Liet. „vãsara“ = sl. „vesná“

I1''EETU VI YU KA. L B OS LEK STK OS RANDA LMFEAT UV OS “T'S: R. M O KS L U ACADEMY LIET. Summer = SL. 100% color rendering (Regarding the ir Baltic Slavic languages ,,Spring Day® names) R. EKERTAS Liet. summer, lat. Summer ,,Summer* ir sl. 100% color rendering ,, Frithling*, despite some differences in form and meaning between these East Balto-Slavic words, are quite ir reasonably related. Dar H. Pedersenas (KZ, XXXII, 246) ir K. Brugmanas (Grdr., II, I, 160) in these words saw the ancient »- ir nstrain change, o subsequent, especially E. Welcome (Origines de la formation des noms indoeuropéen, en Paris, 1935) ir F. Spechto (Der Origin of the Indo-European Research by the German 1944), Institute for Linguistics and Linguistics, Department of Linguistics, University of Göttingen, confirmed that such a change is typical of many words belonging to the oldest layer of Indo-European lexicon, for example, ir similar names of internal organs, seasons. In this case, we encounter a pre-Indo-European su heteroclite stem, reconstructed by researchers as *yeser- | *Usen-* (plg. Brugmann, op. cit. ; continue IF, III, 329, 351; Boisacq, 210; Vondrak, cf. Gr. I?, resp. 527) *us-r-t | *ues-n-es (Petersson, Stud., 3, be to, -resp. po -unknown -zir -es is ne necessary for all heteroclitic forms, so as the old ide. "spring" name more reliable is Peterson's reconstruction) ir *vesr-* | *ves-n-es (Machek, et al. sl., 562). E. Benveniste in the aforementioned work! quite convincingly explains the various forms having -r-, seeing in them different degrees of vowel change; of the root be vowel the elongated degree usually corresponds to the extension (Erweiterung) zero degree (lot. ver < *yes-r-), or ir vice versa?. The fact that the extension -frequently have zero degree of waiting *r -in place (gr. chxp < *yėsy-), E. according to Benveniste, is conditioned by the sonorous consonant (Liguida) nature. -rkamienas was generalized in the classical languages already mentioned, cf. lot. ver, wolf ‘Frühling’, gr. pain. Ffjp, jon. Chap, fipos, fet ,,Frithling®, o also ind summer-, s. summer- "Tomorrow, summer ‘frūh’; off. laurel ( =February) ‘im Frihling’; s. pers. vahara-, pers. bahar ‘Frūbling’; arm. garun (*payment) E. Benvenisto, 1 Origines... (hereinafter quoted from the Russian translation by D. BexnBenncer, Huznoesponefickoe HMeHHOe CJIOB00Gpa3oBange, M., 1955, pp. 49—50; abbreviated: H.-e. um. cJioB00Gp. ). i. Gornungas E. Benveniste's book in translation notes (H.-e. a.m. cJi0B006p., p. 244, note 13) says that he thinks that *us-can be considered to be of zero degree, apparently maintaining the Latin serénus ‘clear (from Heaven)" < *us-er-es-no-s is, perhaps, gr. Eepėg (Attica Journal) < *cepėc < *Fuck-og* ‘dry’, op. 143 cit., 40); s. air. fdir ‘Osten’, air. errach, n. air. earrach (*wesr-ūk with the defunct w due to the conjunction of the words, cf. H. Pedersen, Vgl. Gr., I, 82, A35) 1 and finally lit. vdsara, vasara, lat. vasara,,Sommer*, Meanwhile -nkamien has s. ind. vasantas ‘Frūhling’ (with -nt extension), s. kimr. guiannuin "blood" < *vesanteino, n. kimr. spring, corn. guaintoin,,- Friihling* ir, tur bit, s. air. fdinne (an lae),,sich beschäftigen (vom Tage)“ (cf. H. Pedersen, cf. Gr., II, 106, § 461) and prasl. Pronoun *vesna, which is pallidized by s. sl. secua, rus. eecwd, lenk. Spring ‘Frūhling’. In one article we have pointed out that the Slavic languages are not characterized by the generalization of heteroclitic forms -rkamien, whereas the eastern Baltic languages differ from the Slavic languages in this respect. Visai teisingai priskiriant liet. vūsara, vasara, lat. vasara ir sl. vesnd group of Zodziai, considered a continuation of the Indo-European heteroclitics, by no means eliminates neither phonetic nor semantic ambiguities between the words mentioned in those two branches of the language. In our opinion, the following questions arise in connection with this: 1) how to explain the expansion of the eastern Baltic -arroot; 2) how the root vowels relate to each other ryt. Baltic -air slavy -e-; 3) how to explain the meaning of eastern Balts,,summer®, if in other ide. in languages, including Slavic, these words have the meaning of "spring"? In this article we will try to answer these questions, linking them with some problems of the spread of the Slavic form. || I. As already mentioned, the root extension (Erweiterung) of heteroclitic forms could have different degrees of vowel change, which, as E. Benvenisto proved, in protospeech depended on the root vowel change. For example, *-ēr-| *-resp. *-r in forms like s. ind. summer-| gr. Eup (< *uésry), latin ver (< *uésr-), or *-or-| *.r-, *-r-| *-pto in forms such as gr. 0d0p,,Wasser” | Šdpla (< *udr-),,,- Wassereimer” /gen. sing. U8atog (< *udnt-),"- "Water". However, ide. The pro-language name „pavasario“ (spring) seems to have had only an extension of the elaipsnis, cf. V. Gornung- ’s Latin serēnus < *us-er-es-no-s*. What then is the relationship between lit., lat. -ari and ide. *-er-? We believe that *-ery is a primary and that Lit., Lat. -ary is derived from *-er-. This can be proved in several ways. 1. In Lithuanian, many words have the -eir -a change not only at the beginning of the word (cf. lit. lk. aš „ich“ and lit, dial. ėš „ich“; lit. Ik. ašutai „„Pferdehaare“ and lit. dial. ešutai „t.p.“ and so on), but also in the middle of the word: next to the lit. ūšara „„Trahe“ there is also the form ašera*, presented by J. Otrembski (Gramatyka języka litewskiego, t. I, Warsza2 Pig R. Eckert, Reste indoeuropdischer heteroklitischer Nominalstimme im Slawischen und Baltischen,,, Zeitschrift fiir Slawistik*, Berlin, 1963, H. 6, pp. 878, 883 and 890—891. 4 And P. Skardžius (LKZD, 50, 562) lit. vūsara (about other variants see Zr, below), deriving from *veser-d, considers it an old heteroclitic stem. See also J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 1957, p. 17, 83. 5 This word is also in ide. Relic of heteroclite trunk, cf. Eckert, op. cit., p. 888. Next to lit. vēdaras,,Eingeweide, Wurstmagen“, lat. vēdars (Būga, KS, 239) is a variant with -er (lit. véderas „e.g.“), which corresponds to lat. véders,,Bauch“, pr. weders,,Bauch“ (Voc. 122),,Magen* (Voc. 132) (see Fraenkel, LEW, 553), here we are again faced with the ide. continuants of heteroclysis: lit. vėdaras, vėderas alternates with lit. paiidré,,Unterleib des Menschen, Netz bei Schweinen“, paūdroti „įsempre grosseres Euter bekommen (von Schweinen und Hiindinnen- )“ and lit. adrdti „,tracbtig sein“, The whole group of words belongs to the ide.,,te§mens* name, having -r-, -n~ and -menkami, which are of the same kind as the above examples. Important is 144 wa, 1958, p. 215-216), ir J. Otrembskis remarks that the words of the current Lithuanian literary language su -corresponds to the dialect ir forms of ancient scripts su -e-. 2. „In the word formation of Lithuanian language“ (LKŽD, 303) P. Skardžius more accurately describes the conditions under which the process we are interested in took place. He says he thinks - against (rare among us. — R.E.) -rkai which derivatives are most likely derived from the older iš -e-. He supports his opinion with examples such as lit. laidar "Pferch, Verschlag fir das Livestock, livestock farm”*: lgideris “Manure pit at Hofe“, stūgaras ‘dūrrer, verdorrter, vertrockneter Stengel’: stegerjis, ‘Stengel’; Stiel (one Feder)" ir kt. In the same place he gives liet. Summer ir Spring, spring. The latter examples du are very relevant to the above question. It is possible to find it in the ridge. 1k. summer or summer (su -ar-!) in case of dialectal forms su -er-: žem. White-taiir led hawk (Kvėdarna, Salantai; see. Skardžius, APh, VII, Kaunas, Lithuania 1938, p. 41). Wife. vaseris, meaning „Februar“, based on Valančius, Baranauskas, as well as o ir Vieversiu (,,Auszra®, I, 137), submits ir E. Hofmann (KZ, 60, p. 71). 3. Forms su -can provide old ir iš writings. S. Bible translation, Luke ir In the Gospels of Mark, there is wa/era, in o Matthew in the same place wafara’. — Here are the quotes iš ,,Biblia litewska Chylinskiego, New Testament“, tom II, Poznan, published 1958, Č. Kudzinowskio ir J. Otrembskii: a) p. 139(75): Gospel Lukosziaus, XXI, When 30: [prog/ta, 6 (tey) regite, patis tey fawe ip gynote, jogjau ira arti waJera®. | b) p. 89 (46): Evangelia Mark, XIII, 28: O schoolgirls ip figs between to pryliginima that Pako jo atfijaunina, ir fopey If you do, you know that wafers are made of iron. c) p. 51(27): Evangelia Matthew, XXIV, 32: O "to pryliginima mokikites" nog figos media, kad 'pradeft jo Baka“ fprogt, ir lapey taydžias, numanot jog "art wafara ira. S. let. Summer is phonetically related to liet. su vasara, vasara „Sommer“, kaip liet. Jam. Spring, spring. su 1k. February,,- Februar®, spring "Frūbling". The old writing monument ir Žemaičių dialektas has preserved a variant su -er-. Be of this, it should be noted that Chylinskis was connectsu ed with the Zemgales (his stepmother was from the Minvydai family of Žemaitija barons??). nų change, Plg. Russian. Mother < Prasl. *excluded < *ūdh-men-, see Eckert, op. cit., 885— 886, 888. In semantic terms, let. į paidrdti very similar is ček. zvymnati < *z-vymenati, which is used “Sichfūllen, swelling of the Euters (at the Cow) after the The meaning of Kalben (see section 4.4). Machek, Et. sl., 578). Thus, in addition to lit. vasara, vestinas, as we will see later, from *veser-a, we have also forms like lit. ūšara: ašera and vėdaras: véderas, respectively lat. vėdars: vėdęrs, derived from the ide, pro-language heteroclitean stem. 6 See. Fraenkel, LEW, 330, where given forms only with -aras. * The Gospel of John does not contain a corresponding passage. * Words in (" *) parentheses publishers (p. 429) restore to original order: wa/era already ira near. * E.g., Biblia litewska, p. 427 in the original word order: wa/ara ira arti. 10 Plg, St. Kot, Chylinski's lithuanian Bible; origin and historical background, ,,Biblia litewska“, II, XLV. p. 10, Order, No. 174 f 145 It should be noted that in Daukša’s “Postila”, a monument M. of Altai script, published half a century earlier, the quoted Bible passage contains wa/ara; plg. Weigdekit on’ médgio figs on wifi tree; ir card [prégfta knowtē iog iau near is fsara wa (LukoBiup 21, chapter : 25; Daukšos ‘Postilė’, p. 12-13). Ir Lithuanian ancient ir writings, dialects show that forms su -ermust be considered older, primary, -arwords o lit. summer, summer ir analogously lat. summer secondary, — resulting from the fact that - against -rpereina į -a-". II. 1998-1999 For lit. forms summer, summer root -stamp we also adhere to P. Reviews of Can (see section 4.4). On the assimilation of vowels, APh, VII, 1938, p. 41), that the iš primary *vesera was done *western ir *paveser, then o because of progressive assimilation *paveser became paveser, į stimulating form ir *veser becomes į vaseris. Finally ir the primary *evening turned into summer in the same way. P. Skardžius also takes into account į the fact that the summer could have occurred iš *vesera through the intermediate degree o *vesara, derivative vasaris in Žemaičių dialektas could turn into vaseris, su under the influence of Word suffix -Here. The latter possibility P. Skardžius, in our opinion, quite rightly considers less reliable, because to explain the form of the old writings vasera root -kilregressive vowel assimilation is difficult. mę It can also be accepted P. To the opinion of Tinz, that this phenomenon of assimilation is not old (op. cit., p. 40). So, let. Summer or summer is ir jų the Latvian equivalent of vasara iš only partially reflects tę the primordial ir vowel structure is much more phonetically altered than sl. I'm sorry. III. It should be noted that tą the words of the eastern Baltic languages have also changed semantically, p. o vesnd, on the contrary, has retained its original meaning. Plg. 's. let. wdsara ‘aestas’ (First. let. k. Article 10, p. 96); let. vdsara "the hottest time of the year (in June, July and ir August)’ (DLKŽ, p. 921); "Summer" (Senn, Handb. II, 273) ir highland variant summer (S1Bunc, Tpammaruka, 95)'2, wafara,-6s ‘the Summer" (Mielcke, 318); also lat. Summer "Summer" (Bielenstein, Die lett. Spr., 263; Miihlėnb.-Endz., IV, 484) ir Prasl. *spring (s. sl. 6ecxa "Frühling, Lenk". Spring, Russian. 6eckd "Frühling". In most ideas. languages that have šį preserved the word, it has the old meaning of "spring" (Zr. above). In Eastern Baltic languages, this word, used in other languages in the meaning of “Frūhling”, has ,,The meaning of o “Sommer”, the name of spring is jo replaced by the derivative: lit. pavdsaris m. ,,Friihling®, lat. Spring m. ‘t. p.“, spring break, Zr. (< Endzelynas, Baltic sounds forms, ir spring p. 20), f. ‘Frühling’ (see section 4.4). BSIW, 356). These Lithuaniair n-Latvian prepositional subordinates have about the same meaning as Russian sayings nod aemo “against the Sommer", t. y. “even before the Sommer“, nod e6euep ‘against Evening". In Baltic languages, there are also such constructs, which have a ne time, o place meaning, e.g., pasdulis „Welt“, scil. ,,Place under the Sun" = Russian. ,,I've got my thing" (plg. J. Otrebski, Gr. Eat. lit. III, 335; Endzelynas, Baltic language sounds in ir forms, 219). Vadinasi, lit. spring, lat. spring, spring break, spring means ,,( Time) against the Summer (to)!”*. The semantic structure These words correspond exactly to Czech. Flying ,,time pfed fly (april, queten)* (Machek, Et. sl., n Be of this, do not forget that here part could have iš operated vowel assimilatiir on (Zr. (see below). 12 K, Jaunius (Seuuc, I'pammatuka, 95) observes that instead of the eastern Highlanders' vasard, the Zemgales say vūsara; but K. Būga K. Russian translation of the Young Grammar, footnote (loc. cit.), indicates that also ir There is a cool in Dusetos. The literary norm is summer, cf. DLKŽ, 921 ir A. Laigonaitė, Literary Lithuanian Pronunciation, Vilnius, 1959, p. 34. 12 For more information, see plg. Spring ,,Ansommer”, O. Schrader, Reallex, 258. 146 265, 585); hereinafter cf. Check. spring, autumn "Herbst", simply ,,( time) against the Winter (zu)’ (Bs1W, 356; Machek, loc. cit.) How did it happen? iš pro-language inherited name of spring in eastern Baltic languages acquired ,,Sommer* meaning? 1. Here it should be said that, in the Baltic, be as well as in the Roman Slavic languages, ir the old name of spring is transferred to the later warm season (summer) naming'**, a new term o created for "Friūhling" The meaning of,,Ansommer, Vorsommer, Erst-Sommer- “, already in iš use "Sommer's name. Plg. rum. ward ,,Summer“ primdvard ir ‘Frühling’: isp. summer "Summer" (greta summer) ir spring ‘Frihling’ (Buck, Dict., The 1013). Meaning "Sommer* still has a lot. ver, resp. oral lot. verrunum (Tempus) Fruhlingszeit continuums: s. Neapolitan vera, Valencian ver ,,Sommer*, Corsican veranu, logudorietiy b(e)ranu, Portuguese v(e)rdo “Summer”; preserved its earlier meaning in the Logudorian bernice ‘im Friihling prepared Land’ (See section 4.4.) Meyer- -Liibke, Roman etymological dictionary, Heidelberg, 1935, p. 768). In Latin we have wer, meaning "EFrühling", ir aest, meaning "Sommer- ", Italian already primavera ,,Friihling® ir estate Summer, Spanish primavera ,,Friihling“ ir summer, summer Sommer, finally in the Romanian courtyard ‘Frūhling’ ir ward "Summer". Here you can clearly see those different stages when the old name of the summer was displaced changed ir “spring” word, a new word was o created to denote “spring” from the old iš „pavasario“ vardo?s, For Slavic forms see below. 2. On the other hand, it is quite possible to assume that the eastern Baltic languages, for some reasons that are — difficult to understand today, Instead of the name ir jo "summer" began to use the name "spring". Prunus domestica "Summer" (Voc., 13 according to FEW, plg. 85; continue BS1W, 49), perhaps, is preserved the old white .,summer- 's name. The word corresponds to the word lion. dagas ,,das Burning, the Fire; Glut, Sommerhitze, '4 We do not support A. Buck (Dict., to 1014) the view that lit. spring shall be understood as "Aa kind summer, of guasi-summer" that the first ir component of this derivative is comparable in the same way as liet. su stepmother "Stiefmutter." Iš truth, according to turéti, eine "Art von", plg. FEW, 520: brother ,, Friend who Groom at the Wedding that Ehrengeleit gibt, Bridal Party®, tiesiog ,,Art Brother". But the meaning of spring ,,eine Art Sommer* is meaningless. Be to, E. Frenkel (Fawkes, 538) pp. 10) "Literary Notes". stepfather ,,Stiefvater®, pampered "Stiefmutter" has a diminutive pejorative meaning. 16 Zr. Buck, Dict., 1014. ** It should be said that only the oldest constant ar ide. ne ir language groupés ir languages have ide. winter name, common Indo-Europeanjj o "summer" name for the whole ide. the linguistic area will hardly be ar able to determine (at least for some dialectal area). Instead, the common Indo-European term "autumn" is not marked at all. As we mentioned at the beginning, the primary the name of spring (*user-, *user) 7 + *uesn-) is certainly palliated, cf. Schrader, Reallex, 258, 366—367, 390, 394— 396, 782, 958. Individual IDs studies of language words denoting the seasons show that "Winter" ir iš Part 1 ,,Sommer* names are comparatively small, so they are be very volatile, “,Friihling 0 ir ,,Herbst” names are quite different, ir e.g., three the names of spring in the German Highlands: Friihling, Freijahr, Lenz. Šį the phenomenon is explained in part by the fact iš that summer and winter, due to their contrast, form ir more general concepts in people's consciousness than spring and autumn, which, being transitional seasons, are more specific in nature ir (plg. Merlo, Novel names of the seasons e of the months, 1904, pagal Ouadri, tasks, 57— 60). 10* 147 Harvest’ ir days f. ,,The o harvest! *, also got. days m. "Tag", s. ind. nidūghdm. "Heat, summer" dahair m. "Brand, Hitze". In the Prussian language there is still a ir compound word called dagoaugis (Voc. 638 according to FEW, 85) ‘somirlatte’, i.e. ,,Sprout, as in a er summer wanks®. The semantic structure of this word corresponds exactly to lit. vasaraugis,.ein Jahreschdssling- ®, lat. summer wheel 1. „a summer sprout“, 2.,.a Fiillen that only one Summer old or im Friithjahr fallen is“, „a 3. Weichling“, 4. f. vasaraudze ir vasaraug’e „ein junges Midchen, Backfisch® (Miihlenb.- -Endz., IV, 484). This co-Baltic word,,Sommersprdssling* (co-Baltic What in the sense of a unified semantic structure) supports our opinion that the Eastern Baltic summer corresponds to the Western Baltic dagis and that the Prussian word is probably the old co-Baltic name for “summer”. This is supported by further du arguments: a) Lithuanian atuodogiai, atioda(u)giai, „Sommerroggen“ belongs to the same group as for example dagis, lietuv. dagas, gėgti,,brennen!®, „in the large group of Lithuanian terms for „summer grains“ atuodagiai occupy an outstanding place, cf. lietuv. wa/arojas,-- jo,,Sommergetreide“, wa/arini kweczei,„„- Sommerweizen“ (Mielcke, 318); vasariena = vasarojiena = vasarojas = vasarojus = vasarojis,,- 5ipoBoe JKHHUIlE, JKHUBO“, vasariniai rugiai = vasarūčiai,.- sipoBoii xXxmJe6, spuna“,,Sommerkorn®, vasariniai kviečiai „Sommerweizen““, vasaris = vasarojiemis = vasarojimis,ApoBoh“, vasarojpiūtė „,KaTBa, JKHUTBO®, vasardjus,,- SpOoBbie XJIeGda, sipoBoe noie“, vasarolaukis „poBo0e TOJe“ (Sereiskis, 1047; DLKŽ, 921). Therefore, it is quite possible that the second component of the lit. word atūodagiai *dog-(alternating with dagas and dėgti) has retained its original meaning of “summer”. b) Here also belongs the lit. degésis;,Augustmonat“ (this form is given by Frenkelis EW, 85; Mielcke, 47: Dėgė/is, fio). It was used to name one of the summer months, and it seems to me to reflect the old meaning of “summer”. For the names of the months derived from the names of the seasons, see below. 3, When studying the numerous Lithuanian, Latin summer derivatives (cf. DLKZ, 921; Sereiskis, 1047; Miihlenb.-Endz., IV, 484), two names of months immediately come to mind: first, Latin wossoras menesis „junius“ (Stownik polskotacinsko-totewski ulozony przez xiedza Jana Kurmina, Wilno, 1858, p. 20 according to E. Hofmann, KZ, 60, p. 72, note 1 and p. 74, note 1) and, second, Lithuanian february, „Februar“. For semantic reasons, the Latvian name of the month should be considered a late derivative of the Latin summer, "Sommer", and the Lithuanian word, it seems, has a much older origin. For example, s. lit. wasdris,, Februarius® is already found in D. Klein's grammar (First lit. grammar, 156), later explained by Milkus (318) as follows: Waffaris Meni "der Januarius". In modern Lithuanian 17 For the meaning of "Sommer": "Ernte" relation see s. rus. KATBA next to gr. »ėpoc in the Ostromir Gospel: FAKO 5BJIH3'b FECTb JKATBA om žyydę tow to Hépog (OctpomupoBo eBanrejine 1056 —57 roza ¢ npujoKeHHeM Ipueckoro TeKCTa eBaHTeJIHH H C rpaMMaTHYeCKHMH o6bacuennsivi, H3jaHHOe A. BocrokoseiM, Cankrnerep6ypr, 1843, p. 146, Math. XXIV, 32-33). 18 See A. Sabaliauskas, Dėl lietuvių atdoriediai,- ,vasariniai rugiai“ kilmės, „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Darbai“, serija A, 1 (10), 1961, p. 101—103, where the so far insufficiently clarified Lithuanian atdoriečiai,- ,Sommerroggen“, comparing with the etymologically clear atdodagiai (<atoresp. atuo-+ root dog-, which with another degree of vowel change is found in Lithuanian dėgti, degūtas, nudégulys, daga, pr. dagis), he derives from *at(u)ojoriečiai (< ato-, atuo-+ root jor-, preserved in such words as Lithuanian joras, joré, sl. *jars, *jara, *jaro). Due to the identical semantic structure of both ternants, which may be, as A. Sabaliauskas argues, relics of the old lexicon, the etymology is convincing, vasdris means 148 ‘second month of the year’ (DLKŽ, 921): ‘OpeBpaJib; 10XKHbiIH BeTep, IIOJY ReHHHKTM; February ‘,beBpa/ib Mecan’ (Sereiskis, 1047). E. Hofmann in the article “Culture and Sprachgeist in den Names of months“ (KZ, 60, p. 71) offers ir other variants of this English word: 1. ,,Januar“ meaning: February, February (Nesselmann, 55; Kurschat, I, 670; II, 491), summer (previously an adjective, just like the compounded adjective vasaris, ir cf. Skardžius, LKZD, 313) ir 2. , Februar® meaning: February, month of February, spring. E. Hofman's opinion that the older meaning of the word February is ,, Januar", there is nothing to be said. However, it cannot be accepted E. "Hofmann: "Lit. month name february has nothing to do with word summer su (resp. vasard) "Sommer", because there are too many different meanings. jų Jo February association su cool looks much more doubtful. Why couldn’t the name of the seasons be used to name the month? It is also tą known as the above-mentioned. burning ir old baltic name of the summer (pr. 2), as well as Vol. Lenzmond ir kt. Be to, let. Summer (resp. Vasard) is the old ide. term to call "spring", o jo value ,,Sommer” should be considered secondary. For this reason, let. February, being isolated. term (the name of the month), could to some extent retain the old original meaning. When the vapour ir blows (resp. vasard) we have related words of the same root, as shown by the above quoted Zem. ir Spring ir s. let. (Chylinskio) wasera. ||| In Slavic languages, as already mentioned, the old ide. "spring" name was a generalized trunk. nBe of, as in the Baltic ir languages, this noun was the subject tizuotas kamiengalio - vowel *-4 ir so he passed on į to the female lineage"? Prasl. *vesna is used in the following forms: sl. s. 6ecHa ,,Eap, ver'' (Psalterium Sinaiticum — maked. ; Psalterium Pogodinianum — bulg. ; Psalterium e codex Lobkowiczian — "Pragens — serb.-chorv. ; BECHH 4 Psalterium Bononian — bulge. ; Psalterium e codex "Parisiensis — serb.-chorv. ; dry Parvemiarion Zacharianum (lessons Veteris Test.) — Russian. ; Lobk. (see section 4.4). above). BECNHbND ,.Frithlings-*: BPEMA BECNBNOFE —bulg. ; [TPEKE BECNbNBBXH PEBENHH mpd the sapphires Lomueplac* Novocanon s. Methodius —Russian. ; sl. J. st., delivery 4, 182); sl. baZnyt. secna ir BECBNA, s, Russia. BECNA , Freelance* (Mikl., Lex., 61: CpesH, I, 247); Russian. 6ecHd, -bl, acc. sing. 6ecHy or ečcHy, nom. pl. 8écubl, gen. pl. 6eėcex , Freestyle skiing** (cnoB. Fuck you. s3., orą. II 1, 382), ukr. secnd, -xri (Ishiom., 55; Tpinu. 1, 149), Baltar. 8acnd (JTacroycki, 61); Lenk. wiosna, in popular language ir wiesna "Free19 Here we would like to note that the attribution of the preposition - On the Russian form. eecxa, as that does "KparKHR Authors of 'STHMOJIOTHUeCKHH CJIOBApb pycckoro si3pika' N. Sanskis, V. Ivanovas ir T. Sanskaya (p. 57), word history is unjustifiable. Also more than doubtful is the connection with the jo stem su preserved in the word secéasii. *0 Further plg. Medieval Russian. secHa (= 6ecwoll) ir eecrosamse (= secka), which R. James. (Richard James) means as follows: feasno ‘spring’, Besno Bania ,.the spring“ (B. A. I'm going to take you to the library. 1618—1619, Akanendun HAYK Jlurosckoit CCP x Jlennurpanckoro YuuBepenrera mm. A. A. YKnakosa, Jlenuarpan, 1959, p. 61, 195, 270). * Apparently, the word is purely Belarusian, as its Vedic sources show, cf. baltar. sscusx,, warmer Sūdwind“, escexxankKa “Song, which at Friihlingsbriiuchen is sung“, eccHaeiya ling“ (Brūckner, Sk et., "Summer149 623); Check. dial. (northern Moravia, eastern Moravia, Lechites, Silesia) vestal n. „Frūhling“ (Kott, IV, 640, H.-K., Et. sl., 413; Machek, Et. sl., 562). Machek believes that no one of the families here is derived from /eto/, "Sommer". From this Czech dialect word the verbs vesnati se, vesniti se and vyvesnati se, vyvesniti se, “Friihling werden”, known, as Kott (Kott, IV, 640, 1171) indicates, from the Ostrava area, are made. See also Machek, loc. cit. Czech Ik. (poetic) vesna was borrowed from the Russians during their revival (cf. Machek and H.-K., Et. sl., loc. cit.). In Slovene, vėsna, as Pleteršnik notes in his dictionary (II, 763), adding that it is mainly found in the most recent literature, is also borrowed from other Slavic languages (probably from Russian). First of all, it is striking that there are no derivatives of it in Slovenian. 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253. vésna®* does not yet indicate that the word actually exists in Serbo-Croatian, especially since it is not in the most famous dictionaries (e.g. Karadžić's). The Slovak word vesna Isačenko (SI. sl., II, 565) is also marked by the reference poetic, which probably indicates that it is used in the same cases as Cek. Vesna. In other Slavic languages this word is unknown. You see, here we are dealing with a word inherited from antiquity, which, of course, is very old, but its distribution in Slavic languages is very limited. This word, alive in the folk language, is used by the East Slavs (see below for its partly ancient Vedic origins in the Ukrainian language), the Poles, and also the Moravians. How much of its area can still be expanded, based on the data of ancient and church Slavic monuments, the localization of which is extremely difficult, and in some cases impossible at all, it is hard to say. From the above facts it is clear that 8ecHxa in the monuments is attested from the Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian and Russian language areas. Of course, the colloquial word could have been taken from one manuscript to another. This particular example once again confirms the need to distinguish precisely between Urslavic and Common Slavic. The word *vesna is in fact Proto-Slavic, but not Con-Slavic. After what has been said, the question arises: how was called "spring" in those Slavic languages that did not survive from ide. of the inherited name? 1. In one part of the Slavic languages the proto-Slavic and common-Slavic term for "spring", "sowing" and "summer crops" *jaro, *jaro, *jara, *jaro may have been used instead of the missing *vesna, cf., e.g., Czech. Spring, s. ček. jéF ‘‘Frūhling’, Slovak. jar ‘Frūhling’, bulg. dial. jard,,Friihling®. It is also partly found in those Slavic languages that have *vesna, cf. Russian and S. Russian. apa "Frūhling", Ukr. spo f. ‘Lenz’, left. and s. polk. jarz,,wiosna®, as well as polk. jar m. with the same meaning. Typologically comparing such semantic structures, it is important to note that the names of “spring sowing”, “summer crops” are made from the names of “spring”. The same phenomenon, bearing in mind the old primary meaning of summer, we see in Lithuanian. Moreover, apparently, not by chance Anglo-Saxon. Gčar, which corresponds to s. w. height. jar,‘Jahr’ and praslav. *jars, *jars, *jara, *jaro, may have the meaning of,,Friihling", and gr. dpa, ddpr) means both,, Jahreszeit, rechte, passende Zeit, Bliitezeit“, and „Frūhling“, cf. 1968: 2nd place, 400 m freestyle, 100 m freestyle, 100 m freestyle mixed doubles. dp weizen, Sommergetreide’ and gecens ‘an ancient Belarusian name for April’ (Jlacroycexi, loc. cit.). The latter can be compared to the Russian dial. (from Arkhangelsk region) eecex6,,nepBbie I[BETbI B IIOJIe, TepBoiBeT, Kpaca OjiKOJIeThHX pacreHah“ (dans, 1, 187). 22 The Czech is also mentioned here. vesna, without stating that it is secondary. 150 (quoted by Leo Meyer, Handbook of Greek Etymologie, 1 Bd., Leipzig, 1901, p. 653). It seems to me that "Greek etymology of the word". su *incorrectly counts war as unsuccessful. 2. Much more significant than *jars, *jars, *jara, *jaro usage, was missing "Replacement" of the name "spring" su with derivative prefixes *pro-, *pod-, *na-, *za-, *perd-, *prei-, *s6npaged errors iš */the ,,The ir semantic structure of į „Sommer“ is similar to the constructions described in the first part of the article, as lit. Peacock ,,Friihling as Pre-, An-, ErstSummer". Such structures could have ir appeared in those languages where there were terms *jars ir *spring. More commonly used Zodzis they were overshadowed, o, finally, changed ir jų lexical meaning. The material below is first divided according to the constructive structure. Be of this, indicate cases where subsequent derivatives are altered *spring. a) *pro-slow; bulg. npérem: ‘Frūhling’, npoaémnuna,,Sommergetreide®, npPoAéMHUYA,Sommersaat, Sommerkorn** (ĮltoBsepuya, Boar. 1941; Thx. p., p. 690); bulg. dial. (from Bulgarian dialects USSR territory) npoasm = npoaum ‘Becna’ (H. K. BysHHHa, CJIOBApb roBopa OJIbiIaKHCKHX Gosrap,,,- CTraTbH H MATeDpHAJIbi NIO GOJirapeKOH ananemwakarun CCCP’, Bem. 5, MockBa, 1954, p. 42); serb.-chorv. npoieue, spillage ‘Frūhling’, nposemnuya,‘,Sommergetreide’ (Karadžić, Rječn., XII, 626; Tomeroh, serb.-chorv. 347; 760); dial. npoaehe ‘Frühling’ (Eniesosuh, II, 142); s. rus., sl. s. [HYPOJISTHY n. ‘ver’, ITPOJI5b f. ‘ver’, [IPOJISTHND , Vernus* (Mikl., Lex., 699; Cpesn., II, rus. 1543); npoaemse n. ,,PROHIBITED, BeCHa, Ha4ajJIO JieTa, HIOHb, Top no nerve Juice’ (on. II, III, cf. 280; 494); »»[PROHIBITED BECHbI, BcTpeua npojieTa’ (Haan, 1, 187); ukr. npdaimox Beginning of Summers, Frithsommer® (Ukr.-dtsch. Wb., Type 915)%. *proléteje words form one closed area (East-Souir th Slavic languages), but į excluding peripheral dialects (Slovenian ir Belarusian). In the Bulgarian ir Serbo-Croatian languages npoaem npoaeue ir are used as the main names of spring. b) *pod-létvje: in slovėn. sublethal n. ,,Early summer* (Pleteršn., II, ček. 85): Flying ‘the Time before the Summer, early summer; April, May” (Kott, II, Machek, 641; Et. sl., 265, 585); Puddle. height. underlyiir ng underlying n. ,,Vorsommer®, w podlécu early , before the Summer (Pfuhl, 477)%. Ir these names are used in a rather narrow dialectal area. + #3 Due to the influence of Italian, there is often a prema-,” prama-, prima-, plg. Serb. -Chorv. npema/befie, npema/belie (Karadžić, loc. cit.), pramalitje ir primaljetje (Loc., loc. cit.); plg. the above-mentioned ital. primavera ‘,‘Friūhling’. * In the same way is done ukr. npdeecHa,-xXu f. (rarely), npoeecixė, -Hi,,Frühlingsanfang, Vorfrihling“, cf. I'pinu., III, Kupuuenko, 459; IV, That the word, 442. apparently, is inherited from ancient iš times, shows, for example, ukr. secksixxa 1.,,Friūhlingslied“, 2. “Spring Nymph”, 3rd place,,Summer “prossen” (plg. rus. eecHyuiku), eecysamu,- ,Executing Spring Year’s Work; to spend the springtime“, secudsane „springtime grazing of cattle on the highlands“ (T'pinu., I, 142). 26 The same type of functional is also found in Russian: nodsimse,- TO31HAS OCeHb“, noO3UMKU, noO34UMbE „,3AMODpO3KH, paHHSi 3HMA, HAUAJIO 3HMbI, IfOCJIe KOTOporo ellé oTnycKaeT, MepBbiii CHEr H MOpo3bl“, nNOO3ŪMOK ,ocennuit yTpeHHHK, MOpos3elt““ (Haas, II, 179) ir Check. podzimek, in the colloquial language podzim, Herbst, which, according to Machekas (Et. sl., 585), originated analogously to the original podzimi. 151