Vienaskaitos kilmininko prieveiksmėjimas ir prieveiksmiai su formantais „-(i)o“, „-(i)os“, „-ės“ dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje

LEI E. T-U V O 5 TSR MOKSLUY AKADEMIJA SINGULAIR PRONOUNCE APPLICATION AND APPLICATIONS WITH FORMANTS -(i)o, -(i)os, -és IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE K. ULVYDAS Except for prepositional constructions, we have relatively few examples of singular nouns with a clear, unambiguous verb ending in contemporary Lithuanian. From this one can conclude that this verb, at least in cases where it is used without prepositions, does not show a stronger tendency to adverb. And J. Endzelynas neither in his “Latviešu valodas gramatika”, nor in his “Baltu valodu skanas un formas”, when speaking about humorous adverbs, does not mention any examples of adjectives in Lithuanian with a preserved ending. Only K. Būga, reviewing A. Leskin’s “Litauisches Lesebuch mit Grammatik und Worterbuch” (Heidelberg, 1919), remarks: “In the adverb namo we cannot look for the suffix together with Leskin, because then it would be naman (<*naman-+na). The name is derived from the name of a nobleman, Namus (Νάμος). The ending -n will be added when looking outward. I know the gender of namo only from writings, in the living language I have heard only namo and (in Marcinkonys) namėpi!". There are very few singular genitive adverbs (except for prepositional constructions, of course) in the current Lithuanian literary language. However, this cannot be said of the language of ancient writings, and especially of individual dialects — the living spoken language of the people. In dialects, the form of the noble person is used much more than that of the noun. True, it is sometimes extremely difficult, even impossible to clarify whether there is a direct adverb or an analogous form, but there are various adverbs that retain the singular adverb ending: noun, adjective, numeral and even participle; a, ia, o, io and even iu stems; simple, prepositional, diphthongs and even those that are made up of whole words. Of these, the adjectives of the a, ia, o and io stems are more common. Very rare iu strain. The rest of the skeletal remains may not have been found. "K. Būga, Language and antiquity, I d., Kaunas, 1922, p. 160. a trunk: fast "fast" Lkm, RS, OG 422 (Fast run home. St. "Rapid Legs Ride" (in Swedish). Ds, Sv), gvolto sl. (Gvolto screams. Sv. Plg. le. gwaltu wotč „to cry for help“), jauno (sc month) „when the moon is new“ OG 419, kromo sl.,uZsidéjus ant nugaros“ (I carried it on my back. Sv), piésto „piestu“ (The horse stands on the piésto. Sv, Skp), plozo sl. „all upright“ (He lies on the grass plozo. Cf. He lies in the dirt of plozo. An. Plg. le. ptazem the same meaning), ryto „in the morning, in the morning“ OG 419 (I got up in the morning. Bien. I went out to the city in the morning. Sv. There was morning frost. Bien. Anas already went out yesterday morning. Sv. I got up early in the morning. ib), vakare „in the evening“ OG 419, Dglš (Come to me in the evening. "jumps" Sv, outgrown? „iš ryto“ (Don’t be late, come early, out of the morning. Alv. He led out the horses out of the morning on the field. Lp), išilgo,,isilgai“ Sdk, išvientaro „because of the day, constantly“ (/švientaro bėga ir bėga kaip įsiutę. Arm. He is out of the day, bar and bar. Asv), palengvėliūko „palengvėliais“ (Only deliberately, deliberately, a little bit: don’t wake up the children. Sv), palengviūko „t. p.“ ib, palefigvo „easily, quietly“ Sv, Ds, Kp (Tell him that it was easier, so that others would not hear. Pnm. Plg. the adverb used in Vaižganto writings easier with the same meaning.- ), patykiuko „t. p.’ Ds, patška "calmly, quietly, gradually" (Per lieptą eik patyko. ib. Šneka patyko. Sv), patyliūko "t. p.’ (Patyliūko, patyliūko ir priėjo. ib), aukštikaūpo "above the pile" Gmž, dvisėdo "two sitting (on one horse)" Skp, Slm (Ant dviigio nejokit dvisėdo. Kp), naktigulto „miegot, nakvot“ (Natigulto atėjau. Pl), noėsiariko „nosimi rakdamas žemę, strimagalviais“ (Kur leki nosiariko —da kaklą nusisuksi? Lkm), sausgridido „sausai“ (Užvalgo sausagrūdo duonos ir dirba visgdien. Vik), trilapo „pusiau risčia, pusiau lenktomis“ (Mūsų bėriokas bėga trilapo. Ds). ia kamien as: kūlio „kūliais, kūlverčiais“ Slm (Going from Rriaušio kūlio virstų. Kp. Wouldn’t you be afraid to turn from the kalio of the grave hill? Ds), namelio „namo, namučio“ rš, namytužėlio „t. p.’ 724 pp., 2nd ed. p.’ Lnkv, namolio "t. p.’ "Namulio "t. p.’ Kp (After loading ripe barley, I'll bring it to the house with a dry horse. Str), ryčio „ryčia“ Kp (rysčio „t. p.“ Sv: He drove to the ryčio. ib), šuolio „šuoliais“ (I already know the jumping jots. Slm. In front of the mountain jump, downhill —no step (balana when burning). Kp), zimblio "to flash" (I threw a stone at a snake, and it was a snake. Ds), step "step, step" Ds, discharge "without interruption, continuously, continuously" (Exit work. Prk. The girl has been sleeping for eight days of ejaculation. prš), easy-going "slowly, easy-going" Pnm, Kp, Sv (Go easy-going and go to the city Ds), easy-going "t. p.’ "S.T.A.L.- K.E.R." p.’ Ds (I$ tykelio, pamažulėlio stiklelį ik dugni. (d.) Class The soil from the bed is drying and gradually warming up from the sun. rš), patykjelo 't. p.’ (I'm going to go to the college, and it'll be a day. Ds), the relationship "t. p.“ ib, basamindžio „without socks or without clothes stuck in the shoes“ (/tokia spraguma —? The prefix from is usually written in capital letters even in conjugated constructions (see from slow, from easy, from high, etc.). However, sometimes it merges so much with the fixed form of the syllable that it cannot be written in any case. 12 even the fence is angry, and you go to the field in a bare-minded robe. Arm), dvieraičio „two-seated” (Both of his dvieraičio. rš), kiaūliarisčio „pig’s rist” Sv (Ot runs horseman kiauliariscio. Upn), tapėdžio „behind, biting” (Tapėdžio tuoj po man ir atsivijo. Upn), tolydžio „at once; often, always, constantly“ Lp, Kps, Vikv, sh (When he would come over the weekend, he would come to us. Ms. He has no health at all — he is sick and sick. Brt. It was difficult to walk, the feet were constantly stuck in the deep, thick snow, the water was crackling in the soaked shoes. BltšR 70. "T.T.A.T.- u. p. dz). o stem: bégtinés „to run, to run away“ rs (Run bėgtinos, that it would be faster! Sl), duotinas „to give, to give away“ (Duotinos įdavė, as nevegiau. Trk), oratos hibr. „šaukte, rėkte, pagalbos- !“ Vrn, Smn, Žin, Aly, Dkš, Bd, Klvr, Sn, Mrk, Knv (Domarko house was burning — all the oratos were shouting. Syn. As he pulled his tooth, he eratos shouted. LS. Plg. le. ratowač „to save”, ratunek „help”, ratunku! „help!”), pėstos „on foot” (He went to the town on foot. Pg), senybos „in the old days” (Kai būdo senybos (As it used to be in the old days. OG 419), skersés „crosswise“ (Skersos nėūrą traukti. Ds), šautinas „shooting, shooting“ (Šautina nušautas. KlvrZ), šliurptinos „shooting (weeping- )“, šliurptinai Sts, universal „all, common“ J, intimpos „tightly, without ceasing“ (Padirbėk intimpos visą dieną, tai pamatysi. Ds), išilgas „longways“ (Nugi žiūriu —guli išilgai dirvynan. Lp), ištisos „all along, without interruption“ Llkz, užuolankos,uzuolanka, aplink“ (Run away from the curtain and catch it. Paj), sausakamšos „sausakamšai“ (Priėjo žmonių sausakamšos. Ds), taviendtos (=toovienatos?) „always“ (Jis taviendtos smoke and smoke. Lnkv), tuoįtampos „without stopping, without interruption“ (Kai pradėjo važiuoti ryžius per mašiną, tuojtampés ir išvarė. Up), tuoįtampos „t. p.’ Skrd, Sv (cf. tuo intimpos DP 296), visaplatés "with full breadth, in full length" Ssk (That the full-breadth bees began to lick, that they can do nothing more. Grz. We saw that the house was already full of bedbugs. He's poking money all over the place. Cairo. If he keeps letting the animals go freely, he's gonna kill everything in a moment. Lnkv. But gradually, when people learned about my works, they began to reproach me and point their fingers at me. LzP). io trunk: rist „risčia“ Ds (On such a wet road you won’t drive rist. Er), nežino „nežina“ Lkm, pamažėlios „t. p.“ ib, dviraitės „two sitting (on one horse)“ (Tėvas su berniuku dviraitės iSėjo į pasyką. Sdk), galvos skausmas „very fast, strongly“ (Vaikas galvas skausmas išbėgo. Vad. Atlekia galvas skausmas. Ds), kūliavirstės „kūliavartomis“ (Kūliavirstės nurūko (katinas) per laukus. Ut), tapradžios (=tuopradžios?) „with that beginning, constantly“ (TapradZiés does not listen, that and —says Grž. Plg. Pulkai vaisko traukia tuopradžios from one place to another. TZ VII 338), vienavaldžios „without cessation, without interruption“ (Tai kūdikis —visą naktelę šaukė ir šaukė vienavaldis. Smn. What are you doing here, squeaking through the door? Kt). iu trunk example can go folydZius "immediately" K I 449, II 166, 190, 317, ‘kartu’ ib I 551 (plg. also the speed of the tulip ‘immediately’ Sdr). 13 Finally, one must mention another ir very individual form: ambulances “fast, urgently” (The ambulances gathered. OG 423), ‘t. p.’ (Anna just put on her shorts. Rš), istosaficio (<out of to stock) "from what is, have" ką (Add milk andStosaficio. Ktk. Give the tired one o something to stretch out. (ib). The root of all the adverbs given here is usually a noun adjective. — ar Therefore, all iš parts of the language are more adverbialized adverbial singular origin of the noun ir adjective. ir Be of this, here occurs verbs ir (in fact, participle) adverbs only one other numerical ir (Issue, pg. afitaras, where the suffix -tarais used in the words kataras, lastar). However, it ir should be said that in Lithuanian the participle of a noun, adjective, and numerals can be adverbialized. It is possible to see ne some tendencies of the singular noun of the pronoun in ar conjugation. ir It is very rarely used in the present day, and most of its o speakers are unfamiliar jų with it. Iš of all pronouns singular origins somewhat more prominently in the history of Lithuanian language have prefixed only pronouns what that origins what, ir £0. Iš jų usually only the first can become an adverb on its own, prepositions ir of other words. In most cases, t. y. be the ir ancestors of nouns form compound adverbs together with other words, especially ir with the preposition because su o su (for) standing against ir po tų originators, e.g. : k6 "which ends, why, because of" (Why did tu you come here? Shh. Ko You're attacking a man! Slv. Ko You didn't come yesterday? Up. Ko tu So sad? Shh. Ko aš I'll be ko green, I'll be happy, promises me Rist. d.), why "because of, for what reason" (Kodėl nelaistai žaliųjų rutelių? d. Plg. senovės raštų kodrin "t. p."), رُبًّا (<dėlko) "t. p." p.’ End, because of "why" XVIII-XIX century. rš, délké "because" Rdm, Als, Jb, delko "t. p.’ "Why Doesn't P.O.D.? p.’ Rdm, kažin ko „somehow why“ (I got something halfway, maybe I’ll have to get sick. Slm), mūžko „almost“ Pc, niėko „halfway, quite well“ (They live on nothing. Jnšk), todėleigi „therefore also“ srs, todėlios „therefore“ Grž, antato „that“ (He stands there. Pn), benet6 „almost, near that“ (It happens beneté sometimes to get together. Nmn), dėlgito „that’s why“ srs, dėligto „that’s why“ srs. p.’ DP 286, nevertheless “because” Kt, VnIP 16, Alv, Rm, Vvr, delta ‘t. p.’ Rdm, Ds, comfortable ‘therefore’ BsP III 38, deltogi 't. p.’ Rdm. At the same time, it should be mentioned here that the gender tikos (cf. tiekas, -a) (Tiekos (tiek) jau nuėjau, tai reikia ir pas jį ažeit) is also probably considered a nobleman with a substantive form. Grv. I'm so hungry, I'm going to bed. Pg. With that sleep so much so much! (ib). + As the examples show, the genitive verb can only be adverbialized by performing the functions of circumstances. The circumstantial function is a necessary condition for the adverb to pass to the genitive of the conjugated word. į Iš all of the above examples are mostly way adverbsmiy. As a result, as soon as a nobleman's verb begins to be a circumstance of the way in a certain context, it gradually begins to approach the adverb. Interestingly, the adverbs of this morphological type have a 14 higher degree of adverbialization than the adverbs of time and place. The pronouns who and what have been ar prefixed mainly with the meaning of cause. : Relatively small nobleman's buzz The tendency of be the (used prepositional) adverb to become prepositional is explained not only by its strong objective meaning and its reluctance to go with circumstances, but also by the fact that circumstantial relations are ir more often expressed in language by prepositional constructs of the noun. The constructions of prepositional ancestors are remarkably widespread. Some of the ancestors, ir constantly used with the prepositional meaning of circumstance, stabarėja stabarėja together with the prepositional pass the adverb. The process of stabbing is facilitated here by the accelerated lexical meaning of ir the principal element of the su prepositional construction į itself: words with a more general, ir abstract meaning are usually more prone to ir stabbing, already related in their content especially by the meanings of way, place and time. — Rather, such prepositional constructions become adverbs, which acquire a more generalized figurative meaning of a phraseological combination, although the meaning of the main word itself, taken separately, is quite specific. su ar ir jų ir Iš of all the adverbialized ar constructions of the type discussed here, which are at least close to the adverbs, the prepositional noun constructions stand out. iš ir Jų we have much more than other prepositional constructs of the noun. ir So let's get su acquainted with them ir first. The main elements of these constructions are a) a, ia, io, 0, ė, i, u ir nouns of consonant root, usually b) substantivated ia, io, a, substantive o, adjectives of ė roots, one ir other numeral, pronoun even c) participant. ar a) Prepositional iš ir noun root: ddikto a iš "togethiš er, one" (We all eat iš things. Yl), drink iš "joke" (From laughter, I'm already ir in love. Ds), cakeiš lo "of the last" that defends Kp (O the neck. iš Ob), kalno iš Trgn, Rgv, GGuzKIt 455 (probably the value iš of Polish, cf. z gory) ‘in advance’ (From the mountain I tell you. Ktk. Promised iš a mountain to pay. SDB. They've already taken iš half the money from the mountain. DGL. Pay the iš mountain, then you'll get it. Pl. I paid the iš mountain money. VnlP 303), iš kafto "one time, suddenly" (If the horse iš doesn't handle well once, it's hard to get back. Ds. Ten of a po kind iš (peas) in the stomach. Sl. Here I iš saw that I was right. BltšR 43), “at the beginning” (At first he couldn’t even ask his brother what exactly he cared about. GGuzKIT 784), iš time ‘in advance’ (I took care of the time sweepers. Krtn. Iš Make time, you won't need it later. Gz), "before time, too early" (Whoever iš keeps happy, that pas15 You're gonna cry. Jnš), iš laūko "from the outside" (The house is lined with boards from the grandfather. Likz), of iš seeing "from the outside" (I jį iš I know the vision. Alk), iš lifetime "from the beginning" (I§ mazamo he's so faded (whited) was. Jnšk), iš gold "from the surface, iš appearaniš ce, outside" (/s air nothing to see (or pregnanar t, no). Rgv. There were still ginks iš walking in the air by the other door. VnIP 144), iš morning ‘morning’ Llkž, iš evening ‘evening’ (Margis iš barks in the o evening, sleeps more at night. Pe). ia trunk: iš aphids (:aftis, aféio ‘proximity’ SD 15, Srv, Skr) "close up" (There is a bridge over the river, but ir it is not functional.) Prng), iš kelio “off the beaten path” (He kills me. iš Kdn. Thinking, very quiet, iš no more. ir Ds), iš front ‘in advance’ (Paid in advance. Sv), ore iš ‘autumn’ (Autumn iš frost ruined the grass. Jnšk), iš sykio “one time” Sd, "at the beginning" (I had iš to say that once. Llkž), iš tolio "from far, far iš away" (Is the iš guest far away? Grz. Fire can iš be seen from afar. OsG. Ir a boy iš from far away came. RD 119), iš numbness "out of the senses" (Attacked rabbit iš numbness ir torn. Uzv), iš pasubio "by ambulance, in a hurry" (I/z haste was wrong. ps. ). ‘ o strains: iš didumds "superficially, slightly" (We won't use all apples, only the big ones. iš Lš), head iš ‘for remembrance’ (Does the whole book need a iš head to pay? Ds. They only learned iš the sciences of the head. Dn), small iš "from the beginning" (from the small leg connected to the rye. Pls. Iš small is already jo such a sinking (nature, way). Rod), iš straight "in fact, indeed" iš R 155, K (The truth is that they were. BP I 15. Iž truth repent, DP 12. Iž truth died. DP 459), iš Paskos (from behind Kp) "biting, then, in the ass" (I drove first, he followed. o Ll. She iš followed him. Grey. And his mother followed him. Pc. Come on, come on, come on, come on. iš Lkv. — Ar still far to Sabal's plank saw? — Mykolas asked the man, who, warmed up and stirred, was pushing the wagons full of fugitives behind him and still smelling his own kin. VnlP 94. "You, you! Ulia-lia-lia! —the children cried, attacking from behind and trying to outrun each other. BItSR 186. Just don't stay behind, just don't iš stay behind! GGuzKIt 674), iš views "by appearance" (A beautiful horse in appearance. Lich). io trunk: from the bottom "from the ground, from the bottom" (Give from the bottom, it is not necessary through the feet lipt. Vad), "from the very depths of working people, from the side of the broad iš masses" (Develop self-criticism especially ir criticism of the iš bottom. tsp), from below bottom "from the ground, from the bottom" (Now we are cutting from below (the very bottom of the grain). 1997. pp. 321. "After the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, the 2000s, and the 2010s, the 2020s, and the 2030s, and the 2040s, and the 2050s, and the 2060s, and the 2070s, and the 2080s, and the 2090s". 19th century. sh, from the beginning "in the beginning, first; immediately’; iz prieštės „from the front, from the forehead“ (Pirkia iš prieštės gracefully arranged. Knv.), iš valios Vs, Mrs, Vj, Ds „slowly, slowly, slowly“ (Eik iš valios, kad nepailstum. Alk. He's doing everything he wants to do. LS. Don't drive hard when you pull the horses, let your will go. iš Kps. Iš 100 mg/ 12. 5 ml U-D-D. You need to drive over the bridge iš will. Lp), "of his own accord" (Coming back, already coming back to his father, whose house I abandoned of his own accord. (d.) Plv). 16 ė stem: from atidės "attentively" (Is atidés start thinking, and you will see that it is so. rš), from mažatvė "from little" Grž, from maželėlė "t. p.’ J, from the minor "t". p.’ "Small" t. p.’ (They are so barely raised from a child. Brt), from a childhood “t. p.’ "A Little Bit of T". p.“ (From a little one without a mother, a big poor boy began to suffer. (d.) Ds), from minor “t. p.’ Sd, Slap, Srv, Kdn, Grž, Svn, Žž, Ktv, Mrs (/š in minor it was more beautiful, now it has somewhat deteriorated, Slm), from minor “t. p.’ "Small" t. p.’ "Vj, from the minority "t. p.’ "D.I.Y. - From the Bottom of the World". p.“, from the minor „t. p.’ "Small" t. p.“ (He has been speaking like that since he was little (Sveplas). Slk), from half "half-fruit-sharing" Kp (We'll work everything from half. Kbr. Then the mouse with the sparrow sowed half the wheat. (ps.) sh: If there will be money from the side, then I will tell you where to help. M1), out of truth "in truth" (—It's already out of truth—you wouldn't say that, Palioni, that you say so! GGuzKIt 414), out of will "of your own accord, of your own will" z., out of will "not of your own accord, not of your own will" ib. i trunk: iz akiés „with poor application, approximately“ (/š akiés šau- (: aftis, -ies K) „at close, from near“, iš ausiės „without a chord, from the ear“ (Gieda iš ausiės. Jb), iš dalies „not quite fully“ (Tatai shows in part and given examples. Jb. Partly true, partly not. Grg. lie partly squads, partly fishermen. K II 226. Well, and I partially, with reservations, with you agree. VnlP 212. Now he had experienced that suffering in part himself. ib 358), from the very diminutive "from the very little" Slk, from the minor "from the little" Lkm, Tvr, from the shoulder "strongly, earnestly" (Rugius all stopped from petiés cross. Grz. Sugar beet growers have worked hard. tsp. So although we whispered, he poured the bile from his shoulder and, reaching out his hand, checked whether the wind was not carrying it to the side of the sheep. BltšR 49), from aside “from the side, from the side, from others” (We hear from Saliés that everyone laughs at this. Syn. It seemed so only from the side. VnlP 23), “to the side, to the side” (Kliša cow — from aside she threw her leg. z.), from aside “from the side, from the side, indirectly” (/š aside speaks. Lp. Looking from the outside. Gs). u trunk: from inside „inside, from the inside side“ (Those big buildings looked even more ugly from the inside. VnlP 6. When he smelled, regéjos, that hot iron burned his chest from the inside. ib 393), from above „outside, in the high“ (Dantis was pierced from above. Llkž. From above the earth-suckers were small, like boxes of feathers. rš), from the back „in the back, then, biting“ (Wolves from the back like a tail. 7g). -—Fatty trunk: from mažeiis “from the little days” (Already from the little he was such an anti-girl. Jrk. Such he was and from the little he was. Jb. From the little she was so overdry. Jrb. From the little she already gave me lightning heart aches. LGR I 137), from the little “t. p.“ (From the minority were pampered. Lnkv). It is obvious that not all given constructions of the preposition iz and the noun genitive are equally conjugated. Jų the degree of overexposure is particularly difficult to determine because almost all = ty constructions of the main noun — (except perhaps only 2. Morphological structure of ir Lithuanian language its development 17 LK A Big iOTE" paskos, iš pašaliės, iš paskaus, iš mažens) iš are used all other ir jokes, though, ne su uniform intensity. Be moreover, most of the main tų themes are overwhelmed by at least a part of the objective meaning, which is so characteristic of the nobleman that it just keeps him from being overwhelmed. ir jį However, the circumstantial function of the main element ir already mentioned previously, the peculiarities of the lexical meaning, the close connection of the concept expressed by it with generalized manner, time-space-space meanings su blurs the objective meaning of the ir noble in this case outweighs the category of the adverb together with the preposition. ir The most jį common meanings of the adverbs thus su derived are į time, place-space manner. ir Other meanings (e.g.: cause, purpose) is almost absent. Similar structures are also almost not found here. This means that the given examples are all direct constructs of the prepositional noun. — ar iš ir If next to the most common adverb mažefis iš (at least according to my data) in the language is used more than the same root variants with 20 the same slightly different meaning, this circumstance ta is explained ar only by dialectal splitting, but often by language style, its rhythm ne considerations ir (plg. emotional language, song language, ir emotionally uncolored language). b) Prefix root iš ir of adjective: a afiksto iš "first time, earlier" Krtn, Dkš (I don't know anything about the afix. Ds. Aš I'll let you know in iš advance. Dks. I would iš have known that I would have been welcomed. Shd. He paid in iš advance for the whole month. GGuzKIt 661. Hurrying to shop in advance. VnIP 142), duk$to "proudly, despisably" iš (The cow looks at į the iš peasant from high. Jrb. You've ko been watching our hard work so far? iš Kd), “first time, earlier” Jb, Skr, from afto “close by, right here” S, Pl, for nothing “without having to act” ką Ds (/sh for free children no longer ko know how to do. Slm), iš jununo „from young days“ (/š jduno to nedariau. Ldv), not from good „necessarily, crying if necessary“ (Ne iš gero tą dantį ištraukė. Pc. Žinoma, kad ne iš gero taip darė. Jb), from easy (iž lefigvo DP 254) „palengva“ Er, Rgv, Sd, Lp, SD 272 (Iš lengvo ir nueisim, kol sutemos. Slap. Abidvi iš lengvo ir atneštė. Pl. Eik iš lefigvo ir nepails. Kps. Jie dirba iš lengvo. Jb), from slow „slowly little by little“ Grž, Ps (/š slowly blowing, (whistle) gives a hard voice. 107 (2nd ed.). pp. 107. p.’ DZ (He speaks slowly, Jb. Stood up from the table slowly. rs. Slowly uttered word after word. GGuzKIt 383. They slowly walked close together. ib 161), from Lithuanian “using new words, not dialectically” (He from Lithuanian language. Vb), from mūžo “from small days” (Tingėjo mokytis iš mažo. Pc. Iš mažo buvau pasiliges. Ll. Ir vaikus... į bičamą velka, kad ir juos tuojau iš mažo surbt pamokintų. Dn), from pilno “fully, completely” (Give back what belongs to him, truly and from full. Gs), from rėsvo “slowly” (Works for herself from rėsvo, without hurrying. Ktk), from rėto “not quickly, not densely, slowly, not rapidly, slowly” iš Mrk, Krtv, Skp, Sim (Our father is always crying out loud (speaks). Knv. He speaks so slowly, he's not in a hurry. Yeah, yeah. 18 From the morning he goes, eating ib. Why are you working so hard? Out. Our uncle is still walking, but he's very weak. Shh. The representative of Kaunas began to speak, rarely reading words. 312 pp. (in Russian). p.’ She has lived here for a long time. Btr. The manor of Šventarėtis has long been in dispute with the peasants over common pastures – servitutes. VnlP 15. This viscous and uncomfortable place has long been avoided by people. GGuzKIt 87. The breed is evil - from old only robs and lives. LGR II 58), aus tieso "from truth" R 354, aus tykėliūkas "from easy, quietly, slowly" (/š tykėliūko eina. Ds), aus tykiukas "t. p.’ TDr IV 226, iš tyko, „t. p.’ Glv, Sd, Kps, Ds, Vj (I'm not tired, you see, I went astray. Ktk. He spoke, he spoke, and then he fell in love. St. It is only remarkable that the water flows out of nowhere. Ds. I'll go out of my way, so I won't get tired. Lkm. The river runs so wildly that you'll say it's standing still. Trgn. Your father-in-law is always driving out of his way. BGS. Come on, my son! On), from truly “truly, truly” Krtn, Lkv, Sd (Are you really saying? Ds. Correction kelj from truly. Sint), from silence “quietly, deliberately” Sd, from tytolo (from tytélo Nėč) “from afar” (Is tytolo nei speak. Vik. p.’ (Oh, and a boy came from afar, at first they lured the father’s daughter. Lp), from afar “from afar” Krtn, Ps, Ds, Lš, Dkš (Lights in the dark can be seen from afar. Vrb. —Or from afar? —From afar, the son of the clover. Srv. Anas was my relative from far away. Svné. R 47. He begins to speak from afar, hearing, when he comes to goose bumps. Up. Others were not afraid to learn the script from Didzki, and Stochka, it is only from afar, from afar... GGuzKIt 387. Start from a distance: first depart from your old age, illness. VnlP 316), “no way, not at all” Alv (He does not want a mare with a colt. Aly), “very much” (They are afraid of me from afar. Skr), nei (nei, anei) from afar “no way, not at all” (I will not go anywhere with such a carriage. Sts. This year’s rye harvest will be far from that. prs. There will be nothing for Anne from afar (I disagree- ). Rs), from acute “acutely, suddenly” (If a cat from amo grabbed a hedgehog by the snout, it might take it. Pc. Kelkités all from acute. Str), from nearby “from nearby” (—Or from far away? —From nearby, right behind the lake. Lnk), from far away “slowly, gradually” Ps, R, Ndz (We ran running, and you went slowly. Skr. So we dealt with the palefighting. Skn. Deepen the Armenian only in a few years, slowly, so that the clay does not break out. 12:00 a.m. Black ships moved slowly at the shore. 131 (1st ed.). pp. 131. p.’ "I'm going to be a little bit of a squeaker," he said, "but I'm going to be a little bit of a squeaker," and "I'm going to be a little bit of a squeaker," and "I'm going to be a little bit of a squeaker." Gl. Get out of the way, so he's not awakened. LS. He's a very funny guy. ib), patolo iš (from the patella) ‘from a distance; under the curtains, iš carefully; ambush’ (Looks at me like iš that. in Lp. Tu don't ask steeply, but down iš — ir Find out where he lives. Dks. Mane The dogs attacked iš the female. Klvr). ia trunk: iš large "with pride, proudly" Jrb. (Looks proudly at his į ex-friends. Shh. He's always iš great going. Alk), "superficially, slightly" (Only peel iš the leaves of the big cabbage. Knv), iš lightweight "from easy, gradually" (Write from the bed so you don't get dirty. 2 19 ZR II 119, kaft after kaft “occasionally; in turn” tsp, SEE II 184, morning after morning “which morning; Sometime in the near future” ZR II 127, the step after Zingsni “slowly” CvR VIII 47, word after word (Word after word, reproach after reproach, —the courtier began to groan. CvR VIII 190), day after day “soon” (Day after day —already the worker. Ds), foot after foot “slowly, slowly” (We walked foot after foot. ZR II 410) and so on. All such expressions have been consolidated and acquired the meaning of adverbs. Their meaning sometimes becomes so intertwined that it is difficult to describe it in other words. But not only such phraseological statements acquire the meaning of an adverb and thus become a kind of adverb: there are other ones, where the first accent is followed by a preposition, and then by a suffix with a full or broken subjunctive, e.g.: be one end „extremely“ (Be one end mergaitė graži. Grg), be maža ko (>bemažko) „kone, beveik“ (Be maža ko pilnas sykelis. Ds), iki dmžių dmZio „ever“ BP II 151, iki gyvos galvés „all my life“ CvR VIII 207, iki gyvo kdulo,labai“ (Iki gyvo kaulo įkyrėjo. VnlP 68), iš tuščio buvimo „from not having anything to do, being idle“ (/š tuščio buvimo hornai užaugo. Rdm), iš gero gero, savaime“ (Šitas ežeras atsirado iš gero gero. Lš), iš geros valios „t. p.’ (He began to beat his hand out of good will. Pc. He turned out of good will. Dks), out of good will “t. p.’ (The eye began to hurt from the good will. Al), from one thing “all the time, constantly” (The child became angry from one thing. Plt. A small child demands to eat from one thing. Mzk. Plg.: From one thing as soon as she started, she finished sewing. Sauk), from patiés kélmo “very, extraordinarily” (Mother is wet from patiés kélmo. LlkZ), from a single word “in one word” (From a single word saying. Sauk), to a live neck “by no means” (I don’t want a live neck with uksus. Dr.). In addition, see the proverb in the sentence He's already from a half-year old (very bad, very bad, really bad). Skr. Particularly noteworthy are such adverbial phraseological combinations, which consist of pronouns with adjectives, adverbs and service words, e.g.: viso gėrio „iš viso“ (How much of all good do you get money? p.’ (Well, we are five. ib), both t6 “it doesn’t matter, you know” DZ, both t6 “t. p.’ Ds, both t6 "t. p.“ ib (cf. so much so much “etc. etc.” Trgn), neither from this, nor from that “by itself, without cause, without need” rs, neither from this, nor from t6 “t. p.’ Lkm, as niėčkur nothing "as if nothing had been" VnIP 92 and so on. * * * Turning to the examination of the formative adverbs -(i)o, -(i)as, -ės, it should be noted that there are many such fixed genders in the language, which at first glance could be derived from the singular genitive, because their ending coincides with the ending of this vowel. But here we have to remember that the "end" of an adverb is not the same as the ending of the conjugated word. Until the verb form has become an adverb, the ending indicates the meaning of the verb and the relation of the word to the other words in the sentence. When one of the verb forms is staggered, the meaning of the verb itself fades and at the same time it can easily 26 change the formal verb — indicator end itself. The former verb ending, as we have already seen, sometimes disappears altogether, and the fixed verb form takes on a new, adverbial o meaning from to nė not much. On the contrary, the absence of the ending sometimes even arises as an indicator of the adverbial meaning of the word (plg. from autumn<from spring). Be to, in certain cases ‘Limb’ (most likely by analogy), without changing the meaning of the adverb, can appear where we do not expect it ir at all, e.g.: vėlios iš (late Dglš) "again" (I'm going to have a headache. Rgv), terazés "now" (We're working, working, now we need to rest. Jnšk), tendjos ‘ten’ Rm, Lnkv. Therefore, when thinking about the adverb, it would usually be more accurate to ne talk about the ending, as we understand ją it in the variable parts of speech, o about the formanta, because in iš fact, often the former endings of the verbs are transformed into adverbs by constructive formants, according to which new adverbs are made. Those formants, as only the given examples ką showed, often touch even such words that today have nothing in common with nouns. su Thus it would be inaccurate to use all adverbs as formants su -(i)o, -(i)as, -és, which at first glance are easy to connect with singular noun endings, are to be considered as conjugated noun origins, because those formants su often only coincide in external form with the noun endings, and the adverbs with those formants have erodized other vowels. iš Formants— (i)o dar6 ; "now, at the moment" (Dard is something else. Lp) present tense "now" Ds, dyke ‘dykomis’ (Nobody gives anything for nothing. Lnkv), transverse (in the combination transverse longitudinally) „transversally longitudinally“ (Go transverse longitudinally —you can’t find anywhere better. MIt), surrounding ‘aplinkui’ (Just drinking the environment. Ml), twisted "turns, around" (The ends of the rope are turned back. Dglsh. Turned the seam. Okay. All the work goes ir goes turned (here you finish the ir same job tą again). Tvr. It is broken down into the following dialects:. Bien), apZargo "overlooking the tracks" (Ride around su Zargé in such a carriage. Arm), will be ‘rear ends (only for horses)’ (The horses only atatupé atatupo. Tvr), rear “back” (You would come back, but the paths grew. Okay. Push the car back. Step. Ages stack up, drawing away, never returning. BM I 451), intimpo ‘tightly’ (It's not healthy to run so far. Sdk), iSilgs “along” (/Silgé perkirto. Okay), pasupo "one po another, iš turns" (Pasupé drank three cups. OG 422), pasviksto "in whispers, quietly" (Ann said it in silence so no one would hear it. OG 422), surface „paviršium, paviršutiniškai“ (surface, superficially) (if someone did a bad drawing). su OG 422. He only did the surface work. Bien), passed ‘kiurai’ (The foot crossed pierced. Okay. It's been raining. ib), bicycle ‘two-seat’ (On a small horse What a bad bicycle. Ds). As we can see from the iš examples, this formant is most often pronounced in popular spoken language. It can be used as a single-person, but also as ne a couple, and as a group. 27 the limbs of the inner limb. The language of the people shows a strong tendency to abbreviate all feminine conjugated words dgs. the genitive limbs, which in literary language are usually left full. Many dialects do not have full endings -(i)omis, -ėmis, -imis at all. The final i is dropped when abbreviating, and most often the plural noun is given the gender of the plural noun, which has no -s at all at the end. This means that the abbreviation process does not affect the sound m that occurs at the end. The final -m, together with the vowel before it (if the ending is accentuated, it is a strong vowel), remains as an indicator of word form. Meanwhile, in adverbs where the vowel is completely faded, the word end is not so stable, so -m here can probably fall without changing the meaning of the adverb. This is shown by the following parallels of unidentified or closely related adverbs: dykélldykém Vb, Srv, Lnkv, Ds, skerso||skersom Llkz, apsukollapsukom Grz, apZargéllapZargém,betkaip“ Kp, atatupé|atatupém, paviršio||paviršiom Slap, and also by the fact that of all the amusing adverbs in Lithuanian, the plural adverb has given and still gives the most adverbs, which are characterized by an extraordinary abundance and prevalence not only in the spoken language of the people, but also in the literary language, especially in the works of fiction. Today in dgs. innag. The adverbs of origin can only be seen as a very widespread type of adverbs, which is firmly bound to a large group of its specific formants, derived from dgs. the limbs of the hunter. Especially common here is the formant -(i)om(is), which for the reasons stated probably could, at least when. in some cases, become a formant -(i)o. Finally, there is no doubt that in many cases this formant is a creature of analogy: when a certain number of adverbs of this formant from the aforementioned vowels had already been established in the language, they were used as an example to form adverbs from other forms, even from invariant words (cf. dard, present tense). Thus, the example of the formant -(i)o clearly shows how different the sources of the adverbs of a particular formant can be. The morphological composition of the -(i)o adverbs is very diverse. That depends on the individuality of their work. In addition to such forms as čini, present tense, which today can no longer be associated with any variable words, but only with the adverbs daf „now“ Kps, Vlk, Lp, Vrn, ddr „t. p.’ "Arm, Krok, Onš, now "t. p.’ 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155. p.’ "The Present" t. p.’ Dkš, Pnd, Lel, Jb, present "t. p.’ KIC 135, N, current ‘t. p.’ Brž, Grž, Ds, here are some more adverbs that are easily associated with adjectives, both simple and prepositional: dyké (: dykas, -a), skersé (: skersas, -a), iSilgé (: iSilgas, -a). There are also prepositional adverbs of this formant, next to which in the present language or in the old writings there are nouns or adjectives of the same root, e.g.: apžargollapžarga "jump over the groove, weeding the rope" Slv, apZdrga "jump over the bow, throwing the cloth" Alk; surrounding, -a "environmental" Kir environment ‘district’ SD 222, J, ‘aplinkuma, atstumas’ Jb; apsukollapsukas, -ū „turns made, whole, whole“ Š and apsuka „axis, swivel, 28 hinge; (body) joint, bending" SD 202; atgaliol||latgalias, -ia "backward, backward, backward" Prl, Trgn, Pg, Svn, Pc and backwards dgs. vrd. ‘smaller grain residues, scraps’ J, Grg, Prk, Klt, Šv, Vkš, Brs,.Lž, Klp; "power, trifles" D, back "residue; „žemės rėžio galas“ J. Otrembskis notes that the adverbs of this formant in the Tverečiaus dialect are usually prepositional and are made up of noun, adverb and even verb stems and roots." However, other dialects and sources show an even greater diversity of these adverbs: namely, there are also compounds, for example, where the first accent is numerical, the second — verb. o Formants -(i)os In the English language, the word is pronounced and unpronounced. If by its origin in some cases it could be associated with the endings of verbs, then in others — it is only an adverbial formant, encompassing even modal words particles. The name of the group may have been derived from the fact that some of its members were sculptors. ir Hypothetically, it could still be asserted that a certain part of the adverbs of this formant will also be the rise of the plural noun: the presence in the language of parallels okoliem|aplinké, apZargom|- apzargé..., where the second words may have been erupted from the first ones, could have facilitated the way for the appearance of parallels apsukomsl|- apsukos, atgaliomsl|- atgalios... However, it is not possible to consider all the adverbs of this formant as fixed syllables, because the formant itself, having established itself in the language, could have appeared in a secondary way with fragmented forms, with other fragmented adverbs and, as we have seen, even with particles. To illustrate the morphological composition, meanings and sentence usage of the adverbs of this formant, some examples are given below. l. Unprepositioned words of the root Zodinés: ankstickos „early“ (I raised early and went to feed the cows. ir Grv), aplés "disorderedly" (/šsižiojus, it's all aplės and aplės leaves..Ds), artickės (prepositionally used) "arti" (We were each other's artickés. Grv), perennial “far away” Mit II 235. 2. Prepositions of noun roots: aplinkos (aplinkos) „aplink“ (People rode around the surroundings. Kš. Važiuojam aplifikos, if upright is not as. Grž), apsukės „apsukai“ (The horse does not eat, only walks and goes round the stake. Grž), atgaliés „atgal“ (Accept me back. Well), atskirés ‘separately’ (Separates already live from their parents. Ds). 3. Binomials: Moments “immediately, without thinking” (Just put, moments boil. ir Klov). Jan Otrebski, East Lithuanian Tver dialects, czes¢ I, Krakow, 1934, p. 422. 29 Here it is also attributable to the daily “everyday” (Laikyk, MZ 12. Ansai valgė ir gėrė apstu kiekdienos. DP 270), if it was used in the 16th century. in the speech was already completely overshadowed and certainly turned into one word. 4. The formant -(i)os also arises with the so-called senior or noun adverbs, which today are difficult at all to associate with nouns: anaipés „that way“ (Do not this way, but anaipos. Gs), cianújos „here, in this place, for this thing“ (Cianújos žemė kaip popa (good). "I'm Not Alone" (feat. Pls), never "never, never" DZ (Never do that. Jb), constantly "often, together" DZ, "in turn, in a row" (Work constantlyds, why you dance from one place to another. Ds), this way "this way" (Sitaipés do not overwhelm the child — sit on Rkelių. Gs), flags "again, again" (It rained, and when the flags come dry, nice. Pc), always "always, always" (Always child good. (Gr. Only such adverbs of this formant as dabafčios „now“ (Dabafčios I will show him. Nmk), present tense „t. p.’ Grž), which can be associated not only with the present, but also with the present-- t-, cf. dabartis, -iés, the present "present time" in the DZ. 5. Sj form also exists in adverbs where the modal indicative meaning is intertwined with the meaning of time or place, e.g.: anaurėlios „tąkart, anąkart“ (I went to visit Anaurėlios, but now I have nowhere to go), antendinos "over there" (Antennas look. Good). 6. Finally, this formant goes even beyond the adverb, touching modal words and particles close to the adverb category: béigos “by the way, maybe, as it seems, this is why, beskuo” (Bėigos, ir tu, Jonai, ten buvai. Lš), būcegos sl. „lyg, tartum“ (He doesn’t hear the word Būcegos. Tvr), būdavos Ar (as an insertion word, cf. was used with the same function- ), būteinos „tarsi, lyg“ (He passed by the being without seeing it. Dglš), aros "or, by the way" (Aros, were you there? Grž). Formant -és With this formant, modal demonstratives and clear adverbs that have not yet been definitively separated from the adverb occur: anasgates "sometime, for example" (Anasgates you did so wrong! Grg), ansgates "t. p.’ (I had done so in the past, and now I have not done so. Grg), present tense “now” (What did the present tense tell me, and I forgot. Dks), present tense “etc. p.’ (I'm going to get a buck, I'm going to get a buck, I'm going to get a buck.) p.’ (Where are you going, darling?) p.’ (Daftė, let's go home. Dg), čionditės "here, in this place, in this thing" Brt, čionitės "t. p.’ Vlkv. Toliau plg.: paskuités "after that, after" Gs, tenditės (tenūitės) ‘ten’ Brt, Gs, tuajaūtēs ‘immediately’ ib. ir t. t. The extraordinary diversity of Lithuanian adverb construction, the abundance of their forms can be seen from the fact that often 30 beside these forms of adverbs there are a lot of other adverb forms of the same root and the same or quite similar meaning, both complete (often having other suffixes and other stems) and fragmented, e.g.: ankstickos „anksti“, ankstdinais „labai anksti“ Sv, ankstdinais „t. p.’ Als, Pln, Gršl, Brs, J, ankstainintais „t. p.’ "Early T". p.“, Kv, in the former ‘t. p.’ Pgr, Kv, Vvr, Uzv, J, Tl, with the prefix "t". p.’ Up, early "t. p.’ "Early T-Rex". p.’ Grg, Vvr, early "late" DZ, early "t. p.’ KIvD 113, ankstybokai „ankstokai“ Ktk, Gs, ankstickai (ankstickai Zt) „anksti, labai anksti“ Asv, Arm, ankstickutėliai „t. p.’ Rod, early "not late" Als, Sim, MZ 510, D, early "very early" J, Sv, early "not late" Lnkv, Smn, early "fairly early" Er, early (early K, Ds) "t. p.’ Alk, Kp, ankstuckutéliai,very early" Svn, early "t. p.’ RS, early "t. p.’ BZ 479; surroundé "around- ", environment, etc. p. Ks, Ds, around,t. p.’ RZ, the environment "t. p.’ SD 98, P, surrounding "around, all around" Jnsk, surrounding "t. p.’ J, to the surrounding "t. p.’ Jb, Z, around Pls, around Kp, Jnšk (around Dglš, Prng) ‘t. p.“, surroundings ‘t. p.’ SD 201, Applicable ‘t. p." J, around "t." p.’ DZ, around "t. p.’ N, aplūūnkuo ž. (= around); atgalié "to the opposite side, to the back", atgalios "t. p.“, back K, DZ, Pn, Rm, Kp, Jž, Lp, Pe (back DZ),t. p.“, back,t. p.’ Mrn, back "t. p.’ Gr, SP II 70, D, Arm, „atbulai“ VoL 205, atgaliaū „atgalau“ J, D, atgalidusia „t. p.’ Lz, for backs "t. p.“ d., atgalion „t. p.’ Aru 17, Nč, returns “t. p.’ 264, ref. p.’ J, back "t. p.” rš; čionajos "here, in this place, for this thing" J, čiondaitės "t. p.’, to be replaced by ‘t.’ p.“, chion Gs (chion K) ‘t. p.’, čiondi Pc, Gs (čionai K, čianai S, čianai Rž) ‘t. p.’, item VD 358 (in Ds) ‘t p.’, hereinafter referred to as ‘t.’ p.’ Lp, chiontais "t. p.’ "T.T.T." p.’ Gs, chionūis "t. p.’ "T.S.I.A.N- .E.R.S." p.’ Grv, chaanditės "t. p.’ Rdm, ciandjos "t. p.’ Er, Jnšk, here's "t". p.’ Pun, čiandi Er, Pn, Jnšk, Kp (čianai Kp) „tėip:“, čiandis „t. p.’ "T.T.T." p.’ Mrec, chianajonais "t. p.’ 1997. "Chianaju". p.’ Lp, chianajuos "t. p.’ Tvr, Ciandjus "t. p.’ Lzd, chinui "t. p.’ Rdm, čianūjaka "t. p.’ Rod; daré "at this moment, at this time, in the meantime, now", of the present "t. p.’, characterised by ‘t.’ p.“, jelenés „t. p.’, the present ‘t.’ p.“, present tense „t. p.“, dabaftés „t. p.“, dartėlės „t. p.“, daftė „t. p.“, natura „t. p.’ Pg, Rm, BM 239, dabf "t. p.’ DZ, solemnly "t. p.’ "T.T.T." p.’ Mit III 458, dabafčiui „t. p.’ Nz, D, V, Š, dabaiciuo ž. ‘t p.“, dabafčiuos „t. p.’ "T" now. p.“ brš, *now “t. p.’ N, gaftėl 't. p.’ Jnš, K, dabartėl Lnkv, Grž, dabartėlei „t. p.’ "T" is now. p.’ Ds, current "t. p.’ 135, now "t. p.’ 181, dar Kps, Dsm, Vlk, Lp, Vrn (dar Arm, Krok, Onš) "t. p.’, with petals ‘t.’ p.’ Rdm; kitados „once, another time“, kitada „t. p.’ DZ, nekadēs "never", nekad "never". p.’ DZ, niékad "t. p.“ ib, nuolatos „all the time, continuously“, nuolatai „t. p.’ DZ, constantly "t. p.“ ib, vėlios „again, again“, vėliakos „t. p.“, vėlei (vėlai) „t. p.’ K, late "t. p.’ K., again "t. p.’ DZ, vė "t. p.’ Slap, always "all the time, always", always "t. p.’ K, always "t.p. ib, all ‘t. p.’ DZ. 31 These examples show that the adverbs with the formants -(i)o, -(i)os, -és are far from being solitary: we have other adverbs of roughly the same root next to them. There are three distinct features in this great variety of adverbial forms. 1.In some cases, these separate adverbial forms are not simple parallels that repeat each other, but they differ in various semantic nuances. 2) In other cases again, we have here parallels that repeat each other, provincialisms or dialectisms, which, being unrelated to differences in meaning, cannot enrich the vocabulary of literary language. o ją only complicates, makes less flexible. 3. In this wonderful variety of adverbs, the common basis is evident: the most prominent formants and the most common genders in both popular and literary language. These three features need to be highlighted and illustrated with examples. The comparison of the sexes of the same root shows that we are not always dealing here with simple, repeating, parallel sexes. Take, for example, such genders as early, early, early, early, early, early, early, early. If early is only an antonym of late and means “not late”, then anxious already differs in the degree of its expressed quality, just as early (early) differs from early (early). Again, the early- “in-” and early- “out-” differ from the early not only in the degree of the quality they express, i.e. not only in that they mean “very early”, but also in a special emotional shade, formally expressed by prepositions of minor-pleasing meaning. Similarly, the difference between the adverbs in the appropriative form and in the circumstantial form, as compared to: aplifik(ui), is semantically motivated: the first two have a special meaning "in the whole vicinity". su Such variety shows the flexibility, versatility and wide possibilities of the adverbial constructive system in the folk spoken language, where, using the abundant adverbial constructive means —verbs and formatives, —new forms are derived to describe the finest nuances of meaning. The abundance of such forms, which do not repeat each other, but bring out new meaningful shades, is an indicator of the richness of adverbs, and thus already to a certain extent shows the richness of the vocabulary composition of the language, because adverbs occupy an extremely important place in it. ; However, it is far from always possible to make such a conclusion when we have before our eyes such a rich variety of adverbial forms: there are very many cases when individual adverbs of the same root, even if they show the widest constructive possibilities of this category, are not related to any meaning differences, but merely repeat each other, thereby, of course, enriching neither the category of the adverb itself, nor the vocabulary composition of the language. For example, the presence of about three dozen o ir 32 (taking apart) the words here now variants with ir various accents, su various prefixes, forms, if all ir those variants su only repeat here now ir meanings? ir Ši the extraordinary variety of forms is, be without doubt, a creature of past epochs, originating in the conditions of linguistic differentiation, reaching its roots to the depths of individual dialects. Lygiai tokiu pat požiūriu tegalima traktuoti buvimą šalia anksti, ir ankstūčiai, ankstutėliai tokių prieveiksmių, kaip ankstickės, ankstdinais, ankstdainiais, ankstdinintais, ankstėinai, ankstéinais, ankstčinyčiais, ankstėlnais, ankstérnais, ankstienais, ankstickutėliai, ankstuckutėliai kt., kurie tėra vienas kito reikšmės pakartojimas ir (only different form, different prefixes). Some variation in ir the forms of prepositions also arises ne iš where else, o iš dialects. The use of such forms known only in individual dialects in the language of fictional works is justified only when stylistically motivated. ji As already mentioned, in the variety of adverb forms of the same root, it is not difficult to ir jy see the most commonly used adverbs of the common national basis. — ir ir jų For example, almost three iš dozen roots of pre-adverbial structures, which have spread in individual dialects, are distinguished early, the most common, familiar is used both in popular and literary ir language. The local word formation tendencies in the individual dialects led to the adverbs aplinko, apliūkėos, aplinkom, aplinkėj, aplinkun, etc. ir there is also ne something else than dialectal parallels. Iš of all the forms of the ir meaning of that root only around ir aplifik are the most widespread in the whole Lithuanian language area. In the same way, from the abundance iš of parallel genders, such genders emerge as a wealth of the common language: ir back, here, now, again, etc. ir It should be noted that even adverbs of the same root denoting exactly identical circumstances are not necessarily used in one form in the common language: we often come across universally common parallel forms, and sometimes it is easier, and sometimes simply impossible to say which of these parallel forms is considered to be the first in terms of usage. Here are some examples of such parallels: around and around, turn and turn, chu, here and here, then and then, never, never and never, always, always and always, always, always and always, etc., etc. The existence of parallel genders of this kind does not contradict the norm of literary language in any way: they appear to be necessary here. If such genders have survived in the common language, then their use is motivated. And indeed, they give the language a certain variety, melodic colourfulness, which is especially often used by poets. Such parallel genders, no doubt, are the wealth of the common language. From the formanty -(i)o, -(i)os, -és in those cases when they are not clearly perceived as the rise of the genitive ending, when they are disjointed by other genitive endings or when they are a creature of analogy, in common language as much as be iš 3, The morphological structure ir of the Lithuanian 33 language is more frequent in its development only -os. But this formanta is also used here by such adjectives, which nowadays can no longer be associated with nouns — the so-called antiquated and noun adjectives. In all other cases, these formants occur in individual dialects, where, compared to other formants, they are also not more abundant and widespread. Even in dialects, they are replaced by the formants -(i)ai, -(i)ui, and especially by the former endings of nouns, etc. The same trends (but even more strongly) are manifested in literary language. First of all, there is a distinct difference between the language of fictional literature on the one hand and the language of scientific, publicistic literature, as well as periodical and literary literature on the other. First of all, it should be said that in the literary, linguistic field of the use of these adverbs a large selection has been made: formatus -(i)o, -(i)as. -ės has only a relatively limited number of adverbs. Of all the ty formanty, +(i)os occurs more frequently in literary language, and much less frequently —only in isolated cases—-(i)o and -és. With the -(i)os formant, only such adverbs as never are usually used (Father's own Raul didn't know him at all. He ir never saw him. BInR 3), universals (And she wished that the shearer would always remain in the Kistyno hills, and that he would always, every night, shear only for her alone, and that no one would ever listen to his hearing. VnlU 13), kitadés (Yes, there was a real castle here in the past. SimnA 7), nuolatos (There were always new shortcomings and places to be repaired. MPutA II 7), atgalios mes atgalios! (— O — Over the stream, — Dzūkas responded nicely and, as if spreading the water in front of him with his palms, showed a swim movement. GGuzBr I 314). In very rare cases, such adverbs of this formant are used, as takas (How the spring sun drives the deepest snow From our soil, so tried in battles red Soviet regiments Quickly back the evil enemy will drive us through the fields LGR 279), vėliakos (Vėliakos grapas jai (Agastelei) dvi, o-tijūnas tris vėžles. CvR III 11), kanadés "kadaise, kitados" TPrg I 2, 198, this type (That's the kind of cheat spy you need! MntyR 210). The formant -(i)o is associated with the abundance of individual sexes and especially with their wadding frequency. numu is significantly behind the formant -(i)as. Only a few adverbs are used with the formative -(i)o, among them atgalio, ipo and one more. For example: : He's going home. "Adutiskin GGuzB I 270" (in Russian). And if so, then it is necessary to get acquainted with the bad sides of the life of the society. BlnR 265. It is also used as a comparative particle. However, in modern literary language, this particle is almost completely out of use, giving way to the word as, and the adverb takoo today has the form -o only in cases where it is varied with the particle -gi (taipogi "as well"). Of the above mentioned formative -(i)o adverbs, some (e.g. kaipo and especially tarpo) are obsolete. The archaicness of the word too was perfectly exploited by Peter 34 Cvirka, in his novel “Frank Kruk”, gives a passage from the jargon of the beggar who reads the gospel:,,...veizdékite on the fig and on all the trees that are already exploding you know that summer is near so and you will see it happening... CyR VII 207.“ In the language of fiction, adverbs such as dabartėlės, daftės "now", kai kūdės "when", paskuitės, tuojaūtės are found with the formant -ės. Pyz. : And the Unconscious, releasing a new ball of smoke from his mouth, said again, "This wound will be good for you now. GGuzBr I 167. So for a short moment, you will look—in my song. LGR 268. The night is coming; I'm not sure what the girls will be, but I'm guessing. ZR 1 195. Lastly, having put it on his shoulders, he walked slowly towards the church. MntvR 234. The door opened, and a priest came out, as big as an ox. MntvR 224. The two latter adverbs (paskuitės, tuojaūtės) are distinguished by the "stems" paskuit-, tuojaut-, where -probably originated from the analogy of such words as dafrt-ės, dabart-ės. In general, the -tés ending of words is nothing more than a certain extension that has arisen under the influence of analogy, which occurs more often in adverbs, where the ending itself plays a different role than the endings of the conjugated words. This is confirmed to us by the fact that both the end of the word itself and the prepositional changes and fragmentations, as well as the elongation of the word itself by various formats or completely non-etymological elements, are usually all not related to changes in the meaning of the adverb itself or sometimes only related to minor nuances of meaning of an emotional nature. Thus, we see that, compared to the variety of adverbs of the here spoken forms, which can be observed in dialects, their use in the language of fictional literary works is very limited. In literary speech they come, doubts, dialects appear only in the specified (most often acting) language. If we take the language of scientific and publicistic literature, as well as the spoken literary language, then we will find almost no adverbs of these forms, except for one other, especially noun or senior, as Ritadas||kitada; never||never, never; always||always, always; continuous|lnuélat; as well as others. be iš ir iš ir These facts show that the present literary form of the Lithuanian national language, formed on the basis of the south-western Highland dialect and thus reaching with its ir roots the depths of the live spoken language of the people, in the process of further development enriches itself far from only with the ir vocabulary composition of other dialects, but ne ne iš ir iš its direct source in the Southwestern Highland dialect. The numerous parallel forms of adverbs, which are still present in various ir dialects today, are all incorporated into the literary į language: ne iš jų only those are selected which are best known to the whole Lithuanian-speaking society, which are the most common and thus the most expressive. ir 3* 35 OsG Paj Pc Pg Pgr Pl Plk Pin Pls Plt Ply Pn Pnd Pnm Prk Prl Prng prs ps. Ps Pun RD Rdm Rgv Rm Rod Rs x rš Rš Rž sc SD Sdb 42 Sdk Sdr Yes SimnA Skd Skdt Skp SkifsneSkrd New Lithuanian Grammar by Gottfried Ostermeyer- ... Kénigsberg, Ambroziejus 1791. Emphasis (1771—1849), jo written language word ar sentence. Pajstrys, Panevėžio apskritis r. Pociūnėliai, Šeduvos r. Pagiriai, Ramygalos district r. Pūgramantis, Tauragė district r. Palėvenė, Kupiškio district r. Plokščiai, Šakių district r. Plough. : Pelesa (Belarusian TSR). Plateliai, Salanty r. Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškio district r. Panevėžys. Pandėlys. Panemunėlis, Rokiškio district r. Prelude. Perloja, Varėnos district r. Paringys, Ignalinos district r. Prussians (Tilžės ir Klaipėda region) less known writings, where the source, newspapar er word and sentence is not indicated. a fairy tale. The Book of Psalms (in the Bible). Punia r. Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian Lexicon... of Philipp Calm down. Königsberg... 1747. R-Lithuanian-German dictionary Lexicon. R su page reference — German-Lithuanian Lexicon. Liudo The Song of Roses. The First Lithuanian Songbook III lead. I ir II Part... Kaunas, 1935. (Numbers indicate song numbers.) Rudamina, Lazdijų r. Raguva, Troškūnai r., Ramygala. Reduced (Belarusian TSR). Raseiniai. naujesniyjy writings, newspapers ar magazines, where not specified in more detail Source, Languages Word ar sentence. Rimšė, Dūkšto r. Lithuanian language spelling. dictionary, State publishing house of ir encyclopedias, dictionary science literature, 1948. Kaunas, (Pages are indicated only in case of citation of alphabetic part of the ne iš dictionary.) scilicet, means. Dictionarium trium linguarum... Avctore.. Constantino Szyrwid.. Quinta editio:.. Vilnae MDCCXIII. (Numbers show pages.) Sidabravas, Šeduvos r. Sudeikiai, Utenos r. Sudargas, Šakių r. A collection of proverbs (from everywhere). He himself was from Cartagena. (P. The Horn's Source.) Ieva Simonaitytė, Aukštujų Šimonių likimas, Valstybinė grožinės literatūros leidykla, 1948. (Numbers indicate pages.) The blade. Skudūtiškis, Molėtų r. Skapiškis, Pandėlio munė, Jurbarko r. r. Skriaūdžiai, Kazlų Rūdos r. sl. Sl Sid Slk Yes Sint Smn Sn Snt srs Srv Ssk Str StrR Sv Svn Sauk Sd Filters Skn S1 Slap Sly Ss Sts Sv TDr TI t. p. TPrg Trgn Trk tsp = TTSon Tvr TZ Up Upn Out. Uzp Užv What Vb VD A. Vdk Vks Slavic (languages). Islands, Rokiškio district r. Saldūtiškis, Švenčionėlių r. Salakas, Dūkšto r. Salamiestis, Vabalninko r. The living room. Simnas. Seine (Poland). Sintautai, Kudirkos Old r. writings of Naumiestis (words taken from old iš writings, where the source is not indicated). Surviliškis, Dotnuvos r. Siesikai, Ukmergės district r. A. He wrote (1763—1833), the script in his native ar language. Antanas Strazdas, Raštai, Valstybinė literatūros leidykla, (Numbers 1952. indicate pages.) Svėdasai, Anykščių apskritis r. Suvainiškis, Pandėlio r. English-Rir ussian dictionary. Compiled by D-ras J. Slapel. Vilnius, 1921." (Word(s) marked with the same mark, taken iš from J. other Šlapelio dictionaries ar iš jo where the source is not indicated.) The Shadows, The r. Shadows. 2000: The Shackletr. on, the Shackletr. on, the Shackleton. Slapaberžė, Dotnuvos r. Šiluva, Tytuvėnų r. Sasugliai (Interjections) Ukmergės r. Sates, Skuodo r. Švėkšnos, Priekulės r. : 1, pp. 10–11, archived from the original on 2009-06-06. 1935—1939. (Numbers indicate full ir pages.) Telšiai. the same, the same meaning. J. Tomaš-Vaižgantas, Praiedruliai. Tauragnai, Utenos district r. The smaller r. ones have a smaller blade, which does not appear to be visible. Teofilis Tilvytis, Sonetos about happiness, State publishing house of 1951. fiction, (Numbers indicate pages) Tverėčius, Ignalinos r. Journal of the Faculty of Humanities, I—VII vols. (Numbers indicate books and pages.) Upyna, Skaudvilės r. Ūpninkai, Jonavos r. Utena 2nd ed. by R. R. Dutton. M. The (1801—1875), jo language of the scripture is ar written. "Vadokliai, Ramygalos r. VabalninkasVireliūnas, Kupiškėnų dainos (see. The People and the Word III and IV kn. ". The numbers show the song numbers.) Vidūklė, Raseinių r. Vajasiškis, Zarasų r. Viekšniai, Akmenės r. 43 1999. pp. 10. "VnelR —A. Venclova, Selected Works, State Fictional Literature Publishing House, 1950. (Numbers indicate pages.) VnIP —A. A History of the United States, National Library of Medicine, 1952. (Numbers indicate pages.) VnlU —A. The Monk, On the Green Path, State Fiction Publishing House, 1946. (Numbers indicate pages.) VoL —E. Volter, Lietuviška chrestomatija, St. Petersburg, 1904. (Numbers indicate pages.) VP —M. "Silver, Silver, Silver, 1867". (Numbers indicate pages.) Vrb —Virbalis, Kybartų r. VRN - Varėna. Vs — Veisiejai. Vvr —Veiviržėnai, Priekulės r. Vins + —Vyžuonas, Utenos r. Zt —Zietela (Belarusian SSR). z. —žemaičių (dialects- ). Z —Zemaité- -J. Zymantieneé - (1845—1921- ), a word or sentence in her writings. J.G.G.S.. Žin —Žilinai, Daugų r. See -Žarėnai, Telšių r. SEE —Žemaitė, Raštai, I-IV t., Valstybinė grožinės literatūros leidykla, i 1948. (Numbers indicate volumes and pages.) Žž —Ziezmariai, Kaišiadorių r. AJIBEPBUAJIU3ALLUS POJIMTEJIBHOTO MALEXA EJ. 4. H HAPEUKMS C ®OPMAHTAMHU -(i)o, -(i)os, -és B COBPEMEHHOM JIHTOBCKOM A3BbIKE K. YJIBBHUIAAC Pezwome 1. Xors B COBPEMEHHOM JIMTOBCKOM #3blKe CJIyuad ajBepOHajH30BAHHOrO WJM aaBep6HaJIH3YIOLIeTOCHA pOJIKTEJIbHOTO najexa ef. Y. BCTPeyaioTcs 3HAUHTENIbHO yale, UeM C/lyuaH anBepGHaJM30BaHHOTO HJIH AJBepOHAJIH3VIONIeTOCH HMEHHTeJIbHOTO majaexa ea. 4. APPLICABLE LAW 4. siBJgercsds OJHMM H3 TeX najerked, KOTOpbie He OTJIHYUAIOTCA GOJIbuIOR CKJIOHHOCTBIO K aaBepOuanusauud. CpaBHHTENBHO OrpaHHUeHHASi CKJIOHHOCTb PoOJMTEJbHOTO Tajexka el. 4. K anBepOHaJiH3auHH OObSCHSETCH SIPKO BHIPAXKEHHBIM OObeKTHbIM 3HaUueHHeM, a Take TeM, YTO JJ Hero He XapakTepHa oOcTosTe/NbCTBeHHas (YyHKnus. Jlas Beipa)kenus 0OGCTOATENbCTBEHHBIX OTHOIIEHHH B COBDEMEHHOM JIHTOBCKOM S3biKe yaue ynoTpebJdioTcsi KOHCTPYKIHH POJAHTENbHOTO Mnajexa el. 4. C npenJIioraMH. 2. BaxHeHmHM HM caMblM HeOGXONMMBIM yCJIOBHEM aaBepOHaJH3aluH POAHTENbHOTO najgexa el. 4. Kak H JIPYyrux mnajaexed, siBjasercs OOcTOSTEJIbcTBeHHAA GyHKuus. PojinTeJbHBIH Majex ed. 4. yaue aasepOuanausyercs B (yHKUHH 00CTOSITENLCTBA Crocoba HJH 06pa3a AeficTBHs, UTO MOATBEPXKI1AlOT HM. CaMH pe3yJbTaThl aaBepOHaJH3alUMH: VY Hapeuwui, COOTHOCHTEJIbHbIX C POAHTEJbHBIM MafexoMm el. 4., 3HaueHue crnocoba u obvaz neHCTBHS BbicTynaeT valle, UeM BpeMeHHOe HJH npocTpaHcTBenHoe. Kpome Toro, Hapeuus 3TOro THHa, HMeloulHe 3HaueHHe crnoco6a HMJIK o6pasa JAeHCTBHA, OTJIMYAIOTCA CpeaH APYrux Take GoJbluedi cTeneHbio aaBepOHaJbHOCTH. 3. Hapeuus, mpoucluiefmne OT POJAHTENLHOTO Mnajexa ej. 4. valle ynorpe6asiorcs B JlMaJIeKTax, UeM B JHTepaTypHOM s3bike. B GOJIBIIHHCTBE CJyuaeB OHH COOTHOCHTEJIbHbI C HMeHAMH CYLIeCTBHTEJbHLIMH H TMpHJIaraTeJIbHbIMH. I'm not sure. I'm 44 not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. Hanpumep, B HCTOpHH JIMTOBCKOTO Si3bIKa H30 BCex (opm PponnuTeJ- /IbHOTO TNaliexXa ea. 4. MecTOHMEHHHĖ NOIBeprajuce AnNBepOHAJIH3AILHH Aub (popMbi RG "uero", £6 "toro" (Bropas TONBKO B TeX cJjydasX, KOrjaa ynorpe6.snach ¢ npengioroM dėl ‘Anis’ WAM APYTHMH CJIOBAMH, CJIHBINHMHCS C (OPMOH POAHTENBHOTO najexa el. 4. B OHO cJoBO. Hamme Bcero BeTpeuaioTcss O6pa30BaHHS C OCHOBAMHM Ha (i)au (i)o-; npyrne OCHOBbI OYEHb PAGE HJIH COBCEM He BCTPEUaloTCs. 4. Cunrernueckue (MpocThie, MPHCTABOYHBIE, COCTOSNIHE H3 JBYX KOpHe#l HJH OCHOB, a TaKXe 06Da30BABIIHECSs M3 UEJBIX CJIOBOCOYETAaHH) HAPEUHSI, COOTHOCHTENbBbIE C poI'm sorry, I'm sorry. 4. MeHee NPOAYKTHBHBI, UeM aHA/IHTHUeCKHe HAPEYHsi, MPOHCLIeUIHe OT TBOPHTEJILHOTO naexka eX. 4. C piperidine iS ‘us’, afit "ua", bė "Ges", ik(i) “no”, lig(i) “no”, nué «ot», po «nocie», prié ‘npu’, iF ‘3a’. Ansepčnajinsaunio npeiJIOXKHBIX KOHCTPYKUHII BBI3LIBAET He TOJIBKO HX HHTEHCHBHOE ymoTpeGjenue B 0GCTOATENbCTBEHHOH (YHKIHH, HO H JIGKCHYECKO® 3HAYEHHE MX OCHOBHOTO COMIOHEHTA — I'm not sure. I'm not sure. u.. Yearie ajABepGHAJH3YIOTCA TaKHe B OGCTONTENbCTBEHHOH (YHKUMM ynoTpe6JsieMble NpPEJIOXNKHbIe KOHCTPYKIHH, OCHOBHOH COMMOHEHT KOTOpPHIX HMeeT Gojiee obliee, a6crpakTHOe 3HaYeHHWe HJK KOTOpble Detailed information CKoro caoBocoyeranus. Koncrpkuns pPOAMTENBHOrO nagexa C MNPEJOroM, HHTEHCHBHO ynotpeGasieMasi B OGCTOSTEJbCTBEHHOH (YHKUHMH, H3MEHSeTCH CEMAHTHUECKH: OHA I'm sorry, I'm sorry. B Oh, my God. place TaKkasi KOHCTPYKIsi He aJBepGHa/IH30Bajach, OCHOBHOH COMMOHEHT e€ (POJJIHTEJILHbIN maneX el. U.) MOXKeT HMeTh It's all over. 5. M30 Bcex anBepGHA/NH30BABLINXCS HJIK ANBepOHAJIH3YIONIHXCS KOHCTDYKICHÉ POJIHTeJIbHOTO majexa el. 4. ¢ MPeJIoraMH CBOCH MHOTOYHCJIEHHOCTBIO BBIAEJSIOTCS COHCTPYKUHH C NpeliJIOTOM IŠ ‘M3’, valley ECBro HMeIOlHe 3HAYEHHS BPEMEHH, MecTa-NmpoCTPaHCTBA, a TaKxe croco6a mau o6pasa JeficTBHA. 3HEIGHT LeJH H NpHUKHHbI 3/eCh HE BCTpeuaioTes. B KauecTBe OCHOBHBIX COMMOHEBTOB HAPEUHĖ, NPOMCIIEANIMX H3 KOHCTDYKICHÉ I'm gonna get him. 4. C MpeiJOraMH, Yalie BCero BBICTYNAIOT HMEHA CYnleCTBHTeJILHbie H CyGCTAHTHBHPOBAHHbIE NMpHJAraTeNbHble (KaK HPOCTHIE, TaK H MECTOHMEHHbIE); MpHueM npouecc CONCEPTION OT MPHJIAraTeJbHBIX COMIOHEBTOB HpOHCXOJIHT, MO BCeil BePOATHOCTH, OJHOBPEMEHHO C I'm sorry, I'm sorry. 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