Dėl sudėtinių terminų pateikimo ir apibrėžimų „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS LEKSIKOS RAIDA LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA NOTES, REVIEWS ON THE PRESENTATION AND DEFINITIONS OF COMPOUND TERMS IN THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN In terms of lexical coverage, normative tendencies, and the structure of entries and articles, the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (Vilnius, 1954) is in certain respects similar to S. Ozhegov’s Russian-language dictionary (cf. С. И. Ожегов, Словарь русского языка, изд. V, М., 1963) and N. and G. Fowler’s English-language dictionary (cf. The concise Oxford Dictionary of current English edited by H. W. Fowler and G. H. Fowler based on Oxford Dictionary (fourth edition), Oxford university Press (Państwowe wydawnictwo naukowe, Warszawa, 1951). Its first edition was published more than a decade ago and received a positive evaluation both in our republic and abroad. In the coming years, work will begin on the second edition of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (hereafter DCL). The purpose of this article is to make a few observations on the presentation and definitions of compound terms in the DCL, thereby contributing to improvements in the structure of its entries and articles. Compound terms, or terminological word combinations, have been studied relatively little in Soviet linguistics1. On the basis of the theoretical framework provided by those few studies, several more characteristic types of compound terms can be distinguished in contemporary Lithuanian: 1) agreeing word combinations: a) combinations of the “adjective + noun” type with one or more agreeing modifiers, e.g.: aitrusis || auksakuodis || gumbootasis || nuodingasis || plūdinis || standžialapis || šliaužiantysis || vandeninis vėd- 1 More significant articles that, in our view, touch on compound terms from one aspect or another are the following: Н. Д. Андреев, В. Л. Замбржицкий, Именное словообразование в спортивной терминологии, „Развитие современного русского языка“, М., 1963; by the same authors, Новое в современной сельскохозяйственной терминологии, „Вопросы культуры речи“, вып. 2, М., 1959; В. П. Даниленко, О словообразовании в области производственно-технической терминологии, „Вопросы культуры речи“, вып. 2, М., 1959; А. Баскаков, Структурные типы терминов в турецком языке и их лексикографическое оформление, „Лексикографический сборник“, вып. 6, М., 1963; С. И. Ожегов, О структуре фразеологии, ibid., вып. 1, М., 1957; Н. П. Кузькин, К вопросу о сущности термина, „Вестник Ленинградского университета“, вып. 4, Л., 1962; В. В. Акуленко, Две заметки об интернациональной лексике и терминологии, „Ученые записки филолог. фак. Харьковского гос. унив. им. А. М. Горького“, Харьков, 1962; individual publications of the USSR Academy of Sciences — Д. С. Лотте, Основы построения научно-технической терминологии, М., 1961; К. А. Левковская, Именное словообразование в современной немецкой общественно-политической терминологии, М., 1961; „Вопросы терминологии“ (collection of articles), М., 1961; О. С. Ахманова, Очерки по общей и русской лексикологии (chapter 3), М., 1957, and others. 15. Užsak. Nr. 174 225 rynas (plant systematics), displaced || lateral || internal || terminal || local || bottom || surface moraines (geology), basin || nuclear || power || fast || homogeneous || heterogeneous || laboratory || thermal || intermediate reactor (nuclear energy), side drainage ditch (land reclamation), late silage crops (agronomy), incandescent vacuum lamp (electrical engineering); b) combinations of the “noun || genitive attributive word combination + noun” type with one or more non-agreeing modifiers, e.g.: work song (folkloristics), sulfuric acid (chemistry), setting temperature (physics, chemistry), layer accelerator (textiles), alternating || direct current generator (electrical engineering), wood-charcoal carburizer (chemistry); c) appositional combinations of the “noun + noun || adjective” type, e.g.: downy oak (Quercus pubescens), mountain pine (Pinus montana), capillate feather grass (Stipa capilata), field restharrow (Ononis arvensis), agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), beech fern (Dryopteris phegopteris), song thrush (Turdus musicans), red-capped bolete (Boletus versipellis), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), stock dove || ring dove (Columba palumbus || oenas), Eurasian pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus), flying squirrel (Pteromys volans), pygmy mouse (Mycromys minutus), native element (chemistry), isolated mountain (geomorphology), rocking stone (geomorphology); 2) governed word combinations, e.g.: a) combinations of the “noun + noun” type involving case government, e.g.: propagation by layering (botany), fastening with logs || stones || fasteners (mining), oil hardening (metallurgy), confrontation (law), cash settlement (economics), strip irrigation (hydraulic engineering), insult by deed || in writing (law); b) combinations of the “noun + gerund” type involving gerundial government, e.g.: lubrication by immersion || pouring || pressing (mechanical engineering), preservation by salting || drying (food technology), identification by recognition (law); c) combinations of the “noun + preposition + noun || attributive word combination” type involving prepositional government, e.g.: crane with a boom (mechanical engineering), contactor with a snap-action mechanism (electrical engineering), burette with a stopcock (physical chemistry), closed basin (physical geography), defense by appointment || agreement (law), life tenure (law), valency with respect to oxygen || hydrogen (chemistry), deductions to a special fund (economics); 3) compound word combinations, or fully compounded words, e.g.: capsule-detonator (pyrotechnics), ditch-collector (land reclamation), pasteurizer-regenerator (food technology), lock-regulator (hydraulic engineering), converter-hammer (textiles), tugboat (navigation). The DCL contains mainly compound terms of the first type—fixed word combinations and phraseological units. In practice, these are also the most widely used. In general, the DCL includes relatively few terminologized word combinations. This deficiency should be remedied in preparing the second edition of the Dictionary. Compound terms in the DCL are presented in two ways: either as illustrative examples of a particular word sense (a), or as a separate sense (b). For example: a) priegaidė (1) gram. a way of pronouncing the sounds of a word; intonation: Tvirtapradė (falling) p. Tvirtagalė (rising) p. kokybin|is,-ė (1) ← quality: K. distinction. Adverbials of manner are divided into ~ es and quantitative (gram.) 226 b) compound|, -s m. (3) 1. [...] 2. gram. the j. of a compound predicate — a conjugated verb or a participle that substitutes for it ragwort (2) [...] 3. spur r. bot. a plant of the buttercup family that grows in sandy soils; a weed often found among rye (Delphinium Consolida) In our opinion, correlative compound terms are presented too inconsistently in the DLKŽ. Let us compare some entries: 1) monocot|, ~yled (2) bot. a plant whose seed has one cotyledon: ~yled plants 2) long-fiber|, ~fibered (2) long: ~fiber flax (a kind of flax) 2) flax (4) bot. a fiber and oil crop (Linum): ~ flower, pull, soak, and break ~ 3) vertebrate|, ~brate (2) → backbone: ~ animals 1) regular-lobed|, ~lobed (2) having equal lobes: Flowers ~lobed (bot. Flores regulares) 2) pendulous birch|, ~ous noun (2) something that swings: P. birch 2) birch (3) bot. a deciduous tree with white bark (Betula): P. pendulous (with drooping branches) P. rough-barked (with thickened, belt-like bark) [...] 3) leguminous|, ~ous (1) →2 pod: L. plant (with pods) Comparing the presentation of the corresponding correlative compound terms in the entries cited above, we see inconsistencies: in some places the natural order of the components of compound terms is followed, while elsewhere they are switched around; in some places the compound term is given in the singular (1, 2), elsewhere in the plural (3), and so on. The imprecise presentation of correlative compound terms may raise questions and cause some uncertainty for users of the DLKŽ. Why, for example, does the entry for the adjective marsupial not only indicate that the meaning of the compound term marsupial mammals is associated with the third meaning of the noun pouch, but also gives an incomplete definition (“which carry their young in a pouch”), whereas the compound anatomical term thyroid gland (in the entry for the adjective thyroid) is merely marked with the abbreviation anat., making it difficult to understand whether the compound term mentioned above is related to one of the meanings of the word shield by a functional or a similarity relation. In the dictionary mentioned above, phraseological compound terms are given at the end of an entry, after the triangle, for example: thunder| (1) 1. [...] △ ~'s snipe (a bird, Scolopax gallinago) hell| (3b) [...] △ ~'s little stone (pharm. Argentum nitricum). ~'s machine (an explosive charge with a clock mechanism) In our opinion, the presentation of this type of term in the DLKŽ also varies too much. For example, the calques “white verse” (cf. English blank verse, French vers blancs, German Blankverse, Russian белые стихи, Polish biały wiersz) and “white fever” (cf. Russian белая горячка) are given after the triangle in the entry for the word “white,” whereas “scything flight” (cf. Polish lot koszący, Russian бреющий полёт) is set out as a separate meaning in the entry for the word “to scythe” (~ing), ~ed (~ing). The term “guinea pig” (zool. Cavia cobaya) is given after the triangle in the entry for “sea,” while in the entry for “little pig”— 15* 227 No. The compound term Bronze Age, with an explanation added in parentheses, is placed in the entry for the word bronze after the triangle, whereas the correlative specific compound term Stone Age is entirely absent from this dictionary. Such compound terms as Indo-European languages, marine || geographic || English mile, nasal septum, penal code, narrow-leaved willow, rock crystal, and the like are also treated as phraseological units without a defining component and placed after the triangle. The presentation of definitions for concepts denoted by compound terms depends on the structure and nature of the entries in which the terms appear. Following compound terms that are listed as a separate sense in the entry for a monosemous or polysemous word, definitions come after a dash and are generally only full definitions (a); definitions of compound terms that follow illustrative examples are given in parentheses and are of several types: full (b), incomplete (c), lexical (d, d₁), e.g.: a) clubroot (1) bot. cabbage c. – a parasitic fungus that grows on cabbage roots and forms tuber-like swellings (Plasmodiophora brassicae) objectivism (2) [...] 2. bourgeois o. – an interpretation of the necessity and regularity of the historical process that justifies and defends the capitalist system, seeking to cloak the class-based exploitative interests of the bourgeoisie in a guise of “non-partisanship” and supposed “objectivity.” The Marxist-Leninist understanding of objectivity incorporates partisanship, an effective, active attitude toward reality aimed at transforming it in a revolutionary way. b) incubation|al (1) → i n c u b a t i o n: I. period (the time needed for an embryo to develop in an egg; in medicine, the interval from infection to the appearance of the first symptoms of a disease) tellur|ic (1) → t e l l u r i u m: -um lines (solar spectral lines that appear because gases and vapors in the Earth's atmosphere absorb corresponding rays of light) c) sudorifer|ous (2) → s w e a t: ~inducing medicines (those that induce sweating) procurement|al (2) → p r o c u r e: ~ment prices (paid for goods supplied under state procurement) sediment|ary (1) → sediment: ~ary rocks (formed from sediments) d) molar| (1) → m o l a r: M. tooth (a molar) sound| (2) → sound: ~ spelling (phonetic). M. film swallow| (2) → s h e l f: ~ swallow (zool. Hirundo rustica) d₁) fibrous| (1) → f i b r e: ~ plants (flax, hemp) [...] spore| (1) → spore: ~ plants (algae, fungi, mosses, ferns) One of the more conspicuous shortcomings of the definitions of compound terms in DLKŽ is that definitions of compound terms used as illustrative examples are insufficiently aligned with definitions of the concepts denoted by the headword of the entry. E.g.: 228 rudimentary (1) biol. embryonic; insufficiently developed, degenerating, vestigial; ~organs (organs that have lost their function during the evolutionary development of an organism and are on the way to disappearing, e.g. the appendix, the coccyx, etc.) The definition of the compound term vestigial organs merely duplicates the main definition in this case and is, in our opinion, entirely unnecessary. This kind of redundancy is considerable in the DLKŽ. The Soviet linguist F. Sorokoletov is probably right in asserting that the best way to define hyponyms in a dictionary is to place them within a group of related concepts, rather than to explain in detail what something is made of, what it is used for, and so on2, because such definitions (especially of tools and devices) become outdated very quickly. Moreover, when the concept being defined is not placed under a broader superordinate concept, or when an incomplete definition is used, it is very easy to lapse into superficiality. Let us take a couple of examples: collective (2) → many: ~numerals (which occur with plural nouns) mineral (1) → mineral: ~fertilizer. M. oil. M. water (in which a mineral is dissolved) According to the incomplete definition of the compound term collective numerals in the first example cited above, it would follow that the numeral used in the phrase five years could be considered a collective numeral. Ordinary well water also contains dissolved minerals, but why does nobody call such water mineral water? It would be more convenient to place synonyms of the attributive components of compound terms not after the entire compound term, as is done in most DLKŽ entries (cf. flush door — flush entry, phonetic spelling — phonetic entry, clenched tooth — clenched entry, etc.), but to insert them within the compound term (cf. falling-rising || circumflex accent — accent entry), since in many cases one-word terms are also synonyms of compound terms (cf. sandstone: arenite — sandy entry). If the inconsistencies in the presentation and definitions of compound terms discussed above were standardized in the DLKŽ, the structure of its entries would become a little more compact, and, most importantly, it would be more convenient for people to use. K. Gaivenis A SIGNIFICANT PUBLICATION BY BELARUSIAN LINGUISTS Дыялекталагічны атлас беларускай мовы, Мінск, 1963, VIII + 338 žemėl. + 970 p. Among the largest and most significant publications that in recent years have enriched not only Belarusian linguistics but Soviet linguistics in general is undoubtedly the “Dialectological Atlas of the Belarusian Language,” published by the Institute of Linguistics named after J. Kolas of the Academy of Sciences of the Belarusian SSR. This publication is the result of many years of extensive work 2 See F. P. Sorokoletov, Смысловая характеристика терминов в толковых словарях, „Лексикографический сборник“, вып. V, М., 1962, p. 130. 229