Baltų ir Pabaltijo suomių kalbų santykiai

£-1E-T5EU VII UYU KALBOTYROS (K LA US IMAL V LTIS. T UV O" S T. SR MOK SLU A KAD EM TJ A RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE BALTIC AND SUBBALTIC FINNISH LANGUAGES A. SABALIAUSKAS General remarks There are various opinions about the age of the Balts' relations with their northern neighbours, the Baltic Finns. But one thing is clear, that the age of this relationship should be counted not in hundreds, but in thousands of years. The Soviet archaeologists A. Briusov, H. Moros? opinion, in the III millennium BC The Finno-Ugric tribes, the ancestors of the present Finno-Ugric peoples, lived in the forest belt of Eastern Europe, including Baltic Sea. These peoples lived mainly of hunting and fishing. They are characterized by dentate, or comb-shaped, ceramics. 2nd millennium BC. In the eastern Baltic, next to hunters and fishermen’s camps with characteristic hollow-tooth pottery, a completely new type of camps appeared, whose inhabitants were well acquainted with livestock and agriculture and used string pottery. In addition, these inhabitants are characterized by naval combat axes. Since this culture is not inherited from the earlier Eastern Baltic culture, but is a new phenomenon, its appearance is associated with the invasion of a new ethnic element into the Finno-Ugric territory. This new ethnic element will probably be the ancestors of the current Balts. Tokiai A. Briusovo ir H. More's opinion is shared by other Soviet historians and linguists. ? ir Foreign linguists (V. Tomsen, E. N. Setialia, J. Kalima, E. Nieminenas, Hakulinenas) L. The date of the Baltic Finns’ su encounter with the whites, based on purely linguistic arguments, į ' A. 5. Bpiocos, Ouepku rio ucropux meMex Espomeickoit uacrum CCCP B HeoAuTHuecKyroO 310xy, Mockea, 1952, p. 162 tt. 2X. A. Moopa, Bonpochl CA0xXEHHS BCTOHCKOTO Acid MH HEKOTOPHIX COCEAHHX HapOAOB B Chbere AAHHBIX apXeOAOrHH, "BOIpOCH! STHHYeCKONH HCTOPHH 3CTOHCKOTO Ha. Ta. Mim. 1956, p. 49—141, 3 Latvia PSR glass, s. I, K. Strazdipa, J. Zusa, J. Krastina, A. Drizula editorial office, Riga, 1953, p. 14—15; Lietuvos History of the t. I, TSR, editorial board: K. Jablonskis, J. Jurginis, Žiugžda J. (man. redaktorius), Vilnius, Lithuania 1957, p. 18—21; IL Apucrs, IlpuMetanus K.:KHHre A, Xaquiaudene ‘PassBuTHe H CTpyKTypa (MHCKOrO si3bika», II, 4. Mocksa, 1955, p. 278—279; QopmupoBanHe NPHGAATHHCKO-DUHCKAX SI3LIKOB H APEBHEHINHI MEepHop HX pa3BHTHs, "Boripochi ITHHYECKOH HCTOpHH OCTOHCKOTO HapOAA», p. 12. 109 past times. In their opinion, the ancestors of the Baltic and Baltic Finns met in the last centuries BC and the first centuries AD. K. Būga was inclined to move this date to somewhat earlier times (,,.... and the degree of culture, which is shown by Finnish words of Lithuanian origin, is more appropriate for the thousandth (1000) years than for the fiftieth (500) years B.C.). * However, even these linguists believe that from individual ide. The Baltic Finns first came into contact with the Whites. Only after encountering the Whites did the Baltic Finns come into contact with the Germans and Slavs. +* In addition, it should be noted that when we talk about the relationship between Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages, we usually have in mind the contacts of these peoples with the Baltic Sea, i.e., with the western origins of the Finns. However, there are also borrowed words from the Baltic languages in the Volga Finno-Ugric languages, such as the Mordvin and Mari languages. Tomsen tried to explain this fact by the fact that in ancient times there were other Finno-Ugric tribes living between the Volga and Baltic Finns, which played the role of intermediaries. The Soviet linguist B. Serebrenikov® hypothesized that in the forest belt between the Volga and the Klyazma rivers, before the Slavs appeared there, there lived people who spoke Id. language very close to the modern Baltic languages, O. Trubachev and V. Toporov? It also highlights the direct contact of the Baltic languages with the Volga languages. So far, there is no evidence to support the hypotheses raised here. However, they are worthy of attention anyway. These hypotheses are primarily supported by traces of Baltic toponymy found in the Middle and Upper Transnistria and between the Volga and Oka rivers. In addition, the aforementioned assumptions would also be supported by the Galinds mentioned in Russian chronicles, who lived near Moscow in the 11th—12th centuries. The Balts, having penetrated the eastern Baltic, occupied the sparsely inhabited Finnish lands. The northern part of the Balts, apparently, gradually dissolved among the Finnic origins, which were much more numerous. The southern part of the Balts assimilated the Finns, who probably lived in these areas in less numbers. The fact that Finns previously lived in the current northern Baltic areas is illustrated by the Finnish toponymy of these areas. In the present-day territory of Lithuania, the traces of such toponymy are very insignificant- -iz. the same are most often controversial, for example, some linguists indicate the Finnish origin of the name Nemunas, etc. However, the territory of Latvia is filled with Finnish-origin toponyms. The process of assimilation of the Finns lasted for thousands of years, and in the territory of Latvia it is still taking place today: the Livonians, who once lived abundantly around the Gulf of Riga and in the basins of the Western Daugava and Gauja, are now completely ending their assimilation. 5 5, A. Cepe6penHnHnunxrošB, O HeKOTODpkIX CAEAAX HCYS3HYBINETO HHAO6Bporiešickoro si3bIKa B IHeHTpe Esponeiickoit wacrm CCCP, 6Au3Koro x GOaATHHCKHM si3bIKAM, „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai", S. A, 1, Vilnius, 1957, p. 69—71. 6 O, H. Tpy6aues, Tpu AnToBckux 3THMOAOTHH, „Lingua Posnaniensis- ”, VIII, Poznan, 1960, p. 242; B. H. Tonopos, O. H. Tpy6aueg, AngrBucruueckKHuž aHaAH3 THApOHHMOB Bepxxero IToAgenpoBss, Mocrsa, 1962, p. 247—8. 110 4 Dad. Today this There are only a few hundred Baltic Finnish speakers left. " ; Archaeological evidence suggests that the Balts were somewhat higher cultures than their northern neighbours. jų At the time of ir the confrontation with the White Finns, the Whites were already engaged in livestock farming and agriculture. This statement is confirmed ne only by archaeological, but linguistic ir data. These businessiš es Baltic began to learn ir Finnish origins. In general, linguistic data indicate that there were ir close and friendly relations among the Baltic Finns. Influence of Baltic languages The Baltic Finnish languages are very distinct. Particularly ši pronounced influence Baltic Finnish Languages. A number of interesting works have been devoted to the study of the lexical relations of the aforementioned languages, among ir which the capital work of the Danish 1890 m. linguist V. Tomsen's Shop "Relations so Finnish ir Baltic (Lithuanian-Latvian) Languages” (,,Berérings mellem de finske og de Baltic (Lithuanian-Latvian) Sprog”, Kobenhavn, The latest developments in 1890). this field are summarized by a Finnish linguist J. The Work of Kalima "Baltic loanwords Pabaltijo suomių kalbose“ („Itamerensuomalaisten kielten balttilaiset lainasanat“, Helsinki, 1936). Minėtini gausūs neseniai mirusiojo finų kalbininko E. The work of Nieminen. The Baltic Finnish languages had a relatively small influence on the Baltic peoples, especially the ir Lithuanian Old Prussian languages. Most of the signs of this | influence can be seen in Latvian. Ji is felt in the ir phonetics, morphology, especially the ir lexicon of the o Latvian language. True, many The Baltic Finnish loanwords in Latvian have more recent tenses. Some of these borrowings through Latvian dialects, sometimo es ir through writings, as we will see, entered ir į Lithuanian language. The fact that The Baltic Finnish languages are more influenced by the Baltic languages than the latter The Baltic Finns, perhaps, explained by somewhat higher Baltic culture. But you have to agree su with the Estonian academic P. Ariste, that the influence of Finnish languages on the Baltic languages is still very little studied | Some of the Baltic borrowed words from the Finnish, which were previously unquestionable, have recently been tried to be considered Finnish words that have entered the Baltic į languages. Iš of the works aimed at illuminating the influence of Finnish languages on the Baltic languages, the K. The work of Abe "Estonian ir Livonian borrowings in Latvian lexicon" (A study of ja the ancestry of the Late Bronze Age in South Africa) (in Dutch). 1947 : There is no consensus su as to which Baltic language the first Finns came from: Some Finnish linguists believe that The Baltic Finns were su confronted with the Baltic proto-language. Bet E. Niemeninen argues that the Finns encountered a distinct Baltic su language, which was clearly separated ir from the ir Baltic protolanguage in its phonetic and morphological structure. However, this E. Niemineno TTI. A. Apucra, AHBbi HW AusBckuit 5i35IK, ‘Estonia NSV Teaduste Academy. 1977. "Science and Society". k. 1, Tallinn, 1958, p. 38. SE Nieminen, Uber some Characteristics of the Baltic Language, which reflects the oldest Baltic in leenwörter of the Baltic Finnish languages,,,Special print from the Reports of meetings Finnish Academy of The statement 1956", Helsinki, 1957, p. 186. 111 į 3. SS —— va of Wissenschaften contradicts the conclusions of historians, because it is difficult to imagine that in II the millennium B.C. The Baltic proto-language may have į split into separate languages. Grammatical characteristics In the Baltic Finnish ir Baltic languages we can see some similarities in the grammatical structure. It is true that such similarities ne can always be explained by the interaction of these languages, the influence of one language on another. For example, the į similarity in the ir construction of the so-called iliatives, which indicate direction, in Lithuanian-- Finnish languages is very striking, cf. suom. country „country, land": maahan „į country, land, į suom. tree ‘medis’: puuhun ,i puuta’, in Finnish. pill ,,dudelé, svilpukas": pilliin ,į dūdelę, į švilpuką“, suom. | koti namas": home „į name? next to liet. laūkan, danguūfi, pilifi etc. ir However, in both Finnish and Lithuanian ir language such a structure of locality, humorously appeared relatively long ago, ne ir jų appearance ir in one ir language, in another is to be interpreted as a spontaneous phenomenon". Suffix in Finnish used to indicate strengthening, intensity -pa, -pū (up to "as well, even, even", welūpū "as well, and", jospa “if”, kunpa "if") could have been borrowed from the iš Baltic languages (lit. bė, bei, pr. bhe)!. The Baltic Finnish languages are characterized by the attributive ir combination of adjective noun plg. is. uus majd „naujas namas“, to a new house, new houses. As we can see, this feature is typical of the Baltic languages, but ir similar constructions are not used in other Finno-Ugric languages, cf. erz. Murder. 00 xydo, 00 kKydoxeno, 00 Kydor, veng. ij hdz, uj hazak, uj hūzak. Attributive ir combination of noun adjective The Baltic Finnic languages may have emerged as an independent ir result of the development of these languages, but some influence may have been exerted here by the neighboring Baltic languages. ir The past participle forms of Estonian, such as olen lugenud, olin lugenud, also have counterparts in the Baltic languages, cf. let. esū read, buvaū read, lat. I've read, I've read. ' ? Recently, the imperative forms of ir Lithuanian-Russian languages have been su attempted to be -k interpreted by the jtaka'® of Finnish-Ugric languages. V. Pisani! * some Lithuanian Latvian participle ir constructions also tend to explain the influence of Finnish languages. Even such peculiarities of the Baltic ir Slavic languages as the use of instrumental as a predicate of a compound ta9 A. XakyAunHeH, PasBurne H CTPyKTyp (HHCKOro g3bIKa, u. I, Mocksa, 1953, p. 88. 10 A, Meiė, Comparative Method in Historical Linguistics, Vilnius, 1956, p. 92. I A, XaxyAnnen, PašBurne H CTpyKTypa (uHCKoOro s35IKa, 4. I, p. 217, 12 11, H. ApucTs, PopMmupoBaHme rnpanOaArHžcCKO-OHHCKHX S3bIKOB H APPEHEUIMiA nepuop HXxX pa3BHTHS, p. 12. 8B, H Tonopos, O. H. TpyGaues, ibid. p. 249—50. 14 V, Pisani, a Zu Baltic-Estonian Partizipialkonstruktion,- ,The Land of Writings, ‘dedication to an academic professor Dr. Janim Andzelinam vipa dzives 85 un 65 darba gadu atcerei, Riga, in which the tendency of 1959, p. 215—217. ; 112 transitive verbs to po combine several suffixes in one word, some linguists „7 regard as a result of the substrate of Finno-Ugric languages. A slightly more pronounced influence of the Finnish languages can be seen in the grammatical structure of Latvian, especially in those Latvian dialects where the Livonian people lived in the past. Of course, these iš characteristics obtained by the Finns here are not old ir and can be explained by the remains of the Livonian substrate. The influence of the Livonian language is explained by the deflection of the Latvian į accent on the first syllable. Obviously, this process was very complicated could ir have started even ir be Livonian influence, but the Livonian language probably had an influence at least on the intensification of this process!s. The Livonian language has influenced the formation of the Latvian dialects. In Latvian dialects, due to the Livonian influence, the masculine forms have often displaced the feminine ones, the third-person form of the verb has been o generalized to the singular plural forms of both persons, etc. '® ir ir B. Serebrenikovas'” indicates that the influence of the Livonian language is explained by the use of the Latvian locus of the same form in the direction of the local meaning ir (forest life) “to live in the forest”, meza „į braukt braukt the forest”). Some features of the Livonian language that are not typical of other languages The Baltic Finnish languages were influenced by the Latvian language. For example, iš the Livonian borrowed some verb prefixes from Latvian, e.g. lyv. vottd ‘take’; aizvotto "borrow, subtract" (:lat. nemt-aiznemt), lyv. data ‘to do’: aptiedé ‘surrounded’ (:lat. taisit-aptaisit), lyv. kandé „nesti, nešioti“: pakandé „to carry, to carry out“ (:lat. nest-panest) ir kt. Į The Livonian language also permeated another Latvian suffix, cf. lyv. dense „dosnus, gausus“: generous “it gives” (Latvian suffix -igs), lyv. piédem ‘cleanness’: pūdoz "clean" (lat. -ums), lyv. kovalib "mind": koval ‘intelligent’ (lat. -tba). The syntax of the Livonian language also shares some other traits of Latvian'®. Latvian prefixes are found in some ir Palatvio in Estonian dialects. For example, in the northern territory of Latvia, the The prefixes used in Latvian are at-, bez-, iz-, no-, pa-, plg. is. masma "pay": atmasma "revenge" (:lat. pay back), : est. good ,,motina“: bezjemada motinos“ , be (:lat. mate: bez mates), est. piddmd Keep: ispiddmd ‘maintain’ (:lat. turėt: izturet), est. drop 'allow': nūlaskanu "down, down, down" (:lat. laist: descended), est. good ‘mother’: includes ‘mamoté’ (:lat. mate: pamate) ir kt. ' ? Ar J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, Riga, 1951, p. 32. 16 Idem, p. 10—11. 7"B.A. Pans for O baking, HEKOTOPLIX BO3MOJKHEIX NPHYMHAX NPOHCXOXKACHUS HAAaTHBHOTO 3HA4EHHS Yy AQTHIIKOrO AOKaTuea,,Rakstu krajams..", p. 243—246. ' II. 1998-1999 A, ApucTos, AUBH H AMBCKMif %3BIK, p. 43. 9 P, Ariste, Indo-European dish Prifixe the Baltic in Finn Sprachen- ,,Studii si cercetari lingvistice omagiu lui Al. Graur on cu the occasion a 60 de of his 3, birthday“, Bucharest, 1960, p. 338. 8. Questions of Speech VI. 113 The influence of one language on the other is mainly seen in the lexicon. The lexical relationships between the Baltic and Baltic Finns were also reflected most clearly in the vocabulary. The Finnish linguist L. Hakulinen in his book “Structure and Development of the Finnish Language” (,,Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys”, Helsinki, 1946) provides interesting statistics on the current lexical composition of the literary Finnish language. Careful analysis has shown that Baltic borrowings in the current literary Finnish language account for 1.1%, i.e., out of a thousand Finnish words, eleven are of Baltic origin. It should be noted that such a percentage of Baltic vocabulary is not found in any other Indo-European language, despite the fact that with neighboring id. languages the Balts communicated much more. Many of the words of Baltic origin found in Finnish are still used in modern literary Estonian. Although, as mentioned, the Baltic debts to the Finnish languages are relatively well studied, there are also many controversial issues. In the future, language science will replace not one now seemingly unquestionable decision. We will present those Baltic borrowings, which the Finnish linguist J. Kalima mentions in his work “Baltic borrowings in the Baltic Finnish languages”, together with references to other literature.?! Suom. tight, tight. ahtaan ‘eng’, est. ahas, est. ahastama,,dngstigen, bedrangen", cf. lit. poster (V. Thomsen, 158—9; J. Kalima, 86; Y..H. Toivonen, I, 5; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). J. Kalima and Y. H. Toivonen state doubting.- ?? Suom. cultivated; kilm. ahinkaan „Fischgabel“, est. cultivated, kilm. cultivate; ahing, kilm. ahingi ‘Stecheisen (zum Fischen)’, pūeva-ahingid ‘Sonnenstrahlen’, cf. lit. ūkstinas, akštis (V. Thomsen, 157; J. Kalima, 86; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 5). Suom. always „immer; noch“, est. aina, ainu, ainute “only, only; ganz", cf. pr. ainat „allezeit- “, lit. vienat, lat. vien (V. Thomsen, 156—7; J. Kalima, 87; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 9; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). J. Kalima, Y. H. Toivonen state with doubts. + Suom. aisa „Deichsel“, est. ice, kilm. aisa,,Stange der Gabeldeichsel" could have come from some Baltic word, which neither in the present Baltic languages nor in the Baltic language monuments in general we find now (J. Kalima, 87—8; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). "A, XarxyAnxnen, PasBurue m crpykrypa ¢uHCKoro ssmika, 4. II, Mocrsa, 1955, p. 151. : *i Of the Baltic Finnish languages, we only give examples of Finnish and Estonian here, examples of other Baltic Finnish languages (Livonian, Karelian, Vapsi, Vatti) are given only in cases where they are not in Finnish and Estonian. | *? The works of the authors mentioned here are in mind: V. Thomsen, Berdringer mellem de finske og de baltiske (litauisk-- lettiske) Sprog, Kgbenhavn, 1890; J. Kal ima, Itdmeren-S suomalaisten kielten balttilaiset lainasanat, Helsinki, 1936; Y. H. Toivonen, Suomen ¢, kielen etymologinen sanakirja, I—II (II—Y, H. Toivonen, E. Itkonen, A. J. Joki); Helsinki, 1955—1958; A. XarxyAunen, PasBurue x cTpyKTypa duHcKoro si3b51Ka, 4. II, Mocksa, 195545 II. A. Apucra, Illpuvevanus x kaure A. XaKyAuHeHa. 114 Lie. aistar ‘Finne (in Gesicht)", plg. let. Ankh-Morpork, Ankh-Morpork, Ankh-Morpork. anksteri- ,Maden, Larven, Engerlinge’ (V. Thomsen, 158; J. Kalima, 88). V. Tomsen said doubtingly. Suom. aitta, kilm. Grandpa. ,,Vorratshduschen”, est. ait, kilm. aida ,,Klete, Vorratshaus" may have come from a iš now unknown Baltic word, which some people try to associate with Lithuania. su ditvar (J. Kalima, 88—90; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I. 11). : Suom. ajattara, ajattaro, aattara ‘mytol. being (mythological creature)", est. dijdtdr “kirosina, mother of the Devils, daughter of "Jude", plg. let. kite (J. Kalima, 90). J. Kalima says doubtingly. Suom. ankerias, angerjas, ūnkeriūs, ‘anguilla’, est. eel, plg. let. eel; pr. angurgis (V. Thomsen, 158; J. Kalima, 90—1; L. Hakulinen, il, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 19). Suom. anklet ,Sling, Dohne, Fallstrick, Strick", est. aas, kilm. aasa «Mesh, eyelet, loop, loop, handle», plg. let. gsa, lat. uosa, mrs. ansis , Boiler hooks" (V. Thomsen, 159; J. Kalima, 91; L. Hakulinen, II, 41, Y. H. Toivonen, I, 19). Suom. apila, apilas , Klee", plg. let. dobilas, lat. abuls, pr. Wobilis (V. Thomsen, 156; J. Kalima, 91; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 21; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). J. Kalima, Y. H. Toivonen, L. Hakulinen say doubtingly. Suom. arta, kilm. arrow ,Stangerigeist zum Aufhängen des Netzes u.a. ", plg. let. afdas, ardai, lat. ards, ardi ‘the Dorrbalken in der heating rows; thick bars that are above or next to the Oven im Room to rent Drying of the Pergel, dresses etc. are attached; the Bars of in Kiiche or the in Bath in room, Livl. also over the Riegenofen for Re&uchern des meat; das Fire pit" (V. Thomsen, 159; J. Kalima, 91—2). V. Tomsen said doubtingly. Est. Echeveria, echeveria ‘Salmon trout (Salmo trutta)", plg. let. perch, lat. azers, azers (J. Kalima, 92). Claims doubting. | Suom. elki, eljen ‘indoles, mos (natural property, way)", eljet, elkeen, elkiū ,launig; "Blasted", plg. let. behavior, behaviour (J. Kalima, 92—3; L. Hakulinen, II, 42; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 36—7). Y. H. Toivonen says doubtingly. Suom. hako ‘abgehauener grüner Branch of the coniferous, fir, spruce, juniper, fallen Baum", est. left .Reisig; Ripe, peak of Laubbaumes", plg. let. Zdgaras, lat. Zagars, liet. Zaginiai, lat. hiccups loses Foliage, leafy Ruthen, Badequéste”, plg. t. p. let. Saka, lat. sakas "Mist fork, Kummet" (J. Kalima, 93—4: L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 50—1). The origin of the word raises some doubts. Suom. haljakka, light blue; pale grey; Skirt by blidulichem Stoffe", halea, halia, haleva pale green. grau, graulich”, est. green, shield. halja „blank, shining, shining grin", plg. let. Zdlias, lat. zal, pr. base (V. Thomsen, 244—6; J. Kalima, 94—5; L. Hakulinen, II, 40; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 51). Suom. white ,Nachtfrost”, est. grey, kilm. hall, plg. let. $alna, lat. salna (V. Thomsen, 220—1; J. Kalima, 95; Y. H. Toivonen, I, -51). 115 Tooth, ill. hampaan ‘Zahn’, est. tooth, slice. - teeth, plg. let. žambas, lat. zuobs, Zahn" (V. Thomsen, 246—7; J. Kalima, 95—6; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; P. H. Toivonen, I, 54). Suom. hanhi, kilm. hanhen "Goose", est. hani, plg. let. Goose, lat. zuoss, pr. chances (V. Thomsen, 247; J. Kalima, 96; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 55). P. Ariste (II, the 279) Baltic etymology of the aforementioned Finnish word is doubtful. Suom. harakka ‘Elster’, est. harakas, harak, plg. lit. šūrka, pr. sarke (V. Thomsen, 221; J. Kalima, 96; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 57—8). J. Kalima ir L. Hakulinen says with doubt. Suom. brush "Borste, Mahne, Būrste, Kamm", est. Hari, kilm. brush ‘Būrste, Hechel, Kamm, First’, pg. let. Sherry, lat. sars (V. Thomsen, 222; J. Kalima, 97; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 58). Suom. gray ‘grau’, est. arm, armi “grey, light grey; one Dog name", plg. let. SCHIFMAS, lat. sirms (V. Thomsen, 223—4; J. Kalima, 97; L. Hakulinen, II, 40; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 59). Suom. burial „run, run away, run away", haude “Bahnen- ”, est. deadma ‘brūten, bebriiten’, hauduma ‘brūten, hecken, maischen, brūhen’, plg. lat. sautėt, bahen, brūhen; priigeln"”, liet. Jam. šaūtas,lapiené, lapų sriuba’; let. šūsti, lat. sust (J. Kalima, 97-8; L. Hakulinen, II, 42; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 63). They say with doubt. Suom. havu, havo, coniferous branch; Baumnadel- ", plg. let. žūbas, žūbaras (J. Kalima, 99; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 64). They say with doubt. Suom. heimo „Genus, tribe, relatives“, est. Hdchim, kilm. Hodim "Relationship, relative", plg. let. family, lat. family ,Household items; Family im weiteren Sinne", pr. seimins (V. Thomsen, 222; J. Kalima, 99; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 64). Suom. deer "Heu, Gras, Kraut", est. hey, plg. let. sheen, lat. Hay (V. Thomsen, 223; J. Kalima, 99—100; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 64—5]). Suom. heitid, hetiū ‘flowering (referring to rye, barley)", hede ‘ziedas’, hedelmd "Fruitful", pg. let. bloom, flower (V. N. Toporov, O. N. Trubachev, 247). Suom. helle, kilm. helteen ‘schwūl; "Place", pg. let. šiltis, šiltas, lat. silis (J. Kalima, 100; L. Hakulinen, II, 40; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 67). J. Kalima and L. Hakulinen state that they are in doubt. Suom. herhildinen, hérhildinen, horhéldinen, "Wespe, Hornisse- ", est. herilan, erilan, plg. let. sirse, sirse, lat. sirsenis, fr. sirsilis (V. Thomsen, 224; J. Kalima, 100; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, i, 70). Suom. herne,Erbse", est. hernes, plg. let. žirnis, lat. zirnis, pr. syrne ‘Korn’ (V. Thomsen, 251; J. Kalima, 100—1; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, 70). 116 Suom. strap ,Belts, leather Giirtel”, est. ihn, plg. let. Ķīpsala, lat. zigzag (V. Thomsen, 223; J. Kalima, 101; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 73). P. Aristé (See also: 279) Baltic languages and Baltic dialects.) Suom. deer, kilm. deer; deer, kilm. Deer , Elentier, Hirsch”, est. haev, kilm. hirve Reh", plg. pr. service ‘Reh’ (V. Thomsen, 225; J. Kalima, 101—2; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 78). Wasps. hdhk, kilm. hdhkdin ,saukko (uopka)’, plg. let. Ķekava, lat. ferret (V. Thomsen, 223; J. Kalima, Suom. 102—3). hdūrkū.,,Ox“, est. hūrg, kilm. hdrja, plg. let. Horse, lat. horse ‘Pferd’, pr. sirgis ‘Stallion’ (V. Thomsen, 249—51; J. Kalima, 103; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 99). Suom. hdrmd „Ripe“, est. hdrm, kilm. hdrma, plg. let. Sarma, lat. Sarma, Sarma (V. Thomsen, 221; J. Kalima, 103—4; L. Hakulinen, II, 40; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 99). Suom. irtalose- , r, free Status" is tried to be su linked to liet. irti, lat. irt, liet. demolition, lat. ardit (V. Thomsen, 174; J. Kalima, 104; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 108). Suom. jdytdd ‘tara, manure (sliced); root, rifva (eat, eat)" is attempted to link liet. su eat, lat. ėst, pr. is (J. Kalima, 201). Suom. jddrd, year "Shepherd, ram," est. jūdr, year, plg. let. éras, lat. jėrs, pr. eristian (V. Thomsen, 169: J. Kalima, 104; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 133). Suom. karna "Borke, Kieferrinde", est. raven, shield. karna ,Krezze", plg. let. karna (J. Kalima, 104—5; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 135). They are in doubt. Wasps. Kabuta ‘Ssyleilla (embraced)’ J. Kalima (105) tries to bind liet. su hang. ; Suom. all "omnis, omnes", is. kdik, kilm. Chicks ‘all; ganz", plg. let. how much, each, lat. how many (V. Thomsen, 186—7; J. Kalima, 105; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 141). They say with doubt. Suom. kaima "Namensvetter", est. Kam. Kilm. kaimu ,Relative, relative, brother-in-law", plg. let. village, kiémas, lat. ciems, pr. caymis, lit. neighbor, pr. kaiminan, lat. Cieminš ,one Guest from nearby Neighbourhood; der Guest at all” (V. Thomsen, 177; J. Kalima, 105—6; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 142). Suom. kaleva: Kalevanpoika „jute, tall, strong man (giant, big, strong man)“, est. The lion is trying to escape. su calves (J. Kalima, 106). Suom. kantele, kilm. kanteleen „cithara Finnorum primitiva, guingue chordis instructa et digitis tractanda”, est. cannel, kilm. Candle , "Harfe" is tried to link to liet. su Kafiklės, lat. kuokle (V. Thomsen, 178—81; J. Kalima, 106—7; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 42). paragraph "Stūck, Ding, Gegenstand", plg. let. buckwheat, lat. piece, (V. Thomsen, 170; J. Kalima, 107; L. Hakulinen, I, 139, II, 42; Y. H. Toivonen, I, 160). P. Ariste (I claim 302) that the Whites borrowšį ed the word iš Baltic Finnish. 117 Suom. paarre, kilm. paarteen „Saum, Falte, Verbramung“ is tried to be linked to lat. barksts, barkste, būrsts „Franse, Faser; the hem of the dress” (V. Thomsen, 162; J. Kalima, 144). Suom. pahla, kilm. pahlan "Rute, Gerte", est. pahl, pahlas “spear, pointed rod (for piercing)- ”, plg. let. baslys (J. Kalima, 144—5; Y. H. Toivonen, II, 456). Est. Pahr, kilm. pahru, Eber’, pg. let. pafšas (J. Kalima, 145). Suom. "paimen, Hirt", est. paimendama,,shooting, behiiten- ”, plg. let. | shepherd (V. Thomsen, 208; J. Kalima, 145; L. Hakulinen, II, 41; Y. H. Toivonen, II, Lyv. palandaks, pigeon (balandis- )’, plg. let. balafidis, lat. baluodis (V. Thomsen, 161; J. Kalima, 145). Suom. pana,,ignis", cf. pr. panno, Feuer", 459). panustaclan, Feuereisen" (V. Thomsen, 206; J. Kalima, 146). Suom. parjata, parjaan,- ,schméhen, lastern, verleumden”, plg. let. bdrti, lat. bart (J. Kalima, 146; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). Suom. barta, kilm. parran ‘Bart’, est. pard, kilm. Parra is tried to be linked to liet. beard, lat. būrda, pr. bordus (V. Thomsen, 162; J. Kalima, 146). Suom. pauna „little wash 1. washcloth, worn in a 6fover the shoulder strap”, est. pound, pound. pauna,Ranzen, Felleisen, (scherzw.) Magen" J. Kalima (146) links it to lat. pauna,eine kleine Miitze; a backpack; Rags; Biindel, Child". V. Thomsen (272) considered the Latin pauna to be borrowed from the Baltic suomiy. Suom. pelu, dgs. pelut ‘Hacksel- ’, plg. let. pėlūs, lat. pelus, pr. pelwo (V. Thomsen, 207; J. Kalima, 147). "Suom. Fuck you, kilm. perkeleen; perkule ‘Teufel’, est. Pergel, porgel is tried to be linked to liet. perkūnas, lat. pērkūns, pērkuons, pr. percunis (V. Thomsen, 207; J. Kalima, 147; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). Suom. 2000, pg. pirtin,,smoking room (hut without chimney), room of the household", plg. let. sauna, lat. sauna (V. Thomsen, 208; J. Kalima, 148; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). Suom. Sail, kilm. sail, “Segel”, est. sail, plg. let. (V. Thomsen, 163-4; J. Kalima, 148). Mr. Kalima doubts. In recent times, the name of the Baltic sail has been considered to be borrowed from the Baltic Finns, cf. p. Suom. Puuro, putro „Brei, Grūtze", est. powder, clay. powder ‘Brei, gekochte Grūtze’, cf. lit. putra, lat. putra ‘Grūtze, Brei’ (V. Thomsen, 210; J. Kalima, 148—9; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). Suom. rahna, rahno, rahnu "Ssplint, spjele (skiedra, atplaiša, rakštis)- ", est. stone, clay. rahnu, rahna, „ungespaltener Stamm, Klotz, Block“ is attempted to tie with lit. rgstas (J. Kalima, 149). Suom. rahtu „hiukkanen (small particle of something)“ is tried to be linked to lit. rūštas, lat. raksts (J. Kalima, 149—50). Suom. raita,Sal- -, Palmweide", est. raid, kilm. raia,Bruchweide (salix fragilis), auch andere baumartige Weiden" is often associated with the Latin suffix "die Kiefer" (J. Kalima, 150). 124 Suom. Rako, kilm. range , Crack, Spalt", fence crack ‘Lūcke im Zaun“, est. ragu, pragu, plg. let. spraga, lat. gap “an open Stelle im fence, im ice, one Gap between two Gebduden” (V. Thomsen, 219; J. Kalima, 150-1). Suom. hand, hand 'tree trunk;' long logs; Riickgrat is attempting to link to liet. su drdnga "work, work" (J. Kalima, 151). Suom. raisu „wild, ungestūm, unbandig, mutwillig" is attemptsu ed to link to liet. brave, lat. drēss (J. Kalima, 151). Suom. "Drossel", est. Tanned, origin rddsta ,„Throttle-, also other "Birds", plg. let. Ostrich, lat. Straws, pr. three (V. Thomsen, 220; J. Kalima, 151; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41), find "Zeichen, Merkmal" is attemptsu ed to be related to liet. Species, lat. Article (J. Kalima, 151—2). Įdomu, kad suom. crosshair ‘the Ziffer" already K. The young man iš considered the Baltic languages a loan. (K. Buga, Aist. st., Suom. 149). rata, kilm. radan „Bahn“, est. rada, kilm. raja,raa ,strip, row, walkway, rope ladder (am Mast), Spur "trying to link lat. su pusra1a, uz pusrata, halfway, pretty much halfway Ways" (J. Kalima, 152). Suom. wheel, kilm. rattaan , Rad", wheel ,Rader, Wagen”, est. wheel, kilm. rat ,Rad, Rolle", plg. let. rdtas, lat. rats (V. Thomsen, 211; J. Kalima, 152; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). travel, reite- ;,Schinkel, Lende", est. reiz, kilm. reie, plg. let. rietas, lat. rieta , Bein" (V. Thomsen, 212; J. Kalima, 152—3: L. Hakulinen, II, 41). | Suom. Okay, kilm. reen “Schlitten- ”, est. regi, kilm. ree, plg. let. rectum, _ lat. Sleigh (V. Thomsen, 211, J. Kalima, 153). = Suom. rentid, rennin “water”, est. rdndama , wander, pilgrimage, wandering, walking around”, plg. let. bristi, lat. deficiency (J. Kalima, 153—4). Suom. border Rand, Kante", plg. letter: briauna (J. Kalima, 154). Suom. reuna baltizmu laikė ir K. Būga (Aist. st., 41—2). : Suom. rieska, fresh, unsalted; siisse milk; uncooked and freshly baked barley bread”, est. rdsk, kilm. réésa ‘Ssūss (not fermented); young, tender, innocent (bes. an "Witchcraft", plg. let. Press (V. Thomsen, 209—10; J. Kalima, 154—5; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 42). belt "Ribbon, string, thread", est. strap, sheet. the belt; Ream, sheet. feed , "Reimen" is tried to link to su liet. binding, connection (V. Thomsen, 212; J. Kalima, 155—6). Suom. riita “,halkopino (Holzstoss)” is attempted su to be related to liet. area "a nicely stacked pile of firewood" (K. Buga, Aist. st., 30; J. Kalima, 156). Suom. rouhia, rouhata "to stamp, to crush, to crush", est. réhuma „drūcken, quetschen, drangen“, rėhwe „wrinkled, crumbling, old wrinkled Stroh", plg. lat. diamonds “stamping, which Spitzen der Stomping barley grains”, sang. kraušyti ‘stampfen, zerstossen’ (J. Kalima, 156). Suom. routa, kilm. roudan , hard frozen soil, frozen Cat; Erdfrost", routakuu "Dezember", plg. let. Grains (V. Thomsen, 173—4; J. Kalima, 157; L. Hakulinen, II, 40). į 125 Suom. rujo „krūppelig, verkrūppelt, verwachsen, leidend, gebrechlich, invalid“, est. ruju, rudu,schwach, matt" is tried to be linked to the Latin kruja „Plumpsack, Krūppel" (J. Kalima, 157). Suom. the stone pile „Steinhaufen“ is tried to be linked to the Latin ruin „Ruinen“ (J. Kalima, 157—8). Suom. Russian „braun“, Estonian „brandgelb, braunrot“ is tried to be linked to Latin ruskans, rūsgans,roétlich, braunlich, rotbraun- “, Lithuanian rūdas, rūsvas (J. Kalima, 158). Suom. sakara, sakari „,Vorsprung, Horn, Spitze" is tried to be linked to lit. siūgaras (J. Kalima, 203). | Suom. salo,„forest island, forest area, large uninhabited forest (misko sala, miškinga vietovė, didelis negyvenamas miškas)", est. salu,„,Morastinsel, Hūgel im Morast", cf. lit. sala, lat. sala „Insel, Holm; High in the marsh” (V. Thomsen, 214; J. Kalima, 158; L. Hakulinen, II, 40). Suom. sammas, sampas,rajakivi, lapis terminalis (limit mark)“, est. pillar „Saule, Pfosten, Pfeiler, Instrument um Bretter zum Behobeln einzuspannen“ is tried to be linked to lit. žambas „kampas, kerté", žambis, žambris, ploklas, medinė žagrė“ (J. Kalima, 158—9). Suom. sapa "tail (without hair)", est. tail, slice. its "Schwanz, Schweif, Schleppe, Anhang, Ende, Ausgang" is attempted to link to the lit. stumbas "Pfosten, Sonne; Gotzenbild, Schlagfluss“, stūbaras, „dry tree branch“, lat. stabs, „post, sail, pillar, pranger“ (J. Kalima, 159—60). Suom. seind,, Wand", est. Sin, Kilm. seina, plg. lit. siena, lat. siena (V. Thomsen, 217; J. Kalima, 160; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. seivds,fence post, fence plugs“, est. teevee, teevee, plg. let. “ stem (V. Thomsen, 219-20; J. Kalima, 160; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. seura „Gesellschaft, Gefolge", seuralainen „Mitglied einer Gesellschaft, Gefahrte- ", seurakunta „Gemeinde", follow „follow, accompany“, est. Sober, kilm. sobra "Friend, lover, friend, customer- ", plg. let. zebras, lat. sébrs (V. Thomsen, 215—6; J. Kalima, 160—1; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. siemen ‘Same’, est. seed, slice. seeme, seemne, Saat, Same", plg. let. sémens, sėmenys, pr. semen (V. Thomsen, 216; J. Kalima, 161—2; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. sii "a wall beam protruding out of the base of the roof, liber the wall surface of the house", plg. let. place, lat. sija (E. Nieminen, plg. p. 177—82). Suom. bridge, brick, pier, landing brick; Diele", est. Bridge, shield. silla "Brūcke, Kniitteldamm, unterhaltener Weg", plg. let. bridge, lat. tilts (V. Thomsen, 232; J. Kalima, 162; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. sisar, sisūr,Schwester- "”, est. sézar, sohar, sister; Sister’s Daughter”, plg. let. sister (V. Thomsen, 217; J. Kalima, 162-3). Mr. Kalima says he doubts. Saom. suova,acervus foeni coniformis in pratis”, with great doubt, it is tried to associate with lit. roof, pr. roof (J. Kalima, 204). 126 Suom. sky , Himmel", est. Heaven, shield. taeva, plg. let. Goddess, lat. dievs, pr. deywis, deiwas, deiws (V. Thomsen, 166—7; J. Kalima, 163; L. Hakulinen, II, 40). Suom. lawfish (tdkkiainen, tahkiainen),Klette", est. takijas, takjas, takis, takaja, tagijas, tagi, plg. let. dagys, lat. Burdock (V. Thomsen, 165; J. Kalima, 163—4; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. talkoo, dgs. workshops; talkoos, talkos ,commoner A treat for all Helper (at the Harvest etc. )", est. talgu, dgs. Talgud ,Ernteschmaus’, plg. let. talka, lat. talka (V. Thomsen, 226—7; J. Kalima, 164; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). ; * Suom. kilm. tavan „Sitte, Gewohnheit, Weise", customary „gewohnlich”, est. taba, kilm. tava "habit, habit, use, way", plg. let. daba, nature, characteristic, character", lat. daba (V. Thomsen, 164—5; J. Kalima, 164—5; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). Suom. tarha "fenced place, livestock farm, farm around the moon", puutarha "garden- ", est. tara, tahr, "Hūrde, fencing, courtyard around the moon, around the sun", plg. let. daffodil, lat. dafnis (V. Thomsen, 166; J. Kalima, 165; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. tarista,- erzdhlen, plaudern- ", the story "Erzahlung, Fabel", plg. let. tafti, pr. tarin, voice, speech" (V. Thomsen, 228; J. Kalima, 165—6). Tomsen said he doubted. Suom. tarpa, kilm. tarvan ‘Storstange’, tarpo, kilm. tarvon, est. tarbu, kilm. For example, “Storstange der Fischer” is tried to be linked to the Latin dalba, dalbs “der Stamm des Baumes”; a fishing rod to scare the fish; a rod for pushing, rowing, stopping the boat” (J. Kalima, Suom. tarvas, jokin hirvensukuinen eldin (something of the deer family)", est tauras, téuras,Rennthier- ”, cf. let. tauras, pr. tauris,,- Wesant“ (V. Thomsen, 166). 228-30; J. Kalima, 166-7). | Suom. table 'Zunder', east. tael, tagel, plg. lat. dagla, degla "the birchling, birch sponge and the fire sponge prepared from it, tinder", liet. dēglas, dūglas, “black-checked (of pigs)” (V. Thomsen 165; J. Kalima, 167; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. teiri (teire-, teiri-), teeri, teer,Birkhahn", est. Tetre, tedre associated with liet. tėtervinas, lat. teteris, pr. tatarwis „,Birkhuhn“ (V. Thomsen, 231—2; J. Kalima, 167—8)|). Suom. temmata, tempaan- ,reissen, zupfen", est. tombama,ziehen" is tried to be linked to liet. tempti, lat. tiepties (V. Thomsen, 231; J. Kalima, 168; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). "Teer". teer.ee. Torch, shield. térva, plg. let. derva, lat. tarva (V. Thomsen, 166; J. Kalima, 168—9; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). Suom. tiine, kilm. tiineen,pregnant- ", est. tiine, kilm. It is associated with lit. dieni,turésianti, vesianti (about animals)” (J. Kalima, 169; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). toe, kilm. tokeen ,Dam, Fence im Wasser fiir Fischgerite", est. toge, kilm. land; Toke, kilm. jacks “Stutze, icebreaker (for Page of one 127 Briicke), Fischwehr”, plg. let. tūkišas ,Salmon in wars den "Fluss", lat. Silence, silence “Fischwehr”, pr. takes , Wehr (at the Miihle)" (V. Thomsen, 226; J. Kalima, 169—70; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). horn, squeegee. peat "Shepherd's horn, hunting horn, forest horn; Réhre", is. Torch, shield. offset ,Speech tube, wooden horn", plg. let. taurus, lat. taurus (V. Thomsen, 230—1; J. Kalima, 170; L. Hakulinen, II, Est. 41). tdug, kilm. téuu ,Haufe, Partie, Stamm, Sippschaft, Race, Sorte" is attempted to be su related to the Lithuanian. daūg, lat. datidz (J. Kalima, 170). Suom. thousand (thousands), kilm. thousand ,thousand- ”, est. fuhat, kilm. tuhande, plg. Melt. thousand, lat. thousands (V. Thomsen, 232—3; J. Kalima, 170—1; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). Tuohi, kilm. tuohen "Birkenrinde- ", est. Yes, sir. tohe, tohu, plg. let. tėšis, lat. Thusis (V. Thomsen, 232; J. Kalima, 171). Suom. wind, wind, wind. tuulahan, tuulaksen torch light; Fischgabel”, blows, blows ‘with the Fish fork pricking (with Torchlight)”, plg. let. dull, lat. Dahlia (V. Thomsen, 168; J. Kalima, 171—2; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). tuura „Iispicke“, est. tur, kilm. tuura, tuure ,Brecheisen with hēlzernem Stiele, Harpune, Lanze, Eispike“, tourama ‘with the "Brecheisen aufhauen" tries to link liet. su hard "iron tool with a wooden shaft to cut a tree", lat. dire, fist ‘the Faust; one Ice axe, the Breaker rod" (V. Thomsen, 168—9; J. Kalima, 172—3). Suom. empty ‘leer’, est. Tuhi, kilm. Tuhja, plg. let. 100, lat. empty (V. Thomsen, 233; J. Kalima, 173; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 42). tytdr, kilm. tyttúren "Daughter- ", est. Tutar, kilm. tufted; tūdar, tiiter, est. tuprint ,Maid, virgin; "Stewart, Mackenzie". su Daughter, pr. duckti (V. Thomsen, 167—8; J. Kalima, 173—4; L. Hakulinen, II, 42). Est. bean, kilm. oa , Bean, bean wick, bean, plg. let. pupa, lat. pupa (V. Thomsen, 210; J. Kalima, 174). Suom. vaaja , Keil, Pflock, Pfahl”, is vai, kilm. go; cheek, plg. let. vagis, lat. vadzis (V. Thomsen, 235; J. Kalima, 174; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). Wax ,,Wax", est. wax, plg. let. Owl "Wax", lat. Wax (V. Thomsen, 238; J. Kalima, 175; L. Hakulinen, II, Est. 41). argue, dispute ,dispute, dispute, fight, struggle, strive, yearn”, vaidlemata,,uncontested, uncontested", vaidlus , Streit, Disput" is attempted to link su liet. vaidas, lat. vaids (J. Kalima, -175—6). | Suom. Quiet, quiet, quiet. vaikun ,power, energy, fitness, wealth (strength, energy, courage; wealth)", cf. let. viėkas, act (J. Kalima, 176). Suom. vako, kilm. vaon „Fork“, est. vago, vagu, plg. let. vaga, lat. vacant (V. Thomsen, 235; J. Kalima, 176—7; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). i Suom. baths “Pflugschar- ”, est. bath, kilm. vanda ,shovel-shaped Wood, where it Ploughshares are stuck, ship steven”, plg. pr. wagnis ‘Sech (Part of the Pfluges)’ (J. Kalima, 177; L. Hakulinen, II, vapsahainen, 41). 128 Suom. vapsiainen, vaapsahainen, vaaksaainen , Wespe", est. vapsik, vapsikas „Wespe“, plg. let. vapsa, vapsva, pr. wobse (V. Thomsen, 236—7; J. Kalima, 177; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). varsi, varte“, kilm. varren ,,Shaft, handle, handle: stem, trunk, trunk; Bodybuilding, Growth", est. stem, stem. varre "otengel, Stiel" attempts to link liet. su vafpstis, vafpstė "an ancient spinning tool; wheel barrel to put on the peg; iron on which the upper į crane is supported; "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse". spindle, spindle ‘Spindel, Treibholz an der Handmübhle’ (V. Thomsen, 237—8; J. Kalima, 177—8). Suom. veld “noch”, est. veel, plg. let. again, again, lat. host ‘not yet; neverth- * eless” (V. Thomsen, 240; J. Kalima, 178; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 42). vihvild,.vihvildis, vihvildinen 'Binse', plg. let. vixva (V. Thomsen, 242; J. Kalima, 178; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). error „Wolle“, est. will "Fliess", plg. let. vilna, lat. vilna, villa, pr. vilna, wilnis "Rock" (V. Thomsen, 242; J. Kalima, 178; L. Hakulinen, 41). Suom. Hi, kilm. come on; Vinke, kilm. hinkeen "Kette, Kesselhaken," she said. su vicissitudinis (J. Kalima, 178—9). Suom. virpi (spinning- ), spinning , Branch, Rice, Bar, Rod, Vine", est. virb, kilm. ropes, pg. let. vifbas, vifbalas, lat. virb (V. Thomsen, 242—3; J. Kalima, 179; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). verse, kilm. virren (virte-) ,Choir Song, Songbook Song, Song", plg. pr. wirds “Wort”, the song. waffles, lat. vards ,, Word; First name" (J. Kalima, 180; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 42). Rope, sling. virveen , band, bundle, flapping band (ribbon, tape, ribbon)’, cf. let. Vifvė, lat. rope ,,Knit, rope” (V. Thomsen, 244; J. Kalima, 180). Suom. goat, kilm. goat „Goat“, est. vohu, plg. let. ozys, lat. + - Uh-huh. - Uh-huh. wosee ‘Goat’ (V. Thomsen, 205; J. Kalima, 181; L. Hakulinef n, II, Suom. 41). vuona, vuonna , Lamm, Lammchen”, est. elsewhere in the body. su (J. Kalima, 181—2; L. Hakulinen, II, Suom. 41). - Let it go, kilm. I'm leaking. ,a violated, raw Skin of Cattle or -L "Pferde- ", plg. let. ėda, lat. exists (V. Thomsen, 205; J. Kalima, 183; L. Hakulinen, I, 102, II, Lyv. 41). vagal ,Quappe”, plg. let. 1999. lat. vedzele (V. Thomsen, 238: J. Kalima, 183). Est. Look, shit. die; Foam, sheet? die , "Krebs", plg. let. Cancer, lat. cancer (V. Thomsen, 241; J. Kalima, 183). Suom. vdive, kilm. vdiveen; včūdūve, kilm. vddveen "Viehlaus", est. viūiv, kilm. vaivi, vdi, kilm. Bees ‘kleine Cattle lice, sleeping lice, cow lice", plg. let. vievesa (V. Thomsen, 241; J. Kalima, 183). V. Thomson said doubtingly. ; | | Suom. ūtelū "Grummet", est. hddal, kilm. hddala, plg. let. atdlas, lat atals, pr. atol (V. Thomsen, 159—60; J. Kalima, 183—4). : 9, Questions of Speech VI. | 129 Suom. des, kilm. ūkeen ‘Egge’, est. des, kilm. dkke, de, plg. let. akėčios, lat. ecėšas, pr. akaates (V. Thomsen, 169; J. Kalima, 184; L. Hakulinen, II, 41). “The most difficult thing to accurately determine the certainty of one or another Baltic debt is because we operate here in very long time intervals. Moreover, the structure of the Baltic and Baltic-Finnish languages “is very distant, and a word that has passed from one language to another is subjected to the laws of the new language over such a long period of time, changing so much that it is simply impossible to recognize it. As we have seen, the Baltic origin of some words in Finnish is only demonstrated by examples from Prussian. The Baltic Finnish languages, of course, also contain words derived from the Baltic languages, which have disappeared from the Baltic languages themselves over the course of thousands of years. In the Baltic Finnish languages, the Baltic borrowed words are so "consonantized" that in everyday usage there is no difference between them and the old Finnish-Ugric words. These borrowings result in new enriched words, their meanings change, and new meaningful variants appear. For example, next to suom. shepherd "paemuo" is already paimentaa "to ir shepherd", paimentaminen "pasture, pasture", paimenkoira "shepherd dog", paimenpilli "shepherd's trumpet", paimenpoika "shepherd", paimentolainen "nomad", eldd paimentolaisena "to shepherd", next to suom..tytūr ,dukté" has already become tyttä in Finnish soil „girl“, next to suom. Cakes kdetd has a ir "bug" "to intend, to promise" etc. Most of the Baltic borrowed words in the Baltic Finnish languages exist with the same rights as, say, any belu, book, miéstas or other borrowed word in ar Lithuanian. It is interesting to note that some Baltic debtors iš The Baltic Finnish language has entered into Russian dialects. Here are they: Russian. "Lenkseil am Renntiergespann- ", plg. suom. belt "Riemen, lederner Gūrtel", lit. §ik§na (M. Vasmer, I, 267).? * Russian. rupsac, upBac ,,male Reindeer im 2. Year of life”, plg. suom. deer "Elentier, Hirsch", pr. service "Reh" (M. Vasmer, I, 270). Russian. kopbauu “Bast shoes, shoes made of birch bark”, plg. suom. kurpunen, dgs. kurpuset „calcei species ex corio piloso, shoes of untanned leather", liet=kūrpė (M. Vasmer, I, 623). Russian. 10x ‘magerter Salmon after the Spawning in period den "Fluss", plg. suom. Salmon "Salmon- ," he said. Lynx (M. Vasmer, II, Rus. 62). ayxra , Bay, sea bays; shallow with Grass covered Stelle im See, plg. suom. luhta ,low Meadow, swamp meadow", song. Sump daughter flower (caltha palustris)’ (M.. Vasmer, II, Rus. 72). peck, pewka ,ungesduerter Fladen aus Flour and crushed Spruce bark", plg. suom. Rieska , fresh, uncured; siisse milk; uncooked and freshly baked Barley bread”, song. Press (M. Vasmer, II, 514). # M. Vasmer, Russian etymological dictionary, vol. I-III, Heidelberg, 1953—1958: 130 4 Russian. poBga „,near frozen, moist soil”, posra, poska, plg. Suom. routa “hard frozen soil, frozen excrement; Erdfrost”, song. Grains (M. Vasmer, II, Rus. 526). ce6pa ‘community Work, Cooperative of Workers", cabpa, plg. suom. club "Gesellschaft, Geiolge", song. Zebra (M. Vasmer, II, The above 599). words are most commonly found in Northwestern Russian dialects. Baltic Finnish loanwords in Baltic languages V. In his work, Tomsen refers to 180 the Baltic iš languages as the sources of the į words of the Baltic Finns. True, in this number there are those ir words, the Finnishness of which he doubts, they sometimes include both ir lists: borrowed to the Balts į Baltic borrowed to the Finns. ir K. In the Latvian language, Abena already counts about 500 Estonian ir Livonian borrowings. It should be said that these are mainly words found in Latvian dialects, especially those dialects that directly come into contact with Estonian and Livonian languages. We will try to list only those su words that are more widely used in the Latvian literary language and those that have entered into Lithuanian dialects mainly through Latvian: ir į « Lat. all ,usually, always", plg. is. Always, lyv. ales (V. Thomsen, 252; EM, I, 68; K. Aben, 18). 8 Lat. axis, axis, axis ,,Schachtelhalm, Binsel,'' song. asiūkliai, asiai, plg.“, est. “Į Osja, suom. hosia (V. Thomsen, 253; EM, I, 361; K. Aben, 21). V. Tom... | | old ir J. Endzelynas doubts the Finnishness of the aforementioned Baltic words.” “ Lat. buoja, go b. ,,to perish, to corrupt”, plg. lyv. you can Reason, wd? Boden", est. P6hi, kilm. péhja (V. Thomsen, 253; EM, I, 361; K. Aben, It 21). seems to us that the Lithuanian word buomay be of Finnish ir origin. it "bala, klampynė" (LKŽd., I, 955).?8 Lat. Bura "Sail", let. būrė, plg. is. sail, suom. sail (K. Aben, 21; E. Nieminen, KZ, 72, 129).” V. Tomsen thought that the šį word was borrowed iš from the Balts Baltic Finns. However, E. Nieminen's work suggests that the first case is more plausible. - Lat. duole, duola ‘one Cow without "Herner- ", plg. is. tohl the , soft (why? Innere in Hornern and Claw" (V. Thomsen, 253; K. Aben, 24; V. Tomsen said = doubtingly). If this is the correct origin of the word in Latvian, it is Lit. ir dudlas "baugh, be horn" (LKŽd, II, dublis 612), ‘baužis’ (LKŽd., II, 613) would be words of Finnish origin. Lat. power “Vermögen, physische Krait", plg. lyv. joud „Power, power”, est. JOUD, Suom. need to ,power, have time” (V. Thomsen, 254, EM, II, 97; K. Aben, 27). “ K. Aben, Eesti liivi laenud ja lati sdnavaras, Tartu, (rankraštis); 1947 EM = + K. Miilenbacha Latvian Language Vocabulary, S. I—IV, red. Suppl., continues. J. Endzelins, Riga, Latvia 1923—1932. % LKZd. = Dictionary of Lithuanian Languages, I—V, I—II red. J. Balčikonis, III—V atsak. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius, Lithuania 1941—1959. % KZ = Journal for comparative Language research on the Indo-European languages. 131 UL 7” si —— Lat. juoma "the depth between two landbeds, a depth between shallow waters", plg. lyv. juom,deep water between sandbanks", est. joom (V. Thomsen, 255; EM, II, 126; K. Aben, 30). Lat. juonis "a while, a train", plg. lyv. juon,start, approach, movement", est. joon (V. Thomsen, 255; EM, II, 127, K. Aben, 30). Lat. kadikis, "the watchman", plg. lyv. gadag, east. Janus, suom. kataja (K. Aben, 33; II. Apucrs, I, 301). If this is the correct origin of the Latvian word, then the Lithuanian words kadagys, pr. kadegis would also be of Finnish origin. V. Tomsen (176), on the contrary, claimed that the Baltic Finns borrowed the name of this plant from the Balts. "Sturm-- Division" (in German). lfd.de. kajag, est. Kajaani, Finland. kaija (V. Thomsen, 255-6; EM, II, 132; K. Aben, 34). From Latvian, this Finnish word has also entered into Lithuanian, cf. kaja „bird of the goose family; bernicla (Branta bernicla)’ (LKŽd., V, 85). The variant of the word kaiva (probably from *kaia<kaija, EM, II, 136) also appeared in the Latvian language, and it also entered the Lithuanian language, cf. kdiva „bird of the kiru family; silver-tailed lark (Larus argentatus)" (LKŽd., V, 84). Lat. kaite, “the damage, the error, the defect”, kaitét “damage- ”, plg. lyv. kait,schaden“, est. damage (V. Thomsen, 256; K. Aben, 34-5; both stated in doubt). If Latin kaitét were of Finnish origin, then Lithuanian kditéti (LKŽd., V, 78—9), which is the most common in Zemaičiai, would be of the same origin. The word used and borrowed from Latvian kaitė "defect, fault".? * "Lady Gaga - "Wedding Day"". kozgond (V. Thomsen, 257; EM, IT, 206; K. Aben, 40). From the Latvian language, this word has also entered into S. Daukanto findings — Kozas. : Lat. biscuit “the hook; "Kriicke, Stelze", plg. lyv. Keks, suom. biscuits (V. Thomsen, 258; EM, II, 361; K. ‘Aben, 53). This word also entered into the Lithuanian language through the Latvians: keksis, kėkšis "cart with an iron hook; kojokai, stypynés’ (LKZd., V, 500, 501). Lat. kesele “the bag, a small sack”, plg. est. kessel, net bag for carrying fish, small bag or basket" (V. Thomsen, 260; EM, II, 370; K. Aben, 57—38). The word has also been borrowed from Latvian by Lithuanians —keselys, késelé. In dialect it is used with quite different meanings: "a net bag fitted on the stem for catching vezi; a barrel-shaped bag made of wires for carrying feed; folding cot made of cardboard and fabric; frames are placed on the sleds to make them wider, etc.’ (A.D. 635, 636). Lat. kila "the pledge, underpledge", plg, lyv. ki'l, est. kihl (V. Thomsen, 261; EM, II, 388; K. Aben, 61—2). Lat. kilda „der Streit, Zank, Handel“, plg. lyv. kildo Span”, kildo nust, “to raise spans, to start trading” (EM, II, 380; K. Aben, 61). Through Latvian 28 words used in Saki and other Latvian border dialects the author mainly indicated A. Jonas. 132 this Finnish word probably also entered into the Lithuanian language, cf. kilda „pokylis, puota; great trouble, difficult condition” (LKŽd., V, 774). Lat. kipis, kipa “a small tool for shovelling”, plg. est. "Small-Scale Screwdriver", suom. kippo (V. Thomsen, 261; K. Aben, 64; V. Thomsen states in doubt). If the Latvian word’s origin is correct, then lit. kipis, kipė “a small wooden vessel with a handle; wooden, wider-bottomed, lid-covered dish” (LKZd., V, 827) are Finnish words that entered into Lithuanian through Latvians. Lat. kiris,a small seagull", plg. lyv. kir, est. tiir (V. Thomsen, ir lietuv. kiras (LKŽd., V, 830). 261 Lat. insect "das Insekt; the pet“, plg. lyv. flower ‘Kafer’ (V. Thomsen, 263; EM, II, 301; K. Aben, 46—7). Lat. laiva “the boat, the barge; the ship”, plg. lyv. "Schiff, großes Boot" (in German). ship (K. Aben, 70; G. Must, KZ, 69, 179-84). V. Tomsenas (193), K. Būga (RRš.,** I, 309—11) lit. laivas, lat. laiva considered Baltic words. The Baltic Finns believed that these words were derived from the Baltic peoples. However, in recent years, both büüri and laeva have been considered as words of Finnish origin. Right, Suom. ship also has no reliable etymology. Mr. Mustas claims that the Finnish. laiva derived from Germanic, cf. runic inscriptions *hlaiwa, coffin”, got. hlaiw. He justifies the semantic development of the aforementioned words by the fact that the ancient Germans liked to bury and burn the dead in ships. - Let. "Friendship" "Friendship" "Friendship" "Friendship" "Friendship" "Friendship" "Friendship" Ioul,singen, trauen“, est. laulma „sing“ (V. Thomsen, 264; EM, II, 428; K. Aben, 70), Lat. launags „the lunchtime, the lunch meal, the evening meal“, plg. lyv. "S6" (in Estonian- ). I6una „Mittag, Sid, Sūdost“ (V. Thomsen, 265; EM, II, 429; K. Aben, 72—3). Probably through the Latvians this word entered into the Lithuanian language — laūnagas “dinners, middays- ”. The word is most commonly used on the Latvian border and in Zemgaļu dialects. From the Latvian language originated and sometimes occurring forms laūnagis, laūnadzis "southeast wind", cf. Latin launadzis, "der Sūdwind" (EM, II, 429). Lat. lipa, Įipe "a short, thin tail; the ham; Flap on a Miitze", plg. est. "Flagge, Wimpel, Langes Band" (in German). flag (V. Thomsen, 266; EM, II, 540—1; K. Aben, 84). The word lipė "short tail, narrow ridge of land" also occurs in some Lithuanian dialects of the Latvian border (Viekšniai, Šakyna, Daunorava, Žagarė), where it has been introduced, of course, from Latvian. Lat. luga „Mal,.Zeit, Drama", plg. est. lugu „Geschichte, Erzählung, Lied, Musikstūck“ (V. Thomsen, 266; EM, II, 510; K. Aben, 82—3). Lat. Iuoma, luoms, the catch; the layer; series; Mast", plg. lyv. luoma "a train when fishing, fish catch", est. loom “fishing march, encirclement; Mal" (V. Thomsen, 267—8; EM, II, 526; K. Aben, 81—2). Tomlinson was unsuccessful in this attempt. Itomas, Art, Stand, Verhadltnis", with a completely different etymology. | *9 K. Būga, Selected Writings, vol. I, Vilnius, 1958. 133