Apie sudurtines atliktines veiksmažodžio laikų ir nuosakų formas lietuvių literatūrinėje kalboje

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES MORPHOLOGY SANDARA IR JOS RAIDA MILK. TU V O'S TSR MOKSLUY AKSA DE M TJ" A ABOUT SUDURTINES RESTRICTIONS OPERATIONAL SYSTEM TIME IR REGULATIONS FORMS LITHUANIAN IN THE LITERARY LANGUAGES N. SLIŽIENĖ Structure of compound verbs § 1. In Lithuanian, the conjugated final forms of the verb tenses consist ir of the independent lexical forms of the noun of the past participle of the past participle of the verb or the personified forms of the auxiliary verb to be, e.g.: esu pakvietė, -usi, esu pakviestas, -a, buvai pakvietė, -usi, būsi pakviestas, -a, būtume ir pakvietė, -os... $ 2. Past participles are often used in the present tense, especially in the third person, in the plural forms ir be auxiliary verb. For example: : Those whose wings have grown, — the whirlwind does not threaten. GirR I 137. Where have you been, daughter, where have you been walking? Where's your crown fallen? JD I 105. Has she already been introduced to life by Vilimas and left halfway? SimonVK II 123. "Are we hired for the nights?" the men wondered. ZemR II 349. These forms were associated with the noun pronoun, inherited from ancient times and widely used in the present Lithuanian language. $ 3. Some past tense participants are sometimes used in the meaning of the sudurtiniy accomplishment forms of the pronoun!. For example: : How many years, God, I would not have known, if I had met one... VienR V 342. If they can, they may have recovered. Sld LKZ III 284. I would not have turned (nest), that grandfather was, therefore I turned, that I was a young... JD III 683. If only I had known the beast, the little sage, the crown of green robes, packed in a chest! JD II 493. But she must have thought hard about why that girl, named Barbe, looked at her so much, so angrily, so suspicious, so jealous, and so full of vengeance, as if she had been robbed of everything by Ilze and taken away. Wolf. SimonVK II 123. ! The same is true of the Latvian language, plg. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, § 762. 6. Morphological structure of Lithuanian language and its development 81 $*4. In addition, the forms of the auxiliary verbs are sometimes used to form the accomplished forms of the pronoun. For example: : Although he was waiting for Anton, but when he saw him, Gaigalas felt in the depths of his spirit an anxiety, as if he had committed a crime.. BilR I 90. ..(Vacys) appeared cold, proud, as if he had a troubled interior... Fortunately, his long-term goal was so close, so possible, that he had to do something small, insignificant, and it would have been achieved... $ 5. In some ir cases, past participles are used as adjectives and do not form perfect forms with the verb to be. The adjective meaning is usually given to those participants who are made from the verbs of the subject of the event, meaning a change in the mental or physical state of the object or person (faded, rounded, frozen, angry, flattened, flattened, etc.). In the adverbial, these participants are used as adjectives in the following cases: 1. When the participant indicates a ready property attributed to the object and has absolutely no meaning of the previous action. For example, when we say that his nose is squeezed, we describe the appearance of the nose, its shape, as a constant feature of it, not as a consequence of the squeezing action. It does not even arise the thought that the talking nose could ever have been straight, and then mumbled. For example: :; It's not beautiful because of the sagging lips. LKZ V 27. He's not with a humpback, he's just like that. Gs LKZ III 736. That child was a real buzurg—fat, fat, cheeks puffed up. Ck LKZ I 1006. He eats, he eats, and it's not helping, he's drying up. Gs LKZ II 793. "What am I telling you?" 252 and 253. This year the rye has fallen. Vlkv LKZ II 122. The dogs were ir mad! Punisher of all They were chewed by pests. ZemR II 382. "Kumeliaitė perdykus (gudri) — supranta gaspadorį" (in Lithuanian). 370 pp. 2nd ed. You know, Mom, I'm all right and my hands are not rotten. SimonVK I 313. His nose is curved like a goose. 702 pp. 2nd ed. The 308 and 309 were replaced by the 308A and 308B. 2. When pronouns such as, like, some, the same, etc. are said next to the participants, emphasizing their adjective meaning. For example: : I saw—a sharp blade to plough you; That's why you're such an idiot, dry like a sponge. ZemR 1 346. Ha, I saw how your face was shining. SimonVK II 17. He's been such a bad guy since he was a kid. 810 pp. 10th ed. All the barley seems to be infected. Dbč LKZ V 680. When the sentence contains adjectives (sometimes nouns) that indicate another characteristic of the same thing or person and that go with the participants in the same part of the sentence. For example: : The knob, although long slept, but unhappy got up; was angry, angry, vomited herself unnecessarily, on the girl gathered. ŽemR I 324. The ceiling of the chapel was smoky, waxed, so ir belly-like that it seemed as if there was not a ceiling hanging above the head of the Urn, but a big, big crevice. 82 CvR III 271. The man was grumpy and loose like a leaf tie. Brt LKZ III 270. Jo His hair was short, upward curled, his forehead was high ir and smooth, his — Lithuanian mustache was down. Gud-GuzKIT 25. The past tense participants of other verbs do not su form auxiliary verb-concluded forms only when they are part of various phraseological compounds. For example: : į He's a po mustache, o ji young, newly on their feet—is that a couple? Wolf LKZ 596. He who was so intelligent, the smartest in all The king's — family is mad today, iš they're out of their minds today. SimonVK II 183. You seem to be wise and smart, and you can take the contract so recklessly! ZemR II 59. Fucking honor! The same birds of prey fell as iš ir Dovis Thin. SimonVK II 20. The basic meaning of compound verbs $ 6. All of these forms have a common meaning. They represent a resulting state achieved by a previous action, which lasts at a certain moment in the present, past or future. For example, in the sentence the father is gone, we say in the present tense that the father left now is not. ir jo The action occurred earlier, and o now it has reached a resulting state. The main meaning of the perfect formsin the times of the mė perfect group of ir Greek-Latin languages (e.g., perfect, plusquamperfect). | § 7. The significance of the performed forms is at ir the same time ir a resulting one, a relative one: performed forms represent the resulting state lasting at a certain moment in relation to the ir previous action, due to su which it was created. The most obvious example of ji this is when they are used alongside the corresponding unified verb forms. The resulting state achieved by the previous action is simultaneous with the su described actions or states, and the action that caused it is preceding them. : 7 There is the King's stable, where the young flock is lying and rejoicing. Parallel to the King's —Wolf's Grove. The wolf has sent his horses out to hunt. The horses are laying, groaning, putting their legs up here, standing on the last ones there. SimonVK I 46. The relationship between the value of the unified and the final forms could be graphically represented as follows: | previous release timeline action | . t "There's no T time to ; : « 1. +. |_| lose," he | says, "but 2 if you're not going to lose, you're going to lose," he adds. 6* 83 As we can see, the meaning of the compound accomplished forms is related to two time plans: the action belongs to the previous time plan, and the resulting state achieved by it — to the later one. The previous time plan is secondary, secondary, because we are concerned only with the action described in the performing form, which is related to the later time plan, and not with the whole situation of that time. The subsequent time plan is the main one, because all its actions and states are relevant to us. Only actions and states belonging to the main time plan are directly related to the speaking moment. The present tense describes the action that preceded it. In this case, the time of the action has a relative significance. But the resulting state achieved by that action belongs to the main time plan and has an immediate connection with the moment of speech. Therefore, the significance of the aggregate finite forms is not only relative, but also consequential. The relationship with the two time plans is the main feature of the meaning of the aggregate accomplished forms. It distinguishes the meaning of the aggregate accomplished forms from the meaning of the corresponding solid forms§- meés2. $ 8. Since the final forms have not only a consequential but also a relative meaning, they are often used in secondary sentences when it is necessary to express the time of action of the secondary sentence in relation to the time of action of the main sentence. The action of the secondary sentence precedes the action of the main sentence described by the corresponding solid forms, and the resulting state achieved by it is simultaneous with the action of the main sentence. For example: : Kožnas tur, kaip dieos jam skyręs yr, pasikainat. 104. Aš KrėvDP 230. Tu Do you now understand what you're bewitched by, Grand Vizier? HP 20. Without finishing her sentence, Greta turned to the door and walked out in the same steps she had taken when she entered. SimonVK II 220. On the edge of the ditch there was a woman sitting that morning, who had been driven out and had nowhere to go. SimonVK II. 230. As if she were a little girl, the volunteer would immediately put Monica on her knees, put a candy or something in her hands, and if she was lying down—he would tear her out of bed. CyR VIII 214. Shoes here, Egluze, put them on! And when they are broken, you get a new one! No. 451. When the main sentence contains verbs denoting speaking, thinking, mental states and physical sensations (sakė, klau2 In other related languages (e.g. Latvian, Slavic, Germanic, Romance) the meanings of the corresponding tenses (perfect, plusquaperfect, etc.) are also usually related to two time plans, cf. : Latvian PSR ZA Institute of Languages and Literature, Grammar of Modern Latvian Literary Language, I, Riga, 1959, pp. 590, 594, 599; A. A. Ilore6na, Ha 3anucok no pycckoi rpammartnke, 1—1II, Mocksa, 1958, pp. 256—257; E. H. Jlemuwua, Cucrema npomejtumux BpeMeH B HOBoGosrapckux tekcrax XVII— XVIII Bexkos, «Yuensie 3sanucku Hu-Ta cjiaBsnoBejenns> (Akamemus Hayk CCCP), T. 19, Mocksa, 1960, pp. 30—48; O. Ecnepcen, Ouzocodus rpassarTuku, Mocksa, 1958, p. 314; T. C. Heuaepa, O pesyJibTaTHBHOM OTTeHKe 3HaueHHA OOpMbI nepdexra B C£OBpeMEHHOM HeMelKoM s3bike, «Bonpocbi f3bika H JiuTeparTypbi>, Mocksa, 1959. 84 sė, manė, svarstė; knowed, moved, felt, saw, etc.), or groups of ir words that separate them (talk went on, rumors spread, came to mind, etc.), in the secondary sentence the present tense executive forms are used, regardless of the tense form in which the action of the main sentence is expressed3. For example: : Some explained that the future king of Lithuania is descended from Jogaila and even from the family of Mindaugas, others already went to Berlin to order a crown for the goldsmiths... Gud-GuzKIT 189. She saw that the beggar had heard a lot about the rebels during Christmas, maybe she had heard about them... maybe she knew something about Peter. Bill I 234. Nobody worked anything, only went around, checking how much and what was placed, where and what was placed, how it was placed, why it was placed. BaltPV I 330. I have heard your promises, and I know that the knight will lay his head sooner; than a tsakey from what he has planned and in his word paZadeé jęs. 213 pp.. How many wounded you have collected, the homeland will ask you. No 309. Sometimes the executive forms describe the action of the main sentence that precedes the action of the secondary sentence described by the corresponding solid forms, and the resulting state achieved by it is simultaneous with the action of the secondary sentence. For example: : The Tarutis heard the dog barking and guarding the empty house of the Pašušviai for a few more days, and when they realized that he had been taken away, he was gone. CyR VIII 137. When the summer comes, we'll have brought the rye. 793 pp. 2nd ed. When I got out of my corner, dinner was ready... CvR III 236. § 9. The resulting state achieved by the previous action is perceived as the state of the actor or object that was created by the previous action. For example, in the sentence he tonight has worked in the performive form we say not only that he worked tonight, but also what he is now because he worked tonight. The state of the object is described by the accomplished forms of the inactive kind, e.g.: all the flowers have already been picked*. § 10. The resulting state achieved by the previous action is indicated by both the performing and non-performing forms of the verbs. The final forms of verbs with a resulting meaning are usually used when the specific result of the previous action remains. 3 In these cases, the present tense continuous forms of verbs are used similarly, e.g.: Everyone said that he is already working, everyone will say that he is already working, etc. This use is determined by the semantics of the aforementioned verbs, which allows the time of action to be described not only from the point of view of the speaker, but also from the point of view of the actor, i.e. the narrator or author can define the time of action not according to his own, but according to the actor’s speaking moment, cf. 1962. pp. 13. "Hydroelectric Power Plants in the United States". www.hp.com. "Hydroelectric Power Plants in the United States". www.hp.com. "Hydroelectric Power Plants in the United States". www.hp.com. "Hydroelectric Power Plants in the United States". 3, pp. 20-22; E: H. lem uu a, min. ill., p. 39. 4 The resulting form of the inactive type has a more pronounced meaning than the active one. Inactive forms indicate that the person or thing expressed by the factor does not act itself, but is influenced by someone else; that is, experiences a certain state caused by the action. In this way, the value of the inactive type itself is related to the value of the state. It is precisely for this reason that the passive forms of accomplishedness have such a prominent significance of the resulting state achieved by the previous action. 85 The inactive and active forms of intransitive verbs, denoting both the result of the action and the resulting state achieved by the previous action, describe either the agent (active forms) or the object (inactive forms). For example: : Yr sent gifts from a young boy: a green wreath and a gold ring. JD 111,577. I was born and raised in the woods. Vol.128. His lips were bloody from the pain of silence. No 378. O What will happen when the spinning spinner ir comes near, and o you will be left in the field? 58. There was some lightness on everyone’s faces, as if they had gathered in May. CvR VIII 44. Since the transitive forms of the verbs indicate the result of the action not in relation to the actor, but to the object, they tell not only what the actor is due to the performed action, but also what are the consequences of his activity. The value of the result of the action is usually more prominent than the value of the resulting state achieved by the previous action and usually more or less overshadows it. For example: : Because what he has smoked in the winter, he has to tell everyone that summer is coming back again. DonelR 34. This Latvian grammar has been written by two of the best Latvian linguists. Page 199. "I have received these things from a merchant who found them in the streets of Mecca," said the merchant. HP 15. The final forms of verbs of non-resultative meaning only indicate the resulting state achieved by the previous action. For example: : So you brought the cotton cloth, probably you carried the barley straw with it. LKZ I 73. But old Wolf has already said everything. SimonVK I 37. But since the bridegroom had been thinking all day, it is understandable that the speech ną diverged. ir jų po į tą half. HP 284. He came a week ago į šį I had already aš walked around the town of Zemaičiai and had seen everything that was interesting to me with the village secretary and the forester. VenclR III 176. Others, in addition to the concentration camps, had spent several years in various prisons. SruogR V 26. To the front, even the stone standing shone with whiteness; not a trace of anyone having conceived him with a dirty or just dusty foot. DD 39. * * * $ 11. The relative-- resultant value of the accomplished forms derives from the value of the past participles that make them up. "There is no doubt that the creation of a new type of sculpture was the result of a process that took place in the past." This 5 Property of the Object, resulting from the previous action, is now marked only by attributive participants, usually in the nominative and sometimes in the nominal part of the participle, e.g.: lost child, read book, how pale he is, etc. 86 the meaning is reflected in the meaning of ir the past forms, only here the meaning of the property of the object is significantly weakened, the functional o meaning of the previous mo one is — emphasized. Difference between participants with a certificate ir su the same participants formed performative forms is particularly pronounced when the participants make course verbs or action iš transitive event verbs, cf. iš e.g. " sick child ' ir the child is sick, the person who brought the letter the person who ir brought the letter; by the present tense participants, by single or dependent words, we say what a su child, a person is, thereby distinguishing them from other children of people, by the performing forms we say more, they iš have acted, done, than ar what they o are because of that activity. ką ar We can say tą almost the same thing about the past ir perfect forms of the past participle, e.g.: This disease the child already had, somebody brought you a letter. The difference between the meaning of the performative forms of the participants in the test is much more difficult to discern when the participants make non-operative intransitive verbs of the event agent, denoting the ir spontaneous change of the mental or physical state of the person of the object, cf. iš ar e.g.: blossoming roses roses ir have already blossomed. In this case, the lexical meaning of the verb prevents the significance of the previous action from emerging: after all, the solid forms of these verbs can have a ir quite strong qualitative meaning, e.g.: pot prakuuro, kaip juo bevirsi. su It is also quite difficult to distinguish between the meanings of the passive participles of the past tense that are in the past tense, e.g.: kopauti ryžiai ryžiai ir yra nupiauti. ir This means that the value of the previous action is prevented from being highlighted by the value of the inactive type su associated with the state value. Thus, the main difference between the meanings of the past participles in the ir accomplished forms was determined by the different syntactic functions of the participles: the meaning of the participles in the present tense of the verb, with the strengthening of the meaning of the previous action, with the weakening of the meaning of the resulting characteristic of the action, the meaning of ir the participles iš to in the present tense remained the same. o ta § 12. The main meaning of the conjugated participle forms also reflects the grammatical meanings of the ir participant's auxiliary verb: the participant's iš meanings derive the meaning of the resulting state achieved by the previous action, the auxiliary verb o forms indicate the duration of the resulting state at a certain moment in the present, past or future. However, the meaning of the accomplished forms is not equal to the sum of the grammatical meanings of the participle auxiliary verb, because the meaning of the ir accomplished forms is changed and differs from the meaning of the participles. ir Due to the to final forms, we perceive the meaning as two ne independent meanings, as one new grammatical o meaning. 87 * * * § 13. The conjugated forms of completed verbs are characterized by two shades of meaning: relative and resulting. In the first case, the performed forms represent a specific resulting state achieved by the previous action, which is perceived as a specific unified act. For example: : Someone in the clovers is sleeping tonight į g s — the shelter has been abandoned. Pit LKZ III 714. Having iš said this, ką the attentive reader can be convinced that language is indeed an indicator iš of ancient cultural life. BūgKS p. VII. We have been grazing for a long time, the lord has no will to take away from us, we are settled. ZemR II 64. AS I see, men, that you are persuaded and agitated by someone!. VienR V 106. George bent over to get a better position Monica's head, and shook: the cold was already rising in her legs. CvR VIII 235. A yellow note was also inserted in the scarf of that bundle: it marked Zosé’s “craft”. ZemR II 234. Fight, you'll kill your mother, not a stranger. SimonVK II 345. I'll come over in the morning, if the hedgehogs are like this, you won't get to eat, noYou can put your thumb in your mouth! 393. 393. In the second case, the accomplished forms indicate a generalized resulting state achieved by a generalized action of the undefined past. For example: : In addition, I have heard a gentle, rather quiet, frequent sniffing; this voice is heard when the ducks are unfearlessly sitting or swimming in some quiet corner of the lake. IvanLP II 88. Is it not enough that Mr. Amtsrots, teaching us as a father, has forbidden us to shoot with our owls at the underdogs? DonelR 100. Juk Vilius has held Perhaps he loved her more than he loved Greta. SimonVK II 149. Who has achieved them (power, happiness) in good, long speeches and empty words? KrėvDP 202. I had seen it for a long jį time: I wanted to su chat with him about the press, about literature, if not to do — anything, ir then to dream. BilR I 123. All his life he had spoken su only Lithuanian. But this time, when he went to greet the Queen, he shook her hand, saying: “Guten Morgen, Mariechen!” SimonVK I 304. "In this chair will be The king sick sitting," — says to himself Tucker. SimonVK I 179. In a certain context, the one-time nature of an indefinite past action can also emerge. For example: : At that time in "Draugija" (III 193—199) I had affirmed that the ending -ystė (-ysta) is of Slavic origin, but now I can no longer do so, because the new facts of the language do not allow it. Page 230. You can't know, neither can you find in the ancient writings, whether Thunder had one or not. DaukRR 217. Once, the mother had been to Šalteikiai Vilkienas for goose eggs. SimonVK I 294. In such cases, the final form of the verbs with a resulting meaning does not indicate the remaining result of the specific action. For example: : 88 Sometimes lays eggs in į old nests of birds of prey ir crows; I've found aš myself In Korlishke, near Varėna, duck laid in crow nest, black oak, about 5 m from the ground. IvanLP II 71. In the same pop forest, three people from a neighboring farm have hanged themselves; There are also Piestupy tombs... BilR I 169. | The significance of the generalized results state is relatively weakly perceived, which highlights the significance of the action of the undefined past that created it. The present tense has a particularly strong meaning of the undefined past action and a weak meaning of the generalized resulting state. It is interesting to note that, depending on the shade of these relative-- resultant meanings, the circumstances of time are used differently. When doneness forms indicate a specific resulting state that lasts at a certain moment, the time circumstances in the sentence can show not only the time of the previous action (a), but also the time of the resulting state achieved by it (b). For example: : a) I myself have just returned from Berlin with the brigade! God-GuzKIT 287. Already at the beginning of this century Einstein has established a formula for the relationship between mass and energy... BaršF 176. Some of the unemployed had arrived at the factory gates at dusk, others at midnight, and there were some who were still standing in their seats, having occupied them in the evening. VienR V 415. Another machine gun was near the spear shed, and the rest behind the woods, where the Germans had installed gunpowder stores in the wartime. Gud-GuzKIT 389. b) In the morning he was asleep so hard that the master barely called. 313 pp. 2. Where the wooden bridge used to swing, constantly repaired and constantly deteriorating, now an iron bridge was built. VienR 1 142. You know what, Willie, tomorrow you'll be forgetting everything. SimonVK to 108. However, when the accomplished forms indicate a generalized resulting state, the circumstances of the time stated in the sentence only indicate. the duration of action. For example: “The stories of robbers and murderers that I had only once heard, now stood before my eyes. VenclR 111 172. But not the plague that has raged in the country a couple of hundred years ago, as found in the old writings or as recently described in some calendar so thoroughly. SimonVK II 325.; $ 14. The use of performative forms in one or another meaning depends in part on the verb's action. The executive forms of verbs of the event verb are usually used with the meaning of a specific resulting state, and the forms of verbs of the course verb (especially present tense) with the generalized meaning of the resulting state. § 15. In the case of performative forms, the meaning of a specific (not generalized) resulting state is much more characteristic. The generalized resulting state is represented mainly by present tense forms; moreover, usually only the exposed. It should also be noted that the present tense past tense forms without an auxiliary verb have the meaning of the generalized resulting state very rarely. For example: : And here Grete stands before the old Queen and looks at her with such a look, with such a flash of eyes, as she has never seen before. SimonVK II 219. 89