Lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžio dviskaita

L.I:E. T UNV O'S T&R MOKSLU AKADEMIJA LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE MORPHOLOGICAL CONDURA AND ITS DEVELOPMENT L.I:E. T UNV O'S T&R MOKSLU AKADEMIJA LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE MORPHOLOGICAL CONDURA AND ITS DEVELOPMENT D. GARGASAITE § 1. The double is a relic of ancient morphology that has only been ir preserved in few ji languages. In Sanskrit, the noun and the verb had a double category. Ancient Greek also had the plural, although it was already being pushed by the plural*. ji ir In Latin only the words duo ‘du’ ir ambo “both” are treated as binary residues. Therefore, iš the developed Romance languages of Latin no longer have a double number. In the Gothic script, there is a double pronoun verb. ir The Old Slavic language used the double number of all variable parts of the language very ją consistently," all ir Slavic languages have had! This is the case in the Old Slavic texts, where the form has become fixed and no longer has a ir binominal meaning in modern languages. The best-preserved Slavic languages today are Slovene* and Lužic. iš The Baltic languages have also had a double number. The remaining Prussian digraph is considered to be a form of woven ‘both lips’ (plg. s. sl. Mouth, av. aosta) ir kt.’ In Latvian there are also fixed forms of the plural in folklore, in old writings and in dialects. se ir ". Iš of the Baltic languages, the Lithuanian language, especially the Žemaičių dialektas, has preserved the plurality of all parts of the language best. Old Lithuanian writings show that the double number has been used much more ne extensively by other Lithuanian dialects so long ago. ir ! The article is part of a larger work on Lithuanian language. tą * A. Cuny, De number duel en greek, Paris, 1906. 8 A. HU. Beanus. K gpsolicrBenuoMy unuciy B crapochaBanckoM, «HaBecrHa OTAeJla pyceKoro sisplka H CJIOBechocTH», IV, ku. 4, 1899, p. 1—32. “A. Beanw, O mnsajuun y cnoBeuckuM jesunumMa, Beorpan, 1932; A. M. HopAanckKuū, Hcropus JBOHCTBEHHOrO uWeJa B o pyCCKOM SI3BIKe, Baannmup, 1960; S. Obnorskij, dual tracks in of the nominal Declination of Russian,,,magazine for Slavic Philosophical Transactions, Bd. II, Leipzig, Germany 1925, p. 66—67; I. Orienko, giftue "HCJIO B YKpaiHbcKOf Hi, Kiis. 1910; A. Dostal, Development of the v Slavic Languages in their Own Languages, v Prague, 1954; B. de Courtenay, some Fille der Effect of the Analogy of in the Polish Declination, KZ, Bd. VI, H. 1, Berlin, 1868, p. 62—80. SL. Tesniére, Les formes du duel en slovéne, Paris, 1925. J. Endzelins, Old Prussian language, Riga, 1943, p. 60, 64, 66. . "J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Riga, 2006. 1951, p. 450—460. 133 This article examines the plural forms of Lithuanian nouns, based on the material of today’s dialects, as well as the data of ancient writings, which help to shed light on the history of the plural forms. Nominative-adjective-subjunctive® The male genus § 2. (i)a stem. Lithuanian (i)a root noun plural nominative-adjective has an ending -u, e.g.: kid, du brother. du Si the ending, as indicated by the noun adjectives, is derived from iš - Uh, plg. du little child, du true brother. The two-numbered noun-finitive forms of the masculine gender in Latvian, which occur everywhere, have had the same ending, e.g. divi sieku miltu, divi muzu®. In Slavic languages, the binary noun-ending of this root has the ending -a, e.g. : sl. s. Horse, vivka, russian. dsa Gpama, s. lean. Two crests, two crosses, ukr. mpu Opama, slov. We're brothers. The ir ending of the Baltic Slavic languages here is of common origin. Tą has the same ending in ir Greek, cf. Axe. i trunk. The plural noun-ending of i masculine root nouns has an ending -u, e.g. : He called a du thief. Vlkv. I put on a du new danchu. Jrb. It is believed that the ending is ši derived from the nominative-adjective of the ia root nouns. (ju root noun plural nominative-adjective also has an ending -u, e.g. sūnu, ali, du turgū, du medū, du vaisiū. du du Slavic languages here have -y(-51), e.g. : sl. s. Sons. Thus, the (i)u root noun ending of the double noun-finalis is common to the Baltic Slavic languages. ir Ši the limb is identical ir su in the corresponding ending of the ancient Indian language, cf. My son. The masculine nouns of the prefixal root have a binary noun-adjective made from the root nouns, e.g. ūkmeniu, ménesiu, piemeniu, rūdeniu, ia Stuomeniu, šuniū, Zélmeniu, plg. du du du du du du du du A knife. In some dialects, the nouns of the consonant stem have passed into the akamien, for example: į akmenu. du In the Pagramantis dialect, it is written in an unusual form du dog. The origins of the two-letter word "British" are unknown. Possible thing that the ši form has had an ending -e. Duck patterns in žmune du DP 313,, (two wives) DP 314,,) considered to be a binominal noun-adjective of the Greek form xuve? ?, Now in Lithuanian dialects there are only preserved nouns in the ir plural: su noun-final-subjunctive-subjunctive-infinitive. ® du ir In the following, we will call the first nominative-adjective, because it is very rarely used as a vowel. Old languages have had three binary vowels: noun-final-vocal, noun-infinitive-ablative noun-local ir (locomotive). The exception included In Avesta, where the native differed from the native. In Greek, the genitive coincides with the noun, and the corresponding dau: giskaitos forms are used in place of the genitive and the noun. In the Lusatian language, the pronoun corresponds to the noun-substantive. ? In Latvian there is another masculine ending, namely -i, e.g. divi darbi darit, which J. Endzelynas considers it to be an ending of an anonymous iš genus, derived from the old Baltic ending -ei or -ai, cf. s. sl. izé, skr. yuga. Zr. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, p. 451. J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 1955, p. 130; J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, III, Warszawa, 1956, p. 84. 134 There is also a separate section on the name of the two-time winner. It is made of two parts: the singular stem, e.g.: a) iš žmogū du Sd,Ms, Plik, Ktč, Prk, Šlu, End, Zt, ValP 16, Vaižg RR I 359, du human BsV 22 (Isr); such forms of action are in the ancient scriptures: ir fmogu Du VInE 123,, Du fmogu BP II 35510, Du fmogu KN 1835; į b) iš plural root, e.g.: humans StngŽ 34, du people RpJ 23, du fmoniu BP 1192y,, Schitūdu S3moniu BP 11 356,,. Iš plural root made form In the dialect of Telšiai, there is probably a feminine noun-finalis ending in the double count, e.g. žmūonę žmėni plg. do ~ du (?), two cows. The female genus § 3. (i)the trunk. Languages of Lithuania (i)o root noun ending has an ending -i, originated iš -fe, e.g. : two days, two hands, two purchases, cf. two curved pines Slant. The Latvian language here also has -i, e.g. : two goats, two bells. The Old Slavic language has an -i ending only po j, e.g.: dusi, hard po consonant -e, plg. Zene, my lord. Therefore, there are no parallels between ir the Baltic Slavic languages in this case. Ir the old Slavic, the old Indian ir language here has a form that originated from the Indo-European iš *-ai, plg. skr. All of them. In those dialects of Lithuanian where the plural is rarely used, different endings ir occur. It is difficult to say what the origin of such forms as two day Prg, dvi para Lkv, two weeks Break. It is a subdivision su of the municipality ir of Põltsamaa. hand, su hand, day, day. su However, It is the only ar known species of the genus Monodon. It is su possible that the singular noun of the nouns is used here to denote two objects with a numerals. su du Thus, nouns su used in the du numerals sometimes seem to have only a binary plural ne ar (two days, two days, two days), but singular forms. ir The fact that the endings here do not have a meaningful load indicates the — grammatical number of the noun's lexical meaning. In the ir Eastern Central Highland be dialects, forms with the ending -i, where o it falls, a soft consonant at the — end of a word (e. g. : two days Vpr, Glv; two hryvnias Lg; two days two days — KI, Sdb, Všk, Jnšk, Lnkv, Zml, Ps; two thieves Pbs; two of jacks BM I 150), still widely used forms with a hard consonant, su e.g. nosipoiko dvé vDšt Sd; Two days in a row. Rz; in the Torah two decades of life; bring> two pieces of meat Pš; tas You fucking asshole. sa'va dvi už kvért atvadd-va RdN; Two days the messenger will be i gone Lnkv. A hard consonant at the end of a word indicates that there has been an anterior vowel before the end vowel fell. ne In some dialects, the back-order vowels are heard in this case, e.g. tetufo only two ruko Krs; 2000-2001 ti Er; maZi.té gricé.de givé na, dvi žmdnu turia Ram; two varnishes; Pabi.va maybe two hours St; iš That's the fault of the padi.rb dvė gobu Rz; 2-slice mesh Rz; two ldver bought Trs. P. According to Aruma, the analogous feminine noun-finalis endings have been replaced by the corresponding masculine endings." "" P. Arumaa, investigations on History of Lithuania Personal pronouns, Tartu, ė root 1933, p. 71. 135 On the other hand, the origin of these limbs may be different. In these dialects, the vowels of the end are reduced in many ways. The endings -u, -v, -5 of these still-heard feminine genders may be dialectal variants of the word end -a, e.g. with rubkv Krs, with young mefgu St, with head Rm, (with) lazdo Er, (with) lazder || (with) lazdū Trs. In this case, these forms would be related to the aforementioned forms of the Žemaičių dialektai dvi diena Pgr, dvi para Lkv, dvi nedélia Krš. As it appears, the substantive-adjective forms of the feminine gender are being intensively pushed out of use. It is interesting to note that in some dialects, due to the influence of plural forms, the plural ending -s is simply added to the binary ending, e.g. : Two days went by and Klk was angry. The plural noun-ending of common nouns can have either a masculine or a feminine ending, e.g. tutodu valkatu 216. ^ "No. 216". feminine nouns have the same ending -i as (i)o root nouns, e.g.: dvi kdrvi dvi pusi, dvi savaiti*?. The most common examples of a double-sided matrix are two squares, two rectangles, and two rectangles. In the eastern Highland dialects, where the short endings fall off, the final consonant of nouns with the suffix -elė (the noun is no longer used here) has a hard word end consonant /, e.g.: apguiku dvė vagel posod>no Zml; two holes in the wall cut Lnkv; to. F twice, two avel RAN. In some dialects the vowels of the back row are still clearly audible, e.g.: nuvein unt mi.ško —parsi.nešo dve geldéler Ul; Two of the table wine and a glass of Pmp; I have two kdrvi, two bones Tj. Here, as in the analogous examples of the o stem, the end of the word was not the usual two-digit -i, but some other vowel. The hardness of the prefix of nouns with the suffix -elė in the ending of the plural suggests that the masculine ending -u, reduced in dialects similarly as the word ending -a. i stem, may have invaded here. In the Baltic languages, the plural noun-terminal of the i stem has the ending -i, e.g.: abi aki, dvi anti, dvi avi, dvi dali, dvi karti, dvi nakti, dvi tūkstanti, cf. lat. ausi, pr. nozy "ours". It is identical to the S-type. guests, skr. pūti., There are also new words in dialects, e.g. dabaf it dvi pačū tū.ri Vad; There are two types of BsP II 19 (Varn). The female noun-ending of the plural of the adverbial root i ends in -i, as in the example of the nouns of the root i, e.g. dvi dūkteri, dvi sėseri, cf. s. sl. of the same vowel form dwsteri, which, as in Lithuanian, is formed by the i stem. $ 4. In the old writings, the noun-terminus of nouns is used quite abundantly and consistently. As in the present language, the masculine plural noun-ending has the ending -u, e.g.: (a stem) du 12 The masculine noun-ending of nouns of the ė stem also has the ending -i, e.g.: du tádi Krč, Lnkv. 136 rhythm, two times M#188,_,, two times VInE 41,,, both boat full VlnE 112,,, other two priliginimu BP I 212,, kittu'du latru BP I 3873, Two dayktu PK 192,, two daiktu DP 1005, two kartū DP 150.4, two times KN 2495; (the stem) two other piktadeiu VInE 214,,, other two io makintiniu BP 1 408,,, two mokitiniu DP 1g, two brolu KN 265,,; (u stem) du ||unu VInE 2005, both Sunu BP I 365.4, du [unu DP 148,,, du Sunu KN 250,;. Female nouns in the plural ending in -i, e.g.: (o stem) dwi Maldi BP I 430,, dwi iupi DP 5545, dwi wieti KN 144,; (io kamienas) dvi koghi VInE 188,,, BP II 430,, tie dvi nedéli DP 131,,, abi eldii KN 159,; (trunk) dwi ipati tikribi DP 88,; (i stem) dwi aki VInE 188, Dwi dali BP II 444, dwi žuwi DP 125,,, dwi dali KN 7,. § 5 The most common forms. The plural noun-terminus of masculine nouns with the numerals two, both can be shortened, lose the final -u and become an adverb. An example of this kind of sustabaréjusiy binominal forms can be probably known in all dialects of Lithuanian language adverbs dūkart Všvl, Vrn, dukait Dbč, Klov, Ktč, MI, Lš, Šln, Zt, p.g. kartas, du kartu; dūsyk Šn, Gs, Rdd, abūsyk Gs, cf. sykis, du sykiu’. There are fewer females than males, for example. : What else should I do? —Aby will (do as appropriate) LKŽ I 13 (Jb). The number twenty is also mentioned here, probably derived from the two-number form, cf. dvi dešimti'*. From the ancient writings, we can find the Bretkūn prefixed word combination [awi dieni, which is believed to have previously meant "day and night". This compound, used as an adverb, has acquired a new meaning, namely "all", e.g. : Ghifai fawi dieni do not miss the Greeks; Sawi dieni ghis tamfumoij walge ir didzome rupeftije ir ligoie surutke', § 6. In the Lithuanian language, the plural of a noun is not equally preserved in dialects. The plural noun of masculine nouns is used as a verb in a relatively small area of dialects, namely to the west of Mažeikiai, Telšiai, Rietavo, Švėkšnos, Pagėgiai! *. ir However, jo the remains are still found in almost all Lithuanian dialects. The noun is present even in such verbs as '9 In fact, the adverb could have appeared twice when ir the plural form was consolidated, cf. three times. "4 In the feminine gender, the substantive-adjective double-number is reminded by the adverbs abigali, dubli, e.g. : This stick needs to be drawn abigali "from both ends". LKZ I 8 (Grunts); The taxpayers were deprived twice "double" that I didn't have a receipt. LKZ 11 688 (Grunts) 5 A. Bezzenberger, Contributor to History of Lithuania Language on Ground Lithuanian Text of the XVI. and the XVII. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, Germany 1877, p. 233 (hereinafter referred to as: Contributions). 'ė The limits of distribution of binary forms are determined based on Lithuanian TSR Academies of Sciences Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature Lithuanian language dialects atlas material. 137 in dialects where the binary as a system has already disappeared, e.g. : With the dumb two markets' Jrb, Krns, Pgg, Prn, Žal, Glv, Tvr; Sweet as two honeys, Ssk, Glv; Both ends. Sič, Glv; Little verpelé —two alu live (egg). LZ; Two rounds of hangover stand. Zal; Two mushrooms too fat. Bt. In dialects, the feminine noun in the plural is completely replaced by the feminine noun in the plural. It is used as a dialect only on the western edge of the Zemgalių dialects, namely in the vicinity of Skuodas, Seda, Salantai, Kretinga, Klaipėda, Priekulė, Šilutė. The two-count suffix, as a verb, is also used only in the above-mentioned areas. In most cases, it is the only remaining part. For example, it is inconsistently used west of Vegeri, Šiauliai, Tytuvėnai, Tauragė, Pagėgiai. “The final forms of feminine nouns in the plural are still found in the eastern and central Highland dialects, in the area between Kriukai, Pašvitinis, Šeduva, Dotnuva, Jonava, Gelvonai, Ukmergė, Taujenai, Traupis, Raguvėlė, Miežiškiai, Karsakiškis, Vabalninkas, Biržai. The remains of Galininkas are found elsewhere in Lithuania, for example, we have written feminine plural forms from Rudnia, Rudamina, Veisiejai, Liškiava, etc. In stable sentences, the plural forms last longer, e.g. : Two bobs — one tooth. LS; Two bobs — one leg. Vs, Lp; They live like two cats in one bag. KrvP III 21 (Mrc); A tight calf suckles two cows. KrvP III 47 (Mrc). $ 7. The position of the divisor two in the combination with the denominator-terminator of the double is not strictly defined. Usually this number precedes the noun, but sometimes the plural form of the noun comes first, followed by the number, e.g. : Busu du BsV 97 (Rg), broliudu BsV 97 (Pilk), žvejudu BsV 351 (Rg), velnudu BsV 344 (Rsn), Vyru du J (LKŽ II 541), sunyčudu BsV 90 (Lksr), Mergidvi BsV 161 (Vikš), švakidvi BsV 118 (TIž), mergidvi, dukridvi BsV 105 (Rg), panelidvi BsV 177 (Lbg). There are also examples of this type in Bretkūn's writings, e.g. : Jakubu du BP I 350,. $ 8. In the neighbourhoods of Linkuva, Vaškai, Klovainiai, Krinčinas, Vabalninkas, Papilis, Biržai, the noun is used with the numerals three and (very rarely) four, e.g.: aš ti tris mėt givėno; manure transport may take two or three days; three sd'vait lay. RAN; found three buckets; Sorghum 3rd day; three pieces of firewood; that three-year-old; noporko tFis podel; He's got a hard fist. Lnkv; Shonide received a hard letter and a change; Hard rob dive. Vic. Su skaitvardžiu keturi daiktavardžių dviskaitos vardininkas-galininkas pasitaiko labai retai, pvz.: rigé tarnavo par kė'tors pon. Similar phenomena can be found in Latvian and Russian. In Russian, the two-numbered nominative-adjective forms are used with the numerals Osa, mpu, uemorpe- ." The Latvian language uses the plural of nouns with numerals- ,,2“-,,9“ to indicate quantity, weight, time, e.g.: ar Ččetri zirgi, vesęli tris gadi, etc. *9 Both Russian and Latvian have only a formal plural here. The two-number forms of Lithuanian nouns, used with the numerals three, four, also have only a formal two-number. This is a new case of the use of double forms. į "T A. M. Hopznancknui, Heropua nBoficrBeHnoro uKeJia B pycckoM si3biKe, p. 104 etc. 8 J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, p. 451. 138 § 9. The noun-adjective® of the natural number is not used in Lithuanian. Even in the old writings, the binary forms of the noun-adjective go with the numerals two, both and binary pronouns. In addition to the numeral two, the binary denominator-terminal was used to refer to two already known things?*!. At present, there are no written examples of this type of double counting in dialects. The fact that such a diphthong was still alive in recent times is shown by the material of dialectological and folkloristic collections, as well as by the writings of 19th-century Samogitian authors, e.g. : Watch, two kites come and eat porridge from the blueberries. BsP II 151 (Ps);...two archers with a big bear locked in a shed and sat down in a cottage...The bear was tied. ValP 10; Stoppans hired two children, with whom through evil he terribly annoyed him and Catherine. ValP 69... For Christmas _ when he came, he was a bad kid. ValP 71; These two still flegmatic, through the big ceiling hole two jumped, like chickens, owls... in the morning several people climbed on the church, found under the roof owls and killed. ValV 67; Augin tėvelis Du sunytėliu Du sunytėliu On the monument... rise, rise, my son, my young man!.. ; Raisin grandmother two daughters... Raise, raise daughter My young ones!.. My daughters, my young men, what a disgrace so late. ID 11 802 (VI); on a ready-to-use axe under a beautiful oak tree. SchG 256. Meanwhile, a maid-servent $10. The Baltic and Slavic languages differ from the other Indo-European languages in that their binary noun-substantive is formed with the formant -m-, whereas in other languages, such as Sanskrit and Avestan, it is formed with the formant -b/h-. The ending -ma* is considered to be the old ending of the noun-substantive of the double number. ?, even today, although very rarely, used in some dialects, e.g. Daiigel presents mocinéli, mésoma "mošoms" pé stomenělí. AruP 78; It was hard for people to live; Here it is necessary to have a man’s eye with “light eyes”; I don't squeeze my eyes. Small blind eye "eyes"; The cow stands under the punch "under the door"; Men at night || at night cry. N&. This form of the noun is also found in Bretkūno writings, for example: po akima BP I 116,,. It is interesting to note that the old plural form of the personal pronouns I, you has lost its meaning and denotes the plural noun, e.g. In linguistic literature, a natural binary is a binary that represents a unified set of objects made up of two naturally related objects. This includes pairs of objects such as parts of the human body (eyes, ears, lips, hands, feet) and various other pairs of objects such as horns, sleeves, shoes, river banks, etc. See. K. Brugmann, Grundrig der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, II, 2, 2, Strasbourg, 1911, p. 455—456. The number two, used without the numerals two to mean two pairs of objects, A. Beličius calls the free number two. Zr. A. Beanu, O nsBojunu y cJioBenckamM jesunuma, pp. 1-6. The natural number 2 is considered prime. The binary with the numerals two is a newer, secondary phenomenon. * Russian has natural plural forms that have been preserved to this day, e.g. : OHu, ywu, naewu, poea, OoKa, pykaea, Gepeca. A. M. Hopanauckuii, Heropas JiBOWCTBEHHOTO YHCJIA B PYCCKOM si3bike, pp. 42-75. # This type of binary is called an anaphoric binary. Zr. K. Brugnn, GrundriB, II, m a 2, 2, p. 457—458. # A. Becenberger considers this ending to be the old ending of the binary noun-adjective-ablative. A: Bezzenber ger, Contributions, p. 149. 139 They jumped to the mummies. Slv. Anyone who is rather angry with the mother, he has to give his back three iš belts cut out. BsP I 41 (Rg); ...we felt that we had taken a few 20 steps away from the bed... BsV 242 (Rg),... "you have eyes and I, or you see that between us there is one standing in the middle" ?.. BsV 92 (Rg); ...,,muma in the night of the run heard another climbing the stairs...“ BsV 329 (Rg); Muma rings, Muma gold rings have long been exchanged. KlpD 283; Eikiv namucium I'm fighting, everybody's got iš more pragérév. JD III 19 (VI). No Juma I'll get to buy a move. Slv. The burs brought that child home, and when the black ones were pregnant, he said to them both: ,,Children, I'm not a aš real TV...“ BsP I 21 (Rg). § 11. Dvořák's works are considered to be of a very high quality. -m, -mu, -mi®, which differ from the corresponding plural forms only in that the latter do not have a -s at the end, e.g. -ms, -mus, -mis. The above mentioned endings do not have a plural meaning in dialects at present. They are the usual plural noun endings, with which these verbs ir are widely used in su dialects in literary language ir (only the Zemgales ir part of the western Highlanders have the corresponding plural verbs su -s, plg. child to ir child branch ir to branch). Limb -mi is basically a plural noun ending used in southern Lithuanian į dialects, south of the line Kalvarija — Daukšiai — Kazlų Ore — Skraudžiai — Karmėlava — Pravieniškės — Rumšiškės — Palomenė — Žiežmariai — Semeliškės — Trakai — Rūdiškės — Marijampolis — Goddess. However, the forms su -mi are widely used to denote ir the utilitarian, e.g. : Swelling "lunch" firewood bring. Out. ; I bought po skepetq for my daughter “for my daughters”. LKK III 119 (Zt); A lot of damage people "people" made rain. Kpč; The government gives everything to the people ‘people’. PnmA. i ir noun forms of the consonant root su -we are distributed throughout the area mentioned; (i)o ir ė the corresponding forms of the stems are used in the southern Dzūkijos corner: Lazdijai, Seirijai, Nemunaitis, Liškiava, Ratnyčia, as well as some other places in the adjacent o western Highland dialects. The servile-inferior limb ir -mi in individual dialects occasionally have ir (a root nouns®, e.g. : Two-horse racing ,,with two horses". With two horses oats for horsesii. Kiliau stomenami ‘stones’. We're riding horses “horses”. Mr. There's no wood anywhere around our house Spokinycyy varnénami ‘varnénams*’. Kpč. Such an utilitarist-jnaginist extremity (i)a stem tetupiety in ri Dzūkian dialect about Kapčiamiestį, Veisiejus, Leipalingis, as o well as Azierkuose ir Zieteloje (BTSR). In the vicinity of the limb - You got me. į (/)a root-crossed noun-substantive verb, e.g. sūnami, virsami Kpč, Lp, Zt, vagiūmi, debesiami Kpč, Lp. Plural possessive forms of nouns of all roots su -mu used only In the vicinity of Dieveniškiai, e.g. : The fox ran away, caught a ir hen carrying her childmu “for children”. They give food to all,,all the carriers". Help the gods with close range ‘artists’. Piausim jaučią baptistry "christening". Ramaškonių ** J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, p. 401—406; P. Arumaa, investigations, p. 43—71. ?* E. Frankel, apparently, was not aware of this fact. E. Fraenkel, Der Status of the Research of the im Vilnius areas spoken Lithuanian, “Balticoslavica”, t. 2, Vilnius, 1936, p. 36. 140 in the countryside (Varanavi Paradise. These are the only forms of the consonant root. Incidentally, these forms of the noun are used here in the meaning of the noun*."* Utilitarian-intangible ir forms of limbs su -m, -mi, -mu has been studied more extensively P. Aruma. Jo It is believed that these forms have previously had a binary meaning and have replaced the ir plural forms with a suffix su only when -s the specific binary meaning has completely disappeared. However, it is difficult to believe that the mentioned limbs are of binary origin. Since it is clear that the old ending of the double noun is -Ma, plg. s. sl. kostoma, kamenoma, it -m, -mi, -mu could only be considered as endings of secondary origin. Be therefore, it is highly doubtful that ar the rapidly decreasing binomial forms could spread so widely in Lithuanian dialects. Juk (i)or, ė, i, (i)u plural consonant ir root, as well as o (i)a ir į jį the plural noun of other stems has no ending in a large area of -s Lithuanian dialects: rytas į ir į approximately south of line Žagarė — Tytuvėnai — Ariogala — Kaunas— Vilkaviškis — K.Naumiestis. Here, by the way, we can mention the Latvian ir dialects and the Latvian literary language, where the plural noun innagnieks also has no ending ir -s. It is possible that these are plural endings, used in some dialects in parallel with the usual plural endings, e.g. su caps-zanavydkų gs. caud. children to || children, o otherwise without any consonant forms su -s. $ 12. The two-dimensional form of the two-dimensional o ir space is the two-dimensional space of the two-dimensional space, where the two-dimensional space is the two-dimensional space of the two-dimensional space. V. G. du vaikū, dvi kdrvi dviją K. vaiką, dvijij karvių tuddums vaikūms, tiėdvims kdrvims dum N. vaikūm, dvim karvim dum Į vaikum, dvim kdrvim See two-banded bagged, two-banded in sheaves Krtn, Skd, Klp, Prk, Pln. For the nobleman, ir see Nobleman. $ 13, 14. Jau F. Kuršaitis noted that The inhabitants ir of Priekulė, į Klaipėda's neighborhoods further north, instead of su saying dviem arkliam, say su dum arklium?s, e.g. : How many people do you need? Rsn; Dum Su carriage. Dov: They Su arrested him. Sg; He Su carried two horses. Kin; One daughter was killed su by two grandchildren. Klp; Tverk brother- 's ranks. LKZ1 13 (As); Look at su me. Krtn. The origin of these forms is explained K. In Young's grammar. K. Young people thought they were done ne iš trunk, o iš plural noun vowel, by adding a plural ending: jo tuddu-m vyru-m, tiėdvi-m žmoni-m? ". In other dialects of Žemaitija (i)or, ė, i, (i)u consonant ir root double-counting noun-subjunctive ir (i)a root noun is made by adding a plural ending to the root, e.g. dvim bobum®, dum dieťakam su Break. * J. Turns, more characteristic Ramaškoniai dialect characteristics, LKK, t. 4, Vilnius, 1960, p. 181. ® F. Course chat, grammar of Lithuanian English language, Hall, 1876, p. 50. “ K. 51B nc, nu paving JuToBCKOro sizbika, Ilerporpams, 1916, p. 19. * For the origin of this limb, see limb. A. Jonaitytė Shakyna dialect noun caityba, Lithuanian linguistics issues, t. 3, Vilnius, 1960, p. 93—96. 141