Tiesioginės ir netiesioginės kalbos ypatybės pontininkų ir vakarinių puntininkų tarmėse

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMATIC S/A ND A. R A Li] -E/TFU“V O. 8 “T SR. MOK S"L*UT A K'A. D“E M IT J A DIRECT IR INDIRECT LANGUAGES FEATURES PONTININKŲ IR WESTERN PUNTININKOS IN THE SECTIONS J. SUKYS The direct language of the ir Pontians western Pontians dialects!, as ir in the spoken language in general, is quite characteristic. If it is not a dialogue, the author's words are always ją indicated. In descriptive dialects, as in literary language, the most popular of the author's words indicating ir direct language is the verb say. iš He said to her: "What do you think?" The wolf is intoxicated, sweeping: ‘I jo (already) daimios!’’ Tas §ov says: "Don't do it!" (1.p.) Pnv. Aš Joseph said eye'§s (į eye): "God, let us see what the children are up to!" iš M.Sc. The swirl of the cygnus: „A You know, sir, let's eat your pork first, then a chicken. (I. p.) Rgv. The verb say is often repeated even several times (inserted before the direct speech or just inserted into the direct speech). ir į ją į Such spoken repetitions are particularly popular when something is told in literal language. The fish is sucking "No, wind, — wind, — wind, va — — i You're gonna get i sick, you're gonna get sick before o you eat, to you're gonna get sick! (I. p.) Pav. "Old man, say — a, — We're scared. More, — s a k a, — biédavem, drebédavem, — saka — ke I'm helping for td," he said. Gare, say, — kat he now — droséson* Kb. Aš said to him: “Lab” tinké., — sak 6’, — snails, ti as ne viska® suprafito’’ M.Sc. Nd, years (he) presents (has taken over) spooki : ‘Nd, — sd k a, — geré, (but) al shit won't da work, says: —unt ritėjos“ — (1.p.) Tj. The verb say is often added even where a direct verb already exists. Pons kidus, says: "You're a good boy," he — said. ? tu (1. Pp.) UR. A pemendli.s 5idine (laughs, teases) late., swirls: "No, it da won't. ! For more on these dialects, see. J. Sukys, Phonetic characteristics of ir the dialects of the Eastern Pontians and Western Pontians, LKK, t. 5, p. 175—183. ? Used with some clarification "Lithuanian language atlas material collection programs" (II leid, Vilnius, Lithuania) 1956, p. 105—118) transcription. Only the sign vu, which denotes a reduced vowel at the end of a word, is newly introduced. u, I'm going. a ar u. 3 The old speakers of this dialect speak visk ne pū.res!" -. 223 (l. p.) Uz. "McDonald's: "I don't want to be a killer"". I'm Varu.si. (Veronika) always crosses., said: "Take (k) gi, paragduk (beer), maybe she won't die!" Ms. Alpū.ne (Alfonsa) bar, says: "Nu kuri" chi šu. No! (what is this now!)" Nédavjo. (money), —pam'slijo., said: „Jėgv mdi unitrakart mukėt?..“ Shhh. : Unlike in literary language, in descriptive dialects the verb sakáti with prepositions (odpovedať, povedať..- .) is very rarely used to indicate direct language. NeuZfixed this function and verbs to pronounce, to speak. Besides, more often it occurs to quarrel, to rejoice, to laugh, to ask, to command, to bark, to ask, to scream, to ask, to promise, etc. * These verbs not only indicate direct speech, but also stylize it, tell the character's way of speaking. "Kaziene bar: "Aini tuo keli, ti vi.s néskis medini'ku. (at last defending from the dogs) MZ. "Mary-Louise Parker: 'I'm always a woman'". "I'm going to be a monster, I'm going to be a monster- !" says Mr. Bean. And she remains in a cry and asks: "Tarū.t, dukrél, a jai baigi?" (I. p.) "I'll be there for you, I'll be there for you!" (p. 1). Tas piršli: §, Zing gi, lė'ji: „Aik (tekėk), poni birsi —gulbeš piena betrūks!- ““ Mžš. "'Let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go, let's go'". The girls shout: "Kadd či sučečkavési (supaustysi kapustys) rufikom!" —rukuvoji Mžš. He said, "I don't know what to do, but I'm going to go to the 16th floor, and I'm going to go to the 16th floor, and I'm going to go to the 16th floor." "There's a man who says, 'I'm going to give it to you.'" Kb. The author's verb for speaking is sometimes unspeakable because of its brevity. In this case, the other verb of the author's language is accentuated intonationally, usually indicating the action in which the actor pronounces his words. The verb can also be replaced by an adjective. "I'll be there for you" "I'll be there for you" "I'll be there for you" "I'll be there for you" "I'll be there for you" "I'll be there for you" "I'll be there for you" It prekete terbu:: „Li“skit all terbon!“ (p. 1) Stmb. Stakiene spi'rgu. pakišt: A mate —tiek i tegausi!- ““ Gtn. "TV Shows: "Stay with Me"". tv.com.au. MZ. In other cases, in order to make the narrative more dynamic, only the actor whose language is the direct one is spoken in the author's language. Ta vešti'te:, Kar kar kar, ešmėsk mai vieno rešotal!" (I.p.) Cry in Liesene: "Al tégi, jū.m afti —nebegal.ėjot iškaui [hidden gold]! MZ. Sdkom:,,UZirkvs, nabaggli.s! U tas sture': You're a fool! ** (1.p.) Mžš. 4 In descriptive dialects, verbs of non-Lithuanian origin also quite often indicate the literal language: dyvytis “to wonder”, durnavoti “to call a fool, to despise”, lopyti(s) “to scold”, mįslyti (younger people say and think), rokooti “to say, to tell, to assert”, šidyti “to tease, to laugh”. Jaiūn dg buvg', dį: vidavas (staggered), dumbfounded: „When he to got up, he te pulled out [money] Pnv. Ka pradgjaléjitis: "Ok ti, —sgka, —stu. sk, paisi tū!““ Nrb, mi-sliji: Aš ‘Žmunėl (woman), kat mdkitis reiki i salutytas! ** M35. U "Skrébe vd comes, prays, 'Ne ti prasik, ne ti gausi!'" Gtn. You kid. Muki'kle, Zing', tuoj §i.dinv: "Kavalįgri.š su pans, vire kėši. so smald...* Ms. 224 When the characters have already been listed ir to the listener clear whose -are words, the direct language is sometimes indicated by only one verb (say, askti ir kt ). "The Ritz-Carlton, Rio de Janeiro" (in Portugu- (i ese). Say: "Bobi.i, a unsocial ?* Sako: "Ge so pęrštenėm". Say: "Gė nose peisteiu!" be Neck. Klaus: „A You believe me [young man]?’’ — "No, I don't like — it, he — says, beard like a hawk (I. p.) Pnv. , Pétrikien, — sdk a, — come and pray, as you die!" aš — "'Oh,' he — said, — 'just die!' Ksp. The author's language almost always goes before the actor's language. Į insert direct speech to ar say the po words of its author is rare; somewhat more frequently only when they are repeated. „I a8, say, — put — [salt]: cool uncle, i aš dėjo’ Pnv. "There is no place, — she said, — to lie down and sleep, go to my mom! ** — MZ. "Which one is you. markets- — ?" says" MZ. "I don't understand what it is," či he says — Tj. Sometimes the direct speech intersects the sentence of the author's speech, si which po continuesalways in the direct hues. | Nature calls him un father. (for the parent): „O tv nobody tv knows how to open his — eyes. M.Sc. | Direct speech, without losing its characteristic intonation, can enter the composition of a compound į sentence. Child: one sucks: — ‘Aik un tw Implement)“, ki.ts sūka: ,,A ik un Thu Fear. The other gods: I. .šlendv kuki bobv kukas iš terpt. varteš, tudo apipuibly pulkvs didždusi ias) vienv: (> — ‘Man’, kite: "Man", i grabs (purchase) butter.. kur gerésni.s MZ. Birdava, sdka: "Tavi ri ves, ku tréskv kine", — nu ta ir Troskirne Rgv. ; The direct speech of another person can be expressed in the form of indirect speech ir in Finnish dialects, as in literary language. When translating a direct language into an indirect one, the dialectal consequence usually changes, sometimes the dialectal composition, the personal pronouns ir change." Ji becomes a secondary sentence, connected to the author’s language, which has become the main sentences. In the West ir Indian languages, there is no distinct meaning of the word. From Latvian Borders of the USSR to The West Pointers, ir although consistent, use a ne participle indirect language. He said, "Muti. I'm ka just iš working- ." Kld. It's on the radio, where the lady ką is. ti RAN. Sdka, dri.bi.s ka July. Stmb. In no the minémate area, as in literary language, the constructs ir forming the dialectal dialect group are used as a ar participant of the indirect pronoun. Not again. 1 cup of su milk, meldgi.s: Speldkw: Rust. buys iš Melly na Ti iltagal, sakasi a iš Leningrad pifki.s® Krs. £ J. ) Balkevičius, Syntax of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1963, p. 407. 5 Almost all Pontians south-weir stern Pontians in this case would say:..says iš Leningrad pitka, even o more often: ..say iš Leningrad drinking water; ..say when iš Leningrad is burning. 15, Grammatical structure of Lithuanian language 295 From South of į Karsakiškis (e. g., about Indirect participles are only found in traces. Sake, cat. Lgnvs bi.cik (like) sakunt® (signs) that there will be a disbandment of the mili.ciji Mžš. The remaining western pointers, ir when translating the direct language into an indirect one, usually do not change S. Indirect language is usually conveyed here by modal words, usually the processing of Slavic borrowings: bak, būktai, bucik (by the way, they can occur in direct ir speech). You're right, shit. Jeneskdl gerddjo, ka Jarasondls ęšvažuoj pas tévs bū'kte Gts. Say that father" (ta) namél be'k it redemption Sr. Snekéja, be.cik working day. him nu.brauke a ards reduces MZS. In the western pointillism, the doubt about the truth of the thought is interposed by the stagnant form of the do participant, the ess." Plepėja *men.s, kad Bruonene is in the hospital. iš MZ. When the indirect language keeps the dialect of the direct language unchanged, modal words such as be, be that, bucik may not exist. ir In this case, it is not clearly stated that the words conveyed are the thoughts of the author himself, but of ar another person. ne All gi u Ze (speakingka ), daū(g) who atpiks MZ. Tadd those people mi'nefe her tu plyostu lini ir sa ka, kat pénvs iepe li iSdust t-shirt (I. p.) Rdž. Sometimes the character's speech can be connected to the author's words ne here by a conjunction that, but only intonation. 7 In Miežiškiai, this present participle does not indicate gender and number: - Yes. (jau) būva beluk uit (sighs) Jd' was: bemukuiit (free of charge). Jg' (jau) bi.va sakujit (speaking), kat ais grį'chon, al td Come on, i don't worry. ME. 8 Pig. J. Balkevičius, min. ill., p. 408. J. Jablonskis and ir other authors of earlier textbooks on Lithuanian language syntax corrected such sentences by replacing direct verbs in the secondary sentence with participants, see. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, t. I, Vilnius, 1959, p. 528 tt. ; M. Durys, Lithuanian language syntax, 1927, Kaunas, p. 74 etc. The old Lithuanian scripts, which, admittedly, more represent the written language of the to time, show that the indirect participle language is well-formed and frequently used. ir Even the western pointilist neighbor Širvydas’s K. “Sayings in Points” we read: Todrin himself ir Dowids ieszko Diewo, szaukia iop, budina kayp ažumigusi, ii sakos essus aplaystas, skundžias essus arti prapulties... 1 199. The 1,232,000-strong army of the emperor, led by 1,232,000-strong cavalry, was defeated. I'm just hoping that I'll be out in 1238. More examples of indirect participle language can be found in the western Pontonian dialects than in the ir modern Pontonian dialects. ir A. In Baranauskas' texts, iš tų written in the same dialect area. What's the point of such a trip? — begins dyvyties' karūlis sakydamasis, kad nėsūs matis tokios patrėwos BM 94 (Brž). The gaspadėris isz that dzioūksma (fiir džioūksma) begins to boast that he has a volume sawa tocnu kdr'wi, tabė grūžiu.. BM 78 (Vb). pribūwi unt karalu sūkesi they iszwadawi his duktėris and parode tas galwus BM 113 (Ssk). 9 In literary language, in this case, a frequent interjection is heard, see J. Balkevičius, min. veik., p. 406. It is not typical for descriptive dialects. 226 In the winding of the Lēvunas, in Lidze three hundred rubles. M.Sc. Changes plaūški, Skemuni and stebirkle pasiréde MZ. In both cases, the shade of uncertainty, which is characteristic of participative language, seems to be absent, but it cannot be claimed that the secondary sentences reproduce the language of the actor accurately. Probably, here only the content of the said thought is recounted. "The 100 Most Influenced People in the World: A Semi-Directive, Semi-Implicit, Semi-Implicit". The direct language here is said by the subjunctive that, without ir changing neither the dialectal suffixes nor the pronouns, while maintaining all other structural stylistic features of the direct language!!. It is hard to say whether non-direct language is as accurate as su direct language! ?, but, of course, the words of the character in non-pure direct language are conveyed much ir more emotional and visually than in indirect language. ir Indirect language does not convey either insertions, addresses, emoticons, or other words of a modal emotional nature, in non-pure direct language all this remains. be ir ar o Ti it is (she) says, i td, ka Svaldenich, don't be afraid: iž di.dela dėbeša — Mazv let's! M.Sc. Jeni'te rdudv baišsusa, kat, wi, kurgi dabar mdfi pasidėjęs? M.Sc. Aš patiled patiled i said, "ka, man rédas, tas sénii žėnisis (vs) vd/ Ms. The most common examples of such non-pure direct language are those where the direct language connected by the conjunction that goes through the subjunctive sentence. There are, however, subordinate sentences of purpose, cause, ir circumstances of manner and factor that have been formed in this way. 1. Subordinate clauses of the non-red direct language. a) Substantive first person, conjunction — direct, sometimes o imperative — verb: Malininiks 'says when aš she“ (child) mdju. Caught a fish swimming. su 16% (l.p.) UZ. "Toki birdava irkiniku., te pjaun i pjaun — nesakis, kat seskim, pasilsékim Pbr. He hears: governors with a friend Snékv vidij, kat aisma kardlaus voki nutrétisma ir (I'll say) p.) (1. Mck. Apkabi.na, pabuéiva, pasisike, kat asu as tava virvs (l.p.) Alkn. 10 As regards the time limit, see paragraph 10 above. A. H. Tso3nes, CospemMeHHBlii t. PYCCKHiI JHTEPATYypHBIl A3bIK, II, Mocksa, 1958, p. 279. '! In Lithuanian literary language, non-pure direct language is not tolerated, although it is not foreign to many dialects and folklore. In the area of descriptive dialects, we also find examples of such language in A. Baranauskas’ texts. So td dwara pons says, kad ir m'ūs n'agūlam tam dwar' gewa'dan- 't', ir m'ūs iszwaziojam kitor gew'an't* BM 161 (Jn3k). Téws n'anoréja da sakyt’; Al sūris pasik’a, ka žonė, bd paiadėjė man’ (velniui) BM 160 (Jn3k)....- wdnags parkalb’éja imégiszké kad n'aszduk, al par'n'as'- zk namo ir p’anék jaution més, d pask dsz tau užnagrūdes' BM 158 (Jn3k). 12 A. Molotkov, discussing analogous syntactic constructions of the Russian language old scripts with the conjunction sxo, claims that foreign or the language of the actor does not accurately convey this construction (A. H. MoaoTkoB, OcoGkie CHHTAKCHYECKHE KOHCTPYKIHH AAs nepejaunk uyXKOi peuH B JIPeBHEPYCCKOM si3biKe, «Yuenble 3anucku Jlenunrpanekoro loc. Yunpepcureras, cepus OuzojiornueckHx Hayk, Bbin. 61, 1962, p. 192). 227 +b) The second person participle of — the salutative o sentence, — preposition of the imperative, — sometimes direct verb: didr. i I swear to my daughter, when you see her" (play with su it) do not ir release until adbéks aš (I. p.) UZ. Rék, aks espu.ts, kad rade Gin. One lazy pig, one pig, give me a pig, a ka pig, — — as noble Pnv. Tadd's daughter went out and told her superior to go and pick it up. tū [rose] p.) (1. Kng. c) Subordinate sentence impersonal: And the rites came to the priest Taujénasun ir dabai ku.nige pasaka, kat pas mum vaidénase Ksp. 2. Indirect objective circumstance sentences of non-verbal direct language. The conjunction of a secondary sentence is usually expressed here by an imperative. Paskaū stands still again [driver], kat li.pk (to get aš out) M.Sc. Te Sea.giš atvažava, kat please un pdgraba: mučekėla pasi.mire (i.e. came to call the funeral: į stepmother died) M.Sc. Nd it's enough, it's time for her to get to da work: the fur coat. Cat, get out of ir here. (that she, an orphan, would ir spin woven) (I. p.) Kng. Paskum kėli, kat kélkis: we take the cow home (to get up, because I'll have to drive the cow home) (I. p.) Kng. 3. In the non-direct language, the subordinate sentences of the causal circumstance. | . I'm sorry, but I ir don't need it. I tu don't need it. tu (when .I went to my relatives: she does not need) aš Pbr. My father is sick, and my children are back home. (referring to the father's children, because he himself, forced by the witch's wife, drove them out) (l. p.) Mck. 4. Indirect circumstance sentences of the non-white direct language. Jų tarians are expressed by imperative. The word that these sentences explain, the circumsta- — nce of the main sentence mode feip “yes”. He's got to get his ass off the roof. ir Fire your guns, it's gonna be dust (l.p.) Mck. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. It's a cock.nigg. mé Slt. ; 5. The non-verbal expressions of the language are incorrect. Bu.va pasakit no valdzos, kat trėjs méts turei gevéni, kél palati'sef sava (found) Kršk. Mat, pasiréda, ju agreed, ka td tilek i aš Tilesi. MA. I SEW Negrinine direct language is not foreign to other ir dialects of Lithuanian language, especially those which do not have participative indirect language. Examples of non-white direct language can be found in the dialects of latviy', rusy'*. ir 13 For example, the district of Elea, near the descriptive dialects, In the surroundings of Vilce nearby My mother said, ka es esudt satic's vina brali sakoma ir What do you say?, kaes satiku vipa brali (from Latvian TSR Institute of Linguistics and Literature of ir the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. See. also: Latvian Language Dialectology Atlas Materials lu Program, Riga, Latvia 1954, p. 110; Grammar of Modern Latvian Literary Language, t. II, Riga, 1962, p. 905. r ‘Zr. A. B. Ilanupo, Oueprn no CHHTAKCHCY PYCCKHX Hapo/lHbIX rOBOPOB, MockOh, yeah. 1953, p. 60; B. H. Co6nununkosBa, Crpoenne cI0XKHOTO NMPEANOKEHHS B HAPOIHBIX rosopax, Boponex, 1958, p. 157—162. 228 Conclusions In the dialects of the Pontians and the Western Pontians, direct, indirect and non-pure direct or semi-direct language are used. 2. The most popular verb in the author’s language to indicate direct speech is say. It is often repeated several times, and sometimes is added pleonastically even where one verb indicating direct speech is already present. 3. The author’s language usually goes before the character’s language. 4. Participative indirect language in the area of descriptive dialects is used only in the north (from the Latvian SSR border to Karsakiškis). In the remaining area, the foreign language is reproduced without the use of participants. Often, modal words such as bucik, esą, byk, byktai help here. 5. In descriptive dialects, non-pure direct language is common. Direct language, without changing either the dialectal suffixes or the pronouns and maintaining all other structural and stylistic features of direct language, is here said by a secondary adverb, sometimes by secondary object, cause, manner, circumstance or factor sentences, connected to the main sentence by a conjunction that. NPS/MASI H KOCBEHHAS PEYb B FOBOPAX NMOHTHHHHKOB H 3ANAJ1HbIX NYHTHHHHKOB HA. IIYKHUC Peszwome B JAHTOBCKHX roBOpax NOHTHHHHKOB H 3anafHbiX NYHTHHHHKOB nNpsAMas peds no I'm sorry, I can't. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. CaMbIM NONY/SIPHBIM, r.taroJIOM BBOAHBIX Npe/UJIOXEHHŪ aBasiercst say (sighs) Hepeako on naeonacTuuecku ynorpeGasieTcss npu APYrHX rjiarojiax BBOAHOTO npejioXKeHus, Hanp. : Mr. Klaus, sgka: „You have no children, —where did you give the child.? (Yxxyumasii, Bupxaiickmii p-u.) Uacto oH BEOAHTCS B NPSAMYIO peub Kak NOBTOP, Harmp. : Zvi.rbals saka: „Ne, —sqka, —vēš va pong, —sgka, —i bi.rn> nusipraiis, i parsižegnėj pris vilgimo, o daba td nįska!“ (Tlunspa, Tlanenexcxnit pu.) Huorna aBropekuMu croBaMH YKasblBaeTCst TOJIbKO CVObE6KT, peub KoTOporo nepejaércsi, Hanp. : Ta veštiėte- :, Kar kar kar, ešmėsk mag vieno rešotėl!- ““ (Kpsaymmmksii, TlacBajibeknii p-H.) Ecam cyObekrT scen H3 paHee CKa3aHHOTO, OH OOkbiuKHO He HMeHyeTCHS, Hanp. : Claws:,,- Do you believe [young man]?“ —„No, do not believe, —sąka, —barzd kā strgzda (Pa3roBop otua un jitouepu) (Tlnussa). KocBeinas: npuuacrHas peub, —Ho TO € HeKOTOpolH HENOC/JIeN0BATEILHOCTHIO, —ynotpebasiercs JHIL Ha CeBepe OnHcbiBaeMbiX TOBOpPoB —Oausb rpanuun JlarBuitekoji CCP. Tlpu 310M, Kak H B JHTEPATyPHOM $3bIKE, TIJIATOJIbI 3aMeHSIOTCS COOTBETCTBYIOUIHMH įopsaąMn npuuacTHė, MecToumeHHs l-oro Ho 2-oro Jika —MeCTOHMeHHsMH 3-ero Anita, Hanp. : Shiūdė s Ake pro rūdiju, ka kur ti lads by. vi. (Hewynenė Pansumumkne, Bup-«xalickult p-H). Ha ocraibuoli TEppHTOpHH J@HHBIX TOBOPOB HJIJIJO3HS KOCBEHHOI peun "co3načrest He ynoTpeGJieHHeM NpHyacTHI, a BBOJHBIMH MOJIAJIbHLIMH CJIOBAMH —BapHaHTaMH 3AaHMCTBOBAHHIt būk, būktai, bucik (Gyjiro) WJIH OKameHeBlIel (MMeETCs BBHJlY CHCTEMA jĮaHHbIX TOBOPOB) npHuaCTHoi (opmoii esq, Kanp. : Talk that tg (ta) namjell b ij“ k it redeems (Cepexonali, INanesexckuil 229