Lietuvių kalbos sudėtinės dalelytės

THE MORPHOLOGICAL CONVENTION OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT L-LET "U VO § TS R MOK SLU AK A DE M. TJA LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES COMPOSITIONS PARTICULES V. LABUTIS § 1. Many Lithuanian particles are monosyllabic verbs that cannot be divided (e.g.: or, but, because, not, not even, only, even, just, etc.). ir Next to jų it are ir several particles that can be broken į down into components (e.g.: is, probably, almost, no longer, neither, only, what only, only “and others”), corresponding to simple particles. The relationships between the components of these particles are usually close to the relationships between the elements of some independent compound words. For example, the relationship of the elements of the particle bene with the individual words be and ne is similar to, say, the relationship of the elements of the pronoun every with the words how one, or, for example, the particle only su ir ko „vos“ is a sampling unit of a similar action, like the pronouns tas pats, šis tas and so on. ir Thus, particles made up of iš several components can be regarded as a kind of compound words, which differ from the independent compound words only in quantitatiiš ve characteristics: the weakness of the semantic load of the components, the ir instability of the interconnection. Therefore, the structure of particle formation will be ir examined here, transforming the same methods that are usually applied to the analysis of the formation of independent words. § 2. Pagal In the case of the siren, the degree of maturation of the composite | particles can ir be divided into composite and composite. Of course, ir there are no strict boundaries between the jy sample-aggregate particles, ne because the degree of growth of the spots is always clear. Sometimes even spelling is importair nt here. Let's say, if particles that, even, etc. ir were written in two words, they would doubtless be be contemporary, now it is more practical to consider o them as compound, although the elements are less mature than, for jų example, particles bene, argi, negi, tiktai. Composite particles $ 3. Composite particles are composed iš of two (sometimes iš three) folds, completely merged į into one word. In other words, they are a kind of compound words, the elements of which are formerly independent particles. 119 It was probably time to die for the Saltians. SimVK I 16. The author of the collection was perhaps the first of all Soviet critics to pay more attention to the literatures of the Baltic nations... In Eastern Highland dialects (occasionally and in writings) the particle bag has the same meaning and action as beg(u), but instead of the accent it has ba-. There is also a separate pronoun particle ba®. For example: : Bag wasn't in the kindergarten, bag didn't pick the apples? I'm sorry. He's now the same puffed-up, bag not four years bed creaking. BaltPV I 179. Did you drop a thread? LKZ I 440. Look at the dry sticks, do they green, do they leave? JD 576. This includes the interrogative particles bes (bés), which are found in old writings and sometimes in dialects, as well as those with the same substantive be-. For example: : And take me across the river, too? Ds (LKZ 1 635). But I'm not going to leave you alone. BB II Moz X 10. If it does not bear fruit, then it will be cut off. LKZ I 635. And you're gonna get from him? 598) and LXIII (c. Where will you see me? 635) and LXIII (c. § 7. The stain is not-. The negative value of this spot is clearly retained only by the particle nebe(-), and the non-negative value of the spot is barely felt by the particles except, nejau(gi), negi, e.g. : Not everything is useful for children to know. BalčAP 29. Two heads are not one. PP 177. It's not science he cares about now. JablRR I 335. Then there will be no more time to roam, as there will be no more. 200 rpm. I don't care about fairy tales anymore, I've forgotten. Skb. And what are they going to take with us? Except that last cow. VenclR III 280. Unless you've tried to ripen it in the pasture. Page 62. You don't know that little thing? Sil. Do you feed your flock day by day? VienR V 264. Feed is running out, isn't the animal stuck in the barn? Myk-PutS I 96. Are we going to drive the child away from us in this year?! BaltPV I 29. § 8. The composite particle fegu(l) and the fegi that occurs in old finds have the same desirable or permissive meaning as the particle fe corresponding to the first element. Let's compare the examples of their use: Let someone else drive. Vs. —Let it crank! —said a man once, as if pityful. CvR II 30. Let him go mow. Zl. They are for the more experienced carnivores. Page 48. Let the ashes of hatred burn their hands to the elbows. 98. We have no idea what we're doing here, but we're going to do what we can to restore the church to its former glory. DP 1951. 3 Particles be, ba (and bo is no longer used in modern Lithuanian) have the same origin, see J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Riga, 1951 (in Lithuanian: Latv. val. gr.), p. 702; E. Hermann, Litauische Studien, eine historische Untersuchung schwachbetonter Worter im Litauischen, Berlin, 1926 (in Lithuanian: Lit. St.), p. 347—348. Historically, the particle ba-u could have had the same meaning, see ibid., p. 342; E. Fraenkel, Lit. et. Wb, p. 36. 121 § 9. The types of compound particles distinguished according to the first element are relatively unvaried and there are not many of them. These are completely indifferent and unproductive cases of particle formation. A peculiar exception is the dot ne-, with which more particles are formed and which can go as a prefix to many other words. $ 10. According to the second element, the following groups of compound particles can be distinguished: -be: ne-be(-), te-be, etc. ; -gi: ar-gi, dar-gi, kad-gi, na-gi, ne-gi, nejau-gi, net-gi, va-gi, vis-gi, etc. ; ir -gu: ar-gu, be-gu, plg. jngt. : if-gu, not-gu, etc. te-gu(l); -ne: be-ne, beg-ne, ko-ne, kuo-ne, maz-ne; -vis: plg. First. : per-vis, su-vis, uz-vis. § II. Démus -be(-) is semantically related to the prefix beir, which indicates the duration of an action or state, and perhaps to the emotional particle but, e.g. : Neither it went, neither it will go—no youth. Skn. While I was here, my voice became muffled. BalčAP 310. Green ruff, green ruff still without Zaliuoja... JD 465. What a worker you are. Ms. Etymologically, the affix -b, found in old writings or dialects jéibS „if“ (good buwj iam, ieib nebutų gimis szen tasai WP 13315), jéb „oh that! o jeigu!“ (If I go, be this not done. Dkš), as well as -ba in the word or. § 12. Dému -gi—this is an accentuating particle gi® enclitically added to another word. This is a relatively productive and useful mark: it can be added to almost every solid particle, as well as to many adverbs, conjunctions and other words." Emphasis -gi maintains with many particles (argi, dargi, kadgi, netgi, visgi...) and even more with adverbs (čiagi, tengi, kaipgi, kurgi...), conjunctions (norsgi, norsi, betgi, beigi...), emotions (ėgi, ogi, ugi...) and so on. However, there is another word where the emphasis -gi is no longer felt®, e.g.: irgi „taip 4 Etymologically, the emotional particle be and the elements be-, -be probably also relate, cf. J. Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, III, Warsaw, 1956 (in Polish: Gram.), p. 339. 5 After -b here may have fallen -e or -a, cf. on this E. Hermann, Lit. St, p. 347. 6 For the origin of the particle gi and its equivalents in other Indo-European languages, see : B. Delbrick, Comparative Syntax of the Indo-European Languages, Vol. 2, Strasbourg, 1897, p. 498 et seq.; E. Hermann, Lit. St, pp. 323-327 et seq.; J. Endzelins, Latv. val gr, p. 699; E. Schwyzer, Greek Grammar, Vol. 2, Miinchen, 1950, p. 558; K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, Vilnius, 1959; E. Fraenkel, Lit. et. Wb, p. 126. 7 The writing of a part of a word separately or together with another word (i.e. the translation of a compound word with the suffix -gi) is subject to agreement. The writing here does not always indicate the degree of independence. 8 That -i sometimes does not have a clear emphasizing meaning, has already been mentioned by F. KurSaitis, cf. F. Kurschat, Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, First Part, B. I, Halle, 1870, p. 121. 122 pat", since, therefore. This does not mean that there is no difference between the two, nor does it mean that there is no difference between the two. ; The affix -gi can be shortened to -g. In the old writings, the related affixes -gi, «ge, -g were much more common than in the present language, — they are abundant there with verbs, pronouns and other words, e.g. : Weizdekig DP 15,4, Imkiteg DP 387,, Wienokig DP 1135, Kągi DP 14,5, kasge BB 1, Kor 3s, etc. * Similar affix -g(i) was quite common in ancient writings even in the vicinity. po A possible thing -g(i) in the words ingi, izgi, nagi, pergi had some kind of emphasizing meaning!- ?. The etymological affix -gi (or -ge, -g) of close origin to the particle gi can also be seen in the words jog, jogei''. § 13. The -gu accent remains in the present language only in argu, begu and the conjunctions jeżeli, negu. In old writings, the particle gu is used in two ways: 1) as a separate particle gu (rarely) and as a free postpositional affix -gu (most often)'? 2) as an indivisible point of compound particles (argu, begu) and conjunctions (negu, jeigu). For example: : 1) Eye gu your evil is? 688) (c. You're telling me you're a Christian? VoK 4. You gu teypag are still neiszmaneleys? Ch II 34. 2)..makslų nessimakinna nei waiky er gu schaiminas ta nemakinna. WP 85 (Hermann, Lit. St., 172)...weisdeti begu nun giwena. BB 2. Exodus 4:3 (Hermann, Lit. St., p. 174)...if he passed by his eyes, then the servant of Chaos did not kiss him. WP 18 (Hermann, Lit. St., p. 2172). Without special research, it is difficult to say with certainty what the meaning of the particle (-)gu is in the first case and what its semantic and etymological relationship is with the accent -gu. Probably the particle (-)gu in the old writings has both a questioning and an emphasizing meaning, because, for example, in M. Daukša's Postila it is most often used to translate the questioning words of Polish ažeš, izali, -li, which also have an emphasizing connotation. For example: | Thousand essi ąnasai Messias promised|which turéio atayt? What else can we expect in the universe? DP 174 —18, (=A tyžeš iest on Messyasz promisannylktory miat pryščie zyli kogo innego czekač mamy? W 27). Because wissiėgu (=Because all.. W 639) can be Prophets? Do you know Daūktarais? DP 389. 9? Many examples of old writings with -gi, -ge, -g are given by E. Hermanas, see. E. He rmann, Lit. St, pp. 106-171, 185-211 and others. 0 Zr Chr. S. Stang, Die Präpositionen ing(i), prieg(i), nuog(i), išg(i) und der litauischen Lokalkasus,, Scando-- Slavica“, vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1954, p. 15. NW 2Zr.E. Fraenkel, Lit. et. Wb, p. 194. 12 In this case, the separation or indivisibility of the particle gu can often be a matter of letters only. 3 The dalyté (-)gu question is also called in Ruigi and Milkaus dictionaries, for example, in the latter:,,- Gu Particul. interrogation. insep.’ ; Zr. Ch. G. Mielcke, Littauischdeutsches Waorterbuch, Königsberg, 1800, p. 88; P. Ruhig, Littauisch-Deutsches Lexicon, Konigsberg, 1747, p. 44. 123 In addition, it should be noted that in M. Daukša’s Postila the particle gu(gu) x is often used for interjection with or and especially with argu. A possible object, in ancient writings and in the arguments argu, begu dému -gu, had not only a questioning but also an emphasis (cf. or and argi relation, see $ 5). It seems that in M. Daukša’s Postila, ar corresponds more often to the original czy, izali, and argu —že, -li, izali. In the questioning sentences of the old writings, the words negu't, jeżeli, e.g. : For than wissi brolei saw (=Bo azažesmy nie... W 904) and isz szalies sutwėrimolir ižg szaliės pataisimolir iž szaliės duszios ir kūno? IZ szalies sutwdriimolne gu wienas is (=izali nie ieden... W 904) Father wissu ours? DP 52943-4. You know, I've been here for a century now and I've never been there before. Ch II 30....liėpe mums tawi klaust: iégu tu essi ansay kurisdy turėjo ateit (=ieslis ty iest.. W 28) drgu (=czyli) now we have another to wait? DP 1840-49. Here the meaning of the words neže, jež, point -gu is probably also not so much questioning as emphasizing, because the questioning sentence can begin with a single particle ne" (e.g.: Say, not your work here? Dks, compare with another particle negi, see § 7), and in the old writings — sometimes the word if! *, pcs. : When will we talk? or why do we have to attribute the attachment of the knots to the initiation rather than to the daughter, rather than to the making of the gait? DP 4814 _4 (=if faith|or misticism|or repentance? In 809—810). "There's no better way to celebrate a birthday than with a party". DP 3380-1; (=B o0dzili sie w sabat uzdrawidé? W 559).. Thus the words used in the questioning sentences of the old scriptures negu, if the dot -gu probably has the same meaning as the particle (-)gu and the words argu, begu have the accent -gu. Another thing is the -gu meaning of the conjunction than "when" and if "if". It can hardly be associated with the questioning particle (-)gu atspalviul’. Here, perhaps, only the emphatické -gu meaning has faded. Among other things, this also shows the optionality of démens -gu: next to jeżeli with the same meaning is widely used the conjunction jeśli, next to —czasami i nie (e.g.: Antažiegės lauke žolės daugiau, ne mūsų. Ds). Emphasis particles are particularly prone to optional use (see particle (-)gi, see $ 11). From what has been said about the particle gu and the element -gu, it is possible to conclude, 14 that the word than is mentioned among the interrogative particles in both the dictionaries of K. Širvydas and M. Miežinis, cf. Dictionarium trium lingvarum... Avctore.. Constantino Szyrwid. Quinta editio, Wilnae, 1713 (hereinafter —SD), p. 30; M. Miežinis, Lietuwiszkai- -latviszkailenkiszkai-rusiszkas žodynas, Tilžė, 1894, p. 146. '5 In M. Daukša's Postila, questioning sentences that begin with a word rather than a word, as far as we have noticed, have a negative meaning. '6 Plg. JI. AporBunac, YenoBubie KOHCTPYKUMH (cOio3HbIe) B IlocrnjJie H. Jlaykma, „Kalbotyra“, I, Vilnius, 1958, p. 127. 7 Similarly inclined to think E. Hermanas, see. E. Hermann, Lit. St, pp. 259-261. ; :; that: etymologically 124 a) gu (-gu) related su gi (-gi, -ge, -ga, -g)'? ; semantically b) particle particularly focus gu ir -gu su gi (-gi, -g...) most likely associated emlatic shade; in the ¢) ancient scriptures gu (-gu) interrogatiir ve emphatic shades are confused: sometimes brighter one, sometimes another. — In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, a particle with a reflection vi instead of a question mark gu (-gu) used particles or, be, bene, instead of the same particle, o having an accentuated tone, usually — gi (-gi). Therefore, the particle (-) than disappeao red, spot -gu remained only in words nežu, jež, begu (a rare word in literary language), where the emiatic jo meaning is not felt at all or almost not. § 14. The desirable particle fegu(l)!® is to be mentioned separately, in which the į eye-catching spot also falls -gu(!). It is a relatively common particle in contemporary Lithuanian, found in almost all dialects (rarely in the Zemgalish dialect in the northernmost parts of ir the Vysočina dialects, where it is replaced by the particle lai or lei). ją In our ancient writings monuments let a part(!) Significantly less common (in some perhaps not used at all??), but it ir cannot be considered a derivative of these days, because it knows ją M. Daukša, K. Širvydas ir and some other authors of ancient writings; fegul duodama ir D. Klein's grammar?!. Many linguists tend to think that the particle tegul is made up of the particle of the present tense third person verb guli?2, let it be the result of iš the fegul, fe ir which has already become a particle, after the final sound has fallen o iš jo -L This form of the particle fegul is particularly supported by the variants found in the ancient writings su -gi(-g) — tegigul ir tegulig. Sometimes let (or tegulig) is used here with a kind of verb meaning?, e.g. : Wissa taw tegdl’ uz mesziqliddnt tiektai to Wieszpaties maténe jgitumbei DP 350y1_12 (=everything you miey shit... za W 577). Running into the clouds '8 Plg. E. Fraenkel, Lit. and. Wb, p. 126. Similarly, it seems, thought ir K. See, e.g. Selected Writings, I, Vilnius, p. 442. '9 At present, in written language, the particle tegul seems to be used more frequently. In dialects, let it be ir used a lot of pramišiui, although perhaps a little more often fegul occurs Eastern Lithuania, o fegu — Western ir Pietų Lithuanian Talks. Unequally pronouncir ed particles let the final sound -I: It is mostly soft, but some southwestern highlands harden. jį It is probably a secondary phenomenon, pgl. ait, sakyt (solid f) iš go, say Dks. : ® Instead of fegu(l) the particle fe is usually used in old writings. E. Herman says he has not found fegu in many of the old writings, see. E. Hermann, Lit. St, p. 255. It is not ir P. Ruigio bei K. The Milky Way. ®t Zr. D. Klein, Grammar Litvanica... Mr Regiomonti, 1653, p. 137; SD 179. 2 Zr. F. Kurschat, Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, first Theil, B. 1, Halle, 1870, p. 451, also F. Course chat, grammar of Lithuanian English language, Hall, 1876, p. 372; E. Hermann, Lit. St, p. 255—259: Chr. S. Stang, The Slavic and Baltic Verbum, Oslo, Norway 1942, p. 245; J. Otrebski, Gram, p. 369—370. 8 Plg. J. Otrebski, Gram, p. 369; E. Hermann, Lit. St, p. 259. We do not mention fegul as a su test of similarity ir with the desirable particle found in some Dzūkian dialects in old writings (testo, testow), derived from iš te-tstovi (see section 4.4). J. Otrebski, op. cit.), since this interpretation of its origin cannot be considered absolutely certain. ; 125 A particle only consists of a particle only? and the faded meaning of the pronoun that?". Its distinctiveness is entirely determined by the first accent fik-. Let us compare only examples of use: At the table only gentlemen and priests. PP 85. They are only known by people who have grown up in the forest... Nothing else grows, only junipers. Zg. Whoever you want, King, but not me. SrR II 18. There are no more compound particles with the particle fik, but it can go with some contemporary particles and other words (see §§ 20). The part is probably derived from the pronoun who knows the verb. In dialects, there are also even more abbreviated variants of the particle kažin, or variants with various aliases: kaZi, kaž(-), kazZne, kažna, kazno, kaznai, kažnec, etc. The particle kažin (and its variants) has an uncertain, dubious questioning meaning and in the sentence usually goes to other questioning words. For example: : Does the cow have a good nose? Grz. I wonder if you can find it? Jrb. Guess where is my grandmother? JD 733. I wonder what he's been up to? Slv. The compound particle kažin (kaži, kaž...) can become the substantive of indefinite conjunctive pronouns and adverbs, e.g.: kažin kas, kažin koks, ir kažkur, kažin kaip, etc. $ 18. Pronunciation of compound particles. The morphology of the species is not well understood and varies widely. In terms of pronunciation, the particles are easier to group according to the second element. In literary Lithuanian, the second accent of compound particles is usually pronounced, only particles with the second accent -be or -gi tend to pronounce the first accent. In dialects, the first accent is pronounced much more frequently, and in some places almost all component particles have this accent. Similarly, some compound conjunctions or adverbs with the same elements are pronounced like particles. In literary language, the following groups of pronunciation of compound particles can be distinguished (dialectal pronunciation variants are given in parentheses): nėbe (nebė), tėbe (tebė); argi (argi), baūgi (baugi, baugi), dargi (dargi), irgi, kadgi (never), nevertheless (all)...; begū (run), negū (not run), tegū (run), tegūl (run, run), but afgu (argū), jéigu (run); ?6 In old writings and dialects tikt is often used, so K. Jaunius considers the word to be composed only of tikt and the accentuating particle -ai (cf. tas-ai, kurs-ai, etc.); see. K. Jaunius, Lietuvjų kalbos gramatika, Petrapilis, 1908—1916, p. 107. 7 Plg. J. Otrebski, Gram, p. 298. Partílytė only from the origin, probably, is related to tiek; Zr. J. Endzelins, Latv. val. gr, p. 609, E: Fraenkel, Lit. et. Wb, pp. 1087-1088. In M. Daukša's Postilé, the same meaning (Polish tylko) is used as well as tiktai DP 10,4, ir only DP 1094. 127