Nauji duomenys iš toponimikos

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI V LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA NEW DATA FROM TOPONYMY A. VANAGAS In 1961, participants and assistants in the dialectological-toponymic expeditions organized by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature collected the toponymy of more than 800 villages. In all, about 6,000 place names were recorded, some of which had hitherto been unheard of and unknown. New variants have been found for some names long known, and these may help explain the formation and semantics of place names more accurately. For practical purposes, the collected material is useful because it will make it possible to correct several dozen currently known distorted place names, mostly names of inhabited localities. Among the place names recorded this year that were previously unknown, or known only from written sources, the following may be listed: Apstą || Āpstė River. Pgg. Vilkyškiai town, tributary of the Jūra. Baltupis River. Pgg. Lauksargiai district, tributary of the Gilandė. Brideikis River. Šk. Liepalotas district, Marčiukai village. Činkupys River. Vlkj. Lebedžiai district. Galà River. Pkr. Vilūnaičiai district, Paliečiai village. Garšpelkaitis River. Rs. Paalsys district, Paalsys I village, Alsos marsh. Garšpelkis River. Rs. Paalsys district, Paalsys I village, Alsos swamp. Gervynas River. Pgg. Pagėgiai district, Pavilkiai village, Vilkos swamp. Juošakis, also Juočakis River. Jrb. Viešvilė district, Smalininkai village, Šventoji swamp. Kreivė River. Pgg. Gniežpelkiai district, Kreivenai village, tributary of the Vilka. Kreivūtė River. Pgg. Stoniškiai district, Berštininkai village, Gegė swamp. Medūnupė river. Pgg. Katyčiai area, Anšyšiai village, tributary of the Šyša. Medžiūkė river. Pgg. Stoniškiai area, Aleknai village. Mylė t. Milà river. Švnč. Trečiūnai area, Mylionys village, flowing into Lake Gilūtas. Nekščupis river. Ukm. Lyduokiai area, Nuotekai village, tributary of the Šventoji. Pelekà river. Švnč. Ropiškė area, Papelekis village. Skaistupis river. Švnč. Vosiūnai area, Stajėtiškis village, tributary of the Svylė. Šūdūpis t. Šūdūpis river. Mžk. Tirkšliai area, Jonaičiai village. Šandys t. Šundys river. Švnč. Švenčionėliai town, tributary of the Žeimena. Žaizdrupė river. Šlu. Rusnė town, flowing into the Curonian Lagoon. Anglis || Uglis || Jūsis lake. Švenč. Trečiūnai area, Žąsinai village. Liūnaitėlis lake. Švnč. Švenčionėliai town. Praplėšimas lake. Jrb. Dainiai area, Greičiai village. 185 Sirvėtas pond. Sirvėtas Lake, Švnč. Kirkučiai eldership, Keriškės village. Snieginis lake. Švnč. Baranava eldership, Peršuoškos single farmstead. Strūgis lake. Jrb. Dainiai eldership, Palėkiai village. Krakinys stream. Švnč. Jurgeliškė eldership, Drarykščiai village. Linga stream. Švnč. Svirkai eldership, Girdenai village. Pāškypėlė stream. Švnč. Kavališkė eldership, Jakeliai village. Paukštė stream. Švnč. Adutiškis eldership, Linkoniai village. Sālyvis stream. Pkr. Mažeikonys eldership and village. Skverblys stream. Ukm. Žemaitkiemis eldership, Antatilčiai village. Spuigė stream. Ukm. Žemaitkiemis eldership, Antatilčiai village. Vaidminas stream. Akm. Aukštujai eldership, Suginčiai village. Āliai stream. Švnč. Svirkai eldership. Nādžius stream. Rk. Verksnionys eldership, Taraldžiai village. Skalavys stream. Šl. Kairiai eldership, Kirbaičiai village. Alputai forest. Vlki. Lebedžiai eldership. Asinis forest. Švnč. Kavališkė eldership, Antanai village. Legmynės forest, Pakruojis district, local area of Pakruojis. Sudėlis forest, Švenčionys district, local area of Kavališkės, and elsewhere. Grỹnė village, Švenčionys district, local area of Bielionys, Daunkiai village. Vaidai village, Pasvalys district, local area of Švobiškis, Gailioniai village. Aikšrūtas hill, Viekšniai district, local area of Lebedžiai. Kaūkalnė hill, Ukmergė district, local area of Lyduokiai, Jogvilai village. Zasiūtė pond, Zašūta. hill, Panevėžys district, local area of Čedasai, Janikūnai village. That some of the names listed here may indeed prove valuable for various comparisons and etymologies can perhaps be seen, at least in part, from these few observations: The lake name Anglis, used alongside the Slavicized form Ūglis (cf. Lithuanian anglis, Russian уголь), has one more variant, now almost forgotten: Jūsis. Lake Anglis belongs to a group of several lakes, another of which, situated very nearby, is called Mūsis. Both names—Jūsis and Mūsis—are strongly reminiscent of the common words jūsu and mūsu (“yours” and “ours”). The analogy between these two words, both used commonly, may have influenced the lake names Jūsis and Mūsis. It may be supposed that the name Jūsis, known only as the older member of the pair, could have arisen through the aforementioned analogy from *Juosis, whose root juos- might perhaps be compared with the common word juōsti ‘to turn black’, juosvas ‘not entirely black’. In that case, the names Anglis and *Juosis might perhaps be regarded as more or less synonymous. In that case, the lake name Anglis would have a figurative meaning. It is noteworthy that a local Russian old man, who knows the names of all the lakes in the group well, still senses the meaning of the lake name Anglis and, without being asked, explains that it means “чёрный, чёрный” (“black, black”). The forest name Asinis, pronounced asinis, may be compared with the river names Asinis (Sa-snava, a tributary of the Vabalnėsknė), Asytė (Imbradas, flowing into Lake Auslas), and other hydronyms with this root1, whose initial a some write with a nasal vowel and compare with the common word ąsà. If the forest name Asinis had anything to do with ąsà, local people would pronounce it *ūsinis. For Asinis, cf. asỹs = asiūklis. Regarding the semantics of Asinis forest and Asinis river: 1 For more detail, see B. Savukynas, Ežerų vardai, “Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai”, vol. 3, Vilnius, 1960. 186 cf. Asiūklys River (Babtai, tributary of the Nevėžis), Asiūklė River (1. Debeikiai, right tributary of the Bigulis. 2. Svedasai, tributary of the Maleiša). The meadow name Šalvis is inseparable from the common word salvėti, rarely used in literary language, meaning “to seep, drip, flow” (Daugai, Nemunaitis), and salvėjimas, meaning “dripping” (Linkuva). The river name Āpstė || Apstā (Vilkýškiai, tributary of the Jūra) adds to the group of Lithuanian hydronyms associated with Lithuanian apūšė, Latvian apsę, Prussian abse. The meadow name Spuigė. is of particular interest. In the card file of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature’s Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, a common word spuigė was recorded from the same area (Žemaitkiemis): “a meadow flooded by water in spring”: there won’t be much hay in the spuigės, for there was little water in spring. It is now difficult to say whether the meadow name Spuigė arose from the appellative spuigė, or whether the appellative spuigė is nothing other than a proper name in frequent use. So far, it seems, no other common or proper words with the root spuig- are known. The lake name Striūgis is the first hydronym with this root in our register of names. It is related to the appellatives striūgas “short,” striūgis “the short one” (Šakyna), striūgėti “to become shorter” (Radviliškis), and striūginti “to shorten” (Gruzdžiai). For the semantics, cf. Trūmpė River (1. Eržvilkas, upper reaches of the Vidauja. 2. Gargždai, right tributary of the Žvelsa. 3. Jurbarkas, tributary of the Kamė, etc.). The hill name Zasiūtė, pronounced zasūta, alongside Zasōs kalnėlis, and the hamlet name Zasinìškis may be of Selonian origin, given their initial z. The river name Galà. is particularly interesting. The root -gal-, frequently found in place names, mostly in settlement names, has been explained by linguists on several occasions. K. Būga related the second component -gala in settlement names to the Lithuanian appellative gãlas and Latvian gals, meaning “end, vicinity, region.”² R. Schmittlein wrote extensively about Lithuanian place names containing -gala, comparing the root -gala with Lithuanian galia, galėti3. More recently, V. Gudelis published an article⁴ about place names containing -gal-, in which he offered his own original, though not entirely linguistically substantiated, etymology of the root -gal-. In V. Gudelis’s view, the Proto-Baltic form gālā may have meant “water, wet place, quagmire, marsh.”⁵ The river name Galà in Pakruojis District will be the first one-stem, suffixless river name with the root -gal- in the Lithuanian register of names and, it seems, will be significant for further elucidation of the semantics of the place-name root -gal-. Until now, the genitive-form lake name Lynėžerio ežeras. was known in the Dubičiai area of Varėna District. The lake name Lýnas, recorded this year, suggests the following sequence in the formation of the lake name Lynėzerio ežero: Lýnas Lake → Lynėžeris Lake → Lynėžeris village → Lynėžerio ežeras. For Lýnas || Lynėžeris, cf. Āklas || Āklāzeris (Liubavas). Very interesting parallels have been recorded for the town and river name Viešvilė: Viešvilvė, Viešulvė; cf. Viešulvėnų giria (ibid.), viešulvėnas, “a resident of Viešvilė” (recorded by El. Grinaveckienė). It is now difficult to say which of the three forms—Viešvilė, Viešvilvė, Viešulvė—is older, which primary and which derived; yet the very existence of these variants undermines R. Schmittlein’s known derivation of the river name Viešvilka and 2 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, Vilnius, 1958, p. 251; 134. 3 R. Schmit tlein, Studies on the nationality of the Aestii, I, Lithuanian toponymy, Bade, 1948, p. 153. 4 See Geografijos metraštis, vol. 3, Vilnius, 1960. 5 Ibid., p. 74. 187 the explanation of the town’s name Viešvilė. R. Schmittlein argues that the river-name form Viešvilka, sometimes (though not always, as R. Schmittlein believes) used by local residents, is old, while the town’s name Viešvilė no longer has the suffix -ka because the local German residents dropped it. He divides the river name Viešvilka into two parts, vieš- and -vilka, and compares -vilka with the Lithuanian common noun velka ‘watercourse’, Latvian valks ‘stream’. It seems to us that the river name Viešvilka contains no -vilk-, -velk-, or -valk-, and that the suffix -k- is a later addition, as it often is in other Lithuanian river names as well (cf. Upėlė — Upėlka, Vabalė — Vabalka, Vyžuonà — Vyžunka, Žiežmarà — Žiežmárka, Akmenà — Akménka); consequently, the explanation should be based not on Viešvilka, but on Viešvilė || Viešvilvė || Viešulvė.6 For several names of inhabited places, now known to local residents and officially in use, other variants or older forms have been recorded, for example: Baltūniškė village, Švenčionys district, Vosiūnai local district — the old name of this village is Grūodžiai. Bandariškė village, Švenčionys district, Vosiūnai local district — the old name is Norėliai, now Norãliai. Kaltanėnai small town, Švenčionys district — the form Kaltanėnys is also used alongside it. Kniceriškė village, Švenčionys district, Kirkuciai local district — the old name is Bulbieniai. Milošai village, Švenčionys district, Svirkai local district — the old name is Vasilkai. Stepanovščizna village, Švenčionys district, Kirkuciai local district — another name is Gudeliai. Subatiškė or Subaciškė < *Subaciškė village, Švenčionys district, Adutiškis local district — the old name is Meskiniai. Toponymic material collected this year shows that many place names still appear in distorted, inaccurate forms in documents, the press, on signs, roadside markers, maps, and elsewhere. In Švenčionys district alone, several dozen such distortions have been identified; the most conspicuous ones are listed here (the form recommended for literary language is given first): Aidūkai village (inaccurate: Gaidukai), Bielionys local district. Akmenyniškė village (inaccurate: Akmeniškė), Svirkai local district. Ataukai village (inaccurate: Gatau­kai, Gataukos), Svirkai local district. Aučynos village (inaccurate: Aučina, Aučinas), Bielionys local district. Baltru­tiškė village (inaccurate: Baltrutiškės), Ropiškė local district. Bēržūvis || Beržuvys lake (inaccurate: Bežuvys), Beržuvys village, Bielionys local district. Bielionys village (imprecisely Belionys), Bielionys rural district. Gasiuliškė village (imprecisely Gasiuliškiai), Strūnaitis rural district. Gyliškė village (imprecisely Giliškis), Jurgeliškė rural district. Girdžiuliškė village (imprecisely Girdžiuliškiai, Girdziuliškiai), Trečiūnai rural district. Guženiškė village (imprecisely Guzeniškė), Modžiūnai rural district. Jaciūnai village (imprecisely Jacūnai), Trečiūnai rural district. Janutškė small village (imprecisely Janutiškis), Ropiškė rural district. Juodynas lake and village (imprecisely Jodinas), Reškutėnai rural district. Krašūona village (imprecisely Krašona), Kirkutiškės rural district. Kretūonas || Kretūonis lake (imprecisely Kratonas, Kretonas), Reškutėnai rural district. Kretiūonys village (imprecisely Kretonys), Reškutėnai rural district. Kryčėlės village (imprecisely Kričelės), Bielionys rural district. Kūrpes village (imprecisely Kurpė), Grigaliūnai rural district. 6 R. Schmittlein, Etudes sur la nationalité des Aestii, I, Toponymie litunienne, Bade, 1948, p. 125. 188 Kūsliškė village (inaccurate Kusliškiai), Strūnaitis vicinity. Lygumai village (incorrectly Lygūmai), Grigaliūnai rural district. Margūniškis village (incorrectly Margūniškiai), Modžiūnai rural district. Medišionys village (incorrectly Meduīšonai, Medušonys), Trečiūnai rural district. Mėlnykai village (incorrectly Melnikai), Strūnaitis rural district. Meškiniai small village (incorrectly Meškinė), Trečiūnai rural district. Miežionys village (incorrectly Mežionys), Modžiūnai rural district. Myliai village, small village, railway station (incorrectly Mil iai), Strūnaitis rural district. The village name derives from the name of the river Mylė. Mylionys village — (incorrectly Melionys, Milionys), Trečiūnai rural district. The village name derives from the name of the river Mylė; cf. the river Svylà in the same district — Svylionys. village Mineliškė small village (incorrectly Mineliškiai), Strūnaitis rural district. Moliūniškė small village (incorrectly Maliūniškė), Grigaliūnai rural district. Papiškė village (incorrectly Papiškiai), Bielionys rural district. Peršaukštis village (incorrectly Peršukšta, Peršukštis), Modžiūnai rural district — from the Slavicized Peršūkštu. Peršuokšna river and village (incorrectly Peršokšna), Baranava rural district. Perven iškė village (incorrectly Perveniškis), Reškutėnai rural district. Rėkučiai village (incorrectly Rekučiai), Reškutėnai rural district. Rūd abestis village (inaccurate Rudabestis) Vidutinė locality. Sakališkė village (inaccurate Sakališkės) Trečiūnai locality. Stajetiškis village, also Stajėtiškis, Stajėtiškis (inaccurate Stajatiškis) Vosiūnai locality. Stūgliai village (inaccurate Stugliai) Kirkučiai locality. Svylà river and village (inaccurate Svilka) Vosiūnai locality; cf. Svylà village, Ignalina district. Svylionys village (inaccurate Svilionys, Svilonis) Vosiūnai locality — named after the river Svylà. Svirkos village (inaccurate Svirkai) Svirkos locality. Šakališkė village (inaccurate Šakališkiai) Strūnaitis locality. Šaučiškė || Ušaučiškė < *Užšaučiškė village (inaccurate Užautiškė) Kirkučiai locality. Vaikučiai village (inaccurate Vaikučiai) Bielionys locality. Vajūonis lake (inaccurate Vajonis) Reškutėnai locality, Rėkučiai village. Vėžiškė village (inaccurate Viaziškė, Viažiškė) Jurgeliškė locality. Vėjūnė village (inaccurate Vejinė) Juodiškis locality. Zadvārnykai village (inaccurate Zadvornykai) Grigaliūnai locality. Žvy riai village (inaccurate Žvirkai) Svirkos locality. Abbreviations apyl. — district b. — bog dš. — right (tributary) ež. — lake gelež. st. — railway station int. — tributary k. — village kl n. — hill kr. — left (tributary) mstl. — town 189 mš. — forest netiksl. — inaccurate pv. — meadow raj. — district t. — pronounces Akm. — Akmenė district Jrb. — Jurbarkas district Mžk. — Mažeikiai district Pgg. — Pagėgiai district Pkr. — Pakruojis district Pnd. — Pandėlys district Ps. — Pasvalys district Rk. — Rokiškis district Rs. — Raseiniai district Šk. — Šakiai district Šl. — Šiauliai district Šlu. — Šilutė district. Švnč. — Švenčionys district. Ukm. — Ukmergė district. Vlkj. — Vilkija district. NEW DATA ON TOPONYMY А. ВАНАГАС Abstract In 1961, participants in dialectological-toponymic expeditions collected the toponymy of 800 villages. A total of about 6,000 geographical names of localities were recorded, some of which had previously been unknown. Many of them are of great interest. In particular, the name of a forest in Švenčionys district, Asinis (pronounced asinis by the local population), which can be compared with the hydronyms Asinis, Asytė, once again confirms the view that the hydronyms Asinis, Asytė, etc., cannot be derived from Lithuanian asa<ansa. The name of a river in Pakruojis district, Galà, will augment the group of Lithuanian toponyms with the root gal-, whose linguistic interpretation is highly varied. The variants of the name of the town and river Viešvilė, Viešvilvė, Viešuvė refute R. Schmittlein’s hypothesis, which attempted to prove that Viešvilė<Viešvilka. Also noteworthy are the parallel names of the lake Anglis//Jūsis//Uglis, the name of the river Apstėl//Apsta, the name of the meadow Spuigė, and others. 190