Baltarusių–rusų kalbų žodynas

BELARUS-RUSSIA GLOSSARY OF LANGUAGES Aranewis Hasyk Benapyckait CCP Inecrhtryr M0BazkaycrBa ims Siky6a Konaca, Benapycka- -pycki caoyuik, naa pag. akax. AH BCCP K.K. Kpanisu, Macksa, 1962, 1048 p. The ir Lithuanian-- Belarusian peoples are ne linked only by long-standing ir neighborhood, but many common pages of history. There are many common features ir in the development of cultural ir science of these friendly nations. It is enough to remember that the great The official state written language of the Principality of Lithuania was the ancient Belarusian language!. Thus, today, Belarusians, studying the past of their nation and language, have to constantly confront the past of Lithuania?. The history of Belarusian lexicography is similar. The beginning of Belarusian lexicography, like that of Ukrainian, is considered to be glossaries compiled in the second half of the 16th century to explain unknown words or terms in various scripts. The first such dictionary was added to the Bible translation and was called,,JlekcHCb Cb TOJIKOBAHHeMb CJIOBEHCKHX MOBb mnpocto‘‘ (1581). More valuable was the philologist L. Zizanijus’s,- ,JIeKCHCH cHpeubt peueHis, BbKpaTbiųb CcbOpaHHki H H3b CjioBeHckaro S3bIKa Ha MPOCTO pycKiH AifJIeKT® HCTOJIKOBAHhI (BiJibus, 1956)’, which was added to the grammar. Many Belarusian words are also found in P. Berinda’s dictionary of the West-Eastern Slavic languages*, published in Kiev at about the same time as our K. Širvydas’ dictionary of the Eastern Slavic languages. ,,Dictionarium trium linguarum “4. Among the dictionaries compiled on the basis of the ancient Belarusian language, the following are worth mentioning: 17th century manuscript dictionary,,- CunoxuMa cJaBeHopoccKasi‘‘, printed in Kiev in 1889 by P. Zicecki; a large unprinted dictionary by I. Nosovičius, “AJibĖfaBHTHbIR yKasaTesb CTAPHHHBIX GeJIOpyCCKHX CJIOB, H3BJICYEHHBIX H3 AKTOB, OTHOCHAMMXCS K HCTOpHH 3ananuoi Pocenn”, compiled in 1853-1857; In 1874, N. Garbačevskis published in Vilnius,,CjioBapb ApeBHEro aKTOBOro si3blKa CeBepo3ariajįHoro Kpasi H LapcTBa MOJLCKOro- ** and a number of other unprinted or printed smaller dictionaries. In the 19th century, dictionaries of the Belarusian national language began to be compiled based on the written language of the time and individual dialects. This is J. Grigorovič „CmnoBapb 3anagnHopyceKoro HKapeuns- ““ (1847—1851, only the beginning was printed), S. Sokolov,,Co6panne Genopyceknx cJoB““ (1854), A. Kirkoro,,CjioBapb GeJIOpyCCKO-KpHBHYAHCKOro HapeuHs““ (1856), I. Nosovič,,Cn0oBapb Gejiopycckoro napeunsi‘‘ (1870, about 30000 words). In addition to the latter, I. Nosovičius- 's dictionary, for practical purposes, much shorter bilingual dictionaries have been published, e.g.:! The term old Belarusian language is conditional, cf. „,,Lietuvių literatūros istorija“ (edited by K. Korsakas), I, Vilnius, 1957, pp. 51—52. Some people call this language Western Russian, see Western Russian. JI. JI. Tymenkas, Bonpochl YyKpaHReKO-OeJiopycecKHX SH3bIKOBbIX CBfi3elf ApeBHero TMtepHOJia, „Bonpocbi s3biK03HaHns““, No 2, 1965, p. 39-44. * Plg., Xpacramareis na ricTOpbli Geaapyckait mossi, |, Mikecx, 1961. * II. 1998-1999 Bepun aa, Jlekcakont ecsaBsakopocerin, leid. I, 1627 m., leid. II 1653 m. The photographic edition of this dictionary was prepared by the Ukrainian SSR MA Dictionary Institute: JlekcHKOH CJIOBeKopocbKuli TlavBu Bepunan, Kris, 1961. + See K. Pakalka, From the history of K. Širvydo,,- Dictionarium trium linguarum“,,,Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, III, Vilnius, 1960, p. 277—287. 235 M. Garecki’s,,HesBajiiuri Genapycka-mackoyeki cJiošHik“ (Binbas, 1921), M. Baikovo and M. Garecki’s,,ITpaktuunsl pacificka-Genapycki cJošgik“ (Merck, 1924), V. Lastovski’s,,Pacilicka-Kpbršcki cJiošHik“ (Kaunas, 1924), M. Baikovo and S. Nekraševičius’,- ,Besapycka-pacificki cJiošunk“ (Menck, 1926) and others. At the same time were written and sroliniai Dictionaries, such as: M. Federovskio..Caoynivak npasiunsJūsMai (1889), V. Dobrovolskis- ,,Cmonenckui o6sacTHoil cJioBapb““ (Cmonenck, 1914), M. Kaspiarovičius,,BineGcki KpačBbi CJIOYKHIK““, (Bine6ck, 1927); In 1932, after the establishment of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the work of lexicography was expanded and began to be done collectively. As early as 1937, the “Pycka-Genapycki cJiofKHiK”, edited by A. Aleksandrovičius, appeared. A huge library of 3 million pages of Belarusian dictionary was accumulated from scripts and dialects, but during the Great Patriotic War it was completely lost. After the war, the collection of lexicographic material had to be started again. Several records were started to be collected at once. This is a dictionary of the literary language of Belarus (about 1.5 million cards from works of Belarusian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries have already been collected), a dictionary of the old Belarusian language (about 0.5 million cards from old Belarusian scripts have been collected) and a cartography of regional dictionaries (a total of eight regional Zodyns® of the most important dialects of Belarusian language are planned). It is also used in Belarusian dialects. The first post-war work of Belarusian lexicographers was the Russian-Belarusian Dictionary (about 86,000 words) published in 1953, edited by J. Kolas, K. Krapiva and P. Glebka. The Belarusian-Russian Dictionary (about 90,000 words), published in 1962, is the largest dictionary in the history of Belarusian lexicography. Both of these post-war dictionaries are works of great practical value. They contain many synonyms and phraseologisms, indicate which words should be used and which not, and provide the pronunciation of the title words. Thus, both these dictionaries contribute significantly to the development and standardization of literary language. They partly replace the fourth dictionary of the current Belarusian language, which is still being prepared. These dictionaries, being bilingual (the meanings of Belarusian words are interpreted in Russian and vice versa), are useful for scientific and practical purposes also for people of other nations. For us, Lithuanians (translators and linguists), the Belarusian-Russian Dictionary is more significant. It is useful for translators for practical purposes, and for linguists it provides a lot of material for extensive studies of the history of the language, and for the elucidation of Lithuanian and Belarusian linguistic relations. Finally, it allows you to trace which words from Belarusian have entered into Lithuanian and vice versa. For example, the words found in the aforementioned dictionary, in the opinion of many linguists, are Belarusian borrowings from Baltic (especially Lithuanian) languages: apyd<aruodas, 6ananda<-balanda, Oolirud<dailidé, Osčeaup<+-degutas, eipca<-dirsė, Osipean<-dirvonas, AHmapb<-gintaras, aKJoyKa<-indauja, éyHa<jauja, Koyu!<kausas, KAbiuiaHoei<klisas, xKayna<klunas, kyAbuia<-kulšė, Kymnak<kumpis, nakyAne, naxara<pakulos, napacé, napaciok<—parsiukas, poseiHbi<—rezginés, pyneyb<—ripéti, cyipma<—stirta, ceipan<—svirnas, waxarina<Sagiai, wauok<Seskas, wyra, uty5 Zr. IncTpytupisi na 30ipaHHio MaT3pbiAJIaV ANS CKJaJaHHs a6JIaCHbIX cnoymixay Genapyckait Mosul, Buin. I, Minck, 1959, p. 3. 40+-shulas, meanb«<tvanas, potvynis, ea2aup<-vagoti, 6enuepo venteris, < HAYKMA< Zlugtas et al.°, Probably the following iš Belarusian words are also considered to be borrowings from the Baltic languages: <- amoca atsaja, atasieja, 6ambisa’ “drimba, longshis”, 6ypb6aska „1. bubble, 2. water lily”, manma, manmauixa “blower” < blade, LomnynoKa ,,mirror < Onion ir etc. %. In the future, especially after the publication of a complete dictionary of the Belarusian be language, there is no doubt that such borrowings ir will be clarified more, because due to the limited volume of the reviewed dictionary, part of the now known Baltic borrowings į jį failed, for example, it does not contain dyAbki ,,dusty dust“?, Aayma, asyme Jaume, witch“, nympa <—putra, céep, CEIPUIHS <—svirtis, DK3eiHi <— phrase, etc. On the other hand, it contains a number of words that are known as Slavisms in Lithuanian. Thus, it will be able to help Lithuanian etymologists to determine the direct origin of individual Lithuanian Slavisms. Among the old direct Belarusisms used in Lithuanian literary language that do not have Lithuanian substitutes are: barščiai <—Gopurų, bulvé <—Oyavba, noragas <—Hapoe, smuikas <—cmolk and others. Many more borrowings from individual Belarusian dialects are used in our dialects, e.g.: kožnas "everybody" <—Kool, skūpas "sharp" —cKynoi, skūra "skin" < ckypa, trivoti "to endure" —mpbieaus, etc. It is to be hoped that the Belarusian dictionary will help to better clarify the origin of borrowed words used in individual Lithuanian dialects. In addition to many advantages, the Belarusian-Russian dictionary unfortunately also has its drawbacks. In our opinion, it is unnecessarily overloaded with unnecessary international words (dgapadisauia, Ggdanmom, nanisuikis), names of various parts of the world, cities (Can-Xyan, Capsma, Capanra) and so on. Instead of them, it would be better to provide more Belarusian folk words, synonyms that are abundantly present in dialects, but have not been included in the dictionary, e.g.: epowicsina "to squeeze, to squeeze- ", kaaybeas "jopšys- ", Kpoluni "scratch", nAoCcKyKHbL "scratch, hemp", sonka,abrakiné* and others. ** In addition, it is not uncommon for the dictionary to include the rarer synonyms 2/adbuu „cup“, Kyxyik „cup, bucket“, M9HOAIK „fold“, posers „belt“, cyipma „bark, cone“, aepdka „tongue- “, etc., while their more widely used forms (A40dbiui, KYyXAIK, MIHOAR, PaM3Hb, cKipda, 9xepO36, etc.) are not included at all. Not all meanings of individual words are given, e.g., inYexoda, among other things, means "harvest", 3a20H —“the heart”, xayd and mein —“the well-hole above the ground”, etc. The vocabulary is full of morphological and phonetic parallelisms that can be normalized, e.g. : O4Aitu4aus; Ohituusąuo, KPYMHYYL + KPYMAHYYb, NPLICMACOBAHbL: npbicmacasanbiir et al. Nevertheless, despite the mentioned shortcomings, “Belarusian-Russian Language Dictionary” is a significant contribution to Belarusian lexicography and a great help to Lithuanian linguists and translators. A. Vidugiris * Plg, A. Sabaliauskas, Naujas etymologinis rusų kalbos žodynas, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, IV, Vilnius, 1961, p. 319 etc., as well as this volume p. 84 etc. * The Lithuanian origin of this word has been indicated by V. Urbutis, Senieji latvių kalbos žodynai,,,- Lietuviy kalbotyros klausimai“, VI, Vilnius, 1963, p. Cz. Kudzinowski, Jačwingowie w języku, „Acta baltico-slavica“, Bialystok, 1964, pp. 223—235, * The word dynoki (cf. KazabiKajexa Odynoko)) is used in Belarusian dialects about Zietela (Diatlova- ), Lyda, etc. 10 Based on the lexical section of „J/lsia/iekramnariunbi arJiac Geaapyckait moss (Mint, 1963). 237