Dėl esamojo laiko neveikiamųjų dalyvių vartojimo

LEETUV IY CALBOTYROSUCLAUSIEMATL IV I1. " I-- EST UV 0.8" T. S Ri MOK SLY IAKIAD EMI JA SECTION 1 ESAMOJO TIME NON-OPERATIVE PARTICIPANTS USE V. AMBRAZAS I am. 1. ne. participants are characterized by almost all the main types of usage of Lithuanian language participants. Going to the su personified forms of the verb to be, these participants can form the passive form of the compound tenses, e.g.: the book is written, the road was repaired, the house was builtmi ir Mr. They can indicate a secondary action in the sentence to ir go in time, way and other circumstances, e.g.: when praised, don’t be angry, when reproached, don’t be angry. still under fire, we walked for hours Cv R III 232. Su nouns and pronouns in nominative conjugated ir verbs they often form the so-called nominative participant su (nominativ cum participio) construction ir includes the į composition of a participle, e.g. he himself asked to be allowed to lead a party attack į Vencl R III man does 443; not understand weaned Sts. In all these cases es. 1. ne. participants have a passive meaning, t. y. denotes an action whose direct object is a factor of the sentence. There is a particularly large variety of use of attributive es. 1. ne. participants. They denote the characteristics of objects and phenomena, resulting iš from the action, which is expressed by the verb root of the participant, e.g.: cooking food, writing a letter, reading a book, etc. ir Attributive es. 1. ne. participants have specific characteristics that distinguish them from other inactive participants. Although it į drew attention to the already important Authors a. of 19th-century Lithuanian grammar*, o J. Jablonskis ir K. I'm a fool. 1. ne. The diversity of the participants’ meanings was shown iš by many examples of old writings ir of the folk spoken language*, but the usage of these participants was not examined more extensively. This article me aims to clarify the more ir characteristic attributive es. l. ne. the participants' use cases. $ 1. Attributive es. 1. ne. participants may have a specific passive (non-invasive species) value. In such cases, they denote the characteristics of objects, resulting from the iš subject of the sentence (or the whole sentence situation and conSee. 1 A. Schleicher, Lithuanian English 319—320, grammar, Prague, 1856; F. KurscHat, Grammar of Lithuanians English 413, language, Hall, 1876. ?*? See. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, 1, 301—302, 304—308, Vilnius, 1957; K. B ūga, Selected Writings, text) of the 1, 531—536, 543, Vilnius, 1958; 2, 117—118, Vilnius, 1959. 93 action taking place at the specified time. The participant- 's mark word is the direct object of this action, e.g. : It's still dark in the room, only the reflectors of the stove are waving on the opposite wall Balt PV I 9. Smoked meat is roasted in the room Yes R VI 150. Wailing like a goat, į carried to the market Neck. The reloadable rifles rang, but no one believed that the general would order to shoot at the unarmed crowd. Myk-Put S 340. Several years during the war, the unploughed soils were overgrown with thick woodland ir Vencl R II 49. Lights po were lit in each other's shops, iš smoke rose from chimneys, swinging doors were knocked Baltr PS 44. What did the little man say, putting it on the canvas? DG II 513. Uncle's bed was deeper in the border with a very rarely changed blanket Vaižg RR I 103. The ram with horns pulls the unmoved lamb away from Dr. Specific passive meaning es. |. ne. Participants, as ir corresponding verbs, can be combined with adverbs and indirect pronouns, denoting various circumstances of the action of the participant root. When the performer of this action is indicated, it is expressed by a noble vowel (vad. genetivus auctoris), e.g. : The wind squeaking door kept me from sleeping ŽR (DG III 338). The carriage moved again, pulled by a bumpy horse, and quickly disappeared behind the burnt wall Vencl R II 56. How could the slaughterhouses know that Elena's children would certainly get the property we were loading? Blood R 56. Mykoliukas drowns in his own imaginary tones Vaižg RR I 43. I am. 1. ne. the actor's ancestor is su not very common. Passive es. 1, n.v. participants are usually used when the performer of the action represented by their root is either unimportant, unclear, or generalized to the speaker, or self-evident from the context and not mentionable for stylistic reasons. Specific passive meaning es. 1. participles are made from transitive verbs. In addition, they can be made from those verbs (to wait, to want, to desire, etc.) that control the noun having the meaning of the direct object, e.g. : Hold your daughter until she... desired signs JV 256. Unwanted guests next time are more expensive than expected Dov. Everywhere he was a desirable guest Krv R 87, Comes guests waiting, barmieji Mrc. These participants can also be associated with the character's ascendant (e.g., our expected day, the desired guest of the parents, etc.); in grammatical sense they are no different from the participants made from the verbs controlling the final vowel. In general, attributive es. The 1st person participle, which denotes a specific passive action that coincides with the main action of the sentence in terms of time, is used relatively rarely in contemporary Lithuanian. They are made only from verbs of the present tense and are most typical of literary written language. § 2. Usually I am. 1. verb participants indicate characteristics resulting from continuous or under certain circumstances always occurring actions (busenu), e.g. : 94 How does a grandmother, a beloved friend, a sister live there? No R I 332. Tool Rapolas, hurrying on the known trails of the raist and marveling at Vaižg RR I 54. Not finding a known path, blindly darkened, I was very busy IM 1862 18. Beyond the road in the shadows there were unknown fields Myk-Put S 270. At the end of the garden, strangers shouted Ds. A number of journalists gathered on the station platform Vencl GD 446. Who was he: a mother's or a father's son, a grandfather or a mercenary? Cv R III 7. At the aunt and the calm, even way her husband mixed and forbidden Tilžė prints Vaižg RR I 270. Stroking the child goes out to dogs to squeak Grz. Unlike the examples mentioned in the previous section, these participants show more or ar less constant characteristics of ir objects have a distinct qualitative significance. A familiar person is only — now or at the ne time specified by the verb a familiar person, as a known path ir — ne only such path, which is known only at the moment of the conversation it is certain characteristics of the objects being — discussed. Without having a specific temporal meaning, these participants have retained the category of kind in verb constructions with adverbs, e.g.: my acquaintance or well-known path, but in more stable word combinations with nouns the ir meaning is generalized. su su 1. ne. the participants do not have these verb traits are ir used as certain generic signs, e.g. : A small girl with flattened shoulders, wearing high-heeled lace-up shoes, entered Balt PV I 181. Where my attachment (t. y. off-duty, but already worn) scarf? Rdm. He lay in the shift folding chair Vencl R II 58. Antai In the box... today have some hire; but cheap labor Myk-Put S 85 (plg. also: infectious disease, incoming, outgoing letters etc. ). ir § 3. I am. 1. nev, actors often have an opportunity t. y. meaning, denoting a iš property arising from a possible action, e.g. : Spring is coming, Roads are getting harder and harder to ir get out Vencl R III 455. In the depth of the hallway Kazimieras scrubbed the ir kitchen, candlesticks and other items to be scrubbed R III 101. Yes, it was the book of lifega — uncovered, though hard ir to understand Bil R I 220. Now ir už three tens you get a bearable horseman Kp. Here is the barely visible roof of the church tower ir Myk-Put S 590. Oats are very popular this year Mrs. I've got a hill to climb; I'm ir not afraid of aš the river, I'm not climbing ir the hill End (plg. also: affordable prices tsp, bypassed 'small' pine forest Rd, pull-out table Klp, translucent mist Balt PV I 269 and so on. ). The negative form of the word es is very often used in the meaning of possibility. I. ne. participants. Most of the words used in the language today are from this period. I. ne. the su participants’ negation does not mean the impossibility of the verb root’s action, e.g. : Countless herds of livestock grazing on new pastures Vencl TB 187. As on the right, as on the left side ir of the road unfold invisible fields Yes R VI 325. The words of the captivated woman flowed with an unstoppable stream Vaižg RR I 132. Since that day, Povilokas has become almost unrecognizable Balt PV I 257. O where the grass ends, there collapse unripe blueberries, 95 blackberries, blackberry jams Balt Pv I 57. Death reconciled both relentless enemies Myk-Put S 588. The feeling of being alive... gave me indescribable joy Cv R III 234. Will bring the machine unbearable, will make the canvas unweaveable Rš. The big horses are not carried, the small horses are not kept JV 72. The new daylights are not returned, the crown is not renewed I'm sorry. Possibility-indicating es. 1. ne. participants do not have a clear non-species significance. This reflects syntactic ir jų relationships in other su words. These participants are joined by ne su the pronoun of the character, but, like adjectives, by the noun, su e.g. : In the times of the feudal order, the Lithuanian book was almost inaccessible to ordinary people Kors LKr 38. Grouse su with peas, sealed with oil, ne delicacy available to everyone MykPut S 69. Mykoliukas smiles to another world, with su which he communicates in an invisible way Vaizg RR I 39. Words happiness ir equality to him were understood dear ir Bil R 224. The door is open to everyone (Everyone can go) Pc. In the first two sentences, the construction with a noun is not possible at all. In other examples, we would change the meaning by using elitinka instead of utilitar: es. l. nev. the participants lose the meaning of the opportunity describe the emerging ir characterisiš tics of the passive action (e.g., a door that everyone passes through is a door that everyone passes through, and a door that everyone passes through is a door that everyone can pass through but does not necessarily pass through). The construction with the noun indicates the possibility of marking es. 1. the proximity of the participants to adjectives (e.g.: the door is open to everyone, he is friendly to everyone, etc.) 1. new participants, e.g. : All these items are unknown to Joniukas, not seen in Bil R I 160. Many es have the meaning of possibility. 1. participles used in ancient Lithuanian monuments (especially with a negative- ), e.g. : Dawe... pękis atmaynomus rubus (=odmienne szaty) ChB I Moz 45, 22, Ispeiemas czonai jra kloiojmas Manicheu MT 11;;. Po teip' maž tikimam mokitiniy atsakymui /liepia žmonėmus sėstis DP 1253. The word... is harmony- /comprehensible to humans SE 1045. "Szodeis ischmanamais... kalbeia BrP I 2443". Rassi cze... objects in gold unrecognizable MT XIX9. There are no known survivors of the battle, but the 54,357th Infantry Regiment (54357. True and unalterable truth MT 36,3. Not far away is a canczia (=unbearable) Dp 310s. Wiespac- ¢iui buwa yskilles neuzmokamq skola MK 15019 (see also: floating river'spustny, navigabile flumen' SD 350; used "pojetny rozumem, comprehensibilis, facilis ad intelligendum' SD 268; blown up 'wind opened, perflabilis' SD 395; not consumed 'nie pity, non potabilis' SD 180). § 4. Occasionally es. 1. participles may also have the meaning of necessity, i.e. to describe the action that must be performed for the object represented by the adverb, e.g.: tam pochwalić niepochwalane 96 Ką (t. y. disgraceful) thing Pg. Ar tu you're not beaten (t. y. muštinas) už such a job? Shkn. Rye is already being harvested in our brigade (t. y. piautini) HS Code For one, the mouse is fed, for the other, the rat is fed JV 589. So much hay to rake, carry, o ir clover already in the field ZR II 329. Similar cases occur ir In the a. 16th-17th centuries, e.g. : Reykia ne pdpeykiemo giwenimo SP II 13617. Others do... bilo iog is | an object of adjective DP 19337. Plg. also the following Širvydas K. similarities: Niepewny Incertus, dubius, ambiguas Abeioiamas, abeiotinas SD 180. Predatory. Vendibilis venalis. Sales (sic!) for sale SD 293. That's me. 1. ne. participants are close in meaning to need participants. In dialects where the necessary participle is not used, it is often replaced by es. I. ne. participants. It should be noted that in Latvian, in which the necessary participants suffix su -tins are already extinct, es. 1. ne. participants have the importance of necessity much more often). In Lithuanian literary language es. 1. ne. participants are not inclined to exclude participants of necessity. $ 5. I am. It. ne. the participant often indicates the purpose of the object or its suitability for a certain action, e.g. : Soon the whole area between the ir arable fields of the forest became like a lake Myk-Put S 277. How much land is cultivated in your collective farm? Rgv. Animal turnips are much more edible už Dsm. Go, you stupid, go sow every thing you can sow Dn R 38. Zosiška... was walking around in worn clothes. R II 215. Participants of this meaning, while describing the purpose of the objects, at the same time distinguish them from other ir similar jų objects show the type. As with most ir of the literary genres, they are usually nouns used to form terms in various fields, e.g.: drinking water, fattening pig, dairy cow, ir weaving wool, feeding (hay, grain) forks, grazing, mowing meadows, arable land etc. ir Su the es of the target value. 1. ne. The genitive of the noun pronoun used ar by the participants is understood already as ne the genitive of the actor (genetivus auctoris), but as the genitive of the property (genetivus possessivus), e.g. : M ūsų edible beets that completely frozen Plm. This year our mowed field is small I'm sorry. § 6. The essence of possibility, necessity and purpose values. 1. ne. participants are used as certain adjectives made of verbs. iš They indicate the constant properties of objects ir and also define the relation of the pronoun to the su action expressed by the participle root. This relationship in the examples above is objective: the demonstrative noun indicates the direct object of the action expressed by the participant (e.g.: to understand a book is to — understand a book; to drink water is to drink — water; to work the land is to work the — land etc.:). ir The objective su relation by means of the pronoun links these participants su § 1 to the aforementioned passive es. 1. ne. participants. However, * see. J. Endzelins, Latvian language grammar, 999, Riga, 1951; Latvia PSR ZA Institute un of Language and Literature, Modern Latvian Literary Language Grammar, 1, 646, Riga, 1959. 7. Language questions, IV 97 possibility, necessity and purpose values es. 1. ne. participants have no temporal meaning other ir verb features cannot form syntactic ir constructions characteristic of the inactive kind. Among attributive es. 1. ne. objective ir relationship su of the nouns of the participants, be with which they are connected, there are ir often different types of logical and modal relations. a) The demonstrative noun is the means of the action expressed by the participle root, e.g. : He didn't want to believe me printing a aš newspaper on wrapping paper! Gud-Guz KIT Word 206. today — attack jo weapon MykPut S 505. Input (hay, grain) forks were three-fingered Sht. A drinking stop... in old habit still call it a cup Dauk R 179. O there the harvester, probably one of the first, iš already begins to cross the summer Yes R VI 363. The es defining the concept of a means. 1. ne. participants slightly less often domi ir iš intransitive verbs, e.g. : There was a whole herd of ir sheep, several horses, a stallion ir ir Balt PV I 186. He has riding horses ir K II 129. At the bottom, make a hole for the outlet (t. y. hole for bees to escape) BK 21. In these sentences, as ir $ 5 in the above examples, it. 1. ne. the participle indicates the action to which the noun means is assigned, but there is no direct objective relationship between the concepts of the participle noun. That's ir me. 1st person participles, denoting the purpose of the means expressed by the noun, are very productive and widely used in the present Lithuanian language to make the names of various tools and devices, e.g.: sewing, sawing, printing, etc. machine, ploughing undergarments, carving, weaving, turning, etc. machine, firearm, sawing knife, incendiary ammunition, cutting scissors, drawing board, typewriter, percussion, wind instruments (music), baking oven, etc. In the literary language, the noun forms of these participants are part of the terms of many scientific and craft fields. In spoken language, and sometimes also in writings, non-named participants are used to define the means, e.g.: woven wheel Lš, whip Ds, undergarments Pl, magnifying glass Ds, working horse Pnd, drinking cup Lš, squeegee Sim R, riding money Nm, riding horse Ds, N 39, 74, riding trousers K II 129, etc. I am. The use of 1. nov. participants to define the means of expression of nouns is an old Lithuanian phenomenon. There are a lot of them. 1. nov. participants occur in ancient language monuments, e.g. : Rodzeme tatai... in printed DP 2604s. You shall make... a washbasin of brass (=bath of brass) ChB II Mos 30, 18. The 2017-18 season was played at 30,000 B.C.E.. With flying wings VEE 15016. See also these Milkés dictionary examples: Mezemoji szaké 'Mistgabel' II 207; Rdszoma szikszna 'Pergamen' II 369; Popérus raszomas 'Schreibpapier' II 424; plunksna rdszoma 'Schreibfeder' II 424; giérams rykas 'T rinkgefass' II 476; oxen drams 'Zugochse' II 561. 98 b) A demonstrative noun indicates the time or place of the action represented by the participle root, e.g. : a) Three strings is the earliest rising time in autumn and winter Stn D 26. When the time of fear came, my hair and Lnk shook. He wakes up and falls asleep. Yesterday was a good day for us. The time has come to blow, and blows the bull Jabl RR I 304—305. The day was then adopted as Srv. Employee performs work on working days JŽ (DG II 390), On a non-eating aš day, I robbed myself after eating porridge Ss. So in these two years, the transitional years, we have to make proper use of Myk-Put ir S 87. It was bedtime as they came JZ I 488. There the ir angry crying day left DD 77. Ko Those idiots continued until the submission time passed! (t. y. the time within which documents may be filed) See. II 90. Plg. still iš ancient writings: Ateis wel dirbana (t. y. working— V.A.) day BrP I 971s. Ant Vigawimésios Sered. Sakimas DP 11159. Seedlings 'Saatzeit' MZ II 398. B) Andrius sees the red roof of Tutkau's iš cottage protruding from the depth of the garden among the trees Vencl R II 69. The už bears were beaten by a good walking rod BM 69. We usually call grazing areas pastures Apple RR I 305. A lot of grazing meadows OG 408. Parking in the theatre is always cheaper Apple. A terrifyingly moving road Trs. Where the du bench edge surrounds the table, is called the už christening corner, the crying corner t. y. JŽ (see section 4.4). "Krištasuolis" (in Lithuanian). Similarly, in ir ancient writings, e.g. : Lying on the bed sawa gulamoy-kamaroy ChB II Sam. 4,7. Kamara gulima 'gulta, sypialnia komora, tożnica' SD 136. The sleeping chamber 'Schlafkammer' MZ II 414. Which we must be revealed before the judgment throne MT 247 b. Seated on: throne VEE 17213. On the tail of a culama ChB Ruth 3,2. Daiktavardziy For a long time, ir the place defined me. 1. ne. participants are now most commonly used in constant word combinations, e.g.: living moment; hours (days) of reception; insurance period (when the press was banned); a smoking car; bedroom, study, reception, dining room, etc. ). ir They are made of both transitive iš and ir iš intransitive verbs. c) I am. I. ne. the relation ir of the participant's denoting noun can be even looser. Sometimes the participle indicates an action to which the noun is su related in an indirect way, e.g. Nm, t. y. disease causing death (plg. deadly, weakening poisons DZ I 89); offensive (offensive) disease 'epilepsija' Mos, Kv, N 296; sowing wind small warm wind, suitable for sowing' TV; Rolled bread 'bread, obtained while lying, in vain' Prng; urgent work 'work that needs to be done urgently' PT 38; priverstinės pareigos 'duties performed by force' Vaižg RR I 43; giedamosios knygos ‘songbooks’ iš KGr 413; concluding remarks 'notes in which the thesis concludes' ar etc. ir That's me. 1. ne. Participants su with indicative words often also form relatively stable word combinations, having a certain term role. This includes ir many linguistic terms, e.g.: desirable, imperative, pronoun, active form, present tense, written, spoken language, etc. ir 99 The freedom ir and diversity of the relation of the participant's denoting noun is clearly visible ir XVI—XVII a. monuments, cf.: sin is dying DP 51011; waysta ir gedygu /and the seeds in the ground DP 55: (similarly 4214s); about grieka fleszniiema MT 60a,,; That's the truth. o ne Returning DP 4587; wadina us/ on' increases violenceiemos mès ir DP 10796 etc. § 7. Es denoting the relationships of means, time and place. 1. ne. Participles made of transitive iš verbs are sometimes joined by the noun prefix, which allows su for a more precise definition of the indicative word, e.g. Vaižg RR I 156, tree planting day Sint, §1o mé shaking fork Apple RR I 305, water spout Apple RR I 305, Sheep shears Grz, needle undercoat sewing JŽ 13, rye sowing field Apple R IV 90, beer-made tub Ynk, calvados lubricating grease Sint, potato-planted sky (clear, cut or feathered clouds) Grz, flaxseed mi- - home time Apple RR I 306, flax harvesting machine Apple RR 306, research paper tsp. ir Mr. Iš old writings plg.: pluszkūmas... diewo dergiamas 'Bogu brzydliwa' DP 224; blossom jeszkomas Szwinnas 'ein Bleywurf' MZ I 81; knife... Cattle shear MZ II 413; hole sweat expelling 'SchweiBloch' cock for MZ II 430; ruts st nū 'Stimmhammer' MZ II 457; Needle-tailed spruce 'Spicknadel' MZ II 445; skėpeta prūkaitū szléstoma 'SchweiBtuch' MZ II 430. In these examples, the noun genitive has a very different meaning than the genitive of the actor (genetivus auctoris), which goes to the passive participles (cf. $ 1). Here it replaces the ending of the direct complement of the corresponding verb construction and is used as a kind of incoordinate marker. § 8. I am. The relationship between the participle and the demonstrative noun in 1. n. can be completely opposite than in passive constructions. In modern Lithuanian, there are often word combinations in which the demonstrative noun denotes the logical subject of the action represented by the participant root. In such cases, the participants indicate the characteristics resulting from the action or state of the denoting object itself. They can be made from transitive and intransitive verbs, e.g. : Then (Bear) smeared the hollowed-out place with healing water VoL 335. Pranas went to Papilė and brought the healing ointment LM 1959.XI.14. It was not possible to call him otherwise than with a gracious word: Mykoliuk Vaižg RR I 37. When she saw Andrew, she looked at him with a questioning look Vencl R II 44. His letter was sent to the executive committee tsp. The legislative executive power there was in one hand tsp. ir The whole collective is working on the construction for an hour, and you don't show your nose Avyž P 100. No books to do? Ds. Immediately from the sky poured continuous jets of water Myk-Put S 401. He made the necessary conclusions Gud-Guz KIT 613. Anele with a sore back will grab the rye and tie it to the heavy feet Vencl R II 71. I punched Nm through my aching finger. Wedding time happened very 100 finkamas Myk-Put S 562. He answers the man Rm. Properties arising from the action or state represented by the demonstrative noun, es. l. nev. participants are often described in ancient language monuments, e.g. : That we may be taught... and not be deprived of honour worthy of the wien io DP 20:5. And then you'll ask for the voice of the appropriate pastor sawo DP 247. Neither any other suitable road DP 247,. It is necessary to... fuck with this crowd /for hot and not palduiamq prayer DP 593. Teypag and rasztas szwétas... probable katholikamus/is on the rise DP 5054. I'm going to bring back the Hebrew woman... szindamg BrB II Mos 2, 7. And such a treasure that us not as nūdemais iau priwalams/but as wastes ira BrP II 326s. How much wel is a broken-hearted stumbling? AK 8316. Undoubted weru should trust WP 288.4 Twan begins... with rain of unbreakable measure ChB I Mos 7,1. The burnt offerings of the burnt offerings ChB I Mos 13,20. 227 b. Séjamas ira kunas perishable, but will be raised not corruptible NT Kor 15,4244. Based on ancient writings and related language data, K. Būga determined that the es of this meaning. The 1st person participles were used in the pre-Baltic period and are attributable to the literary language®. There are many such es. I. nev. examples of participants from spoken language we find in J. Jablonski- 's grammar® of 1922. Since the acceleration with these inactive participants is sometimes used with the corresponding actives, the question of their significance relationship was also addressed. J. Jablonskis demanded that in such word combinations as atsakantis darbas, skreiantis, cypiantis, verkiantis, raudantis balsas, dainuojanti kraštas, kurstantis straipsnelis and so on, the active participants be replaced by the inactive ones (afsakomas darbas, skreiamas, cypiamas, verkiamas, raudantis balsas, dainuojamas kraštas, kurstomas straipsnelis)”. I. active and passive participants, it was concluded that both participants in the aforementioned cases are based on dialectal facts and can be used for the same purpose — to indicate characteristics arising from the action (state) of the indicative object®. However, es. 1. parallelism of active and passive participants is observed only in certain relatively rare cases. The main es. 1. the tendency to use active and passive participles of “active” meaning in contemporary Lithuanian language is different. I am. 11 passive participles tend to denote more constant characteristics, such as: lim4 For examples from later 18th-19th century writings see. K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, 1, 533 etc., Vilnius, 1958. 5 K. Būga, Selected Writings 2, 117, Vilnius, 1959. 6 Zr. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, 1, 304 etc., Vilnius, 1957. 7 See, J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai 2, 71, 76, 153-154, 307, 327 and ed. 8 See “Švietimo darbas”, 1926, No. 396—400; 1927, No. 11, 1237—1239, p. 101 the passive iš meaning in Anatolian languages®, the relation of the same suffix to the name jų Zodziais®®, the su species neutrality of the Tocharian suffix?" su -u and other similar facts lead to believe that ide. active participants assigned to protalk (as verb ir adjectives with suffixes su -to ir -no-) has also never had a species category®. The deeper we go into antiquity, į the closer we see the genetic connections of the participantir s’ nouns. It is the most commonly spoken ir language in Lithuania. 1. ne. participants are primarily related ne su suffixes -m(e)nomedial participants, but su adverbs with -mo nouns, which were formerly made not only from the present tense stem, but also from (even in older times) ir iš verb roots, e.g. liet. smoke (substantial), smoke (build.), lat dūmi, sl. s. dyms®, s. ind. dhamdh gr. 9vp 'spirit, spirits', plg. s. sl. gas, 'blown, gr. Hw '‘puciu, smou'?? ; s. ind. gharmd/t 'karstis', gr. Yeppes 'hot', lot. forms 'Siltas', plg. s. sl. Goréti 'degti'®®; s. ind. bimdh 'bad' plg. lat. bitiés, lit. bijotis®; s. ind. pre-stimah 'suspaustas, sugrustas', cf. let. styroti (root sti-)3 and so on. In the past, the creation of these nouns has been generaliiš zed to the present tense. Lithuanian, Latvian and Slavic languages es. I. nev. participants were probably also initially verb adjectives, which later approached the verb system and acquired the kind and time meanings characteristic of the participants?®. $ 13. This assumption is confirmed by es. l. nev. participants' usage. We have seen that in Lithuanian es. 1st person participles are usually used as 25 See. J. Friedrich, Hittitic and “Asia Minor” Languages, 32, Berlin—Leipzig, 1931; MU. ®puapux, Kparkas rpammaTtnka XeTTcKoro s3bika, 146—147, Mocksa, 1952; H. Kronasser, Comparative phonology and form theory of the Hittite, 210, Heidelberg, 1956. 2% Zr 2. BeuBeunncTt, MHuaoespaneiickoe muMmeHHOe ciaoBooGpasosaune, 157 ti; G. R. Solta, Gedanken iiber das nt-Sufix, Wien, 1958; B. B. U B a 1 0 B, O 3nauenun xerTCKOrO S3biKa [Js CPaBHHTEJbHO-HCTOPHYECKOrO HCCJIe/ĮJOBAHHA CJAABSIHCKHX SA3bIKOB. — «Bonpocki caaBsHCKOro sisnikosHauusa», 2, 17, Mocksa, 1957. 27 Zr. B. Kpayse, Toxapckuit s3bikK, TH 68; 3. beunsennct, Toxapckult H HHAOesponefickuft, TH 97, 28 Plg, D, beusenucT, Kunoesponefickoe umenHoe cjosooGpasopanue, 156—157; Toxapckuii u unpgoesponefickuii, TH 97. 29 See. A. Forest, J. Pokorny, comparative Dictionary of Indo-European Languages, 1, 835 tt., Berlin and Leipzig, 1930; E, Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, 110, Heidelberg, 1955 tt. 30 See K. Brugmann, min. veik, 2. 1, 246; A. Walde, J. Pokorny, min. veik.,, 1, 687-688. this See A, Walde, J. Pokorny, min. virk., 2, 125; E. Fraenkel, min. virk., 43. 32 See A. Walde, J. Pokorny, min. veik., 2, 125. Other similar examples Zr. K. Brugmann, min. veik., 2, 1, 246 et seq. ; W. Vondr dk, Comparative Slavic Grammar, 1, 552 tt., Gottingen, 1924; A. Me fie, OGurecnaBanckuf a3bik, 285, Mocksa, 1951. 33 With the adverb -movardaZodzZiais of Slavic and Baltic languages es. 1. the above mentioned participants are also linked by B. Havranekas in his book,, Genera verbi v slovanskych jazycich“, 1937 (see E. Fraenkel, Die baltische Sprachwissenschaft in den Jahren 1938—1940, 16, Helsinki, 1941; the aforementioned B. Havranekas book was not available to the author of the article); plg. but T. Lehr-Sptawinski, Cz. Bartula, Outline of the grammar of the Old Church Slavonic language on a comparative background, 89, Wrocław—- Krakow, 1959, 108 adjectives denoting possibility, purpose, necessity, indicating the relationship of means, time and place. They can be made into intransitive verbs, and iš when they are made into o ir transitive verbs, they often have no kind or time iš meanings. It's Tokyo. 1. ne. usage cannot be explained by adjectives, ma the loss of the above grammatical categories. It is characteristic not only of the oldest monuments of Lithuanian language, but also of related languages. ir In Latvian es. 1. ne. Participants can also be made into intransitive verbs to iš denote a resulting ir characteristic iš of the action (state) of the indicative object, e.g.: lipama serga 'lipped disease' mirstams cilveks 'a dying, mortal person' plistamas lietus'stuffs that are broken' etc.? * Having the meanings of possibility and purpose, Latvian es. 1. verbs also often indicate the relationship of means, time and place, e.g.: rautamais nazis 'razor', šaujams pulveris'shooting powder', jūjams kumelinš 'running horse', siuvama adaga'sewing needle'; sowing time 'sowing time', deadly day 'the day of death'; dzivojama vieta 'living place, apartment', gufama istaba 'bedroom, bedroom, etc.'® In Old Slavic, participants with the suffix *-moirgi can be used not only to form the passive but also as adjectives, e.g.: vbsi znaemii ego Luk 23,49 'all who know him', učenik'... taime Jon 19,38 'disciple... hidden (=secret)'*- *; some of them are independent of the present tense of the corresponding verbs, e.g. pitom® 'fat, fat' and pitaje, pitėje (common pitati, pitėti 'to feed')*". I am. 1. verb participles in Old Slavic, as in Lithuanian and Latvian, very often have the meanings of possibility and suitability (especially with the negation), e.g.: vidimo 'visibilis, visible', nerazločime 'untranslatable', nepobédim® 'unconquerable', etc. (cf. Russian verb adjectives with the suffix -m-: He3puMbli, HerioOGeAHMEIž, etc.). In addition, these participants can also have an "active" meaning (e.g., védom® 'knowing, taught', cf. lit. well-known person) and be made from intransitive verbs, e.g.: dvižimo'moving', visimo 'hanging' (cf. rus. 3aBucuMErū), Ježimo 'lying down'. The coincidence of the main meanings in Lithuanian, Latvian and Old Slavic languages shows that the adjective, indifferent to the species, is. I. nev. the participants' usage is primarily?®, and allows for a semantic justification of their interaction with the above-mentioned ide. adjectives with the suffix -mo-. These adjectives denoted action-related characteristics of objects, but did not have verb categories. Apparently, some of these adjectives, made from transitive verbs, were later incorporated into the verb sis4 For other examples, see K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, 1, 535—536; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, 999—1000, Riga, 1951. 35 See J. Endzelins, min. veik., 998-999 and K. Būga’s manuscript “Material for the inactive participants”, VVU Manuscripts Department, No D 464 (Rš 773). 36 Zr. A, Baitan, PykoBoACTBO no crapocjiaBakcKOoMy s3biKy, 273, Mocksa, 1952. 8 Zr. A. Baitan, min, veik., 273; A. Meiie, min. veik.,, 269; W. Vondrak, Comparative Slavic Grammar, 2, 140, Göttingen, 1928. 3 Badvardinés es. 1. nev. participants usage archaiSkuma shows and comparison with Old Russian data, see. B. A. Jlapuu, Hs 3aMeToKk O pyCcCKO-AHTOBCKHX COOTpercTBHAX. —«Hayunbtit GoJserens Jlenwnrpagckoro roc. yuusepcureras, 11-12, 30-31, Jlenunrpan, 1946. 109 the ir theme received time and type values. However, many jų ir subsequently were made intransitive iš verbs used as adjectives. ir This explains the es. 1. nev, the duplicity of the usage of the participants, noticeable both in ir Lithuanian and Latvian and sen. in Slavic languages. CONCLUSIONS 1. Only part of the Lithuanian attributive es. 1. ne. participants describe the iš characteristics ir arising from passive action, have a time significance. The other part of me. 1. ne. participants neither type nor time does not mean. These participants can be made both transitive and iš ir iš intransitive verbs. They are used as certain adjectives denoting constant characteristiir cs of objects. | 2. I am. 1. n. participants usually have the values of opportunity and purpose (suitability). 3. Attributive es. 1. participles, denoting constant characteristics of objects, used to express relationships of means, time, place, etc. They are productive for the creation of new concepts and terms. 4. Some es. 1. verb participants describe the characteristics arising from the action (state) of the indicated object. In some cases, these participants can be used in parallel with es. 1. active participants. However, the general es. 1. ir passive and active participants have different consumption tendencies. I am. 1. passive participants are generally defined as constants. characteristic features of the objects that distinguish the objects to be marked from other similar objects. On the other hand, the corresponding I. 1. active participants usually denote characteristics arising from actions (states) taking place in the present or in the time indicated by the participle of the sentence, and only rarely acquire the meaning of adjectives. 5. Es. The morphological characteristics of the 1. nov. participants also indicate their closeness to adjectives. They can be graded, made adverbs and nouns from them. In rare cases they become nouns. 6. Adjective self. The usage of the 1st person participle in Lithuanian is ancient and probably inherited from the times when they were made from verbs. noun forms with the suffix -modar were not included in the system of verb kind and time categories. Abbreviations A — Auszra. 1883–1886. AfslPh —Archiv fiir slavische Philologie, Berlin (since 1876). AK —Katechismus aba pamokimas wienam kvriamgi kriksczionivy reykiamas... Vntrukart iszspaustas WILNIVY... (Anonymous 1605 catechism, cited from the publication: Der polnische Katechismus des Ledesma und die litauischen Katechismen des Daugsza und des Anonymus vom Jahre 1605... interlinear herausgegeben von Ernst Nice. Gottingen, 1929). 110 Al —Alytus. ASpr —The Old Prussian Language Thinkers. Introduction, texts, grammar, dictionary by Dr. Reinhold Trautmann. Gottingen, 1910. ASpr V —Elbing dictionary, cited by ASpr. Avizh P — J. Avyzius, Legacy, Vilnius, 1951. White PV — J. Baltušis, Sold summers, I, Vilnius, 1957, Baltr PS — A. White, Spring flow. Vilnius, 1953. Car rental R — J. Biliūnas, Raštai, I—II, Vilnius, 1954. BK — Useful bee booklet.., written by G. D. Settegast, Petropilie 1848. BM — Lithuanian dialects, collected by A. Baranowski, Band I: Texts from the Weberschen Estate published by Dr. Franz Specht... Leipzig, 1920. BrB — Bible dad you are Wissas ScHwentas Raschtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Jana Bretkuna Lietuvos Plebona Karaliacziuie (1579—1590. Quoted iš Vilnius valst. University "photocopies"). BrP — Postilla tatai esti Trump ir Bad Ischguldimas Euangeliu... Per Iana Bretkuna... 1591. Brs — Barstyčiai, Sedos district r. Brt — Baftininkai, Vilkaviškio district r. BSL ‘= Bulletin de la Société linguistique de Paris (as of ). 1869 BsP — Lithuanian fairy tales are varied. Surinko Dr. J. Basanavičius, I—IV, Chicago, BsV 1903—1905. — Iš life ghosts and devils. Surinko Dr. J. Chicago, ChB 1903. — Bible tatey ira Rasztas Sweats.. transferred English liezuwifi užmariose nog Samuelites Baguslawo CHylinska (1660 m. "Chilinski's Bible". Cv R — P. Cvirka, Writings, I—XI, Vilnius, 1949—1953. Čiurl R — S. Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė, Selected Writings, I-III, Vilnius, Dauk 1956. R — S. Daukantas, Selected Writings, Vilnius, 1955. DD — S. Daukantas, Darbay senuju In Lithuanian yr Zemaycziu, 1882, Kaunas, 1929, Lithuania — Christian Donalitius. Lithuanian Seals... published by G. H. F. Nesselmann, Königsberg, 1869. DnR — K. Donelaitis, Raštai, Vilnius, 2005, p. 1950. — Dovilai, Klaipeda district r. P — Postilla Catholicka... Per Kūnigą Mikaloiv Davkšu Canoniką Medical iz technicians lėkiszko pergūldita... To Vilnius... 1599. | | Dr — Darbénai, Kretingos district r. Ds — Two-something. Dsm — Dūsmenys, Daugų r. DŽ — Dictionary of the English Language. LTSR MA Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and 1941—1959, Literature, Vilnius, End —Endriejūvas, Rietavo r. Ėr —Eriskiai, Ramygalos r. Article 10 — ancient Greek language. Grdm —Gafdamas, Šilutės r. Grg —Gargždai, Klaipėdos r. Grž —Grūžiai, Joniškėlio r. Gs —Geistaral (Didvyžiai), Vilkaviškio r. Gud-Guz KIT— A. Gudaitis-Guzevičius, Kalvio The Truth of Ignotus, 1952. Vilnius, IM —L. Ivinskis, Kalendorius arba metraščius (1846—1877- ). Jabl —J. Jablonski's sheets in the DZ archive, without reference to the source. Apple RR — J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai, II, I— Vilnius, Jabl R 1957—1959. —Jablonskio raštai, I—m-V, edited by J. Balčikonis, Kaunas, 1932—1936. 111 Pnd — Pandėlys - Prienai. — Paringys, Ignalinos district r. — Lesson about growing tabokū, kėri iszrasze gudiszkaj D. Strukov, o i interpreted from Kazakh Jonas Girdenis, Petropilie 1847. — Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian Lexicon... of Philipp Calm down. Königsberg... 1747. — Liudo The Song of Roses. The First Lithuanian Songbook 3rd edition, I—II, Kaunas, 1935—1937, —Radviliškis. — Raudondvaris, Kaunas district r. —Rudamina, Lazdijų district —The horn. — Raguva, Troškūnų r. 377 — Lithuanian language Reading book and Glossary of August Schleicher, Prague, Czech Republic 1857. — Dictionarium trium lingvarum, In usum Studiosae Iuventutis, Avctore... Constantino Szyrwid.. Fifth edition... Vilnae... M.DCC.XIII. Summa Aba Short Explanation of the Ewangeliv.- .. Kiedaynise- ... 1653. I. Simonaitytė, Raštai, I—VI, Vilnius, 1957—1958. I. Simonaitytė, Vilius Karalius, I-II, Vilnius, 1956. ancient Indian language. —Skūpiškis, Pandėlio r. —Salantai. "Sean. —Points of Kazan... by... Konstantin Szyrwid.- .. in Vilnius... (I—1629, II—1644). —Surviliškis, Dotnuvos r. —Siesikai, Ukmergės r. —Old Slavic language. —Baltic Studies. Rome, Italy (since 1931). —Daynas Žemaitytis surynktas yr ysždutas par Symona Stanewicze... Wylniuje- ... Metuose 1829 (quoted according to J. Lebedžio 1954 photographic authorization). —Dictionary of the Lithuanian and Russian Languages. —Dictionary of the Lithuanian and Russian Languages. Compiled by Dr. J. Šlapelis, Vilnius, 1921. - J. "About Literature", Vilnius, 1956. —Šakyna, Žagarės district —Šūtės, Skuodo district — "Lazdijų švenčionys". r. — — That's right. Lietuvos KP CK, Lithuania TSR Supreme Council Presidium, Lithuania TSR Organ of the Council — of Ministers, Tirkšliai, Mažeikių r. — The Peaceful r. — Press. — Tvėrai, Rietavo district r. — Upyna, Skaudvilės r. Uzv —Užventis, Vaižg RR — Vaižgantas, Selected Writings, II, I— Vilnius, 1957. Vb — Freestyle. Va — Vydūnas (Vilius The big one, 1868—1953), jo writings. —Euangelias bei Epistolas- ... pergulditas ant Lietuwischka Szodzia | per VEE Baltramieju Willenta... Ischsprintas Karalauczui... Metu M.D.LXXIX. pH YLREREEREE Bo" | 2 r R= jin geiee 2 ope ‘single-celled Ė = x §487 8. Language questions, IV 113