isoglosses of the use of the forms linta, lunta and lonta are more or less clear, then at the moment we cannot strictly define the area in which we say Jlbinta. Available dialect material shows that /binta now occurs most often only next to other forms: greta linta (e.g., about Dieveniškiai, Adutiškiai and elsewhere), lunta (e.g., in the rapt area about Mustūnai, Čiobiškiai, Pabaiskai and elsewhere). It is possible that earlier the isogloss of the use of leinta was clearer, but later this form was displaced by the already mentioned linta and lunta. For example, K. Širvydas is mostly written: nenusilynks PS I10;,, tynktumes PS I 6,9, ne nusilynkiau PS 124,,, aplinkis PS I 84s, pralynkia PS I 138;s, nulink PS I 21815, pražlynktas PS I 327,,, nusilynkia PS II 12,4, nusitinkimo PS II 90,,, pralynkt PS II 92;, lyngwa PS I 514, lyngways PS I 52,4, tingwu PS I 243, yngwesniu PS I 271753, tyngwa PS 11 36,, žynciugas PS I 38, ynciugays PS I 39,9, 12753, Žynčiugais PS II 70,,. Only quite rarely occurs: pralinkia PS I 185,,, lynciugu PS I 38, lindiugays PS I 16144, linciugay slanksti PS II 160;, PS II 179,5, prylanke PS II 171,y, visit PS II 183, 81 It can be added that the luntininkai also sometimes say iz instead of the old en, which went after /. For example, in the northern part of their area (from the Latvian border almost to Ukmergė) it is usually said /ifikt ~ lefikti. However, for this pronunciation of this verb here may be guilty and another verb —lifikti, Similar mixing of these verbs occurs in and rapt, only here according to lufikt lefikti instead of lifikti is said lufikt < ir (e.g.: prikrove vėžimu net — ašis lufiksta „prikrovė vežimą net ašys linksta“), — lunčiugays The latter forms of 43 Širvydo PS I 374,,. Į writings, it seems, can be viewed either as printing errors, or as passing into other dialects. į į iš However, now, as already mentioned, leita is mostly found only as an adjacent form and, moreover, more frequently in those places where lintininkai border with luntininkai or western dzūkai. This suggests that this form (at least in some places) may have a different origin than we have indicated above. For example, on the borders of the aforementioned dialects, lointa may have appeared later by contamination from the forms lunrta or lanta and linta (hardened /+ diphthong iz of the last form of the former forms). After a brief review of the pronunciation of / before the old diphthong en, let us return to the question mo of /hardness. ; From the actual Lithuanian names, which entered into the old documents written in other languages, we see that the mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en were already turned into wm, un, im, in in some eastern dialects around the middle of the 14th century. The very beginning of this transformation probably goes back to even older times. In addition, both the transformation of the aforementioned diphthongs and the hardening of the consonant /s/ are thought to have begun in the east and later spread to the west. And since the very eastern Lithuanian dialect now pronounces linta instead of /en, the consonant / must have been solidified a little later than the diphthongs am, an, em, en > um, un, im, in. However, between the beginning of these two phenomena there could not be a long time gap, because the other dialects of Vysočina, namely the luntinian and lontinian, were already first to be affected by the wave of /hardening/ and only later in those dialects the transformation of the mentioned mixed diphthongs began. However, this was the case at the root, and it could have been different at the end of the word. For example, instead of the old singular ending *saulen (> 1k saulę) we would expect: lintininkų plote sauli (for the fall of n see § 86), luntininkų —saulu and lontininkų —saulo. But in reality, this is not always the case. Lintininkai and northern luntininkai, who live in the area of the pontininkai from the Latvian border approximately to Ukmerge, now mostly say saulet, and lontininkai and luntininkai, who live in the area of the pantininkai, — saule. In the remaining southern part of the luntnieki, which is almost entirely occupied by rapt, vns. the tail is sunny. Let’s see how next to the linda and the lunta could appear the sun, and next to the linda and the lunta — the sun. Phonetically, these forms could have evolved as follows. The old final *saulen in the eastern Altay dialects had to pass through the stage of *saulen. This stage was struck by a wave of /hardening, and saulen > saulen. The latter form in one part of the mentioned Highlands (lintininkai and part of luntininkai) continued to turn into *saulbin >> saulai, and in the other part (lontininkai and part of luntininkai) did not change anymore and, falling later from the end of the word m, Čia appeared saule. But this could have happened only if: 1) the word-end had preserved the first stage of the transformation of an, en into diphthongs un, in — double on, en — longer than the root, or 2) the transformation of the word-end an, en into diphthongs un, in (also through the transitional on, en) had begun a little later than the transformation of the diphthongs of the same root. One way or another, the beginning of the transformation of the end of an, en must also be older than! the beginning of hardening. However, from east to west, the waves of transformation of the root and the word ending an, en had to move at different speeds. The latter wave, or, more correctly, the first stage of transformation of the word ending doubles an, en (> on, en), went much faster, overtook the change of the root ax, en and reached luntini and lontini before the hardening. 44 / Rap t at the end of a word, like the root, an, en > un, injau po I (before e) curing. Šį end of ir root word double-sided an, en change ir I hardening interrelationship we could show more clearly in the table (see section 4.4). 1 Table 1). Table 1 End of old root word ir (singular suffix) en variation ir / hardening in eastern highland dialects ratio initial form en > : an, en > The roots of the plant are covered with a thick layer of hairs, and the leaves are covered with a thick layer of hairs. |*saulen| linta | *saulen | linta | *saužom | squids | lintiniūkai *saužbin | sautoi board | *saulen| lenta |*saulen|lanta | *snow on | my face | *saulen | saule | luntinifikai *columns *saulan *song | saulu lenta | * Saul's | manure | * Saul's | hips | *saulzn | saulę | lontiniūkai True, in addition to the above vns. in the same dialects sometimes other forms are also found, e.g., in the area of lintininkai: sauli (Dieveniškės, some areas of Molėtų district elsewhere), saulu ir (There are also a number of bridges, some of them in the city centre.) ir The latter forms in some places may be as old, emerged just iš *saulen. But one must not forget the fact that the ir to end of the word is much more unstable than the root, that it is in one way more likely to be už influenced by other forms. ar ir For example, in the eastern Altay dialects, the endings of many of the э-stem words that had the old sound combination -/ч, after /hardening, completely su coincided with the endings of the o-stem words. Plg. Debeikių tarmės žodžių ranka saulė ir linksniavimą: Vienaskaita V. Trunka, sdula. rurika.s, K. runika.s, saula.s ruūnku., N. rufikai, saulai runka.m, G. runku., sdulot., sdulu. runkas, Į. rufšiku, saulių runka.m, Vt. rufūika.j, saula.j (and ža.ldį runka.s, runkėj, next to ža.lėj „in the grass“) runkds, Il. rušūka.n, sdula.n (ša.ldėn ruiika.s, runkdn, greta fa.len „žolėn“) runkds, Plural saula.s saulu. sdula.m sdulas sdula.m (ža.lėm next to Za.lem „herbs“) (ša.lds, Za.les „herbs“) (ša.lds, ža.lės "Grass")5? 52 Plg. O. Sedelskytė, Debeikių dialect noun conjugation, MADA, (4), 200 et al. (1958). 1 45 Rapt verbs present tense insertion kamiengalio x -+ /, r duoda Jn, rn, e.g. : dilna diūla < > Ik Dšla, skilna < skifila > Ik crack, whistling < whistle > Ik (Ari) shilni < Chinchillas > Ik (pri)šyli, arpulna < atpuiila (atpuonla) ‘Ik atpuola’; (nu)fna < (nu)sviūra > Ik (nu)svyra, prakuina < prakiufira > Ik prakitira. Ar mentioned consonant metatezé occurred before an > and, ar po jo, it is difficult to say, because dialect forms abfabalna „apzabąla“, nukafna,,nukara® show one way, forms o bulna bala, sulna , ,,sala®, flat "frost “ shows otherwise. This difference may have been due to the influence of other forms. First forms in the root (before /, r) a vowel in a place can « have such forms as: abžšabalį apžabalti, abfabdla~ apzabilo, nukd?i, ~ nukdra nukūaro; in second place could have ~ appeared under billa w bila, sila a ~ ~sila, sila ~33la (these forms are also used in dialect)®2. . Be to, possible object, in all verbs insertion ne occurred at the same timeS3. » Thus, ir metathesis could have occurred earlier in some forms of the present — tense, and later in others. Rare cases where in dialect In >_ nl, DVZ., aukstiehlikas < augštielnykas (next to the most common dialect form aukštienis, cf. § 95). b) The distant metathesis in the dialect occurs incorrectly, only in one other word, e.g.: keremėkas || (more common) kemerėkas "a crooked, branched tree; a clumsy, awkward person", || noun noun ~ vorštinklis. This type of metastasis sometimes occurs (or occurs) in words of non-Lithuanian origin, in proper names, e.g.: čevertkas čeverykos ~ „half-boosu ts with heels“ (cf.: Russian uepeBHK „„women’s shoe with heels“, as well as Širvydo dierewikos PS I 69,,), raiilas ~ Ratilas, raulekas ~ Raulidkas (most often said by older dialect representatives instead of ladiras ~ Laurel, laurel ~ Lauriokas). 6. Disappearance of pre-fats § 95. For the natural disappearance of the folk syllabic # from the middle and end of the word, see $ 86. Other consonants disappear from the middle of the word only in individual words, e.g. apini s (< apvynys) — apynys, aukštienis (< aukštielnykas) ~ aukšttienykas (see also § 94a), dėšims < dėšimts, dešimėris < dešimtmėtis, dešimnttas < dešimtnytas, kafkvabalis < kaikl(a)babalis, ktrbezdalis < kūrm(ia)- bezdalis "round mushroom, when ripe full of brown dust", p/Aksna plūnksna < (plg. 1985. pp. 85. "Pluto, Pluto". innag.’ 18, pp. 18. "Zimt" (in German). zimpt.de. The foreign word lekarstva "'Medicine'* (e.g., lez. lekarstwo, rus. jiekapeTBO) is sometimes pronounced lekarsta. For the passing of consonants from the middle of the word due to assimilation, see § 9la,. § 96. In the beginning of a word, the consonant is very rarely dropped. Only representatives of the older generation of the dialect say dnta ~ anta,,vanta® without v, as well as the foreign words dpna || vépna "lime" (compare with le. wapno), dpninis || vépninis ",kalkinis- ". 62P]g, still occurring in the dialect forms: sula „salo“, šūla „šalo“, stilt,,salti®, silt „cold“, which also, probably, originated from sula, šūla, 63The mixed diphthongs an, en, which have arisen as a result of the insertion, very often remain intact in the dialect (cf. § 48,5), although in other eastern Highland dialects and in old writings diphthongs of this origin have mostly been replaced by others, e.g.: runda KA 1339, PS II 44,, tumpa „tampa“ PS I 89,,, ginda PS I 954. 52 § 97. For the disappearance of j at the end of a word, see § 82b,. Other consonants rarely fall from the end of a word, mostly in short words (conjunctions, prepositions, etc.), e.g.: d < af, ben < beiit, da < dar, ji < if, un < aft, pala < palauk. This is due to the disappearance of the consonant from the end of the word due to assimilation. 9la,. 7. Adding and insertion of additives § 98. At the beginning of a word, before the vowels of the anterior order (7, 7, e, ė) and the diphthong ie, the i is always pronounced in the dialect, e.g.: įnekstas ~ inkstas, file ~ ylė "yla", įiglis ~ &glis, įeškd? ~ search, yen ~ iena. Sis in is always inserted before the same root vowels after prepositions ending in a vowel, e.g.: apt iilgis~apyilgis, paitlgas ~ pailgas, nujimt ~nuimti; nujejath ~ I went, préjemiy ~ I went; nuéde ~ nuéde, prijéde ~ priéde, suféde ~ suéde; paiieska ~ paiesko, suijeska ~ suieško. After prepositions ending in a consonant, the preceding vowels are pronounced only when the prepositional consonant does not enter the root syllable, e.g.: ap-įimi, ap-įeškdti ~ apieškoti, ap-įįeška ~ apieško, but: apimt (pronounced: a-pimt), apėje (: a-péje) ~ apėjo; ieš-ieėde ~ ate, ieš-iješka -—retrieves, but: iešėje (:ji-šėje) went out, ieišeme (: i1-Seme) took out; péi-iimi ~ périmti, pėf-įeškai ~ périeskoti, but: péreje (:pé-reje) ~ pérėjo; za-įėde ~ zasėdė, but: ~ zaėje (: u-žėje) ~ zaėjo; ufi-įiė ~ anifti "to take", but: unejau (: u-nejaft) ~ anéjail "I entered- ". § 99. In the wo dialect, a v is added before the beginning of the word, e.g. vuodas ~ todas, vudga ~ toga, vubsis ~ Ūosis, vuostif ~ tostyti. Most likely, here v appeared before the uncreated uo > a; e.g.: vadega < vuodega < uodega, vagdui < vuogduti < uogduti, vagendjis < vuogiendjas < uogiendjas, vaštinėt < vuostinéti < uostinéti. Širvydas- ,,Punktuose sakymai“ this vprieš wo is not, plg.: uoday I 2604, uoga 1 321,,. ; Rapt v before the aforementioned wo, «a is also pronounced after prepositions, e.g.: privagdva ~ priuogavo, įišvagdva ~ išuogavo, apvuošt ~ apuūostė, suveide ~ sutodė. The word is not to be confused with the nearby town of Võru, which is also called Võru. In addition to this v, words are also pronounced: tėvas-in-- law, Uošvene ~ Uošvienė, asvije || ašvijė ~ tėvas-in-- law. The prefix v in the dialect is sometimes inserted between the prefixes nu-, suir and the root e-(< €-), é-, ei-, e.g.: nuvejalt ~ I went, nuvéje ~ went, nuveil ~ to go; suvejau suéjail, suvéde sučdė, suveina sueina ~ ~ ~ (but plg. § 24a). § 100. At the beginning of a word, the consonant s is sometimes added. kir less often than other sounds, e.g.: skabinėtis kabinėtis, Škerečdtis || skerečiotis kereddtis ~ kerečiėdtis || ~ „skeryčiotis“, Skeresbtis ~ skerežiėtis || kerešdtis ~ kerezittis, 53 $hdsi, pre-Skėst || kes, pre-kést, Sketd? ~ skétoti herdė || kétoti, skrėgž ~ de ~ Starfish „Kregždė“, Škikilis kiki lis, Sveti, || nu-Stvétt, nu-si-Sive?t, sprufikšė „„prunkšti“, atasprunkščioji atasprunkščiūoja ~ ‘rebounds’. It is ne always clear, ar however, that in these s cases the ar consonant is added, it falls~ continues. In verbs, this may in most cases shave occurred as a conjugative particletés iš -s(i)according — to the prepositioned regressive forms ap-sikabinėti, nu-sitvėrti, pa-siilsėti, which in dialect became ap-skabinėt, nu-šivėti, pa-silsef, started to be usedti ir unprefixed form cabinet, 820EPL, silsei8*. $ 101. The insertion of į a prefix in the middle — of a word is quite rare, e.g., api nastris I ‘apynasir’; slightly more common in words of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g.: aksfaltas „asfaltas“, čerėkšne čerėkšnė ~ ‘trešnė’ (plg. : Russian. 4epeliHst, le. czereśnia). 8. Skip a syllable $ 102. Being next to two equally similar ar (with equal consonants) for syllables, one sometimes omitted, e.g. aštanitas jų aštuonytas) aštuonianytas, aštanitis aštuonšjttis) (~ aStuonianftis, malinikas < ( ~ < ( ~malfinykas) < malfininykas, varguomkas ( ~ vargdnykas) < vargdninykas. 9. kir galternation § 103. At the beginning of the root R sometimes su g, alternates e.g.: ap-ké pt || ab-gépt "to encompass, to seize", nu-keipt || nu-geipi,,sumenkéti, sunykti, nugaisti®, groin groin ~ girkšnis || girkšnys ~ ‘groin’. Abbreviations’ APh — Archivum Philologicum, Kaunas. (Numbers in bold font indicate books, in plain — pages, in parentheses — years.) brush. — Belarusian. 1000 BC - c. 1924, RR —K. Būga, Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, 1, Kaunas, 1924, RR —K. 1959. diplom. d. —diplominis darbas. 1959. diplom. d. —diplominis darbas. DK, KA —The Polish Catechism of Ledezma and the Lithuanian Catechisms of Daugsza and Anonymous of 1605... by Ernst Sittig, Göttingen, 1929. DK—The text of the 1595 Catechism of Daugava. KA — Text of an anonymous 1605 Catechism. 84Plg, Otrebski, GrJL, 1, § 543. In other languages, such as English and Polish, the adjective is also used. Būga, RR, 2, 104. 8 Abbreviations of grammar terms not specified here, They are such as in,,Dabartinés lietuvių kalbos žodyne“, Vilnius, 1954, 54 DP — Postilla Catholic. It is: Ižguldimas The Gospel... Per Kūnigą Mikaloiv The biggest... Vilniui Drukarnioi The Academy... 1599. Endzelynas, GF— J. Endzelynas, Sounds and forms of Baltic languages, Vilnius, 1957. Endzelins, Gr — J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian 1951. language, Riga, IFF — Faculty of History and Philosophy. KA + — see. DK, le. — Polish. Ik ; — literary language. LKK — Lithuanian Linguistics, Vilnius. (Numbers in bold font indicate volumes, plain pages, years in — parentheses.) — LKRŽ — Lithuanian spelling dictionary, 1948. Kaunas, MADA — Lietuvos TSR Academies of Sciences Works, series A, Vilnius. (Numbers in bold font indicate volumes, plain pages, in parentheses — — years.) min. I'm sick. — the work in question. Otrębski, GrJL — J. English Grammar, English Grammar, 1 (1958), 3 (1956), Warsaw. PIMD — Vilniaus State Pedagogical Institute Research papers, Vilnius. (Numbers in bold font indicate volumes, plain pages, years in — parentheses.) — PS — Shirwyds Punktay sakimu (Points Kazan). Part I: 1629, Part II: 1644... herausgeg. of Dr. Franz Specht, Göttingen, raj. 1929. | — area. rankr. — manuscript. rapt — Southern dialect of the eastern Highlands. Russian. — Russian. tt. — įr tolesni (pages, paragraphs). UMD — Vilniaus State V. Kapsuko University Research papers, Vilnius. (Numbers in bold font indicate volumes, plain pages, years in — parentheses.) — Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 1977. 55 LITERARY LANGUAGES BALLS IR DIVISIONS Corresponding INDEXES IN THE TERM Arrow 1 The vowels of literary language in dialect correspond to: the root Ik ; ; of the dialect word at the end of the word a u (§ 35d), @ (§ 360) u, ū (§ 654) e e (§ 27), @ (§ 77), a ($824,26), ie ($41)| i (§§ 60, 64), « (§ 53a), & (§ 85)9* ¢ i (§ 35d), £ (§ 360) i (§§ 61, 85), ar (§ 85), u (§§ 654, 85) é ė, e (§ 32), e (8 28), «e (§ 77) é, £ (§ 55), e, a (§ 541) i i (§ 35a, b, 7 (§ 36(b), 8 (§ 37) i (§§ 56—58, 62) y i ($ 35(b), 7 (§ 36a), w (§ 37) 7,1 (§ 58) į i (§ 35¢), 7 ($ 36(c) i i (§ 59) o 0 (§ 32), a (§ 22), e ($ 75), uo (§ 41)| 0 (§ 55), a (§ 52,), e (§ 75) u u (§ 35a, b, @ (§ 36(b), i (§ 76) u (§ 65,5), « (§ 53(b), i (§ 63(b) u u (§ 35(b), u (§ 36(a) u (§ 653) ų u (§ 35(c), # (§ 35(c) u, # (§ 653) 2 Roots The diphthongs of literary language in dialect correspond Ik : to: in the root of the dialect word at the end of the ai word ai, aj (§ 38) ai ($ 66), ai, if (§ 67) ei ($ 75) ei no, if (§ 40), ai (§ 38) no, ai (§ 66), off, if (§ 67) ie ie (§ 41), e (§ 29), «e (§ 77) ie (§ 68), e (§ 544) ui ui, ai, of (§ 42) ui (§ 69). off, if (§ 67) uo uo (§ 41), a (§ 23), e (§ 75) uo (§ 68), a (§ 524), e (§ 75) al, al, ar ar (§ 44) el, er el, er (§ 45), al, ar (§ 44) il, ir, ul, il, ir, ul, ur ur (§ 46) im, in, um, un| im, in, um, un (§ 47,) am, an, em um, un, im (§ 47,), am, an, em (§ 48) en in (§ 47,), un, vin (§ 85), en (§ 48) | ®OHETHUKA H)KHOI'0O I'OBOPA BOCTOYHBIX AYKINTAKTOB K. ®. MOPKYHAC We have to B get out of here. 3BYKOBOH COCTAB, BOKAJIH3M H KOHCOHAHTH3M ToBopa. Ilojgxoji K 0Os55cHeHHIO (DOHETHUECKHX SIBJIEHHI —HCTOpHYeCKHH. PakThl MCCJIeJOBAEMOr0 TOBOpa CPABHHBAIOTCA C COOTBETCTBYIOUIMMH (dakTaMH JHTEpa68 Instead lk of vns. innag. -a, -e (< ,, , -ūn, -8n) in the dialect is still -af, -iį, but the appearance of these diphthongs is probably not a phonetic phenomenon, but a morphological one (see § 67), 56 TypeHoro si3blka H JApYrux TOBOpoB. LongBoyTcA HeKOTODpbIe Iapa:iJie/IM us JDEBHHX MUCHMEHHBIX NamsTHHKOB (uame Bcero u3 K. Illupsujnaca , Ilynkraii cakumy**). Bo BBegeHHuH OINpejieJieHa TeppuTopusi roBopa. Folder BakHbIMH HacenéHHbIMH IIyHKTaMH 3TOTO roeopa ssasiorcss [lammne, ITaGajickac, Kpukuireuai (Yxmeprckuit p-ox), I'anBonaii, Baracnapuiuksaii, HYéouuknc, Mycuuskaii (LupBHHTCKHH p-OH). [IpeBHHe coueTaHusi am, an, em, en B TOBOpe IPOHU3HOCATCS Kak um, u(n), im, in), Hanp. : summit summit ~ ‘koBu‘, rufiku (< *rankan) ~ raunch ‘pyKYy’, tifpt ~ tempti ‘TSHYTb’, pink ~ five ‘mate’. [lo aToMy npuH3HaKYy HcCCJIejįyeMbIė TOBOP OTHOCHTCA K TpyNNe BOCTOYHO-- aYKLITAHTCKHX. Ha 1ioro-3anajje u 3 years (npumepHo no JinuuH. HeébGumkuc — Kefixénuc — ManyiomeHall —CamanTonuc —KasbBsiisiil) OH rpaHHuHT C CpejįHe-- ayKLITaKHTCKHM B rOBOPOM, KOTOPOM YIOMSIHyTble COUeTAHHS MPOM3HOCATCS KaK B JMTEpaTypHoM sidbike. CliellyeT OTMETHTb, WTO TPaHHLA MeXJAY BOCTOYHO-AYKIITaHTCKHM H CpeliHe-ayKIUTaHTCKUM JAuajiekTaMd OT CalibBsiJessie Ha I0ro-BOCTOK paHblie 6blia ycTaHosieHa He TouHO (cp. Archivum Philologicum, 4, Kaunas (1933). HekoropbiMHh (poHeTHYeCKHMH OCOOEHHOCTSIMH HCCJIe/lyeMbli TOBOp OTJUYaeTCs H OT JAPYIHX BOCTOYHO-ayKWITAHTCKUX roBopoB. 3a pekoii IllBentod or Kaubssiasii No Ykmepre (T. e. 3a ceBepo3anajHOH TpaHHLEH roBopa) BMECTO JApeBHero -d TNPOMSHOCHTCA PEeAVIMPOBAHHBIA TIJACHBIH v (pievy ~ pieva 'ayr', galvy ~ galva 'rofiosa'), Oe3yapHble rJacble 0, ė B cepejiiHe CJIOBa TMpeBpaTHJIHCb B Y, £ (sudelis ~ sodélis 'camuk', side? ~ sit ‘cupieth- ’). [acHblii # Tam Ke NPOM3HOCHTCA H BMecTO OesyjapHoro ju¢roHra uo (dunela ~ duonélé ‘xne6ymko'). BocTounasi rpaHuna MAST MexIy HaceJiŠHHbIMH nyHkTamu [payxeusit —Morsusiak, Ilanpenumksiii —HMukunaai, a 3areM Jecamu no HanpaBJIeHHIO K IIlupBHHTOC H ganee K tory go Kalivunait. 3a Hei or peku IllsenrToH rmourH ao LlupeUHTOC NPOXKHBAIOT Tak Ha3biBaeMble POTHHHHKaK (NojirHK yJapsieMblii 4 B cepijuHe CJIOBa OHH IIPOM3HOCST Kak Malo naGHa/mM30BAHHbIė 0 C He3HaUHTe/IbHbIM OTTEHKOM IJiaCcHOro @, Hanp.: rotaj~ ratai “KOJIeca; B03, Tejera‘, kėlnas ~ kalnas ‘ropa‘). K BocroKy OT JIHHHH IllupsuurToc —KaiiMunali 3HauHTeJIbHbIX (DOHeTHUeCKHK OTJIMYHMHA He 3aMEYeHO; Tojibko BMECTO en IIOCJIe COIVIACHOTO /TaM yaile Bcero npoH3HOCHTCS in (linta molenta “JtockKa- “), B TO BpeMsi KaK B OIHCHIBAEMOM TOBOpe IIpOH3HOCHTCS un (slowly) ~ Ha ore u3yyaemblii TOBOp TpaHHUHT C [J3YKCKUM JHAJIEKTOM, 3BykoBoii coctaB, B rosope HMeIOTCSA cjejyiouiye rJacHble: a, 0, e, @, é, £, 1, bl, 0, u. IIpoM3HOLIEHHE IJIACHBIX 4, e, €, 1, O, ¥ B OCHOBHOM TaKOe Xe, KaK H B JuTepaTypHOM s3blke. OcTAaJibHbIe TJIACHBIE MPOU3HOCATCH: 4 —Kak KOJIHYECTBEHHO H KayeCTBEHHO pejįy LKpOBAHHOe a (stalas “cTOJI“), @ —Kak 3BYK CPefiHUH TIO apTHKYJISILHH MEeXAYy e H a (žžmas ~%Emas ‘HU3KHH'), &¢ —Kak ¢ samuero pasa. (kalbet~kalbéti ‘rosoputh‘), 54 —Kak bl B PYCCKOM si3biKe (prapuolbis~prapiioles ‘nponasumi‘), I'nacueie a, e, @, £, 6, # MOryT ObiTh KPaTKHMH H JIOJITHMH, é, £, 0 —TOJBKO JOJTHMH, a o BCerja IPOM3HOCHTCSH KpaTtko. Kpome Toro, emé BCTpEualoTCsi Tak Ha3biBaeMble HeCJIOTOBbIe i (= į — TNPOU3HOCHTCS! KaK 3BYK CPEJHHH IO apTUKYJSLUMH MEXAY i H J), u(=4 — CPefHUA MEeXAY # H 0). 57 B roBope uMeiorcs 23 corjachbIie (HK3 mux 4 addpukath): b, d, g, j, k, Lmn p, 1.558 9 2 &f, ch, i ¢, & dz, dž Cornacuuie f, ch, h BCTPEYaIOTCsl OYeHb PEO (Yaile BCEro B CJIOBAX HHOSI3bI4UHOTO NPOMCXOXKJeHus). Bee corsiacHbile MOryT ObITh TBEPABIMH H MSITKHMH, TOJIBKO j BCerja msirkoe, ITpou3HOIUIEHHe HX MOYTH HE OTJIMYAETCH OT NPOH3HOLIEHHS COOTBETCTBYIONUX COrJAcHBIX B JHTepaTypHOM si3bike. Tosbko TBEpaoe /3jiech MPOH3HOCHTCSl HEMHOXKKO TBEPXKEe UeM B It's a good idea. The following letters are used: a, e, i, o, u, w, x, y, z, a, e, i, o, w, x, y, z. Kpome Toro, B ropope HMEIOTCS AH(PTOHIHUYECKHE (APEBHHE H BTOPHYHbie) H TPH(TOHrHYecKHe (BCe BTOPHYHbIE) COUeTAHHS: IJIaCHbIH 1, m, n, r HIM nuGTOHT ie, uo+1, m, n, r, 7). Bokasusm. B 3TOM pasjiesie HCCJEAYIOTCS KOJHYECTBO, MPOHCXOXJEHHE H KOMOHHATODHbIe 3aKOHbI IMNiacHbix, HauGojiee xapakTepHbiMH OCOGEHHOCTSIMH BOKaJM3MA rosopa (KpoMe yxe VIOMAHYTbIX Bbillle) SIBJISIIOTCS: 1. Koym4ecTBO I'JIaCHBIX 3aBHCHUT OT YjapeHusi, HOO Bce Ge3ymapHbie rjacHole (B cepefliHe H B KOHIE CJIOBA) B TOBOpe SBJISIOTCA KPaTKHMH, a yjapsemble (Take H JpeBHHe KpDaTKHe, 3a HCKJIOYEHHEM HeKOTODpbIX CJydYaeB) —JĮOJITHMH. 2. B 6Ge3ymapHOM IOJIOKEHHH COXpaHHJIHCb ApeBHHe JOJITHE a, e, KOTODpbIe B JIUTEPATYPHOM $I3blKe IIepeluJIH B 0, ė: stavét ~ stovėti ‘cToATh’, galvas ~ gélvos ‘(MMEHHT. naj. MH. 4.) TOJIOBbI- “, sedét mo sėdėti ‘cupers’, sake~sike ‘cKa3a/l,- -a,-H'. | 3. BesygapHbie JMĖOTOHTH ie, #0 NpeBpaTHJIHCb B e, a: peilis ~ pienčlis ‘monouko’, šlatela--šluotelė “MerėJIKa". 4. BmecTo € B Hauajie CJIOBa NpoOH3HOCHTCSA a: aZeras~@Zeras ‘03epo’, ait~ go ‘HATH . 5. BMecTo IpeBHEr0 KparKoro a, a HHOrJa H BMECTO #, B KOHIE CJIOBA TIPOH3HOCATCS: riocJie TBEPAOTO COIJIaCHOTO DpellynHpoBAHHbIė rJacHeil a: dirba ~ dirba ‘paboraer, -IoT“, galzs~gilas ‘Komen’, son (lsinus)~sin “cbIH*; nocJie j H MATKOTO COLVIACHOTO i: good ~ good ‘mbéT, TIBIOT', wind ~ wind 'Berep', turning ~ turning ‘MOLICHHHK'. Bmecro apesHero Ž B roBope, Kak H B JHTEPATYPHOM 53bike, B KOHIE CJIOBa IpoH3HOCHTCA KpaTkoe a: galva “roJioBa- ', varna ‘BOpoHa’. 6. B GesyjapHoM KOHIle CJIOBA IIOCJIe TBEPAOrO COrJIacHOTO ĮKOTOHKTH ai, ui > aj: virej~vyrai, vyrui “(HMeHHT. maj. MH. U., Jar. Nag. eA. 4.) MyxXUHHbI, MYXKYHHe', au > GH: dirbau ~ dirbau ‘paboran‘; moc/jie jį H MArkoro COrJIacCHOTO ai, ui > ii: peiliis~knieliais “HoxaMH“, svečiui-usvėčiui “TOCTIO“, au >1ų: Zinojiu ~ žinojau ‘3Ha/‘. BmecTo Ge3aynapHoro Au(TOHTa ei B OKOHYAHHH Take MPOU3HOCUTCS fį: kérvii~kérvei ‘Kopose‘, KonconantusM. 2012-03-01 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 7 CcoxpanuJicsi nepefl TJiacHbIMH 3ajįHerO psiia B OCHOBe cJioBa IIOCJIe ry68 —- HbiX 5, p, Hanp. : bjauribe ~ biaurybė *Mep30cTb, ragocte’, pjaut ~ piauti 58 'pe3arb, nuJiuTb’. H3 coueraHHAė c ApyruMH COrJIaCHBIMH j HCUe3, a *£rj, *dj nepel TJIACHBLIMH 3ajįHero psijla NnpeBpaTH/JIKCb B ¢, dž. j ucue3aeT TaKxe B Y/lapsieMOM OKOHUAHHH HeKOTODbIX (OPM MECTHOro IlajiexKa ej. UKCJIA, Hamp,: dabė || dabéj < duobėjė ‘B sme’, sterble || sšterblėį < sterblėjė “B Jioke“. CorsiacHoe /nepeJi e,ė npoH3HOCHTCS Kak TBEpJoe (NOCJIe JieriaJiaTAJIK30BAHHoro I rJiacHbie e, ė > a, e), Hemp. : ladas~1&das ‘nién’, lšišė ~ léisti ‘mycTHTb, Pa3pelitTh’ Iske ~ Exit "Jierers". Cyzp0a ApeBHero coueraHHA en POWERS corJlacHoro Į NnoKa3bIBaeT, UTO B OJHHX BOCTOYHO-ayKIUTaHTCKHX IOBOpax JenanaraJim3aliKsi / IIpOH3OLOJIO NIGHT Toro, Kak am, an, em, en>>um, un, im, in, a B JAPYTHX rOBOpax paHblue 2012-02-01 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 Ž H TOJBKO MOTOM IIDOH3ONIJIO H3MEHeHHe YNOMAHYTHIX coueTaHud. K IMOC/IEAHHM OTHOCHTCS H H3YyaeMblii rosop, H6o lunta 3jĮeCcb MOrJIO MOSIBUTBCS TOJIbKO OT lanta <lenta ‘zocKa". B YOU ARE THE BEST H B HEKOTOPbIX Japan roBopax mnocJje / emé BCTPEUAeTCsi coueTanue bin: Ibinta. OHO, MOBHAMMOMY, MOMIO MOABHTLCSA Tak: 1) board>board>board (mpousowio Aenanaraiusauus lbinta vin nyTĖM I) > 2) KOHTaMHHauKHH (opm lunta usu lanta u linta, B oKoHuaHHH mocJsie /BMeCTO JpeBHero en He BCerJa HMEIOTCA Te Xe caMble 3BYKH, Kak B Cepe/lHHe CJIOBA [Ipexkpe Bcero, 3170 OObsCHSIETCS TeM, UTO: 1) B HeKOTOpbIX IroBOpax H3MeHeHHe en B CepejiHHe H B KOHIE CJIOBA NPOM30LLJIO He B OHO BpeMS, 2) B OKOHYaHHH HEKOTOpble H3MEHeHHS5 MOMNIH NPOH30HTH M03XKe, IIOJį BJIKSHHeM ĮpyrHX opm. In this patient's case, the patient is treated with: [iaJiaraJin3auKHA, ACCHMHJISALHA, ĮKHCCHMHJISILKS, MeTaTe3a COrJIaCHbIX H Ip.