K. Širvydo žodyno „Dictionarium trium linguarum“ leksiniai dialektizmai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, VLIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA K. ŠIRVYDAS’S DICTIONARY “DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGUARUM” LEXICAL DIALECTISMS K. PAKALKA Elements of various local dialects are clearly reflected in old Lithuanian-language texts. Many phonetic and morphological features of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect can be found in K. Širvydas’s “Punktai sakymų” and dictionary. The Eastern Aukštaitian dialect elements in K. Širvydas’s writings were shaped by the author’s native dialect and his many years of work in Vilnius, the cultural center of eastern Lithuania. While living there, he taught Lithuanian at the academy, preached in Lithuanian in churches, and wrote “Punktai sakymų” and “Dictionarium trium linguarum,” which went through five editions: I—1629, II—1631, III—1642, IV—1677, V—1713. The dialectal features of K. Širvydas’s writings have not yet been precisely localized. There are several different opinions on this matter. E. Volter attempted to locate the dialectal features of K. Širvydas’s writings in the Vilnius region, around Švenčionys, where the old Baltic a1 is preserved. Some have associated the language of K. Širvydas’s writings with the dialects of the Ukmergė area. F. Specht argued that it is impossible to determine with complete precision which Eastern Aukštaitian dialect served as the basis for the language of K. Širvydas’s writings, but was also inclined to think that K. Širvydas’s birthplace lay east of the Ukmergė—Šešuoliai—Kunigiškiai line2. On the localization of the dialect of K. Širvydas’s writings, E. Frenkel agreed only in part with the views of E. Volter and F. Specht. E. Frenkel concluded that the dialect of K. Širvydas’s writings does not fully coincide with either the dialects of the Vilnius region or those of the Ukmergė area. In E. Frenkel’s view, K. Širvydas avoided local coloring and wrote in a leveled language based on the Aukštaitian dialect (a certain Eastern Aukštaitian koine)3. J. Otrębski attempted to localize K. Širvydas’s native dialect north of Vilnius. He emphasized that one must not forget that the dialect of K. Širvydas’s writings is no longer pure. The language of K. Širvydas’s writings is literary, based on a corresponding dialect, with its vocabulary carefully selected and its spelling meticulously refined. It is possible that K. Širvydas selected many phonetic and morphological features and excluded certain features that seemed too local (dialectal) to him. Consequently, it is now difficult for us to resolve precisely the question of his native dialect4. 1 See Э. Вольтер. К. Ширвида, in: Энциклопедический словарь, XXXIX A, С.-Петербург, изд. А. Ф. Брокгауз, И. А. Ефрон, 1903, p. 590. 2 See F. Specht, Syrwids Leben und Schriften, in: Syrwids Punktay sakimu (Punkty Kazań), Göttingen, 1929, p. 47. 3 See E. Fraenkel, Syrwids Punktay sakimu (Punkty Kazań), ed. by Franz Specht, (review), “Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung”, 58, p. 84—85. 4 Žr. J. Otrębski, Teksty litewskie, Warszawa, 1957, p. 75. 221 B. Larinas maintains that K. Širvydas wrote on the basis of the common language. However, B. Larinas did not deny the Eastern elements in K. Širvydas’s language5. That K. Širvydas did not confine himself to the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect, but drew on the vocabulary of the Lithuanian language as a whole, is also partly attested by the preface to the third edition of his dictionary, which states that the dictionary was to serve as a study guide for the students of the Jesuit Academy, from which they could take “Latin words, conveniently translating them into the speech of their own country” (ad vernaculas veſfras dictiones)6. K. Širvydas’s dictionary was compiled to develop and standardize the literary language7. For various reasons, it presents many lexical synonyms drawn from the spoken language of Eastern Aukštaitians. This article will attempt to examine them. The lexical and semantic dialectisms of “Dictionarium trium linguarum”8 include words which, on the basis of volumes I–V of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and its card index, can be assigned geographically to the Eastern Aukštaitian dialects (as well as the Eastern and Southern Dzūkian dialects). Of course, the geographical distribution of some words may have changed since K. Širvydas’s time, and these changes may not be fully reflected in the published volumes of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” or its card index. Nevertheless, the extensive material in these sources makes it possible to provisionally localize some words used in K. Širvydas’s dictionary and assign them to the Eastern Aukštaitian dialects9. Several dozen of the SzDi dialectisms we hypothesize, now found only in various localities of the Eastern Aukštaitian and Dzūkian dialects, may be mentioned, namely: anas “he” D¹114, D³265: Ant, Rk, Lz, Zt, Pbs, Ds, Dgl; Aru, DK, BB, DP, VoL. apilauda “negligence, abandonment” D³269: Dglš; brš. apipenay “harmful food, poison” D¹182, D³83: SP, DP, MP, T. apįkutos “shavings” D³272: Dglš. apbwayta “cleanliness, tidying up” D³44: Pg. atgaunu “I take revenge” D¹84: Pai, Sml; SP. atwiromis “openly” D³277: Grž; T. bayfa “fear, horror” D¹175, D³424: Ds, Dkk, Rod. drutas “thick” D¹39, D³77: Pn, Žž, Č, Rk, Krsn, Grnk, Zr, Ds, Pnd, Krs; J, Jb, Ba, NS, B, MPs. dienelė “dawn” D²9: Dglš. dungtis “roof, ceiling” D³135: Kp, Žb, Rk; GE, SG, MP. dyvaylis “I harness another horse alongside the single-horse cart, hitching it next to the first” D¹11: Ds, Šmn, Dgl, Vb, Pbs, Krs, Ant, Dbk, Kp, Mlt; T. dwinapufis “one of a pair of twins” D³18: Dglš. gardibe “goodness, tastiness” D³411: Pc, Sdk; Š, K. glaudelis “a ripe nut that comes out of its cupule by itself” D³500: Vs, Švn, Dglš, Alv, Trgn, NČ. iek nos “liver” D¹190, D³471: Ds, Sv, Kp, Šmn; (K), Š, LsB, rš. 5 See B. A. Larinas, A Brief Historical Survey of Lithuanian Lexicography, in: Lexicographical Collection, issue II, Moscow, 1957, p. 123. 6 Constantino Szyrwid, Ad Studiosam Iuuentutem, in: “Dictionarium trium linguarum”, Tertia editio, Vilnae, MDCXLII. 7 Anthology of the History of Lithuanian Literature /The Feudal Era/, ed. K. Korsakas and J. Lebedys, Vilnius, 1957, p. 54. 8 K. Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” will hereafter be abbreviated SzDi. 9 Examples from SzDi are cited in the original spelling. The abbreviation D¹ is used after words found only in the first edition of K. Širvydas’s dictionary, D³ after those found in the third edition, and D¹, D³ after those found in both. The number following the abbreviation for the first edition of SzDi refers to the original folio; following the third edition, it refers to the page. The other abbreviations used, taken from volumes I–V of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” indicate the distribution of words in spoken language, older writings, and modern literature. After each cited example, abbreviations indicating the word’s distribution in spoken language are given first, followed by abbreviations indicating its use in various writings. 222 karštinė “fever, typhus, ague” D373: Kp, Ds, Trgn, Ktk, Alv, Ut, Drsk, Nč, Prng; (K), J, Š, BŽ, rš, J. Jabl., SP, Bt, Vaižg, OG. kieltuwa “cattle, livestock” D326: Vlk, Lb, Asv, Prl, Ad, Aps, Gdr, Zt, Trgn, Vrn, Dg, Rod, Trak, Brsl; NdŽ, BŽ, (K), M, PK, PS, SG II. kliwas “askew, crooked” D3124: Kp, Rk, Užp, Sdk, Paj, Ds, Krs; N, (K), J. Jabl., I. kraubas “high rock, cliff” D3404: Lzd, Ls, Lp, Kb; LsB, N. krusinis “apple wine, kvass” D43, D83: Sn, Žl, Krkn, Srv; R, C. kuginis “barn, cowshed” D1102: Alz, Kp, Dkk, Pnd, Pkp, Sl; BM, DP, J. Jabl., G. taydau “I milk” D348: Dv, Al, Vrn, Lz, Zr, Sv, Pls, Sld, Brsl, Eiš, Vj, Lkm, Drsk, Psn, Rod, Ml, Mt, Trgn, Tvr, Prng, Dglš. tapauiu “I am being mischievous” D127, D3371: Kp, Krk, Brž, Paj, Ds, Ob, Krs; DP, PS, KN, (K), N, J. Jabl. tobas “riverbed” D3157: Lz; K, Bz. tuftas “piece, corner, block” D3405: Mrc, Mrk, Dglš, Srj, Lz, Ktk, Ad, Tvr, Alv, Kp, Vb, An, Op, Jon, Trgn, Ūd, Lp, Pl, Rod, Lzd, Krs; N, Vl, Krv, J. Jabl, rš. migu “I press” D336: Mlt, Ut, Švnč, Zr, Slk, Ds, Ob, Gg, Mžš, Sb, Mrk, Ad, Dv, Ml, Kp, Ktk, Sld, Lkm, Sdk, Plš, Gdr, PnmP; A. Gud.-Guz., J, N, Kos, Ba, Š, L. miltiene “porridge, a traditional dish made from steamed oat flour” D399: Dglš, Aln, Rk, Dbk; VŽ, Vaižg, Ba, N, Sut, K. muntus “convenient” D330: Ant, Vdš, Ktk, Slk, Ign, Švnč; Sut, K, Jzm, N, LsB. pakirdu “I wake up,” D1104, pakirdžiu “I wake [someone] up” D3347: Vaižg. paktouke “mattress, sheet” D3166, D3484: Dkšt, Dglš, Rš; B, Sut, srš. papaußkas “lump, knob, pimple” D1120, D79: Šsn, Pns, Sn, Al, Ktk; Bg. Ks, LzP, J, B. papietuwes “midday” D3254: Sv, Dglš; Vaižg, Sut. pramეტalas “fat” D1112, D3262: Sld, Žm, Vrn, Skdt, Vad, Slk, Rdm, Pns, Mrs, Švnč, Trgn, Ds, Lš, Lp, Stk, Krk, Al, Nmn, Mrk, Rš, Pun, Mrs, Zr, Vlk, Slk, Dglš, Lkm; Š. putekblis “pimple” D3346: Ml, Ldk, Sdk, Ds, Dgl, Žmt, Kvr, Trgn, Ut, Kkl, Svn, Tvr; M, B, J, D, Pošk, Db. ragutes “sleigh” D3397: Sdk, Sld, Ut, Užp, Dglš, Dkšt, Ds, Ob, Tvr, Slk, Trgn, Rš, Lz, Zt; N, Mit. šautopuolis “sunset” D314: Tvr, Rš. štidenu “I tremble” D53: Ut, Pb, Sb, Jž, Km, Rk, Ds, Šmn, Kvr, Pg, Tj, Sdk, Dgl, Klt; Vaižg, K, N. funki “pregnant” D323: Rš, Tvr, Slk; BB, BPs, MŽ, Mž, BŽ. bakatu “I split, chop” D3372: Rš, Ml. barwas “dowry” D330: Al, Jnš, Nmj, Mrc, Vlk, Vrn, Dg, Smn, Rud, Vs. tupawimas “bowing, greeting” D3455: Tvr. unk/ne “shadow” D114, unk/fna D334: Lš, Nč; Ba, KrvP, Db, PS. wasaris “southerly” D192: Rš, Ds, Trgn, Vj, Pnd, Vb, Švnč, Krsk; Vaižg, Kos, Vr, Bs. waywouiu “I wail, moan” D146: Dglš, Prng, Ds, Rmš, Lkm, Jž, Mlt, Tvr, Slk, Pšl, Grv, Klt, Užp, Ktk, Ad, Ant, Sdk, Vdš, Rm, Upt, Trgn, Ut, Slk, Jž, Km, Srv, Klv, Švnč, Ign, Dsn, Sug, Sdb, Pc, Ml, Krsk; Vol, Ev, J, Jd, Š, Ak, Jn, JD, Jabl, N. witulas “a small bundle of bast or straw” D3129: Ssk, Tršk, Ds, Dsn, Ml, Prng, Ob, Rk, Trgn, Jž, Tvr; Gmž, Kos, Niem, N, K, J. wokas “large woven basket-like box” D1152: Trs, Tj, Grv, Krns, Pg, Rk, Km, Jsv. Some loanwords used in a narrower area of the eastern Aukštaitian dialects are also classified as dialectisms in SzDi. A comprehensive discussion of this question requires a separate study. Here we will mention just a few loanwords characteristic only of the eastern Aukštaitian dialects. četude “aunt” D35: Tvr, Dglš. 223 karbiia “a kind of basket with a lid for pouring something into” D³370: Mrk, Krsn, Nč, Ūd, Lš, Dg, Al, Mrs, Kb, Vrn, Srj, Mrk; K. Būg, (K), J. kižė “an old hut, shack, hovel” D¹10, D³28: Ds, Kp; Sut, (K), M, J DP, VoK. punė “barn” D³29: Žmt, Ssk, Kkl, Grv, M. Valanč, Šš, Ldk, Ukm, Bgs, Gg. Glv, Žl, Krk, Jon, Gdr, Mlt, Šry, Vb, Žr, Žsl, Št; S. Dauk, K, N. starkus “stork” D³19: Kp, Skd, Sik, Ds, Dkk, An, Sb, Slm, Pn, Antš, Alks, Pnd, Jš; Baran, Š, K, N. As we can see, all the dialect words cited are recorded in several localities—usually a dozen or more—within the area of the Eastern Aukštaitian and Dzūkian dialects. Only rarely does an individual SzDi dialect word extend beyond the boundaries of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect. Most SzDi dialect words are found in both the Aukštaitian and Dzūkian dialects: anas “he,” bayla, drutas, storkas, glaudelis, karbtinė, kiettuwa, krušinis, taydau, tuſtas, migu, miltiene, muntus, papaußkas, papietuwes, pramietatas, pune, putekßlis, ragutes, witulas, wokas “a large basket-like box.” A somewhat smaller number of dialect words are recorded only in Eastern Aukštaitian territory — apβwayta, atwiromis, dungtis, dwayliū, gardibe, ieknos, kižė, kliwas, tapauiu, ſtakus, ſtidenu; only in the territory of the Eastern and Southern Dzūkian dialects — apilayda, apifkutos, cetlite, dienete “dawn,” dwinapusius, karbiia, krauβas, paktotuwe, fautopuolis, funki “pregnant,” βakatu “I roll, split,” βarwas “dowry,” tupawimas, unkſne. Of all the dialect words presented, the largest number in the collection of citation slips for the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” compiled to date were recorded in Dusetos, Daugėliškis, Tauragnai, Kupiškis, Tverečius, Rokiškis, Utena, Sudeikiai, and other surrounding areas. According to current data, the following words may be regarded as narrowly distributed SzDi dialect words: apilayda, apifkutos, apβwayta, dienete, dwinapusius, paktotuwe, pakirddi, fautopuolis, tupawimas, βakatu. It is characteristic that some of the dialect words discussed in this section are recorded in the Eastern Dzūkian dialects of the Vilnius region, which, according to linguists, retain many archaic features. Of the dialect words cited, only a few occur in K. Sirvydas’s “Punktai sakymų” (1629—1644), namely: apipenay, karbtine, tapauiu. A significant proportion of SzDi dialect words were used in written works published at various times, into which they entered either directly from K. Sirvydas’s dictionary or from the Eastern Aukštaitian dialects. Knowing that some lexicographers and translators made extensive use of K. Sirvydas’s dictionary, we have reason to believe that the dialect words mentioned below entered their works from his dictionary. S. M. Slavočinskis’s “Giesmės” (1646) uses only one SzDi dialect word, kiettuwa; D. Poška’s “Słownik języka litewskiego, polskiego i łacinskiego” (1824) — putekßlis; D. Sutkevičius’s “Słownik Litewsko-Żmudżko-Polski” (1835) — muntus, paktotuwe, papietuwes; F. Nesselmann’s “Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache” (1851) — kliwas, krauβas, tapauiu, pune, ſtarkus, ſtidenu, wuzwouin, witulas; A. Koszaževski’s “Litwanica czyli wiadomości o Litwie” — migu, waſaris, witulas; F. Kurschat’s “Deutsch-littauisches Wörterbuch” (1870—1874), “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” (1883) — ieknos, karbiia, kliwas, pune, ſtarkus, ſtidenu, witulas. Dialect words used in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary also occur in other writings. Several SzDi dialect words are found in the works of M. Daukša (apipenay, kižė, kuginis, tapauiu, funki “pregnant”), and one or another in those of J. Bretkūnas (funki “pregnant”), M. Petkevičius (kiettuwa), J. Morkūnas (apipenay), and other authors. These words may also have entered their works directly from spoken language. Some dialect words in SzDi were also used in literary works by writers from the eastern region in the twentieth century (e.g., J. Tumas-Vaižgantas — atwiromis, dwayliū, karbtine, miltiene, pakirddi, papietuwes, ſtidenu, wasaris “southern”), and in lexicographic works (in M. Miežinis’s dictionary — kiettuwa, putekßlis; J. Šlapelis’s — ieknos, gardibe, migu). Undoubtedly, such dialect forms were taken directly from the authors’ own native dialects. The SzDi dialect words found in the dictionary of J. and A. Juška may also have been collected from folk speech (drutas, karbtinė, papaußkas, putekßlis, wawiowin, karbiia, kižė). 224 Judging from volumes I–V of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and its card index, these SzDi dialectal words are not attested in any written monuments: apßwayta, bayfa, dienele, dwinapuisis, taydau, prieblindinis, fautopuolis, Bakatu „run-tau, skaldau“, tupawimas. Iš SzDi žodžių, mūsų laikomų dialektizmais, „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“ (1954) randama apie dvidešimt. Vieni jų pateikiami be jokių pažymų ir nuorodų, pvz.: karštinė, lapauju, mygu, miltinė, prametal as, vasaris, kiti su pažymomis ryt., dz., tarm., reiškiančiomis, kad žodis plačiau vartojamas tik rytiečių aukštaičių, dzūkų arba jo tarme sunku nustatyti, pvz.: dvailiju, laidau, klivas, pakirdu, stidenu, vaivoju, vytulas, vokas. The SzDi dialectal words show how extensively K. Širvydas drew on the vocabulary of spoken language and local dialects when compiling his dictionary. In an effort to appeal to many readers, K. Širvydas sometimes presented dialectal words alongside other, more widely known words of similar meaning, for example: pabundu, pakirdu D¹104; muntus, potagus D³330; vytulas, jarunga D¹29; waytoiu, waywowiu D¹46; runtau, Bakatu D³372; neščia, Junki D³23; migu, Jpaudžiu, Jpaudau D³36; melžiu, taydau karves D³48, aukšta uota, kraubas D³04; kuginis, namas D¹102; kliwas, klibas D¹124; dienele, aubra D¹29; šwiefeý, atwiromis, rayßkiey, ayßkiey D⁸5; apßwayta, apkuopa D³44; nuoday, apipenay D¹182, D³447. Some of the synonyms for the quoted dialectal words, such as waytoiu, neščia, Jpaudžiu, melžiu, are not characteristic of the eastern Aukštaitians. Occasionally, the same dialectal word is presented in different editions of SzDi or in separate passages within those editions both without parallel equivalents and with them, for example: ažutrinimas, prametal as D¹12, D³262; prametal as D³365; lapauiu D¹19, D³71; tapauiu, šiaučiu D¹27; tapauiu, taksau, šiaubiu D³24; gurbas D¹11, D²33; pune, gurbas D³29; drutas, šforas D³169; drutas D³77. The examples of lexical dialectal words quoted above show that few dialectal forms recur in the first and third editions: anas D¹114, D³265; apipenay D¹182; D³447, bayfa D¹175, D³424; gurbas D¹11, D³233; tapauiu D¹19, D³371; pakirdu D¹104, pakirdžiu D³347; papaußkai D¹120, papaußkas D³79; unkfna D³34. Many SzDi dialectal words became part of the literary language; only their distributional limits indicate their eastern origin. The introduction of technical terms into SzDi is explained by various motives: the author’s command of his native dialect, the desire to demonstrate the richness of Lithuanian at the time and to contribute to the development of the emerging literary language; efforts to translate Polish and Latin words accurately and stylistically; the absence of an established literary language, and so on. The dialectal words used in K. Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” show that the dictionary’s author and those who continued his work regarded the people’s spoken language as an important source for the dictionary. LEXICAL DIALECTISMS IN K. ŠIRVYDAS’S DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGUARUM K. PAKALKA Abstract The article examines more than fifty of the most characteristic lexical dialectisms found in the first (1629) and third (1642) editions of Dictionarium trium linguarum. The absence of a fully established literary language in seventeenth-century Lithuanian writing and the dictionary’s author’s profound knowledge of spoken language (more precisely, of the dialects of the eastern Aukštaitians) were the main prerequisites for dialectisms entering Dictionarium trium linguarum. 15. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, V 225 The absence of a fully established literary language in seventeenth-century Lithuanian writing and the dictionary’s author’s profound knowledge of spoken language (more precisely, of the dialects of the eastern Aukštaitians) were the main prerequisites for dialectisms entering Dictionarium trium linguarum. Some linguists (F. Specht, E. Frenkel, and J. Otrębski), attempting to determine K. Širvydas’s dialect precisely on the basis of his works, concluded that K. Širvydas wrote his works in a somewhat leveled (standardized) language and avoided narrow, specifically local lexical elements. A considerable number of the dialectisms discussed in this article were used by nineteenth-century Lithuanian lexicographers D. Sutkevičius, F. Ness elmann, F. Kurschat, and others, for example: ieknos “liver,” kliwas “bow-legged,” lapauju “I fool around, play tricks,” muntus “comfortable,” papietuwes “midday,” starkus “stork,” stidenu “I shiver, tremble,” and others. Among the words cited in the article, there are relatively few that are strictly dialectal, for example: apilayda “neglect,” dienele “dawn,” dwinapuis “one of the twins,” pakirdu “I wake up, awaken,” saulopulis “sunset,” bakalu “I stab, split.” In an effort to cater to many readers, K. Širvydas sometimes provided dialectisms in the Lithuanian part of a dictionary entry alongside more familiar words with similar meanings: dienele, außra “dawn,” melžiu, laydau “I milk (a cow),” muntus, patogus “comfortable,” pabundu, pakirdu “I wake up, awaken.” The dialectisms used by K. Širvydas in Dictionarium trium linguarum show that the author, as well as those who continued his work, regarded spoken language as a very important source for compiling the dictionary.