K. Širvydo žodyno „Dictionarium trium linguarum“ leksiniai dialektizmai

LIBTUVIY KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAIL Vv SLE TU Vi OrS TSR MOKSLUY AKADEMIJA Li K. PAKALKA In the ancient writings of the Lithuanian language, elements of various local dialects are clearly reflected. Many of the phonetic morphological elements of the ir eastern Altay dialect can be found in K. Širvydas's "Punktuose sakymų" and dictionary. K. In Širvydas’ writings, elements of the eastern Highland dialects were influenced by the jo author’s native dialect, many years of activity in the eastern Lithuanian Cultural Centre — In Vilnius. While living there, he taught Lithuanian at the academy, preached in Lithuanian in churches, wrote "Points of Sayings" ir Dictionary of the Trium Linguarum, which was published in five editions: I— 1629, II - 1631, III - 1642, IV - 1677, V— 1713. K. The dialectal characteristics of the Širvydas writings are not yet precisely localized. In this case, = simu there are several different opinions. E. Walter K. tried to look for dialectal features in Širvitas’ writings In Vilnius region, in Švenčionys area, where the old Baltic a!. Some have associated the language of K. Širvitas' writings with su Around the Neighborhood. F. Špechtas stated that it was impossible to determine exactly which Eastern Highland dialect K. was taken as the basis of the language of Širvydas’ writings, but he also was K. inclined to believe that į Širvydas’ homeland was east of the line Ukmergė — Šešuoliai — Priests. On the K. localization of the dialect of Širvydas scripts E. Frenkel su E. In the F. opinion of Walter, Specht agreed iš only in part. E. Frenkel concluded that the dialect of Širvydas' K. writings did not coincide with su Vilnius region, nei su Around the Neighborhood. E. In Frenkel's K. opinion, Širvydas avoided local ir coloriture by writing in a language based on the Altai dialect (a certain eastern Highlander's shoe)*?. : J. Otrembskis K. tried to locate the native dialect of Širvydas į north of Vilnius. He has emphasized that we must not forget that the K. dialect of the Širvydas writings is no longer pure. K. The language of Širvydas’ writings is literary, based on the corresponding dialect, with carefully chosen vocabulary and carefully improved ir spelling. It is possible that Širvydas K. selected many phonetic morphologicir al features excluding ir certain characteristics that he had. seemed too regional (pronouns). It is therefoto re difficult for us now to precisely jo solve the question of the native ! dialect." B. Boastep, K. Illnpsnú, kn. : BuurrkaAoneAkuecknū cAoBapb, XXXIX A, C.-TlerepGypr, naa. O. A. Bpoxrays, H. A. Ed'pon, 1903, p. 590. * See. F. Specht, Šyrvids Life and Scriptures, kn. : Syrwids Punktay sakimu (Points Kazan), Gottingen, 1929, p. 47,: See Fraenkel, Šyrwids 3 E. Punktay sakimu (Points Kazan, Hrsg. of Franz Specht, (rec.), „Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Language research”, 58, p. 84—85. ; * See. J. Otrebski, Lithuanian Texts, Warsaw, 1957, p. 75. 221 B. Larin claims that Širvydas wrote on the K. basis of the common national language. However, ir B. Larin did not deny K. the Eastern elements of the language of Širvydas. That K. Širvydas was not limited to the eastern Altay o dialect, he relied on the whole Lithuanian language lexicon, this iš is partly evidenced by ir jo the preface to the third edition of the dictionary, which says that the dictionary should be a study guide for students of the Jesuit academy, which they iš can take ,,Latin words, comfortably translating them į into the dialect of their country“ (ad vernaculas ve/tras dictiones)*. K. The dictionary of Širvydas was compiled for the development and standardization of literary language." There are many examples of synonyms in the Eastern Slavic languages. iš We will try to discuss them in this ir article. Prie "Dictionarium trium linguarum"*? lexical ir semantic dialectisms are those words which, according to the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language” I-V t. ir this dictionary, according to jų geographical distribution can be assigned to the eastern Highlands (as well as the dialects ir of the eastern and southern Dzūki). Of course, since the K. time of Širvydas, the geography of some words may have changed and, perhaps, those changes , In the printed volumes of the Lithuanian language dictionary and in the index it is not fully reflected. Nevertheless, based on the abundant material of these sources, it is possible at least provisionally some Localize the words used in K. Širvydo dictionary and assign them to eastern Highland dialects®. Among the SzDi dialectisms that we suspect are now only widespread in various areas of the eastern Altay and Dzūkian dialects, we can mention a few dozen, namely: anas „jis“ D*114, D%265: Ant, Rk, Lz, Zt, Pbs, Ds, Dgl; Aru, DK, BB, DP, VoL. apilayda “neglect, neglect® D269: Dglš; brs. apipenay ‘harmful food, poison’ D182, D3: SP, DP, MP, T. apifkutos,- skutenos’ D272: Dgls. apPwayta “cleanliness, care” D %4: Pg. retrieve 'revenge' D'84: Paj, Sml; SP. atwiromis ‘openly’ D3%277: Grž; T. bayfa "fear, horror" D*175, D*424: Ds, Dkk, Rod. “thick” wire D'39, D*77: Pn, Žž, Č, Rk, Krsn, Grnk, Zr, Ds, Pnd, Krs; J, Jb, Ba, NS, MPs. B, dienephe 'Dawn' D?29: Dgls. dungtis "roof, ceiling" D*135: Kp, Žb, Rk; GE, SG, MP. dwayliiu" „at the single-horse carriage I kicked another horse from the side, I placed him next to me“ D*11: Ds, Shmn, Dgl, Vb, Pbs, Krs, Ant, Dbk, Kp, Mlt; T. | Dwinapufis "twin, one of iš twins" D*18: Dglsh. gardibe "delicacy, taste" D3*411: Pc, Sdk; Š, K. “a ripe nut that falls out of the cup itself” D*500: Vs, Švn, Dgiš, Alv, Trgn, NC. intramuscularly ‘liver’ D190, D*71: Mon, Fri, Sat, Sun; (K), LsB, Š, sh. 5 See, B. A. Aapum, Kparkmii ucropuyeckuii 0630p AHTOBCKON AeKCHKOrpadbum, kn. : Aercarorpadiueckuit c60pHux, Bum. II, Mocksa, 1957, p. 123. 6 Constantino Szyrwid, Ad Studiosam Iuventutem, kn.: „Dictionarium trium linguarum”, Tertia editio, Vilnae, MDCXLIL 7 Chrestomacy of the History of Lithuanian Literature /The Feudalism Era/, ed. K. Korsakas and J. Lebedys, Vilnius, 1957, p. 54. 8 K. Širvydas- 's "Dictionarium trium linguarum" will be further marked with the abbreviation SzDi. ® SzDi examples are quoted in their original spelling. The words used only in the first edition of the dictionary of K. Širvydas are written with the abbreviation D', in the third —D? in both, D', D*. After SzDi the abbreviation number of the first edition indicates the page of the original, after the third — the page. Other abbreviations used, taken from the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, vols I—V, indicate the spread of words in spoken language, old writings and new literature. -After the quoted example, abbreviations showing the word's prevalence in spoken language are written first, followed by abbreviations showing the word's use in various writings. 222 cardiac “fever, cold, drug” D*73: Kp, Ds, Trgn, Ktk, Alv, Ut, Drsk, Nč, Prng; (K), J, Š, BŽ, rš, J, Jabl., SP, Bt, Vaižg, OG. kieltuwa- ,galvijas, gyvulys’ D*26: Vlk, Lb, Asv, Prl, Ad, Aps, Gdr, Zt, Trgn, Vrn, Dg, Rod, Trak, Brsl; NDG, BG, (K), M, PK, PS, SG II. kliwas “clay, clay” D*124: Kp, Rk, Uzp, Sdk, Paj, Ds, Krs; N, (K), J. Jabl., I. kraupas „aukšta uolė, skardis“ D*404: Lzd, Lš, Lp, Kb; LsB, N. krušinis ‘apple wine, gin’ D*43, D*83: Sn, ZI, Krkn, Srv; D*102: Alz, Kp, Dkk, Pnd, Pkp, Sl; BM, DP, J. Jabl., G. taydau „melžiu“ D*48: Dv, Al, Vrn, Lz, Zr, Sv, Pls, Sid, Brsl, Eiš, Vj, Lkm, Drsk, Psn, Rod, MI, Mt, Trgn, Tvr, Prng, Dglš. in the same way I “deceive” D*27, D*371: Kp, Krk, Brž, Paj, Ds, Ob, Krs; DP, PS, KN, (K), N, J. Jabl. ‘river bed’ toba D*157: Lz; K, Bz. tuft “piece, corner, ingot” D*405: Mrc, Mrk, Dglš, Srj, Lz, Ktk, Ad, Tvr, Alv, Kp, Vb, An, Op, Jon, Trgn, Ūd, Lp, PI, Rod, Lzd, Krs; N, VĮ, Krv, J. Jabl, rš. migu „press“ D*36: MIt, Ut, Svnč, Zr, Slk, Ds, Ob, Gg, Mžš, Sb, Mrk, Ad, Dv, wn Kp, Ktk, Sid, Lkm, Sdk, PIs, Gdr, PnmP; A. Gud.-Guz., J, N, Kos, Ba, 5S, L. miltiene ‘porridge, an ancient dish made of Sutinty oatmeal’ D*99: Dglš, Aln, Rk, Dbk; VŽ, Vaižg, Ba, N, Sut, K. muntus „patogus“ D*330: Ant, Vdš, Ktk, Slk, Ign, Švnč; Sut, K, Jzm, N, LsB. 104, pakirdjiu „prikeliu“ D*347: Vaižg. pakiotuwe, ‘mattress, blanket’ D*166, D*484: Dkst, Dglš, RS; B, Sut, ss. papaufkas ‘nodule, bulge, acne’ D*?120, D*79: Ssn, Pns, Sn, Al, Ktk: Bg. Ks, LzP, J, B. papietuwes,,pusdienis“ D254: Sv, Dgl§; VaiZg, Sut. pro-metal ‘fat’ D'112, D®262: Sid, Žin, Vrn, Skdt, Vad, Slk, Rdm, Pns, Mrs, Švnč, Trgg, Ds, LS, Lp, Stk, Krk, Al, Nmn, Mrk, RS, Pun, Mrs, Zr, VIk, Sik, Dglš, Lkm; S. dust mite “acne” D*346: MI, Ldk, Sdk, Ds, Dgl, Zmt, Kvr, Trgn, Ut, Kkl, Svn, Tvr; M, B, J, D, Posk, Db. i ragutes „horns“ D*397: Sdk, Sld, Ut, Uzp, Dglš, Dkšt, Ds, Ob, Tvr, Slk, Trgn, Rš, Lz, Zt; N, Mit. 314 pp. :illustrations. pp. 314. . ftidenu ‘drebu’ D’53: Ut, Pb, Sb, JZ, Km, Rk, Ds, Smn, Kvr, Pg, Tj, Sdk, Dgl, Kit; Vaizg, K, N. Severe “pregnant” D323: RS, Tvr, Sik; BB, BPs, MZ, Mz, BZ. 372: RS, ML Parwas "kraitis" D?3®372: RS, ML Parwas "kraitis" D? *330: Al, Jn§, Nmj, Mrc, Vk, Vrn, Dg, Smn, Rud, Vs. tupping,,bowing, greeting“ D3%455: Tvr. unkfne ‘shadow’ D'14, unk/na D*34: LS, Nč; Ba, KrvP, Db, PS. wasar ‘southern’ D192: RS, Ds, Trgn, Vj, Pnd, Vb, Svn&, Krsk; VaiZzg, Kos, Vr, Bs. D46: Dglš, Prng, Ds, Rmš, Lkm, Jz, Mit, Tvr, SIk, Pši, Grv, Klt, Uzp, Ktk, Ad, Ant, Sdk, Vdš, Rm, Upt, Trgn, Ut, SIk, JZ, Km, Srv, Klv, Svng, Ign, Dsn, Sug, Sdb, Pc, MI, Krsk; Vol, Ev, J, Jd, S, Ak, Jn, JD, Jabl, N. into witula "bunch of straw" D*129: Ssk, Tršk, Ds, Dsn, MI, Prng, Ob, Rk, Trgn, Jž, Tvr; Gmž, Kos, Niem, N, K, J. wokas “big wicker box” D*152: Trs, Tj, Grv, Krns, Pg, Rk, Km, Jsv. Some of the dialects are also borrowed from the narrower area of the eastern stay dialects. Detailed explanation of this issue requires separate consideration. Here we are satisfied with mentioning one more loanword characteristic of the eastern Altay dialects. company ‘tante’ D*35: Tvr, Dgls. 223 karbiia „such a bunch with a rope to pour to someone“ D*370: Mrk, Krsn, Nč, Od, Lš, Dg, Al, Mrs, Kb, Vrn, Srj, Mrk; K. Big, (K), where J. „sena trobelė, pirkelé, landyné“ D*10, D*28: Ds, Kp; Sut, (K), M, J DP, VoK. pune „vartas“ D%29: Zmt, Ssk, Kkl, Gry, M. Valanč, Šš, Ldk, Ukm, Bgs, Gg Glv, Zl, Krk, Jon, Gdr, Mit, Srv, Vb, Zr, Zsl, St; S. Dauk, K, N. ftarkus „gandras“ D*19: Kp, Skd, Slk, Ds, Dkk, An, Sb, Slm, Pn, Ant§, Alks, Pnd, J§; Baran, Š, K, N. | As we can see, all the cited dialectisms are recorded mostly in a few remaining or several places of the eastern Altay and Dzūkian dialects. Only in rare cases has one or more SzDi dialectisms spread beyond the eastern Altay dialect. Most of the SzDi dialectisms are found both in the Altay and Dzūk dialects: anas "he", bayfa, drutas "big", glaudelis, karptine, kiettuwa, krušinis, taydau, tuftas, migu, miltiene, muntus, papaufkas, papietuwes, prametatas, pune, putekplis, ragutes, widilas, wokas "big wicker box". Somewhat fewer dialectisms, recorded only in the eastern Highlands —apPwayta, atwiromis, dungtis, dwayliiu, gardibe, ieknos, kife, kliwas, tapauiu, [ta kus, ftidenu; only in the territory of the eastern and southern Dzūki —apifayda, apifkutos, cetule, dienele „dawn“, dwinapusis, karbiia, krauPas, pakiotuwe, faulopuolis, funki „pregnant“, Bakatu,runtau, skaldau®, farwas „cradle“, tupawimas, unk/ne. Of all the dialects presented in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language” the most are from Dusetos, Daugėliškis, Tauragė, Kupiškis, Tverečius, Rokiškis, Utena, Sudeikiai and other neighbourhoods. According to current data, the following words can be considered narrow dialectisms of SzDi: apitayda, apifkutos, apfwayta, dienete, dwinapusis, paklotuwė, pakirdu, fautopuolis, tupawimas, Pakatu. : It is characteristic that some of the dialectisms mentioned in this chapter are recorded from the eastern Dzūkų dialects of Vilnius region, which, according to linguists, have many archaic characteristics.. From the quoted dialectisms of K. Širvydas,,Sakymai punktuose“ (1629—1644) only some occur, namely: apipenay, karpftine, lapauiu. Some of the SzDi dialectisms were used in various periods and appeared in some written monuments, to which they came either simply from the dictionary of K. Širvydas, or from the eastern Altay dialects. Knowing that some lexicographers and translators made extensive use of K. Širvydas’s dictionary, we have reason to believe that the dialectisms mentioned below came into their works from K. Širvydas’s dictionary. S. M. Slavočinski. In the Hymns (1646) only one SzDi dialectism kieftuwa is used; D. Poškos „Stavnik języka litewskiego, polskiego i tacińskiego“ (1824) —putekplis; D. Sutkevičiaus- ,,Stownik Litewsko-Žmudzko-Polski“ (1835) — people, pact, pope; F. Neselmano „Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language“ (1851) —kliwas, kraupfas, tapauiu, pune, ftarkus, ftidenu, waywoiu, widilas; A. Kosaževski’s “Litvanica, or news about Lithuania” —migu, wafaris, widilas; F. Kuršaičio,,German-Lithuanian Dictionary“ (1870—1874),,,Lithuanian-German Dictionary“ (1883) —ieknos, karbiia, kliwas, pune, ftarkus, ftidenu, witula. There are dialectisms used in K. Širvydas- 's dictionary in other writings as well. Several SzDi dialectisms are found in the writings of M. Daukša (apipenay, kije, kuginis, tapauiu, funki „pregnant“), J. Bretkūnas (/unki „pregnant“), M. Petkevičius (kiefruwa), J. Morkūnas (apipenay) and others. The dialects mentioned could have come into them simply from the spoken language. Some dialectisms in SzDi have also been used by 20th-century writers in Eastern literary works (e.g., J. Tumo-Vaižgantas —atwiromis, dwayliiu, karptine, miltiene, pakirdu, papietuwes, ftidenu, wasaris „,southern’’) and in lexicographic works (in M. Miežinis’ dictionary —kiettuva, putekplis, J. Slapelio —ieknos, gardibe, migu). Of course, such dialects were taken simply from the native dialects of the authors themselves. From the folk language could have been collected both J. and In A. Juška's dictionary, SzDi dialectisms are found (drutas, karpftiné, papaufkas, putekplis, waiwoiu, karbiia, kije). : kartotekes, in no written monuments 224 Judging by iš "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language" I-V t. ir jo we find used these SzDi dialectisms: apifkutos, appwayta, bayfa, dienele, dwinapusis, taydau, prieblindinis, fautopuolis, pBakalu "I crush, I break", tugging. Iš There are about twenty SzDi words, which we consider dialectisms, in the “Dictionary of Modern (1954) Lithuanian Language”. Some are given jų without any be references to attestations, ir e.g.: karštinė, lapauju, mygu, miltienė, prametalas, vasaris, others with attestations ryt., dz., tarm., meaning that su the word is more widely used only in the eastern Highlands, Dzūkijos or the dialect is difficult to determine, e.g.: dvailiju, laidau, klivas, pakirdu, stidenu, vaivoju, vytulas, vokas. jo The dialectisms in SzDi show how extensively Širvydas used K. the vocabulary of the spoken language and local dialects in building his vocabulary. In an effort to please many readers, Širvydas K. sometimes presented dialectisms together with other more widely known su words of similar meaning, e.g.: pabudu, pakirdu D104; munus, comfortable D*330; witula, furunga D129: waytoiu, waywoiu D'46; runtau, fakatu D*372; neséia, funki D*23; migu, [paudjiu, Jpaudau D?36; melfiu, taydau karwes D*48, raised, crane D404; pigeon, house D102; gorge, cliff D124; dienefe, aufira D'29; šwiefiey, atwiromis, raypkiey, ayPkiey D*85; monitored, occupied D*44; nuoday, apipenay D'182, D447, Some quoted dialectismy synonyms, such as: waytoiu, neséia, [paudžiu, meljiu, are not typical of the eastern Highlanders. ~~ Occasionally the same dialectism in different In SzDi licenses or in separate places of these licenses, parallel equivalents ir be are provided, ir su with parallel counterparts, e.g.: sharpening, drill D*112, D*262: non-metal D*365; tapauiu D*19, D*371; equal, small D*27; tapauiu, takstau, fiaubiu D*24: burning gas D'11, D*233; pune, gurbas D*29; drutes, ftoras D*169; drutas D377. Iš of our cited examples of lexical dialectisms, we see that there are few repeating dialectisms in the first ir third edition: anas D'114, D*265; apipenay D*'182; D*447, bayfa D*175, D*424; burning gas D'11, D*233; fapauiu D'19, D*371; packed D104, packed D*347; papaufkai D*120, papaufkas D*79; unk/no D!14, unkfna D334. Many SzDi dialectizmy has been į incorporated into the ir literary language, only the limits of its ju spread indicate its eastern origin. Introduction of dialect words į SzDi can be explained by various reasons: good knowledge of his native dialect, the desire to show the richness of the Lithuanian language of the time, contributing to the development of the to forming literary language; the effort to translate Polish ir Latin words in an accurate and stylistic way; absence of established literary language, etc. ir ir ir ; K. Širvydo The dialectisms used in Dictionarium trium linguarum show that the author of the ir jo dictionary considered the spoken language of the people as an important source of vocabulary for his successors. JIEKCHYECKHE JIMAJIEKTH3MbI CJIOBAPS K. LIMPBHJIACA »DICTIONARY TRIUM LINGUARUM* K. ITAKAJIKA Peso me B cratbe paccmaTpHBAIOTCSI CBBIIE NATHAECATH HauGosee xapaKTepHbIX JIEKCHUECKHX JMMA/IEKTH3MOB, BCTpeualoluxcs B nepsom (1629) nu B TperbemM (1642) u3naunax "Dictionarium trium linguarum". OTCYTCTBHE B AuTOBCKON nucbMeHHOcTH XVII B. okoOHuaTeJibuo CJI0XKHBUIETOCH JHTEPaTYPHOro S13biKA H rayGoKoe 3HaHHe PasrOBOPHOrO f3biKa (TOuKHEC AHAJNEKTOB BOCTOUKHBLIX aykiuFrom, Lithuanian Linguistics Issues, V 225