Dėl M. Rudnickio „Galindos“, „Priegliaus“ ir „Sūduvos“ etimologinių aiškinimų

The second part of the monograph devotes considerable space to the ir localising of Baltic languages. The material of the Baltic languages is used both to solve the general questions of the history of the Indo-European locus and as an auxiliary to shed light on the individual processes of the development of the locus in the Slavic languages. V. Toporov emphasizes that the Baltic data are particularly significant ne not only because of their closeness to the facts of the Slavic languages, ir but because jų of their archaic nature. A large part of the material was iš collected by the ir author from dialect texts of written monuments. The book presents data on the Baltic languages from Prussian catechisms, Mažvydo writings, Adolfi grammar to Latvian and Lithuanian folklore collections, J. Endzelyno and J. Jablonskio works. The extensive Baltic literature mentioned in the work could be supplemented by at least one other study of Lithuanian or Latvian dialectology published in recent years. However, the statements of these studies do not contradict the general conclusions of the work. In conclusion, we will mention only a few minor inaccuracies, which in no way can diminish the overall value of the work. du P. 295 ne quite correctly translated Mažvydo sentence: "The coming angels sing..." P. 322 incorrectly translated Latvian examples with the prefix ap. It cannot be said that the examples given on p. 319, in which the place is indicated by a suffix with the prefix about, are foreign to the literary Lithuanian language. V. Toporov correctly points out that the Prussian language does not have a locative in general, explaining in a footnote: “If we do not count one noun example from Enchiridion: bhe stallėti pėrdin en schisman ackewijstin Krixtianiskan astin, p. 77, 15, which proves nothing at all, since it has no equivalents (in the formal sense) in other languages” (cf. p. 283). For our part, we will add that J. Endzelynas was inclined to correct the form schisman into the dative *schismau< *šismū?. In addition, J. Endzelynas doubted that the singular o-stame locator was not only the adverb bitai mentioned by V. Toporov, but also the first partj® of the compound words sallubai busennis, salaūbaigannan, sallūbaiwirins. Vilnius A. Mikotaj Rudnicki, Prastowiariszczyzna Lechia-Polska, II, Wspėlnota slowianska. ‘Wspélnota lechicka-polska, Poznan, 1961. This work by a Polish linguist, based on linguistic and archaeological data, extensively deals with the Slavic tribes, among them the Polish people, ethnogenesis, prehistoric territory and migration. Also discussed Slavic prehistory dialectology, material culture and 2 Pig. J. Budze!ins Senprēšų valoda, Riga, 1943, p. 80—81. 3 Pig. Ibid., pp. 58–59. 320 religious issues, with more emphasis on Western Slavic tribes. Slavic relations with their neighbours (Whites, Germans, etc.) are also examined. On many questions M. Rudnickis has his own original views, which diverge considerably from the traditional concepts of Indo-European studies and į Slavistics. Without going into purely Slavic things, here will be stopped at one more M. The Baltic-Russian Relations. Baltic Prehistory Issues M. Rudnickis stumbled on several occasions: when speaking about Slavic neighbors, about the old Slavisms of the Baltic languages and many other ir places, when examining the question of the territory of individual Slavic tribes. M. Rudnicki, like other ir Polish linguists: T. Ler-Splavinskis, J. Safarevičius, Kurilovičius, J. recently ir J. Otrembski, maintains the hypothesis of a Baltic-Slavic proto-language. Ši the author’s concept is reflected in very categorical formulations: "from the Batto-Stowian workmen" (p. 36), "as catošė still balto-stowianska, but sie już rozpadająca na Battéw i Stowian" (p. 82) ir Mr. This a priori belief in the linguistic unity of the Baltic Slavs ir leads the authors to interpret the data of the Baltic languages quite artificially. We will not argue with the author about the existence of a Balto-Slavic su protolanguage, we will M. Rudnicki’s statements about the Balts based on this Balto-Slavic thesis, especially those which seem to us to be contradicted by the Baltic material. In general, the author can be blamed for the poverty of Baltic material and the roughness of data on the ' Whites. ir It seems that the author used considerably outdated Baltic studies data. The least convincing in this work are the etymological reasonings about galindus, Prieglių ir Sūduvy. | Galind. Ignoring the known historical data about the Galinds, the author tends to consider them a Slavic tribe simply because the Slavic interpretation of the etymology of the Galind name is more convincing to him than the Baltic one. Historical sources mention Baltic What are the local names? Silenced, galinda is o etymologicalized, separated from the Baltic onomastic system. In the meantime, the Galind is convincingly explained, only linked to the derivatives of the analogous semantics and structure of the Baltic languages. The semantic etymology of galindo has been given by K. Būga, who has linked this ethnonym with lie. galas and interpreting its meaning as synonymous with ykxpauney "living at the end". In fact, the territory of Galinda between the rivers Bebra (1. Biebrza), Luko (l. Etk), Alna and Geldape was the southernmost part of the western Baltic area. The name of the village is derived from the name of the village of the same name in the region of the Baltic Sea (Russian: Балтийское). Rudnicki- 's opinion that the "primitive" Prussian people could not have an understanding of their geographical position" is unfounded, because such a relative understanding of geographical position is not possible. K. Būga, Selected Writings, III, Vilnius, 1961, p. 124 et al. * Ibid., p. 126. 4 Ibid., p. 117. * The conclusion with the meaning of "end" is already doubtful, because this definition presupposes knowledge of the geographical extent of the Old Prussians, which would be strange for a primitive people (p. 18). 21. Vocabulary Questions VI. 321 Exercise is not so difficult that it would be impossible even ir a "primitive" nation. In contrast, calling neighbors by orientation is the simplest į way of naming. K. The etymology of the word "Bouga galindo" has been criticized because the origin of this ethnic name has not been convincingly explained. The semiotics ir of the ir iš pronoun is similar to that of the noun. rear. Ši lexicon widely represented in Lithuanian toponymy (Rear up.” 1. Biržai, 2. Dieveniškes, 3. Joniškis, Kapsukas, 4. Seredžius; 5. Galin - River Biržai; Rear k. ir vs. — about various 15 places in Lithuania), in anthroponymy ir (surname Rear — 140 families). Surname Rear is the origin of the iš nickname (Rear "in the end, living in the land"). Ši nickname Very popular in Lithuania ir now: in many villages They are known as the backbones. One-root forms of ir Prussian su place names are: Galynde ‘forest Semboje ties Kampainiu“, Galinden ‘area Mohrungeno aps. ". Galindia ‘area Eilavos aps. "®. Oath -inddar we find in place names: pr. Karw-inden, Stab- -ynden'; lie. Gel-ind-een k. (Plungė), Ner-ind-aičiai k. (Telšiai). Priesaga - I can't lie. pvd. Dal-inda, Dubr-indys, Til-indis ir Gal-indjus. J. Otrembski's claim that Galindzius<Galin¢ius® is unfounded. There is no such alternation of Afrikaans in Baltic languages, ir jo can not be explained by Baltic variation media +— tenuis (dempti — pull, griaūnas -— griaūnas). This suffix is found in the adjectives: ir klib-inda "a fallen thing, a fallen person", lask-inda "a bold, naked one". In Lithuanian next to the suffix -injasutinkama ir -inta-: last last-int ir (Giedraičiai); -intalovatina extended determinative -injavariant. It may be assumed that the ir suffix -indyra extended determinative -injavariant. That such a stem suffix can go ir -d-, -t-, ir shown by the following examples: Kurėnas ežeras. (Smalvos) <*Qur'an ir Kūrantas || The pool up. (Betygala); Qur'an<*Qur'an+ -d-; Samandis ež. (Smalvos) ir Samūnis ez. (1. Rimšė, 2. Smalvos, 3. Švenčionys); elephant , Chenopodium" < *baldnas (left-axis+ -ūn-, cf. raūdas || raud-6nas) + -d; skil-dn-d-- is, etc. Lithuanian pvd. Galindžius is a derivative (derivatives) iš Galindis ar Galind, the o last — derivative su suffix -diš Rear. Thus, the ir ethnonym galindas, probably, is a derivative of the suffix -diš galinis. And semantically galinda is, perhaps, something else than the final ne "the edge, living at the back." The local name Galinda relates to the ethnonym galindas, as does Lithuania with the Lithuanian, Kuršas kuršiu. su Prieglius. M. Rudnickis' work states that the Priegliaus basin belonged to the Slavic area in one prehistoric period, and the name of the river itself 5 Abbreviations are used in the same way as in other toponymic articles printed in the volumes of "Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai". ® Georg Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 35. 7 Ibid., p. 223. 8 See. J. Otrębski, The issue of Galindėw. "Studia historica w 35-lecie pracy naukowej również esąs Henryka Lowmianskiego, p. 77. 322 Slavic pochodzenia?". Neither one nor the other convinces Baltist. Neither archaeological nor toponymic data indicate when Slavs lived here. Ptolemy's map, which locates the Veneds (Odevedar) north of į Vyšla, is too weak an argument to prove that. Also, the name of the ir river is more convincingly explained only in the Baltic hydronym system. The oldest form of this river name, recorded in m., is 1273 Too bad. In Polish, this river name has the form Pregola, German — Pregel. Ir Polish, ir German forms are only phonetically altered variants of Pregora, adapted to the tų phonetics of the (r language / change in this case is quite possible due to dissimulation). The English version is adapted from the Swedish. Pregel. Pregora according to its structure is considered to be a iš prepositional derivative ir of the balti root gar|-garpriešdėlio prei- (lied. prie-), which in medieval German transcriptions is given in several variants: prei-, prey-, pre-, pri-. In the way Pregora belongs to the prepositional type of Baltic hydronyms, which has numerous equivalents in all Baltic languages: pr. Prei-tekynne (plg. lie. flow), Pre-sluge (plg. lie. sludge, swamp, mud, rotten Tree im Water)!? ; lie. Pre-nature up. (Rumšiškės), Prie-godas ež. ; pre-: su Pre-battle up. (Deltuva), Pra-galvys up. (Akmenė); la. I-sala up.! !. The second component of the Pre-Goran gar-lgar we find in many white hydronyms: lie. Itpa-ropa'? up. (Kraziai), Gor-ija up. (Kazlų Rūda Rūda), Gor-iné up. (Slipping), Gor-upys (Subačius), Gar-iava up. (Panevėžys); pr. Gor-in ež., Gor-ow-yten's, Saknj | gar-lgarrandame in Lithuanian adjectives pra-goré „praraja, bedugnė“, prd-garas,grundloser Weg, Abgrund”, pra-garmé “abbey, depth, hole”, gar-m-ėti “to sink, to drown, to murmur, to smash”, gor-ūoti “to go slowly, barely to crumble”. Other du Names of the shelter Lipz'* ir Skara'" also fits into the Baltic hydronym system, see: lie. 1) Lyp-artė up. Lip-ka up. (Jonava), Lip-kus up. (Rietavas), Lip-3ys ež. (Debeikiai); la. Missing up. Lipst- -Up up. ' *; pr. Lyps-aden"'; 2) lie. Skar-yé¢ia up. (Varniai), Skar-6kla ež. "Skar-upé (Geldapė)" (in Lithuanian). Sūduva. The most striking ir example of unfounded, tendentious vulgar etymology is Sūduvos "etymology" (: lies. shit,„,excrementum“), in which the semantics of the local name ir ethnonym is derived iš t * O if Pregola ma Slavic name, it is not excluded, this country ze was occupied for a while by Stovia, who were inquisitively removed Goths above all z Sambii i z The neighbouring area... p. 87. '* Georg Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 134-5 "J. Endzelins, Latvia PSR place names, I dala, 1. sėjums, Riga, 1956, p. 374. 12 M. A, Cnporncn, leorpaduueckiii cA0oBaps ApeBHeit XoMoirTcmoil seman XVI croAnti, BuAsLua, 1888, p. 261. "Georg Gerullis, The Old Prussian Place Names, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 44. M Georg Gerullis, The Old Prussian Place Names, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 90. 15 W. Kalwaitis, Lietuwiszky Wardy Klėtele, Tilžėje, 1910, p. 70. J. Endzelins, Latvia PSR place names, I dala, 2. sējums, Riga, 1961, p. 311. "Georg Gerullis, Die altpreuBischen Ortsnamen, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 89. 323 phonetic similarity su adjective, without paying į attention to the same root Balts toponyms. Unconvincing is the ir semantic motivation of this etymology: after checking all the available material of the Baltic lexicon (academic Lithuanian language dictionary, all older Lithuanian Latvian language dictionaries, ir etc.), meaning of Rudnickis etimon ir M. "bloto" not found. The questionable is ir K. Boogs "Sūduvas etymologija'- ®, kilnanti šį kryžvardį ide. iš *suddenly „own”, because ji unmotivated toponymic material is ir hardly ar possible semantically. R. Schmitle- !'* in's allusion to Similarity of the Sūduva į Sudetenland Silva (prehistoric Celtic area) can hardly be a prerequisite for etymology. Sūduva, pr. Sūdavė (in sources: gr. Zovd-tvor — ethnonym; lot. Suduvia, Sudovia, land Sudorum; vok. Zudua, Sudowin, Sudowen, Sudouwin, Suderland, Sudland) is indistinguishable from white place names by root su Saudi-/South-/Saudi-. The normal degree of this root is found in the following place names: lie. The end up. (Saločiai), Saudis k. (Šiluva); pr. Saud-en ir Saudi Arabia -iten®, Nykstamajj and the prolonged declination of this root have the following place names: lie. Sud-eikiai mstl. (Utena), Southern Lithuania k. (Kretinga), Sūda-laukis (Linkmenys), Sud-6kiai k. (Ski jumping), South-uikiai k. (Molėtai), Sud-Vajai k. (Alytus), Sud-ota ež. "Sad-uonia up". (Kalvarija), Sūdupis up. (1. Kelmė; 2. "Sūd-piunis pv". (Tverai, Kaupų k.), Sūd-ėlis mš. (Adutiškis, Močiškės k.), Sūda-raistis (A.D. 1000), a sculptor. (J. Naumiestis, Brokurių k.), Sūd-laukis 1k. (Akmenė, Munčelių k.), Sad-dlés pv. (Kartena, Dauginčių k.) Lyk-sūdē k. (Mosėdis), Kap-sūdžiai k. (Plungė); Explosion: Cyga lk. (Beržėnų vls.), Cyg-adme I'm going. (Pavandenés vls.) shrubs (Kražių vls.), Cygsi Cygocrs ynucs. pv. (Kražių vis.); la. South up., South-al-- ipa up., South-urga up. (urgent) ‘river’)*'; pr. Sud-owe| Sud-au (residence formerly Karaliaučiaus aps.), Sud-el-ow (Area XIV a. Semboje), Zud-aynen (place name) iš XV a.), Sud-en-iten (residence formerly Karaliaučiaus aps.); Sud-rin/Sud-ere/Sod-ere (forest Semboje XIX a. )*. Sūduvą sieti su M. In the territory of Lithuania, it is not allowed to use the name ir "Balt" in the su local language. 35s. Pronouns su Saud-/Sud-/Sūdsietini with the su root adjective: sūduva „klampinė raiste, akis, garmala“:*0le as for sūduvas pasipasiesi, nekelia, lauksma da pašolant (Tauragnai, Paakmenio k.; "Lietuvių kalbos žodyno kartoteka, LKLI"). In turn sūduva still su connects la.sud-eksis Iš K. Bouga, Selected Writings, III, Vilnius, 1961, p. 127. ¥ Raymond Schmittlein, Etudes sur nationalitė la der Aestii, I, Lithuanian toponyms, Bade, MCMXLYVIII, p. 60. ® Georg Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, Berlin and Leipzig, p. 1922, 153. 21 J. Endzelin, The Latvian Indians Gewässernamen, „Journal for Slavic PhilosophB. y”, XI, Leipzig, 1934, p. 135 ir 149. 2 Georg Gerullis, Die altpreuBischen Ortsnamen, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 175-9. 324 ‘gypsum’ (plg. lie. sud-6klis ’gypsum pustyklé’), lie. saudi-oil ,sandy $lamutis — Helichrysum arenarium’ (Varėna) and, maybe, shit „such a mushroom, similar to į rudmése” (Šimkaičiai). Physiographical term sūd-uva ‘klampyné’ is the same verb in other su Lithuanian terms of this kind: siet-uva "deep river place", rag-uva „water-carried ditch ar deeply carved out road place“, kil-iava "river threshold- ", kriok-uva "stream, waterfall". Both the Baltic toponyms and the general lexicon would indicate a probable Baltic origin. *sū-d-, meaning probably "water-filled, wet, viscous", and probably indistinguishable from ide. *sour-s**; plg. lie. salty, ssl. syrs "naB, feucht", sen. Shame. sulrr "sour, sharp, beiBend". The Baltic co-roots sū-ir sū-ryra only have different root determinatives. It shows and lies. sū-d-yti, which is derived from the root sūiterative determinative su -d-. Thus, Sūduva is a land of marshes, swamps and swamps. This meaning of the name corresponds to the physiographical characteristics of the region between the Mazurian Lakes and the Nemunas River, where the centre of the Suduvius ethnic area was located. M. Rudnickis’ work contains even more interpretatioir ns that are contradicted by Baltistic data, such as the question of the Balts’ old Slavisms, the chronology of some migrations, the prehistoric territory of the Balts, but this requires a much broader article. Here we were concerned to clarify only the matters related to the onomastics of the Baltic languages, and to show how imprudent it is to draw general conclusions based on random language data, which are not necessarily accurate. A. Vraciu, The Problem of the Balto-Slavic Linguistic Community, “Romanoslavica”, IV, Bucharest, 1960, p. 87—106. 2. A. Vraciu, The current state of research in the field of linguistic relations between the balto-slavic and germanic languages, “Romanoslavica”, VI, Bucharest, 1962, pp. 41—47. In the philological journal of the People’s Republic of Romania, Romanoslavica, two articles by the Romanian linguist Ariton Vraciu on the genesis of Baltic languages attract attention. The problems discussed in the articles are extremely relevant. Since the emergence of comparative-historical linguistics, the origin of the Baltic languages, the place of other languages has been discussed. languages and relations with other languages. languages questions. The language is closely related to the Baltic and Slavic languages. These problems still exist today. Determined efforts to solve these problems, particularly of the relations between Baltic and Slavic languages, are being made at present in connection with the organized ®| Alois Walde, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen, II, Berlin und B. Leipzig, 1927, p. 513. 325