Lietuvių kalbos dalyvių atributyvinė‑predikatyvinė vartosena

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES MORPHOLOGY SANDARA IR JOS RAIDA LIE TU (VO 1 S TSR SCIENCE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE ACADEMY ATTRIBUTIVE-- PREDICATIVE USE OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE ACTIVES V. EMBRACES Of all the living Indo-European languages, Lithuanian has preserved the most diverse and complex system of meanings and types of use. This diversity of use is based on the moriological nature of the two-person participants, the intermediate position between the verb and the adjective, which in turn is the result of a millennium-long evolution. Participants, jų whose origin is noun form, were gradually part of the ir system of verb categories of time, kind and verb. Therefore, depending on the syntactic function, position, separation, degree of expansion and other circumstances, in some cases verb, in others noun features iš of the participants į are more pronounced. Due to the wide variety of use and the many transitional cases, it is difficult to clearly define the syntactic function of the participant in each sentence. ir o — However, taking into account the syntactic relationships with other words and the prevailing meanings, it is possible to distinguish the following main types of participatory usage: attributive, attributive-predikative, predicative usage. ir Ta the same morphological form of the participant, used in different contexts, may belong to different types of usage. The attributive participants are associated with nouns and denote the properties of objects and phenomena resulting from the action, e.g. : Hail is s frozen snow, rounded like peas. Plv. The mountainous shores, covered with bushes, beautifully alternated between lighter and darker greenery. 132 and 133. The attributive-predikative participants are associated with both nouns or pronouns and with verbs. They indicate the secondary action of the sentence or the state resulting from that secondary action, e.g. : He got up, looked at the firewood, and opened the door again. BsP IV ir 115. The predicative participants in the sentence have the function of a participle and are associated with the nouns and pronouns that go with the factor. Some of them differ from the corresponding personified verbs only in certain modal nuances and form the so-called indirect modus (modus relativus), e.g. : The devil 47 carried a stone as big as a pile. BaranAS 20. Others include the į composition of compound verb times. In the use of the participants, the types are not strictly differentiated. In many constructions, participants can have one, ir another type ir of characteristics. Be therefore, ne the types of usage mentioned here are equally typical for all participants. For example, the active participant of the past frequent tense is almost always only a predicative, the passive participant of the future o tense —only attributive. Only in certain constructions the present participle of the present tense has retained the attributive-predikative usage. ir Different meanings of the terms of ir use within the system of participants, as well as between o participants of other verb forms close to them ir (e.g., pusdalyviy) formed complex correlational relationships, which are still almost unexplored. Especially little attention has been paid so far to the attributive-predikative usage of the participants. į The attributive-predikative usage is complex, heterogeneous and involves many use cases by different participants. ir This includes primarily the so-called oppositional participants, denoting the secondary action of the personified ir su verb forms that are part of the predicate of the sentence, often connected by various circumstantial connections (e. g. : The wolf scared the sheep. 100 mg/ day) The attributive-predikative participants can also indicate the state of the factor during the action of the taric notation even closer to the personified forms of the verb (e.g. : The master went away angry. ir BaltPV I 99). These are considered to be part of the complex dialects in the present-day grammar. At the attributive-predikative are distinguished participants of the ir secondary action meaning in the compounds of noun pronouns ending and origin su ar (e. g. : He heard a bee. a tcatching. JD II 1203) ir kt All these participants are united in į one group by their double syntactic relationships and the meaning of the secondary action or resulting state. jo The aim of this article is to describe the attributive-predikative — usage of the nominative forms of Lithuanian participants. Other participants' funny (without the noun) the meaning of a secondary action usually has only in certain constructions with nouns or pronouns, especially after verbs denoting speech, sensations or mental states (accusativus, genetivus cum participio). These structures have specific characteristics and constitute a separate ir object of research. There are jų also very ir closely connected nominative participle compounds with recursive verbs (nominativus cum participio), which will also not be touched on in this article. Without entering into a more detailed analysis of individual constructions, here are presented the main cases of attributive-- predikative nominative forms used by participants and material from contemporary literary and folk spoken language is provided to illustrate them. The data of old language monuments and dialects not typical of literary language are mainly used only where it is desired to draw attention to the relationship of the modern system of participants' meanings with the previous system!. ! Examples from 19th-20th century scripts and dialects are presented according to the norms of the current literary language. The spelling and punctuation of the examples taken from the old scripts are retained, only the "Gothic" letters are replaced by the corresponding Latin ones. 48 || § 1. In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, attributive-predikative usage is characteristic of the past participle, present participle and past participle nominative forms. The nouns of attributive-predikative participants are often used to differentiate the main and secondary action of the sentence performed by the same actor. The action to be given priority is expressed in the personified form of the verb, and the less accentuated action, which is related to the main action in terms of time, causality or other relationships, is expressed in the participle noun. For example: : ; The turtle is awake. he turned his eyes. ZemR 1 207. Stočkaus She smiled softly. Gud-GuzKIT 264—265. He was silent. SimonVK I 79. The land is covered with grass. Tl. The wolf is scared and does not return to the same place. Val (DZ I 457). The stone was fired down through the roof. Alif Lam Mim. In these sentences we clearly see the two-way syntactic relationships of the participants. They are associated with both nouns and verbs that pass through the predicate. The nouns of attributive-- predikative participants occupy an intermediate position between the corresponding forms of attributive and predicative participants. Especially obvious are the semantic connections of attributive-- predikative participants with attributive. Not even be. k. 1. I'm sick. attributive-- predikative and attributive usage of participants whose meanings are most differentiated in a certain context is difficult to distinguish. When these participants are unexpanded and go before the indicative word, it is sometimes almost impossible to say clearly, without intonation and wider context, whether they are attributive or attributive-- predikative. For example: : When the bus stops, it crashes, 0 horses in the train turn around and don't go, even if you kill them. An. Scared, the little boy ran to his mother. CvR II 61. However, mature Darata felt that there was nothing wrong with not doing it small. 41, No. 7. The children who are in trouble do not even want to sleep S (DZ II 570). When they came together for a long time, the laughs stopped. Ssk. A young woman was fed a calf with a culture, and the money was collected. BsP II 201. | Occasionally such a clearly undifferentiated meaning be. k. I. veik. participants (alone or extended by other words) have and go after the sentence factor. For example: : Potatoes crumble when uncooked. J 1 478. Cheese i šthe puppy has many tails. Ēr. The ducks are hungry and snatch the lecho quickly. J (DZ I 87). A baby burned is afraid of fire. B (DZ I 665). He runs like a horse, with a buck under his tail. Zvr. She's happy like a chicken when ducks hatch. Mrk. Why are you crying like a pig, with your tooth in your mouth? Vik.’ An even more difficult to grasp boundary sometimes exists between the passive participles denoting a special and a secondary action, which generally have more noun features. Therefore, while marking a secondary 4, action, the morphological structure ir of the Lithuanian 49 language and its development very often retain a certain shade of attributive meaning. Such passive participants in the sentence can go both before the factor and after it. For example: : NepriZiurima berries will go wild. Alk. The lazy eats the bread. BaltPV I 265. He's like a cat, he's like a cat, he's like a cat. As. The naked wolf returns to the forest. Yes (DZ III 324). The soldier was not able to escape. LzP (DZ I 31). "Silver Bear (Silver Bear)" 566. A stone, fired from a throw, rides on a horse. J (DZ 1 67). Although the boundary between attributive and attributive-predikative participants is sometimes blurred, the essential difference between these types, based on the above-mentioned syntactic connections and meanings, is undeniable. It is particularly clearly seen in those sentences, in which attributive and attributive-predikative participants of the same time and kind go side by side. For example: : His thoughtful, deep eyes, suddenly interested in something, would immediately fade away again. CvR III 257. Lost its everyday, usual sound, like a dead hive, the valley became silent. CvR III 44. $ 2. In denoting a secondary action, attributive-predikative participants can sometimes play a similar role in the sentence as the personified forms of the verb. Let us take, for example, this sentence: And at that time the old man, after reflecting, after thinking, returned to the chipper. Page 93. Be. k. I. veik. participants here we could change being. k. 1. verbs, without distorting the meaning of the sentence (e.g.: And then the old man thought, thought and went back to the mortar). Still be. k. 1. I'm sick. the function of participants and verbs in these sentences is not the same. If in the first sentence we already see from the comparison of the participants with the verbs which action is considered main and which actions are secondary, then in the second sentence all three actions are described as equivalent. The passive participants of the present and past tense, representing a secondary action, are similarly related to the corresponding compound forms of the passive tense, e.g. : The son of the merchant, well retained, grew beautifully and after Relat years was already a clever child. LTR (E.g.: The buyer's son was well kept and grew up nicely...). The roads were covered with ashes, but they were kept in bowls, not soaked. 277 (1977) The Road to the Sun, op. Another stone exploded, even sparks flew out. ZemR I 145 (E.g.: Another stone was struck and exploded- ...) Lp (E.g.: A branch was cut and grew again). In these cases, the attributive-predikative participants also clearly differ from the personified verb forms that pass as uniform serviles in the meaning of the secondary action. § 3. However, only a small number of attributive-predicative participants relate to the personified forms of the verb in this way. In particular, passive participants can only have relatively rare verb correlates. 50 First of all, this is explained by the above-mentioned proximity of attributive attributive-prediir kative participants, due to which the latter sometimes have a certain shade of attributive meaning. ir Be therefore, the participants, denoting secondary action, are often connected with the conditional verbs of cause, su condition, way in other circumstantial connections. ir Let us take, for example, the sentence Strange men, after having killed the dog, left it in the corner of the bench and left themselves, putting the branches over their shoulders. SimonOBT 42. Here the first participant, by marking the secondary action, indicates only a jo certain time su relationship with the main action of the iš sentence, deriving from the participant's own time value. Meanwhile, the second participant (transposed) su dependent words together explain the ir nature of the main action?. As we see, attributive-predikative participants are characterized by a certain syncretism of meaning: they often have attributive, predicative. ir ir of a ir subjective, circumstantial meaning? *. Depending on various syntactic conditions (position, separation, sentence structure, ir etc.), sometimes one, sometimes another semantic characteristic jų emerges more. In certain constructions (see section 4.4). $$ 26—27) they approach the ir predicative participants, forming an indirect condition (mode relativus). In distinguishing attributive-predikative participants from the other two main types of usage, we rely on the two most important criteria mentioned above: the duplicity of syntactic relationships due to the meaning of the secondary action or due to the resulting state. ir jo II § 4. The attributive-predicative use is particularly characteristic of be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants, which are the most widely used in the iš current Lithuanian language. It is worth noting that be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants “denotes a secondary action several times more often than a characteristic. The meaning of the secondary action can be considered the main, predominant meaning of these participants. The most commonly used attribute is bit. k. 1. I'm sick. participants, make intransitive iš possessive verbs. Meanwhile, the secondary ? On the various circumstantial meanings which are not firmly based on formal characteristics (see section 4.4). §§ 24—25), some attributive-predikative participants in current Lithuanian grammar are assigned to circumstances, cf. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, Vilnius, I, 1957, p. 478 tt; J. Žiugžda, Lithuanian language grammar, II, Syntax, Kaunas, 1961, p. 33 tt; J. Balkevičius, Syntax of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1963, p. 205, 212, 223, 230 tt. Participants indicating a secondary action are ir subject to a circumstantial certificate (przydatka okolicznikowa) terminas, žr. T. Buch, Use of Participiow us Pronouns in Works Ch. Donelaitis, “The Bulletin Polskiego towarzystwa językoznawcezego”, Wroclaw—Warszawa—Krakéw, etc., also critically evaluates 21, the view of p. 148 semi-participants as 157; circumstances. į ir * The frequent su circumstantial meanings of ir the links with attributive participants prevent the participants denoting secondary action from being regarded as merely secondary participles, as some representatives of the Russian grammar school suggest, cf. C. H. Tpysaesa, Arpndyrnsnieu ie npejnKaTHBHbIe; (QYHKIHH NPHYACTHS HA -¢S B JIATOBCKOM S35Ic B CpaBHeHHH C DYCCKHME KOHCTpyKuHsAMH, «HccaenoBanus rio TpaMMaTHKe pycckoro si3bika>, JI., I, 1958, p. 242--245. o 4* 51 action value being. k. 1. I'm sick. participants, on the contrary, tend to be made from transitive or intransitive non-self-- objective verbs. Such participants denote a secondary action that occurred before the main action described by the personified verb form, and are usually the event agent. When Bajor entered, he found the girl sleeping delightfully on the biggest pile of yarn. CvR III 231. The goat raced over the į fence with a horned forehead. Db. Don't despair, brother! When you're sick, I'll run to save you. CvR V 124. Rom unlocked the wings of the mill, accelerated and turned them. CvR V 89. When the water drops, the waterfall ir falls back to the ground. ŽemR I 407. First woke up Rukin, jumping II 145. I'm going to sleep, I'm going to sleep. Yeah, yeah. Now the twelve brothers had returned, and the king was left alone. BsMt II 89. The old man turns around and runs away. BsMt II 85. So he went to the queen and laid his head on her knees. BsP I 7. He sat down in the yard and sat down silently. Brt. Now Grigas stood up, bowed down and kissed the hand of Žemaitukas. 52nd. Don't show in the market—- you sold, turn around and go. Son. The ducks went shopping in the idrasé. Son. I went to the door aš and knocked. BaltPV I 156. When he came, he ir sat down as if he had faded. Ms. When the bird arrived, it spoke a little and flew away. Ms. I jumped in and drew a pair of eyebrows. Ms. In the cited examples, the completed previous action is indicated by unexpanded participants made from intransitive verbs. Participles, made from transitive verbs, usually go with the ending of nouns or pronouns. Participants of unexpanded transitive verbs in this meaning are used quite rarely. For example: : Nobody brings him any more muffins or sweets from the town. Vol.158. He lured (the king) them into the room and there u locked left. CvR V 34. Mudvi su Marcele, we had Here are some bread; Take a bite, then you'll help build. 150 and op. With dependent words, the meaning of the secondary verb is being. k. I. I'm sick. the participants form exclusive participle constructions in the sentence. a) Expanded participants, made iš transitiviniy verbs: Mr. was so angry for such words that, grabbing the hatchet, threw the boy with all his might. jį į CvR V 31. The old lady moved her eyes and po looked around the cottage. ZemR II 145. It's scary. Januliui, when he, after going through the į garden, looked at the ir barns, barns, laying saw only ir bare walls, cracked roofs. VienR I 152. Arrived The young man at the window took a deep breath į and, inhaling the smelly air of the garden, listened to the į silence of the night. VienR I 148. Here it is. Enskys immediately pulled out a large knife and began to chop the cooked and fried meat. DonR 129. She brought the tablecloths, and then, as she was supposed to, she set up the large table. DonR 67. The fox, after catching the pig, ran to the pigeon and said. Swine. Simukas, digging a calf, says. CvR II 15. 52 The old mare, after swimming around the lake a couple of times, got out. shore and turned into wading in the sand. CvR Il 67. After collecting the stones from the soil, put them on the antice. Rt. After looking over the fields again, the woman entered the shop. CyR III 105. b) Extended participants made from intranzityviniy nesavaiminiy verbazodziy: The shepherd, sitting at the shed, fainted, and the cattle went to summer. Kp. One morning, the children gathered at school and made noise in the classroom. VenclR II 36. Bern, standing in the middle of the shop, looked around and took off his hat. Page 144. All the elders, having entered with the priests through the great opening of the area, greeted Gediminas. 110) and Dt. I was afraid that Thunder, when he got up, would blow the houses of such enemies to the highway. DonR 132. The brown ants, climbing on his feet, were scratching his back. CyR II 78. When I went out on the road, I met a group of students with a teacher in front. VienR I 212. You were behind the machine, I was standing by the window. SimonOBT 83. I'll get up early and go mushroom picking. Alk. At 12:00, he knocks on the door. Sil. After about a mile, he had to return. Yeah, yeah. Much less often the secondary action must have a meaning. k. 1. I'm sick. participants, made from intranzityviniy possessive verbs. For example: : The son fell down on the ground. Ēr. The straw even begins to burn when it is dried. 212 and 213. When the boy was eight years old, he began to feed his sheep. BM 257. He was killed by a sword, and his body was buried in 334 AD. Elena, blushed with pussy, not yet founded tripod. she ran out of the house, like a waterlogged. 38th ed. I'd go, turned into an antler, swim after the mares. JV 28. Therefore, you just dyvai, that sometimes mezliavg sweet to pay n’imanau, and amtmons throws out all or, angry unsvietiskai, hits through the ear. DonR 52. Thus, in their relationship with transitivity-intransitivity and the most general lexical meanings, the active participants of the past participle, denoting secondary action, differ markedly from the attributive ones. § 5. The second-order action is usually marked by prepositional being. k. 1. I'm sick. participants. The non-prepositional forms are used less often and usually only those that can describe the action as a complete whole and have the meaning of the event agent. For example: kari ki But that is not enough; he, taking a large knife, stretched out his hand to cut the throat with the stamp. DonR 28. Where I'm inclined, there's clear, where I'm uphill, there's too dry; Though we've taken the sleeker places, dry them out, and the hills, water them. 260 and op. He immediately stood up and said. ValVK 66: S éd eg s by the bed, the man said. ValPZK 123. As usual, the little blacksmith's child ir šį once, after lunch, he brought Mike a slice of bread with honey. CvR 11 85. Having pulled the net and bought a bait, Bebenciukas spent days fishing in the lake. CvR V 7. The carriage, which had drifted off the shore, ir broke down, and the heads of the canes į began to drizzle water. BsP III 105. I went to the neighbor- 's house. Kv. However, in some cases, the prepositions may not be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants can describe a secondary action ir as a process that took place in the past. Such a meaning, characteristic of the forms of the course verb, the non-prepositional participants of the slide and some other verbs have relatively rarely. For example: : Not seeing the eldest sister returning, the second sister went to look for Bebenčiukas. She walked to the apple tree. CvR V Il. After three days of riding, the hedgehog reached the second lord's manor. CvR V 72. After travelling an hour, they saw a man gnawing at a birch tree. CyR V 32. A man who, after much labor and hardship, eats his poor meals with pleasure... su He deceiveth him that is daily in the dust, but to the sick he giveth a spoon. DonR 41. ir After hanging over the meadows for a while, the sun quickly set. CvR III 190. After a long sniff through his nose, after examining the object from all sides, the marshal would pull out a pipe from his teeth to ask the price. CvR III 54. § 6. Be. k. I. veik. Participants, in relation to the personified forms of verbs in the sentence and distinguishing secondary action from the main one, enable to indicate the order (sequence) of actions. Therefore, they are a handy tool for developing the story. In the modern literary language, actions that take place one after another are often marked by a whole being. k. 1. I'm sick. the chain of participants and personified forms of the verb. For example: : Antanas, having painted his feet with a broom, had dropped the ice from the harbours and sat down. 231 and op. Oniké, hugging the old lady, sat at her feet, slumbering. ZemR II 142. Ir just When the dude entered through the door, he cursed, summoned the toads and the devils, took out a bunch of matches from the basket, and threw them at the corner of the bench. SimonOBT 130. Rukin, having put down his pipe, folded his fur coats and, having covered his head, stretched out on the side of the bench. ZemR II 145. They would get up early in the morning, carry cheese and bread to the house, lock the door, and go out of the city. CvR III 28. He (the son), after having paid her for her gifts, comes back and kindles the fire again. BsP III 154 (Brt). After circling the farm, the crow rattled a couple of times and landed į tą the same topol. Looking around, he (32), ar thought he was right sometimes, but, looking closer, he recognized the same roofs of houses, covered with tiles. CyR II 32-—33. The following lines are particularly characteristic in this respect: Here Dočys immediately, after he had tasted the strength of the oils And felt the horror of the bobbies, With a sudden thunderbolt jumped from the bed And, after he had thrown a big stramp out of the shed, And then, after he had broken most of the staircase- 's stairs And thrown the tiles with the remains out of the door, The children who had washed his cock, Dūkdams and rékaudams almost killed the smell. ir DonR 85. § 7. Prepositions and Prepositions. k. 1. I'm sick. participants can only mean the ne previous secondary action, but due to the resulting ir rezu jo lt athe tiny state that lasts during the action of the taric marking. Such participants, more than the ones discussed above, are related to the su subject both in their meaning and position. Most often, they are the event agent goes ir in the po taring. When the participant is expanded by dependent words, the meaning of the previous secondary action is often felt next to the ir resulting state. a) Participle made of iš transitive event verbs: Sitting for a long time Veronica, staring into the į mysterious darkness of the ir forest, kept ką thinking. VienR I 175. Grigienė did not let the wheel go, but sat for a long time with her hands on her knees. KrėvR 34. A wolf is lying, holding a wild boar with his legs. BsP IV 284. The blade is flattened, with the handles bent. Srj. We ran with our soles stretched so that even the puddles dried up. Alk. You'd be with such a sick man for one night, and you'd run away. Angry. Suffer with biting your teeth, the misfortune will pass. M (DZ II 796). We and Stepukas have already done so much that, u žStop ws listening. CyR III b) 199. Participle made from intransitive event adjective actionWords: He was now lying on his side, his whole body straight, his head resting on his primitive legs. CvR II 41. Month su We played žiliūčio whistles with Stepukas and sat opposite each other on a stone. BaltPV I 55. It should be noted that the extended participants used in this way are sometimes not distinguished by intonation and do not form distinct parts of the sentence, e.g. : Peter looked at his uncle’s fellow traveller with even greater surprise and did not know what to say. Myk-PutS 55. Those who had got a penny, drank beer and ate a cake, and those who didn't suffered with their stomachs. ZemR II 25-26. I stood astonished at my mother's words. BaltPV I 74. The man walks with į his hands on his sides. J (DZ II 341). Not expanded. k. 1. I'm sick. the participants, by marking the resulting state, “more closely attach themselves to the personified forms of the verb. Such participants of the event agent, unlike the discussedone, are often §§ 4—6, made of intransitive nonverbal, iš especially resulting, verbs. The significance of their secondary action is only weakly felt and often completely fades away. For example: : The sergeant ir stood still, bent over, į looking into the distance where the caravan had gone. CvR VI 270. I clung to him and asked what he would say. Srv. O ką tu Are you lying down here? BsMt II 99. Come eating, and you'll get here. B (DZ II 773). His own husband was met from afar by ema nigus. BaltPV I 245. The weather was thirsty, the leaves of all the herbs were hidden in felts and hats. VenclEV 211. He 59 was distracted, in pain. CvR VIII 176. Similarly, the resulting state values will be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants (see § 7), i.e. I. nev. participants can reach out to the personified verb forms in the present tense and form close syntactic-semantic connections with them. For example: : Come out, beloved, ‘come welcomed. SchG 318. Suddenly the ear heard a strange sound, as if someone was hunted running through the ridge. SimonR I 62. The teenagers were forced to peace without being asked. CvR III 3b. § 15. The attributive-predikative es. I. nev. The nominative forms of the participles correspond to the semi-participles in terms of their time and verb meanings, but differ from them in kind. The half-participants have an active and an es. 1. nev. participants — passive meaning. Plg. : The fox is hunted before it can pass through the wheels. Suva caught between them and was very much caught by man. LTR. In the case of the phrases, the word "ver" is added to each syllable of the word. CvR II 86. I pulled the girneles without rest, I made the fire without stirring. LT III 438. The man, accompanied by screeching pigeons, still socking from back to back, walked away. CvR III 105. Each of them prepared for a long time, pondered for a long time, when they took on another job or were forced to do something that went beyond the bounds of everyday life. Page 151. The cat bites the mouse and the mouse bites the cat. J (DZ II 88)". I am. I. nev. The relationship between the participle and the semi-participle is very clearly seen in the form duodamas, which, when used in the active sense, is understood as es. I. nev. participant, and used in the passive sense —as a semi-participant, E.g. : Given take, beaten run. "E.N.E.R." (in Japanese). —You will divide all your wealth, but you will not divide all of it. Al (participant). However, such a relationship is far from indicating the secondary action es. I. nev. the parallelism of the use of participants and semi-participants. If the second-order action is of primary significance to the semi-participants, it is es. l. nev. participants have it many times less often. ' $ 16. The passive participle of the present tense denotes a secondary passive action that occurred before the main action of the sentence began. Unlike the corresponding es. 1. participants, they are usually made from prepositional verbs and have the meaning of the event agent. a) To be. I. nev. participant not expanded: The wolf is afraid not to return to the same place. Val (DZ I 457). And the bull atcher better pulls the yoke. Myk-PutS 134. Stone p a7 In those rare cases when es. I. nev. participants, denoting a secondary action, are used in an active meaning, the distinction between them and pusdalyviy completely fades, e.g. :...Densely They lived in Pentepolé, and those who couldn't fit here were moved to another place. ZS 104. In the past, it has also been used to indicate the passive participle of the present tense made from impersonal verbs, e.g. : Szytdy tėwas tdwas and asz sopami (bolejgc W 111) iészkoiome tawės. DP 63s... Tassdi szytai waystą... we took nothing of it not screaming. DP 55; (No need for W 86). 62 let's jump over the roof. Alif Lam Mim. Another stone exploded, even sparks flew out. ZemR 1 145. The broken, deceived gentleman fainted, and when he awoke, he felt himself sitting on the same backrest. CvR Will. b) To be. I. nev. participant expanded by dependent words: Just an hour ago a quiet village, flooded with bushmen, turned into a noisy camp. CvR III 208. He opened his eyes, and saw a man standing in front of him. LzPR II 55. Released from the barn, the lord came to herself and says. BsP III 303. Do you know that his generous loved ones didn't know how to speak the languages of the house guests? DonR 84. The man gave him food and accommodation, and the old man went on his way. CvR V 61. Talking about funny things, į running down the street ir Ritchie. Myk-PutS 35. Be. 1. the subordinate actors, as the corresponding agents (see § 7), can express the resulting state resulting from the ti ir previous passive secondary action. For example: : She grew up in Zelvio's home without seeing her childhood, and from her first day she was forced to work for a piece of bread. CvR III 30. The horse stands tamed. Kp. Bernie and the girls are only teasing and laughing, and Linus is standing still. Rdm. "And the malt remained intact," the old man lamented. BaltPV I 269. But now the Nut Grove was over, the forest was thinning, and a long grey road, shaded by trees on one side, appeared in the distance. VienR I 173. Heavily and darkly were the thoughts of the raven, as the earth itself, which lay soaked in the late autumn rains. CvR II 33. The men approach quietly, waiting unnoticed. 95th. § 17. Like me. I. nev. participants, denoting secondary action, relate to semi-participants, so corresponding to be. 1. nev. dalībnieki —su būt. k. L veik. participants. They have similar temporal and action meanings and differ in kind..The relationship of the active and passive participants of the present tense can be seen even from the following examples: The gentleman, not thinking for an hour, caught by greed, jumped and embraced the bag of gold, screaming. CvR V 111. The wolf, well and sharp, breaking his tail, fled. BsP III 310. Released in the pasture, Syvoji, only seeing a carriage far away or defending horses, would run through the fields like crazy. Cvr II 59. "I don't know where you're going!" ir — bag The cow is squeezed, but the lazy cow starts to follow and, thus paedophilijj zed, only looks at the garden. ir į EvR..LT 11.: Prepositions and Prepositions. I. nev. participants from the respective be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants differ in a much narrower sphere of use (cf. $ 15). On the other hand, the relative time and most often the factor's significance are the basis of be. 1. nev. participants are opposed to es. 1. nev. participants. I am. No. 1. participants mark a secondary action that lasts at least a certain amount of time 63 along with the main action. Be. 1. n. participants mark the previous completed action. Plg. : But the beaten man didn't say a word, and was released. again his job was done. Val (DZ I 26). Hastened does not cook, forgotten with burning. R, 73 (DZ II 251). The son-in-law's barman, go through the door, the son's barman, climb on the shoulder. An. "Son's bart," he said, "get on my shoulder, son-in-law, and go through the door." Pl. | § 18. An overview of the use of the denominator and semi-participants of attributive-predikative participants shows that these forms are opposed on the basis of two relative time values and two kind values. Their correlation can be shown in the following diagram: Attributive-Predicative Usage The value of the previous (most frequently completed) action 0 ge 25 half-part be. k. I. veik. participant uv Eng £5 is. 1. nev. participant | be. 1st nominee SF A = k The attributive-predikative participants differ significantly in their mutual relations from the attributive participants, which are opposed on the basis of three time values and two kinds of values. Attributive usage Future Current time (simultaneity) Present time (previous time (later value of action) value of nio action) value You are. |. I'm sick. participant be. k. 1. I'm sick. participant (will. I. veik. Žž : participant = = 0 = 0 Zz E es. |. nev. participant be. 1. nev. participant will be. I. nev. 7 < participant Sia By comparing these schemes, we see that the semi-participant, who has no correlational relationships with attributive participants, functions as a full-fledged member of the system among the nominative forms of attributive- -predikative participants with two semantic distinctive features: simultaneity and the meaning of the active kind. 64 III § 19. The meaning of the secondary action of Lithuanian language participants is based on the morphological nature of the iš interaction of verb-noun jų categories on one side, and on — the other side ir on the bilingual syntactic connections in the sentence. — o iš — But this meaning is helped by the exclusion ir of other conditions, iš whose position is to be mentioned separatelir y, by the extension of dependent words. | a) In addition, the attributive-predikative participants in the sentence usually go next to the adverb, in contrast to the attributive participants, which tend to go next to the nouns and pronouns that go as ir adjectives. ar The most characteristic of the participants and participatory constructions denoting secondary action (D) position” sentence factor (V) ir phrase (T) with respect to is as follows: V-D-T (e. g. : The man came and took the jo fat and ir swallowed it. BM 29). Sentence factor can be unexpressed implied ar (e. g. : Take the harness and bring the horse. Skd), o between the ir participant's servile can be inserted the latter's suffix or circumstance (e.g. : The mother, having embraced į the girl, ran out of the kitchen. SimonOBT 42). Frequently ir occurring position D-V —T (e. g. : After looking over the fields again, the woman entered the shop. CvR III 105). In such cases, the participant, especially unexpanded, often has a shade of property value (see section 4.4). $ 1). A completely different role in the significance of the participant has position V — T — D. (I'll see, on you without: you'll ko hang your tongue, you're not married to me? ZemR II 338). In this position, the participant is usually very closely associatsu ed with the predicate (see section 4.4). $ 7). Position T—V —D (—Hold, hold! —the girls shout when they see the crow. CvR II 56) occurs relatively rarely, o the T — D — V position is not at all characteristic. In general, the syntactic relationships of the two-fold secondary action participansu ts are best ir highlighted by the predicate verb; when the participant passes jų between ar the two at least before the pronoun. į b) Attributive-- predikative participants, extended by dependent words, usually go with exclusive parts of the sentence. Intonational separation emphasizes and emphasizes even more. the predicativity of such participatory constructions and gives them a distinct shade of additional affirmation or denial. In certain cases (for example, when the expanded participant goes before the sentence factor), the intonational separation plays a decisive role in emphasizing the meaning of the secondary action. The following sentences are similar: When he was released from the barn, the master came to her. BsP III 303. —In some places, the tops of the hills, already quite poisoned, blackened between the fields. Gud-GuzKIT 566. If we say the participle construction of the first sentence, released from the barn, in a non-exclusive intonation, we would turn it into an extended notation of attributive meaning. Meanwhile, in the second sentence, by excluding the attributive participle construction, which is already poisoned in some places, we would give it the meaning of a secondary action. Intonational separation plays a particularly important role in the meaning of the secondary action when, due to its position and morphological and lexical characteristics, the participant can be understood in two ways (cf. the examples of the transitional type cited in $ 1). 5. Morphological structure of Lithuanian language and its development 65 However, the concepts of exclusive ir attributive-predikative participants are far from coinciding. Firstly, attributive participants, usually extended by other words, e.g. : The mountainous shores, covered with marshes, beautifully alternated between lighter and darker greenery. 132 and 133. But even our meals, Lithuanian pad arytus, this rogue is not afraid to reproach. DonR 3l. On the other hand, the participants of the secondary action meaning, going alone, not extended by other words, are often not distingui- — shed by pauses (in written language by punctuation). However, in such cases, ir they have a specific tone and pressure modulation that distinguishes them from the corresponding attributive participants. For example: : The boy ran back and, after hearing grandfather- 's story, he stretched out in a stack of hay. CvR 111 192. When he wakes up, he still squeals for about an hour, then only gets up. Ms. Absolutely not distinguished by means of intonation most of the participants denoting the resulting state, su closely related consonant (examples Zr. §§ 7, 14, 16). c) Expanding the participle with dependent words also makes it easier to emphasize the meaning of the secondary action. Being unexpanded ir without forming an exclusive part of the sentence, the participant noun is relatively more likely to form either attributive or predicative word combinations. A much more independent role in the sentence is usually played by extended participle constructions, which can include whole į Greeting sentences. For example: : Probably because of to ir crying mother, remembering that she no longer has a father. SimonOBT 26. Abstaining Veronica, breathing easier near the holy place and looking out, not on the road and ar under the ko cross, came out from under the trees. VienR I 174. But the son, when asked where he was, says. BsP II 130. IV § 20. Attributive-predikative participants, marking the secondary action of the sentence, together often indicate various aspects of the main action ir a ppredisposition. Such participants, especially expanded by dependent words, in their meaning can be close to the subordinate sentences of time, cause, condition of concession. ar The semi-participants become full-fledged correlates of the circumstance-denoting attributive-predikative nominative forms of the participants and ir relate to them in su the same way as in the cases discussed in $ 18. Therefore, in addition to the circumstantial nominative forms of the participants, the examples of the corresponding semi-participants are given below. The attributive-predikative participants and semi-participants are very often used in the personified form of the verb to indicate the time of the action being marked. 66 \ Participants: Take the stick as you go — jų both of them. St. I thought I'd beat him more than that. Kp. Open the window while lying down. Grg. Whoever did not smoke while sowing, will smoke while sowing. Kp. When you're at work, don't look where the crows fly. Ppr 32. Beware of frozen eyes when you're playing with balls. Skn. When I looked at a bird in the sky, I thought about future expeditions. CvR II 47. Fear the wolf when you go to the forest, then the hare will frighten you. Kp. Be. k. I. veik. participants: Susile we'll go on, we won't destroy the wolf's house. CyR V 119. Everyone is looking for a place to fall asleep. 140 pp.. This was the order he found when he arrived, it did not come to his mind to change it. ir KrėvR ją 8. After the days at the manor, I could think ir for myself. ką Grz. After picking the hops, place the hops on the path so that it is not wet. Ēr. The bird stops singing when it sees the gub (through the rye mill). Kp. Wolf's Legs ne p aBeaten, don't say hurt. Dauk (DZ II 229). I am. I. nev. participants: That you don't get chepped, crying, husband coated. Sln. Saul was no longer able to work or feed his cattle. He will work, but not finish; he will go, but not go. 121 pp. 121. (John) can't see anything around him and even when called he doesn't answer. BaltPV I 66. You need to sleep. I saw you faint when you were awakened in the morning. BaltPV 1 60. The city of ar Malang (inhabitants) tried to reach only bloody. reikalo spiriam i. CvR The third 105. person is made to end only by being able to teach there. DB 111. Be. 1. ne. participants: Dog Pluuškis rarely ir dared to enter the room, except when asked. CvR III 155. At first, the driver refused, but when finally caught, he had to show. BsP II 96. Old wine, poured into a į new bottle, does not yet acquire a new taste. VenclEV 11. The thief, severely arrested, soon confesses. Angry. When the boy was brought to the king, he told him that he and his friends agreed to perform three hard jobs. CvR V 33. $ 21. Su the time value is the closely related values of ir cause, condition and remission. i a) The significance of the cause. Participants: That I took a hostage while I was running, even sweat. Vv. A father beats a child in love, and hates a o stranger. An. One went astray without knowing, the jo other searching. Yes (DZ I 137). The cat, having good eyes, saw a light in the forest. LTR. While living in Vilnius, I couldn’t talk to my parents, I only got to know them by letters. Mr. She has too much time to work for days and days. jj SimonVK I 9. The sick, being weak, cannot walk. Kr (DZ III 60). "Be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants: Worthless praise, I had a big accident. Mr. He does not eat pork, he is hungry for camel meat. NS 821. We didn’t have time in winter, so we brought all the performing trees from the forest in summer. Grz. He was young, but grew up peacefully. 5 67 Yeah, yeah. On the hot he burns, and on the cold he spits. Pln. She had never had so much meat in her life, and she didn't spare it at all. CvR V 59. Gus grabbed food like a hungry wolf, but he ate little, accustomed to eating full. 244 pp. 2nd ed. I am. 1. nev. participants: Goat cursed with a tunka. MZ 1° 186. The stone is still rolling. Ms. And the tight crochet andwearable fades away. Vvr. The manor, untended by anyone, completely collapsed. TŽ III 323. Shuva, often rebuked, began to hesitate. Sl. Already so bright Mikutis hair, constantly washed by the rainir m i sun, faded. CyR III 137. Pampered at home, as the smallest of all, (Alexis) has become accustomed to dominate and demand what he wants. 10th ed. pp. 3. | Be. 1. ne. Participants: In the forest, the trees are drying up. 839) and 839). The oak is black-covered. Shh. Across the field, the breeze's past, the red face. 1971) DZ II 771. Fighting in the k. a initiated, I did not notice what was happening around. Tsp (DZ V 80). As can be seen from the examples, the significance of the cause emerges against the background of the more general significance of simultaneity or preceding action. It is often used in the form of a prepositional verb, preceding the verb. When the participant does not have dependent words, the meaning of the cause is felt weaker. b) The meaning of the condition. Participants: Running you will reach the end. Ds. We'll always see each other while we're alive. Grz. With pig's eyes, you get everywhere. Kps. If you don't want much, you won't get anything. Prk. How can you teach others if you don't know anything yourself? SimonVK I 185. What ir people we are, putting ourselves into such trouble. LzPR Il 74. If you don't want to get drunk, don't taste. VP 33. | Be. k. 1. I'm sick. Participants: I felt so abandoned, so sick, that ir if I had thought, I would have been alive. Vol.209. Primanius spoon bitten. Plv.8 You'll try, you'll try, you'll try, you'll try. BaltPV I 18. I'm telling you this so every girl can wrap you around her finger like a thread. 150 ft. Ką I'll do whatever I can— I promise to give you a daughter. Grz. You must have found no place in the world, flying here to that hell, our manor! 325 and 326. Falling into the mud, you can't get up dry. Krp. If you don't love yourself, you won't love another. Shh. Don't worry about the fur when you've got it. Ndz. I am. 1. nev. participants: Suges bacon are not eaten. BaltPV I 36. What children will grow up with impunity. Lp. Given run, given take, beaten hold your peace. Being. I. nev. Dal. : That book will be destroyed unprotected. J (DZ II 493). It's so wet that even a dog wouldn't be banished. Alvt. Salt, added as necessary, spices, multiplied—spoils. Vj. The participants usually have the meaning of the condition in generalizing sentences, whose preposition goes in the future, imperfect, or imperative from8 E.g.: Kad primanytų, šaukšte origirdyty. Mrk, Rm, DKS. the verbs. The participle, which can be both expanded and unexpanded, is often present with the negation. Among the passive participles, which are only occasionally used in this sense, there are quite typical constructions with the participle dėtas. For example: : Petrone wouldn't do anything else. 215. I wouldn't accept the same thing, even with a husband. J (DZ II 308). If I had been with you, I would have done differently. Apple. If it was your fault, I would have spit in your eye. Skd. I wouldn't go for that wrap, because of her. Ss. (c) The value of the discount. Participants: A man runs without running, walks without walking, and still has nothing. KréevSP 273. There's Dzyugas sitting... with his little children and thinking, without thinking anything. CvR V 54. But the girls, who were still having nurses themselves, were already making their own dolls out of cloth. DonR 30. He cried and cried and cried. SimonVK I 207. It's strange how we, having different views and ways, came together. VienR I 212. There is now one king, but he had a mochek, even though he had no father and no real mother. BsMt I 105. All kings, having the smallest army, defeat me—conquer me. Dks (BsP II 82). | -Be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants. /I'm not lost. Dbk. He was immediately hired and received a high salary. Mr. Man, you're not crazy after you've eaten your teeth. Angry. I've only had my feet hurt by going this way. Zp. I do not rest, from the rye-floor, why do you rest? Skr. And this one: born here, grown up here, exhausted by the bread of this soil, cannot, does not like to speak the native language! LzPR II 16. The Valsčius, having done nothing to benefit Niaura, left an indelible stain on his life. VaižgP III 48. There was a miller who worked in that mill, and I fell in love with him. SimonOBT jo 183.: Es. 1. nev. participants: Zagriuvo mountains not destroyed, palinko liepelė not bent. JV 912. My father will weep unsweetened: JV 460. Uninvited, uninvited, everywhere he goes. Ds. ir What is not done becomes done? JablRR 304. I grabbed the cheese without giving it. J (DZ III 591). The hops grew there unplanted. Dauk (DZ I 111). The winners were (337) those ir who, while being beaten by children, kept in their hearts the determination to continue fighting and someday, perhaps not soon, to win! Myk-PutS 337-338. Be. 1. ne. participants: The orphan's head is smooth and uncombed. NS 1317. The black tick is not painted black. KIvD 160. I'll get up in the morning unaware, I'll do my job unprepared. NS 175. Black is not allowed. NS 104. The ram is given, yet the cock is grabbed. Kv. "In sentences with servants of positive form, concession is often marked by participants of negative form, and vice versa. The meaning of the concession is felt here because of the contradiction between the participant or participant 69 construction and the content of the rest of the sentence, but is usually rather vague. In order to define it more clearly, differentiate, the conjunctive words and, though, though and are used. $ 22. The relative time values characteristic of the forms of participants and semi-participants are usually retained in circumstance-indicating constructions. Only when the causal relationships are particularly emphasized, the time relationship between the main and secondary action is sometimes felt weaker. In such cases be. k. I. veik. the semantic opposition of participants and semi-participants is partially leveled. Plg. be. k. I. veik. participants and semi-participants meanings in these sentences: Praito neįdėjęs, geras nedarysi. Dauk (DZ II 303). — When you buy an old thing, you add two for repair. Ms. I'd be crazy to attack a gang of these man-eaters. S (DZ III 168). "I would sin greatly if I thought otherwise: you were my parents, an orphan! LzPR II 64. The circumstantial values sometimes also affect the participant factor. For example, the past participles of the past participle, which denote a cause, condition or concession, are more often than in other cases made of non-prepositional verbs and do not have the meaning of an event. For example: : Standing near the road, Vitkau well was a favorite place of village girls. CvR III 223. I know it, I've ridden for so many years and seen so many tears on the punishments. DonR 132 (The Meaning of Cause). Drink water, you will not be drunk. Rr. If you ride not your own, you'll fall into the clan. Sim (Value of the condition). A man who has fallen from a tree will rest, but I, who have walked so far, will not rest! Ēr. We wouldn't find another such guardian if we walked across the world! LzPR II 90 (Meaning of Discount- ). § 23. When indicating a secondary action or the state of the factor resulting from it, the participants and semi-participants often explain the nature of the main action as well. į. What the father put into the mouths, the son lost to the ears. Ppr 245. I crossed the track while walking, I broke the bridge while running. LTR. Katherine agreed to everything you said. SimonVK I 136. The bull, as you hear, earns food for the poor. DonR 36. At home, Greg met them, driving angrily. KrėvR 31. Steponas Brička was smoking greedily, letting smoke through his nose. VenclGD 398. Be. k. 1. I'm sick. participants: UZsimeté devil a bag of stones on his shoulders and goes oversized. PSS. The cat squeals and slips to the mouse. Tr. Rosalie sat next to me, her elbows spread wide. BaltPV I 37. He walked slowly and thoughtfully... Mas (DZ I 190). But Šnairiuks, with his teeth stretched out, bellowed the pipe. DonR 69. I am. I. nev. participants: This voice is heard when ducks are unfearfully lesnéja or swimming in some quiet corner of the lake. IvanLP II 88. Every week, led by some girl, she walked from yard to yard through her gardens. Bill I 243. The girl grew up in poverty, laughed at, dubbed, hated by everyone. Myk-PutS 26. 70 Be. |. ne. Participants: Other acquaintances boy competed, trying to sneak past them unnoticed. AvyžĮSK 41. Į the fence, there mstood a whip, in his hand the o boy held an old calendar. VencIR II 17—18. Stacked with herbs, lay cakes. SimonVK I 11. (Plg. but §§ 7, 14, 16 examples cited). § 24. The meanings mentioned here, which the attributive-predikative participants and semi-participants may have in the sentence, are not clearly differentiated. In both literary and colloquial language, we ir very often find sentences in which the participants have shades of several circumstantial meanings or can be interpreted differently. For example, in the sentence Dressed in soft fur, you won't freeze (Svn) the participant in su the dependent words indicates only ne the time, but the condition, and also ir explains the o character of the principal actor. mo Participle ir construction in a sentence denoting time and cause together Honeycomb eyes, brought honey, dropped. J. Such constructions allow the action of the main sentence to be described simultaneously from different sides, without explicitly iš indicating any one circumstance. jo For example: : Time-Cause Values: When in the troupe, a man pales. Kp. Angry, dirty on the road, į the old man had cooled down considerably by the end of the journey. 1971. pp. 191. Having suffered so much wrong, the German seriously decided to avenge the Žemaites. CvR V 66. The dew is heard, all things are amused. PG (DZ III 333). Three beplakami died. ZemR II 17. Time-cause- -condition meanings: Being hungry, you will not be hungry. Pnd. After receiving a gift, beginsa young man. Simon DZ II 741. You will not die from it, but your eyes will be opened. & Select (DZ II 200). Time-condition meanings: /seek him no longer, cry no longer, wait no longer! mi ZemR 11 49. If you do badly, don't be disappointed, if you do well, don't boast. TZ III 38. You'll hear ne it again after you talk to him su longer. KrėvSP 13. Conditional-modal meanings: Going slowly, you will go further. Ppr 223. You're not going to sink under the water here. Grg. But one morning, no longer believing that I was the last, I got up aš unawaked. SimonNTP 20. Time-concessions- -mode meanings: Am I stupid that no one cares, I go where, as people say, I will not be quite well. KrėvR 257. : § 25. The circumstantial meanings of Lithuanian participants are not grammatized and do not have defined means of expression. Position, relation to the predicate of the sentence, participle and other formal conditions sometimes help to make one or another meaning more pronounced, but do not play a decisive role. All circumstantial meanings depend primarily on the lexical meaning of the participle and the other words in the participle construction jeinanciy, on the content of the whole sentence and on the context. By indicating the time, cause, condition, concession or explanation of the nature of the main action, the participants maintain bilingual syntactic connections with the factor and predicate and the secondary action. 71 Sil — Šilavotas, Prienų r. Skn — Šakyna, Žagarės r. Sil Šilalė. — Sn — Šunskai, Kapsuko r. Sts — Sates, Skuodo r. Svētku — gājiens. ir TI —- Telšiai. Tr — The cramp, The thirst r. Tsp — The Soviet Press. TZ — People's ir Word, Journal of the Faculty of Humanities, 1—VII, Kaunas, 1923—1931. Ūd -- Ūdrija, Simno r. W — To the post office... Byz D. Jakoba Wvyka.. w In Krakow,.. 1617. VaičR — P. Vaičaitis, National 1956. team, Vilnius, VaižgP — Vaižgantas, Pragiedruliai, Kaunas, 1942. Lithuania — Vaižganto raštai. VaižgRR —. Vaižgantas, Selected Writings, Vilnius, Val 1957. — M. Valančiaus raštai. ValPZK -- Adults kningiele Joteiko, 1868. ValVK — Waiku kningiele su abrozdelejs, 1868. VenclEV — A. Venclova, Epoch Wind, Vilnius, 1962. VenclGD — A. Venclova, Birthday, Vilnius, VenclR 1959. — A. Venclova, Raštai, I—III, Vilnius, 1955. Vien —- A. The Monk's Letters. VienR — A. Vienuolis, Writings, I—VII, Vilnius, 1953—1955. Vj — Vajasiskis, Zarasų r. Vkš — Viekšniai, Akmenės district r. 4 Vik — Valkinifkai, Eišiškių r. Vp — M. Valančius, Proverbs Zemajeziu, Tilžėje, 1867. Vv — Squirrels, Kazlų Rūdos r. Vyr — Veiviržėnai, Priekulės district r. Zogr — GOuattuor evangeliorum codex glagoliticus olim Zographensis nunc Petropolitanus... edit V. Jagič, Berolini, MDCCCLXXIX. Zp —- Zapyškis, Kaunas county r. Zal —- Zaligji, Vilkaviškio ŽemR Žemaitė, r. Raštai, I—VI, Vilnius, —. ŽemR; Žemaitės raštai, Kaunas—Marijampolė, Lithuania 1956—1957. — 1924. A — Ziwataj szwetuju... Vilnius Gravel 1861. 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