Dieveniškių tarmė

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMATIC SANDARA L:1L.ETU. V OS T.8R MOK:S LU,AKADEMLEJIA DIEVENISKIU TARME J. LIPSKIENE and A. VIDUGIRIS More important data of the dialect area and its research history § 1. The name of the village is traditionally derived from the name of the goddess. This is the former. Poškoniai, Jurgelioniai, Pagaujény (Šarkaičiai) and Dievėniškiai neighborhoods of Ašmena district, now Eišiškių district, forming a kind of promontory in the southeastern corner of the Republic of Lithuania. The most Lithuanian villages are located in the middle of this promontory, on both sides of the Gauja river: Valatkiskés, Kmelnifikai, Padvarės, Poškonys, Siaurimai, Lastaūčikai, Didžiūliai, Grybiškės, Rimasiai, Stalgonys, Bėčionys, Kaziūliai, Šaltiniai, Skraičionys, Dievėniškės, Verseka. A little further on both sides of the Gauja river there are still quite Lithuanian villages: Senieji Miežionys, Žižmai, Mačiūčiai, Šiudainys, Ramėoškos, Milkūnai and others. In the peripheral villages (e.g., Pavydonys, Skaivonys, Siliai, Pagaujėnai, Dvariškės, Kalviai, Pliustai, Zabiėliškės, etc.) the language is mostly mixed: Lithuanian and the local Belarusian dialect, which is strongly established on the eastern side of the promontory (e.g., Vaškėliai, Vaišūtkiemis, Vėžakiemis, Daulėnai, Antaniškės). In some villages, only the elderly or the oldest inhabitants have spoken Lithuanian from a young age. The young people now attending Polish schools, or the older generation who attended them in the past, also speak Polish, but Polish is not the native language of anyone here. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, Lithuanian was spoken not only in the area of Dieveniškiai, but also in Surviliškiai, Kauleliškiai and Geranainiai villages in the territory of present-- day Belarus. in the northern part, about Armoniškes, almost entirely Varenavas, in Rodūnios districts and in Ievos district about Lazunai'. ! Plg. The area of Lithuanian language in Vilnius province,,,Anthropological and archaeological ethnographic materials,,, i t. 3, Kraków, 1898, p. 60—61; J. Rozwadowski, Objaśnienia do mapy języka litewskiego gubernii w Wilenskiej- ,,Materyai ly prace komisyi jezykowej Akademii umiejetnosci w Krakowie“, t. 1, in Kraków, 1904, p. 89—93 map. ir jo 183 The situation remained almost unchanged throughout the first quarter of the 20th century. The Lithuanian and Polish press of the time bears witness to the use of Lithuanian in the counties of Ašmena, Lyda, etc.2 Earlier data, from about the third quarter of the 19th century, on the limits of the use of Lithuanian in the counties of Ašmena and Lyda at that time are only approximate, inaccurate, often contradictory and therefore not all reliable. Nevertheless, they reflect, at least in part, the ethnographic boundaries of Lithuanians at that time* and at the same time the complex shifts that took place at that time, when people’s national consciousness began to form. The ethnographic atlas* compiled by Erkert in 1863 perhaps best illustrates the spread of the Lithuanian language and its relationship with other languages. However, Erkert’s ethnographic boundary with the percentage of Lithuanians does not always accurately indicate the places where Lithuanian was still spoken at that time. In this respect, the ethnographical border of Lithuanians drawn by A. Koreva in 1861, although also inaccurate, has certain advantages.’ It runs to the east from Graužiškiai, Klevyčia, Norviliškiai (Ašmena district), but to the north from Geranainiai, Kauleliškiai (Varnava district), Žirmūnai (Lyda district) and leaves Lazūnai far in the southeast. Lazūnai is not included in the 1865 publication of the Archeogralia Commission? Ms. "The 100-year-old bridge crosses the river from south to southwest". From the schematic atlas published in 1851 by P. Kepen8 it is difficult to say how far to the southeast from Dieveniskiy the border of Lithuanian language use passes. 2 See. J. S-klys, Prie statistikos Vilniuje gubernijoje, „Varpas“, 1903, Nr. 2, p. 36; Lithuanians in Vilnius Diocese, „Viltis“, 1908, Nr. 104, 115—125, 130, 132, 133; 1913, Nr. 23; cf. a map of Lithuania with an ethnographic border, issued by the Lithuanian Farmer company (undate); Ze stosunkėw litewsko-- polskich, Warsaw, 1907; M. Rémer, Stosunki etnograficzno-kulturalne na Litwie, Kraków, 1906, p. 3—35; A. Doritsch, Beiträge zur litauischen Dialektologie, „Mitteilungen der litauischen literarischen Gesellschaft, vol. 6, Heidelberg, 1912, p. XVI—XVII; K. Werbelis, Russian-Lithuanian relations. Statistisch-etnographische Betrachtungen, Stuttgart, 1916; J. Zaremba, Nationality Relations in the Novgorod Voivodeship, Warsaw, 1939, pp. 138—146. ; 38 We sometimes use the term “ethnographic boundaries” in the sense of the boundaries of the Lithuanian language- ’s usage because the boundaries of many 19th-century Russian ethnographic atlases were drawn according to the criteria of language usage. 4 See. DruorpaduueckKuiū artsnac Shanajino-pyccKHx rydepHuė u cocejntHuHx GjacTefl, coct. P. ®. Epkeprowm, CIIB, 1863; Atlas Ethnographigue de provinzes habitees en totalitė on en partie par des polonais, Par R. D'Erkert, St. Petersburg, 1963. 3 See. MarepiaJiki after reorpaddin and crarucTHKu. Poccin, Buaeuckas ryGepuias, cocT. A. Kopes a, CIIB, 1861; cf. „Vairas“, 1914, No. 16, p. 6. 6 See. ĮlokyMeHTbi oObsicHsioniie ucropilo 3ananunno-Fycekaro Kpas H ero OTHOLIeHiA kb Poccin u Tloawws, CITB, 1965; cf. „Vairas“, 1914, No. 16, p. 7; K. Werbelis, min. veik., p. 68; P. Klimas, Lietuva, jos gyventojai ir sienos, Vilnius, 1917, p. 45. 7 It should be recalled that at that time Dieveniškės was still a branch of Geranainiai parish, Zr. Executorium decretum de limitibus dioecesis Vilnensis, Vilnae, 1854, p. 8 Zr. "Druorpaįdusueckas Kapra Esponeiickoit Pocein, cocrasnena Il. Kernnenom, CIB, 1851. 184 The knowledge of other ethnographers and even linguists, who have touched the ethnographic borders of Lithuanians in the southeast, is even less accurate, A. Kirkoras? A. Ritichas!® and even J. Karlovičius"! with F. Kuršaitis'? not only Lazūnai and Žirmūnai, but also Dieveniškiai and Norviliškiai, outside the Lithuanian ethnographic area. Much more accurate data on the use of Lithuanian was collected in 1867—1880 by J. Kuznetsov, a member of the Russian Geographical Society, who was preparing to compile an accurate ethnographic map of Lithuania. His indicated places of residence, where most people still spoke Lithuanian, are Surviliškiai, Geranainis, Žirmūnai. Only a large Lithuanian island around Lazūnai, Bokštai, Jurotiškiai, Dūdai and Lygomovičiai no longer communicated with the Lithuanian Geranainiai, Dieveniškiai neighborhoods! '*, in the first half of the 19th century Lithuanian was spoken even more widely. The historian M. Balinskis, a good knower of this region, together with T. Lipinskis, indicates that Lithuanian is spoken in the western part of Ašmena district in Graužiškiai, Velbutus, Klevyčia, Norviliškiai, Surviliškiai, Dieveniškiai, Geranainis, Lipniškiai, in the Bokštų parish, in Trobų parish, in Takoriškės, in the whole of Įvijos parish and in Lazūnai'*. That at that time from Dieveniškiai, Geranainiai to Įvijos, and thus to Lazūnai, Lithuanian was still spoken, is confirmed by the questionnaire filled out in 1827 in the survey of the parishes of the Vilnius Diocese about the use of Lithuanian language. Thus, the present Dieveniškiai (Lithuanian dialect area) promontory, reminiscent of a peninsula, is part of a much larger Lithuanian ethnographic area'®. There are people who speak or can speak Lithuanian to this day in Lazūnai, in many villages of Varenavo (Balatna) district and especially in Rodūnios district." $ 2. The dialect of Dieveniškiai attracted the attention of linguists relatively long ago, both because of its geographical location and because of its rare linguistic features. As early as 1886 9 A. Kupkop, Bruorpadhduueckuū Barsisų Ha Buzenekyto ry6Gepniio. Dr. Horpadhnueckuit c6opuuk, CITB, 1858, p. 120—I121. '0 DdrKorpaduueckas Kapra Esponeiickoii Poccin, cocr. A. O. Purruxom, CIB, 1875. ; I Žr. J. Kartowicz, O języku litewskim, 1875, p. 250. ? Zr. F. Kurschat, Grammatik der litauischen Sprache, Halle, 1876, map. 8 Zr. IO. Ky3HeuoBs, JluroBekuft Hapo1, paccejienne ero H YHCJAEHHOCTb, Archives of the Russian Geographical Society in Leningrad, Fund 11, Description 1, No. 18, p. 12, 13. 4 See. M. Balinski i T. Lipinski, Old age Poland, t. 3, Warsaw, Poland 1846, p. 251. 15 See. BegomMocTH 0 Kocrejtax H MOHaCcThIpax Bujienckofi anapxun, 1827, Lithuania TSR Central State Historical Archive, fund 694, descripti1, on file 769, p. 5. '8 Zr. Lietuvos TSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Lithuania History of the TSR, red. J. Žiugžda, t. I, Vilnius, 1957, p. 64—65; plg. J. Jakubovskis, Relations between nationalities In Lithuania before Lublin Union, Kaunas, 1922, p. 5—6; plg. W. Wielhorski, Litwa etnograficzna, Vilnius, map 1928, No. 15. 'T For more information, see. "Lithuanian Linguistics Issues", t. 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 195, 215, 242—243; t. 3, Vilnius, 1960, p. 177, 191; plg. The material collected for the atlas of Lithuanian dialects, Lietuvos TSR Academies of Sciences Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature. 185 A well-known linguist and ethnographer, then still a private lecturer at St. Petersburg University, E. Volter, had come to study this dialect. During the same expedition he collected material in the vicinity of Zietela, Lazūnai and Benekainiai. At the instigation of E. Volteris, G. Ausiukas (Avsiuk), the teacher of the elementary school in Dieveniškiai, wrote down and sent to him in St. Petersburg the following year several Lithuanian dialect texts (songs, riddles, etc.). The material collected during these two trips — characteristic features of the Ašmena (i.e. Lazūnai and Dieveniškiai) dialect, a series of texts (song, tale, as well as a dozen riddles) and a dictionary of rarer words — he published in 1895!® However, in the eyes of today, the texts written by E. Voltaire have many shortcomings: words and jy forms are presented unpronounced, in addition, sometimes incorrectly spelled, the length of vowels is not marked, the vowels e, ė and sometimes uo and 0 are not distinguished, and the hardening of consonants is inconsistently reflected. Therefore, the material of E. Voltaire now has significance only for history and comparison. Around 1906 K. Būga visited the area of Dieveniškiai. He used the written material extensively in various of his writings, but there is no separate raSes'® about this dialect. The material he collected, although scarce, is very valuable because it meets all the requirements of dialectology today in terms of accuracy of writing. A comparatively good collection of texts in the Dieveniškiai dialect with commentaries has been published by the Estonian linguist P. Aruma, who collected material about 1928—1929.2° His work remains the most important and widely available source on the Dieveniškiai dialect. However, the work of P. Arumas does not give a fuller picture of this very interesting dialect. E. Frenkelis used the material of the Dieveniškiai dialect relatively extensively in 1936 when he wrote about the Lithuanian dialects of the Vilnius region at that time*?!. He was mostly based on the material collected by others, and he himself, it seems, has not been in the area of this dialect. Lithuanian linguists could only begin a more thorough study of this dialect in the years of Soviet rule. In 1952 and 1964, dialectological expeditions organized by the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute came to study this dialect. In addition, almost every year, individual linguists and local historians of the republic visit here. 8 E. Volter, Zur litauischen Dialektkunde, “Mitteilungen der litauischen literarischen Gesellschait”, vol. 4, Heidelberg, 1895, p. 173—186. 19 K. Būga, Notes, manuscript of the Vilnius State V. Kapsuko University Scientific Library, signature D. 545, p. 26. 2 P. Arumaa, Lithuanian Oral Texts from the Vilnius Region with Grammatical Notes, Dorpat, 1931, p. 19—30, 61—64. 2 E. Fraenkel, Der Stand der Erforschung des im Wilnagebiete gesprochenen Litauischen, „Balticoslavica“, t. 2, Wilno, 1936, p. 14—107; About the characteristics of Vilnius region Lithuanian dialects (rare Slavic words and constructions in these dialects), „Lietuvių tauta“, t. 5, Vilnius, 1935, p. 186 The material on which this article is based is mainly collected during the 1964 expedition- ?? from the above (see $ 1) villages. Individual sentences and forms were also recorded in Dailidžių, Paginų, Jokūbiškių, Ureliy (Urlionių), Jurgelionių, Pajurgelionių, Medinių, Pūlkių, Šarkaičių, Gedūnų, Šiurkščių, Prabaščiškių, Rūdnia and other villages. Phonetic features Vocalism $ 3. It is a part of the Dzukian dialect area and separates the western and eastern Dzukian dialects. On the western side of the promontory up to the eastern border of Dieveniškiai district the mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en are pronounced in two ways: near brunkt@lis®®, kumpas, lūngas, runka, grindzi'mas, pinkolika, peč'a difikscis, Zintas is often said and branktélis, langas, lankas, lanka, ranka, pėmpė, penktas, žėntas etc. ir O The word vandūo next to vanduo present tense forms ainanc’, ir važ'ūojanc' was not heard in any other pronunciation. It may seem that the forms with am, an, em, en here have been influenced by the literary language, since in earlier dialectological maps the border between western and eastern Dzūki is drawn further west?*. Probably, the limit specified, based on ši E. Voltaire's material, because In the introduction to the description of the Ašmena dialect he noted that Dieveniškių ir The dialects of Benekainiai neighborhoods, not differing in anything, were ir further described only Dieveniškių ir "Lazūnų dialektų faktus?s". Kad In the Dieveniškiai area these diphthongs are pronounced twice, as K. Buga’s material from the beginning of the 20th century shows, e.g.: duiikstsjo, inkūndo, lūngu“, pūntsis, ūntsis, pinki, bet grambuolis, dntsis, ranka, vandenjo®. ir E. Voltaire's printed texts consistently find forms only su i, u+m, shows n the jj material collected mainly iš from the eastern part of the Dieveniškiai dialect area, i.e. The villages of Norviliškiai neighborhood, where the old local inhabitants do not speak the above mentioned doubles any other way??. Thus, the border separating the western Dzūki from the eastern must be carried through Delicious. § 4. The diphthongs uo, ie are pronounced very incorrectly: dioda, klu'nina, justa, ritšėlis, Svi'su, važūc' greta kluonas, pienas, važiūoja. Ši # Individual facts taken iš J. Dovydaitis's 1951—1952 m. folklore collections in the Folklore Sector of the ir Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute. # The transcription of the “Programme for the collection of material for the Lithuanian language atlas” (II ed., Vilnius, 1956, pp. 105—118) is used. The length of accentuated vowels is not indicated anywhere, their length is indicated by a prefix. The length of unpronounced vowels is indicated only by a, e, i, u. # See. ‘Archives Philologicum", t. 4, Kaunas, 1933; Lithuanian spelling dictionary, Kaunas, 1948, p. 123; but plg. J. Sukys, Characteristic features of the Ramaškoniai dialect, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, t. 3, 1960, p. 178—179. % See E. Volter, min. veik., p. 177. % The name of the village of Antaniškiai in the vicinity of an Norviliškiai probably retained the diphthong due to the influence of Slavic languages, plg. Polish Antoniszki, Belarusian Aurauumku, because even ir In the area of Dieveniškiai more common local names are um, un, e.g. : su Kumpas "The k. Field of Giants", Lunkos ir Lankos "Valatkiškik. ai meadows", Undriškė "Carpenk. ter's ir Meadow" etc. 187 This dialectal feature is not new, as it has been noted by both E. Voltaire (cf. jusliali josiou 186, vušvialio dvaran 187) and K. Būga (mike, snike’, klūnina, vūlakcis, migūstas greta miegakulis "lazy, sleepy", Traktosnan, važ'uūoc- ?"). Examples of such monophonicization of these diphthongs occur elsewhere, especially on the outskirts of the western Dzūkų dialect in the Belarusian SSR, for example, about Ramaškonis, Bilius, Bieliūnas, Lietuvą (Varnava district), Plikius, Sklodonis, Paditvį, Pelesą, Kargaudus, Kivonis (Rodonija district), Azierkus, Pervalka (Grodno district). In exceptionally clear ie, uo consonance, all these dialects are perhaps surpassed only by the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela, which does not have the characteristics of Dzūkijos. § 5. Some dialects sometimes pronounce a forward middle-order i, similar to the backward i (but different from the Belarusian 841), instead of the vowel u, e.g.: azgiedojo, Jlieživi', nivedė "wed", panitekėjo "married- ", pasikorisi "complimented", siko "swung", siksū "swing" sisukė "swing", sivėdė suede". § 6. Other vocalistic features of the Dieveniškiai dialect are known in the wider area of the Dzūkian and Eastern Altai dialects in general, e.g. : a) The nasal g, ¢ and the abbreviated terminals a, e (derived from an, en) are pronounced uw, í', u, i, e.g.: galusc’, ižgūzdzino, ku-sneldicis, tūsosi, tisc’, kati, pifk'u'; su biti, marc'ū, pūodi. b) Instead of the beginning of the word e, a is pronounced, e.g.: aina, apuš'ė arzino, ažeru', až'a, ažis. c) The accentuated vowel e, regardless of the syllable or consonant that follows it, becomes very broad, e.g.: gi'vénc’, kėl’as, ma@dz’- as „forstas“, nepad@gi ciltėlis. This feature has been noted and marked (only in different characters) by all previous scholars of that dialect: E. Volteris (atkialk 183, v'aidu 183, žirgialis 184), K. Būga (Bandlis 26, tūkis 26) and P. Aruma (parn’d ski 19, sd'nas 19, tū'kants' 20, viadl'o 21). d) The accentuated vowel ė is sometimes slightly doubled, e.g.: g'éré sekm'ė "story", tur'ėjiūu. As far as we have noticed, this is the case for bilingual or trilingual people not only in Dieveniškiai, but also in other Lithuanian dialects. e) The first syllable of a diphthong with a strong and unpronounced vowel, u, is usually strongly assimilated by the second syllable, and is pronounced with an o, e.g.: dardū, daūūge! ', he said. f) The first syllable of pronounced mixed diphthongs i, u-+!/, m, n, r is always elongated, e.g.: girtas, pile, kale, pile, žinda. $ 7. The unpronounced long vowels i, u, ė, o are abbreviated very differently and incorrectly. The same person in the same word pronounces them once less abbreviated, almost long or semi-long, and the second time almost short. Thus, both the root and the limb are not cut7 See. K. Būga, min. veik., p. 26; in P. Arumos texts this feature is not recorded. ?8 This feature of linguists is recorded in the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela and about Asava (Varnava district), cf. O. Broch, Zum Litauischen siidlich von Vilna, „Nors Tidskriit for Sprogvidenskap“, t. 19, 1960, p. 1—71. 188 pronunciation of long vowels. Vowels ė, o shortening ir in the root does not change its quality (e.g.: tévalis, ābols), in o the limb they are much wider, instead jų of hearing a, 0, e (e.g.: gane, p'jove, būva, sako). Such an uneven quality of ir unpronounced root é, 0 endings would indicate that the word end was shortened here earlier than the root. There are elongated pronounced short a, e, i, u, ones, e.g. mask, nėšvietė, pūsekdu, buvo, visi. § 8. I. There are many examples where a short vowel is dropped (syncope), e.g.: break < beetroot, ketr'as <keturias, meridlis< mendelis „guba“, nedarnėjo<nedarinėjo, priemn'ė "a belt"? ?. Especially often does not have a i vowel return particle, e.g.: ažuslaidė "landed", noiseless "I didn't succeed," he said, "it changes," "I'm going," "I'm going," "I'm going." Su with uncast vowels are still words afitaras “second”, semi-fitter, late “devil”. 2. There are fewer words with su contracted vowels, syllables, e.g.: dvatas< dviejas, praeitinis "past", pada<pagada "clear", forgot< paažmirso "forgot" "approached", ir kajo<nudjo et al. 3. Su jplugged-- vowel-written-dusara ‘dawn’. The word falakd “talka” is probably a direct loan from the Belarusian iš language, cf. Tanaka. 4. It is a al diphthong, e.g.. : į Stdugéni-s ir "Stalgoni's, kduniér'us "collar"". Consonant $ 9. In the Dieveniškiai area both are preserved „dzūkavimo“ characteristics, according to which the Dzūkian dialect is distinguished. a) Instead of afrikaty č, dž (<tį, dj) the dz is pronounced ¢, consecutively, e.g.: audz'a, gaidz'o, plūc'os, svec'ū. Only in borrowed ar iš literary words is there a dž, e.g. pėč'us, medž'oc'. ¢, Afrikatoms c, dz appear in word forms bitf'u", rūagut'u: „hornų“, dud'dū, „audžiau“, ažūkintdu "I would hate", gaud'du, star'dū, perhaps, did not allow other forms of paradigms that do not have airikaty. i b) Adjectiv- ¢, d es alone ir with su consonant v before i, y, į, ie ir before fallen limbs are pronounced i, ie dz, cv, dzv, ¢, e.g.: atqardzinėja, ciesė "right", dzvilika, miėkci "sleep", Salikaici-, ci'lėc'. Only before i, į, 2000-2001 iš *en, remain ir unchanged in individual f, d borrowings, e.g.: biti, pūodi, su tinkūoc'. But sometimes it is said ci< ti",ten“ ci'nai "tenai", ir even c'ėvas 'father', vi'cel'a "Vvytelė". Due to the influence of the literary language, the aforementioned features of Dzūkian, especially the second, are disappearing relatively quickly. Therefore, it is more and more common to hear saying: ait', gant't", just(that). Iš in literary words consonants in airits f, d ¢, dz usually not translated: dirpt’, darbodienis. ® Ar this word has had a voice doubted, plg. e E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Gottingen, 1955—1962, p. 653. 189 $ 10. As in the root of the word, so at the end of the word there is often a preserved j after the consonants p, v, e.g.: dujū,,aviy“®, davjaū, lapju-(sometimes also lapja „fox“), p'jov'du, pjūti', šlap'ja (see šlapijū runkū), šlap'joka. $ 11. The dialect is characterized by the hardening of some consonants. The prefix / is hardened not only before e, ė (cf. ažūlank'- au, klaba, Ididz'a, lūjo ~ lejo "poured- "; galėi, gulėjūu, kalbék, straublé "rainbow", veléc'), but also before i, in (<*en), e.g.: lifigvas, lintū, lintėl'u', pdrlindo, suslifikis "bending- ", state: "state, life", with Kaduli. The hardened r is often found before the front or the back vowels, e.g. apgrovi', karavom, (s)kragždė, krislas, neturū, rag'ū, pageréc', skraūnda "runs", tūrim. Other consonants are less commonly used in the hardened Šš, ž, cir, e.g.: nešoja, Saudzikles, šsaiva; rasižoc' "to get into the mouth", važiavo, pernei, Zuwréc krdca, traca, izdzūvo, minutéle, aršalis,,,- verSelis- ®. § 12. Instead of the borrowed ch, they pronounce k: koc "though- ", nekoi "I wish", sukatos "dry", cf. belarusian xoys, Hexditi, cyxomel. And from Belarusian or through Belarusian borrowed fricative g, pronounced as h (which Belarusians usually transcribe as y) usually translates to v (e.g.: avufkas "cucumber", lenc'u:vėlis "planciūgėlis", paprūva "saddle belt", pasévas "coat", plūvas "plough", vodzina "snake", plg. aeypok, ranyye, nanpijea, nacde, eadaika) or skip it altogether (e.g.: ciénas "gypsy", piearšč'as "nuts", samaonka "bush, homemade vodka", plg., Belarusian yoredr, npeizopoms, camazonka). § 13. Fats often interact with each other, assimilate: a) The first consonant assimilates the consonant that follows it, e.g.: minkštimas, mūščis, gloščinės, raštuotas „koštuvas- “. b) There are more examples where the second consonant assimilates the first, e.g.: am pėč'aus; nuringdzinėja „(nu)renka- “. As a result of assimilation, the first consonant often disappears altogether, e.g.: adaré "opened", adavė "gave", apile "filled", avertė "turned over", avilk "cover", asnigo<aZsnigo,uzsnigo". $ 14. People of some villages in the Dieveniškiai area (Grybiškiai, Bėčioniai, Skraičioniai, Kaziuliai, Valatkiškiai, etc.) (some more often, others less often) translate the consonants £, d, before ė, e, i, y to R, g, e.g., d>g: bung@le "bunch", apgeda,apdeda", dzigelis "big", dugénc' "dudenti, talk", gėgė "uncle", girgėjo "heard", gigikis "doctor", girvos "soil", prageda "beginning- ", pavargé "surname", vangen'o "water", ži'gėc'*1; t>k: bikinis "bit", dūkeris "daughter- ", ikeipo "so", kelūkas "little boy", k'ėvas "father", kindi "now", merg'oki' "girl", pasikifikma <pasitiikma "meets", pastakik "build", pdrverké "turned over". 30 The form aujū is used much more widely by the western Dzūki, because, after av became au, | became necessary to avoid the hiatus., 31 The word degužė, which is used relatively widely in Lithuanian dialects, is distinguishable. 190 i It is remarkable su that new, literary words are often pronounced ir with these iš substituted consonants, e.g.: gekinė „vodka“, pirmagienis "Monday", shit "today". Sometimes these consonants are pronounced so softly that it is difficult to f, d distinguiR, sh them from the g? ?. Other consonant changes occur only in individual words, e.g.: g>d: derklals ‘throat’; k>g: saw ‘followed (section)- ’; b>p: bunch “kimba”, hammers “blakės”, ir etc. $ 15. 1. Consonants are often added: before the ie at the beginning of a word, ė, i, e attached j (e. g. : hedgehog, hedgehog, hedgehog „hedgehog“, jilgas, jimc'), o before the beginning of the word uo, u — consonant v (e.g.: vuodega, vūodz'a "smell", viiogos, vūpė). In the first case, the word is pronounced as "s" or "z", for example: "svaigždė" (swallow), "zdairosi" (looks, looks at). The words uo ending in a diphthong are accompanied by a suffix, e.g. akmudi, j, sesudi, tešmuoi. 2. There are few cases of fat insertion. Between the vowels of a vowel-ending prefix ir i, u (uo) root pronunciations of words beginning with į, v (e.g.: nepajims, sivuodé) can be interpreted as interjections to avoid hiatus as ir adjectives, followed by non-prepositiiš onal words. The fat is stuck f between s ir r in the words: apinastris, nastrai "The ar mouth of man the muzzle of an animal". 3. Interchanged consonants (metathesis) are in words: liminis „milinys“, datū<tadū „tada“, ru-Skinés „rūkštynės“, sémbertas,risbentas“, simplas<sinplas „weak“. Morphological features Noun $ 16. Daryba. Most of the dialect compound nouns are connective vowels, plg. su more typical: plow rope ,part of the plow’, arklaru'škinei “horse sour”, bdrzalapis, devi-nabréle “sister, having nine brothers”, galédzirvis, miegaku-lis “sleepy”, peč'adinkstė “oven lid”, pirmgkarti- “first time”, pupélakscei “chicken”, saulétekis “morning”, Silagéles “lightning”, tarpūpėdzei “side”, varnakoja “burdock”. Be conjunctive derivatives rare: ratpėdzei ‘stipinai’. $17. The prepositional nouns are mostly found with the su prefix pa-, less often with the su prefixes api-, at-, ažu-. Most former root nouns, a, ia gave prefix, pass į ė stem, e.g. pakakiš, feature is 32 Si mainly in western Dzūkian dialects (approx. Dubičius, Kabelius, Azierkus, Druskininkai, about "Rodūnią, Pelesą at ir different words elsewhere- ", plg. J. Senkus, Nauja medžiaga apie lietuvių kalbos tarmes, „Lietuvos TSR Works of the Academy of Sciences", series A, t. 1, 1955, p. 151; J. English Grammar, English Grammar, t. 1, Warsaw, Poland 1958, p. 354—357; IO. HEKOTOPHIX O SBJIeHHAX B ROXHbIX H JOroBOCTOUHBIX JHaJeKkTax, “Language Posnaniensis’ t. 7, Poznan, 1959, p. 341; E. Grinaveckienė, Naujausi duomenys apie Dzūkų dialekto tyrimus, „Literatūra kalba“, ir t. 5, Vilnius, 1961, p. 603—608. 191 jdunesnči pap'jovė; vášvéli munas, sėnasai tėveli; The teacher paid $29 for the right leg, and the father paid $29 for the left leg. Of the verbs, mention the feminine singular noun form, having the masculine ending -uom, e.g.: s mladdom (mladým) aina pédruské (maiden); paci apsivers'ū (pavirsiu) margu°m degužėli, o dukr@lev karc u°m apušėli (sometimes heard like mergum, karc'um). Only occasionally is the form with -w?i said: jū mar gui vadzink. $ 30. Some adjectives or individual forms of adjectives have stem endings other than in literary language, e.g. pagirdė gardū (gardžiu) vanden'u; with a strong hand; success will be short, a$tra (targeted); where you put the Jews in a coat. 31, No. 31. Daryba. Individual dialect numerals differ in their construction from the corresponding numerals of the literary language, e.g. dū, dzvi; Bet betweens, between. Instead of aftar, -ū often used pronoun kitas, -a, e.g.: kiek mat? —kici ‘antri’; thirty other mint births. Other infinitive numerals are made mainly from quantitative numerals with the suffix -tas, ta, e.g.: pinki: piūktas, -a; seši: six, -a; sepcini: sepcifitas, -a; eight: aStdontas, -ū (more often aStuitas, a); ten: ten; yksitoista: eleventh, -a; dzvilika: twelfth, -a; pink’élika: pink’éliktas, -a; dzvideSims: dzvideHundreds. The numerals traktas next to trac'as and ketviftas are probably made from the plural, e.g. fraji, ketveri (with a change in the vowels of the suffix). The plural numerals "5—9" are usually made with the suffix -eli: penkeli, šešeli, sepci'neli, aštuoneli, devi'neli. The 4-pointer has only 4 possible values. With the suffix -eji (after hardened consonants -aji) are dveji, dvėjos, traji, trajos, cf. the consolidated forms of these numerals in the genitive of the singular: skirkis, Z@me, ingi dvėja, and tu, dungdū, ingi trūja. Coop numerals are usually made from plural or quantitative with suffix -(e)tas (sometimes -atas), e.g.: dveji: dvėtas (<dvejetas- ), traji: trajatu vaikū tari; four horses and eight cows; ; pinketu: the child lost (left). The fractional numerals with half include: pusantro, pusantaros, pusantarū, puspifiikto, puspinkiū and others. Other numerical derivatives have the meaning of adjectives, e.g. with suffixes -Okis, -oktas, zr. § 26. § 32. Change. The numerical nouns du, deux, as well as abudū, abidzvi, helped to preserve the binary forms of other parts of the language. The final vowel of these numerals is mostly used, e.g.: ingi du šimtū aniku: jad tur'ū; you're a shepherd's sheep; dzvi nightciirdzvi dieni danced, drank and guided; I'm a kid. The number of nouns with binominal endings, although with the numerals du, dzvi (or abudū, abidzvi), is much lower: dzvi dukti pamiré; 200 mg/ day 198 niau: do not know what didc’ abudū children; abidzvi dakteres penktani penktą (į klasę) aina. Numbers two, three are often abbreviated, e.g. in dzvičį bus namas; I'll go to three mountains next to two, three wives. Form three of a kind (o ne *three, cf. trijū), probably derived from dzviéi, cf. Two. In the masculine gender, the plural forms of various numerals usually have the ending -is, e.g. trejis, kėturis, penkis, septcinis, aštuonelis, devinelis. At the su end of the form -us rare: two aš years at veik’dd; jū Six as hundred stayed (I released). Next to unprepositioned plural inessive forms (dudz'a dzviejuosa daiktuosa; trijosa pirk'osa buvaū) are very often used in the prepositional form: to ani's išai dzviesa; the dsoul of tris gano's dick; all friends: pink’ uosa, Ses uosa Those past meanings, but of a different type, are consolidated forms: s@nei zvié d ju (for two) is; nor: with: the: three” Bina. The dialect is very typical of time ilactivo (both numerals and non-numeralir s) forms, e.g. givi: šeš'ėsna, sepcin’ésna vūrom ganevon „the cattle at six, seven (hours) genam to the pasture- “, cf. atvaž'dūų nedélon. Pronoun $ 33. Important non-verbal pronouns I, tu ir characteristics of the self of the recursive pronoun: I. The singular noun forms of non-verbal pronouns I, you are twofold: sakik, néra mani namiė greta in (on) your father's throat, o in (ant) my horn. There are also two forms of the recursive pronoun: diy nok savi; endures nok savi; medium's own dude. Instead of the literary forms your, our in the dialect are shorter: you, our, e.g.: or this you bicycle; oh, how you wear (hot) blini; c'a mis kiémas (village); o kdm didn't get us shepherds. Sometimes we are told, e.g. : ir tu ne We're being tu tortured, wolves. 2. I of non-memory pronouns, iu ir the forms of the singular recipient are mdn, tau, sdu. The plural of the noun has two forms. More su common forms of tu -mu, eg. : brown ma mu apseidis (prices) alekira; aš with joy you: I sang; no one will beat us; mamdité nepdsakoi; where ma mu mum is, mum is broken; less common su -mi: we will take all the troubles (losses) off you; I’ll make you a delicious dish; Kadu mu mi Miné Linus. At the same time it is said that gimininiy pronouns su -mi unuzrasyta, everyone is just su -mu: ti: again" ir the cow is singing; a beautifully looking show; tomu visému trimu mergisStému, ir tomu mergomu není kde décis; Mom likes reck. ir Sometimes the ir shorter form ciem ož'ūkam liépé niéko naneldisc' is used. mo 199 3. the singular ending of the personal I, you and the returning pronoun is mostly with a short ending vowel: nuvėšk ir mani; one and two: come to me; Your grandfather. Sometimes abbreviated forms are used, e.g.: kūgi ažūveikė (uždirbo) duktė pas tda; one ingi sdu, another ingi sdu tis'a; ii’ sesūla pap’jové ažu vūogu' . kupkali- (puoduką); Sit down with ii. ma ma There are also two forms of the infinitive of the plural: aš jus pažindū; We were taken to Shal'ch'ni "kan tadū; two with us for the night. 4. Singular noun forms are with the ending -im: su manim nieko nebuvo; with himself wadz'eja; plural noun —su -mi: with you waikšč'oi, still a girl. 5. The singular pronouns of these pronouns are not written. Most commonly, the plural ir form of the alif is used in the sense of adjective, e.g.: people must dude badly; you're in the woods, and we're in the roads; the country of origin of the MP; mu'sump visaipé people can (talk). There are other forms of this vowel, e.g., without -p: ca musum gudai (Belarusian) for the appliqué; be -m-: buvo atėji' musup, a ju sump nebuvo. The conjunction can also be in the root: strol!ū (strazdų) is mdsum|lm with m p. Sometimes the singular adesive is used, e.g.: buvo manimp susirinki; manimp ira žmon'ū; manip ira heart kvara (unhealthy); I'm in a bad mood (persons). In addition, the plural forms of the noun with -mu sometimes have a meaning close to that of the plural adjective, e.g., buvo viso mūm u. § 34. Instead of the literary pronouns he, she, they, in its dialect are usually used the noun forms dnas, ana, ani's (rarely an'es, ani), ūnos:ūnas ne tėp dimoja; ana is not afraid of anything; It's all happening. The feminine singular possessive forms have a different preposition than literary language: if I didn’t say anything- ’dd; don’t say anything to that girl. Male singular noun forms sometimes occur with -i: jami to c'a well; ani's and tami (tam) shipulukūs drož'a; but more often: jdm, tam. $ 35. Many demonstrative, indicative and relative pronouns still retain their nominative (or accentuated -ai) forms of nouns, e.g.: su kiom anasai važ'uos; a aniej ti' kur aZusturéi; o kuf ci i i ketėlei; and she gave birth to the same daughter; this and tusai (tasai)3® said; ti: icie® mis fields; kurisai represents a man's head; kur’éi itep sūkė; for Vil'ni: bana, ciemu well; This girl is very ranked. Sometimes there is also a feminine form of the personal pronoun % The form fas „tas“ is widely used in the western Dzūkijos area around Alytus, Lazdijai, Veisiejai, Daugai, etc. ir % In the forms itas, ita, itokis, used by many eastern and western Dzūkians, the second element consists of the pronoun tas, ta, toj or toks, toks, tokia, and the first — the pronoun is „jis“, which is still used today without the adjective j for Lazdijai, Rudamina, Šventežeris, etc. ; For the forms ifas, itokis darbybos dar plg. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, p. 537. For a different interpretation of the origin of these forms, see E. Fraenkel, The State of Research of Lithuanian Spoken in the Vilnius Region, „Balticoslavica“, vol. 2, p. 25. 200 the pronoun form of the singular noun këi (next to ana): jdį daf sefga; Ruf Joi is dead. ; However, the most common are the non-pronoun (except anasai, andj) forms of j-nouns: ti. iios honey bees i'sivedé; what a buyer, such a seller; oh, I don't know who he is; diénutokis, vakari kit okis; I am a former prisoner; vit all (all up to one) are vistdités; kap which word such pac; kokiė overēdai was. The singular noun of both genders often has a different form: simple noun, e.g.: ituom ir Rkeliū (walking) courtyain rd courtyard; This way you'll go. all isidz’augé jtioi (boys); which first you will eat (fruit), tūoi su Zéni'suos. § 36. In the dialect, the forms of the adjective pronouns mūnas, tavas, savas are often used, which also perform the function of the pronoun, e.g.: ca manas tėvelis; Oh, how about a typical moma? tevéli méanas, radnasai manas, paséki linelūs on manéses Zem@las; ruwtéles hand, Zal'és'a hand, who you c'a sowed, who you ravé; mani vaik@lei, savargelei; You're my man, you're my s@na. vi The possessive pronouns mano, tavo, savo are rarer, and are usually used in folklore, e.g. mano vilnuverp'- a, mano mésu: vėrda; I wasn't asking for moms. (greta taves momos). The most common forms of ir adjective pronouns used with the other syllables of the noun are ma, sa, ta, e.g.: prižadėjai, būsi, žmona; father ka ma ma be sa mommy's fever; ana made a beautiful lind to her sa daughteraš td :; mbtku: I'm raging; su ma su'num was bad; dzieve m a. $ 37. Instead of the literary adjective pronouns jūsiškis, mūsųiškis forms your, ar our dialect uses other forms, e.g.: jtūsis kap kuris žodzis kap mūsų; we were not bic’; we had a ir great time; Miss ir ir (sons) don't smoke. The feminine singular form of the noun is pronoun: ūsė ūtarka m į Neither s'Ok'a nor tok'a. Other forms of these pronouns are less commonly written, e.g. dgs. ward. our children do not know (understand) Lithuanian; dgs. viet. Our kiemi doesn't say. In this way, the short forms you, us are more commonly used: nevalgiss'u aš you dūonas; muūs cows were tied. § 38. Individual pronouns of the dialect, the be masculine ir feminine genus, have also forms of the non-noun genus, e.g.: anas visa susrifiko isiveZé; there is a fault ir (everything) is gone. Relative pronouns quantity, amount of other forms, e.g.: ir kiekis mėtu' jų c'a buni; How many dangduūs stars'u', that ciekas žymės ski'lalu-. in in Amounts reported (seemed), paizdz'ūvo vic visa; You're not gonna survive, you're gonna kill us. Verb § 39. Daryba. Some dialect verb prepositions differ in meaning from literary language. Be there is another prefix in the dialect that is not used in literary language at all. 201 In the dialect very often verbs with the prefix ažu-, which is typical of the eastern Highlands, are used. The prefix až(u) replaces the literary prefix za-, e.g. bėbos suskrido (subėgo) and ažūddužė vilku; avi" a wolf; update node:; from maple ashburn; she ran home. Sometimes the prefix ažu is used instead of other literary prefixes (ap-, nu-, pa-, pra-, pri-, su-), e.g.: ana ažūsverkė macnai (strongly); and the threads were taken with the dustbin; in dviei arkl'ū linus ažūbrukė (carried away); ažusėmė viédru vanden'o; ažuvėrė ponėle "right-handed lady"; wanted eyes ažusp'jauc; wanted to aZuturéc (hold) well and other obeliés; nė kafto neaZusirgdd (I was not ill). The prefix is much more rare, for example: kap usikéle, that's veik'a. § 40. Other prepositions with different or less common meanings than in literary language are also worth mentioning, e.g. ap-: apenėjo (nupenėjo) meitėli; squeeze out maf (me); unwise ana buvo ir apliko (she remained unmarried); (he) goes down to the ground; do not eat, or you will turn into a wolf; on the reverse of the curtainPū; at-: all chosen (spoken) nothing is no more (more); I sat down; in-: inlijo (išlijo, sulijo) my money; in ri'toėjaūus insikel'a (atsikelia) gaspadzinė; sinskrido (nuskrido) ana Rkiton žėmėn; kuf tu jūos (clothes) intu'sei (stained); will need to be well inverted; i§-: isidairé (saw) the buyer; išmine' (remember, remember) couldn'ū; (could) which which iZgaléi (conquered); istė ks (užteks) rašic', reik'a aic' darbo daric'; all isidz'augé (rejoiced) in him (her); isodzino (uzsodino) in bėro žirgėl'o; plg. E. Voltaire wrote in a similar form: ir iždėsim in galvos (184). The prefix izvietoje is sometimes used in Lazūnai, Zietela; nu-: ik smefci nudduzé "to death killed"; dziėdas numainė sa adziėž'u: "the old man changed his clothes"; I am wondering, kuf sinned ciek sviėto „I am wondering where so many people have gone“; the hare went away (pasitraukė) and nendr kalbéc’ with jeis; pa-: we were not yet burned; the wolf ate oZ'ukas; the children whisper (heard, heard), what the father turned; the fire was extinguished; ani's bed; dziédas with bob pamiré (died, died); jad and bones ju papi vo (rotten); Boūle pardusė (išrausė) meėvėvu:; ; for unseasoned (settled) sand; pa smūgė (susimušė) bernai; pra-: a child of a prabudo (nubudo); the rain helped us; praskaicic can't (read, read); pri-: the udder will come up; kap prisdéji-(- accustomed), tep well; pritis’a (floods), that is, sépa; and the rye impoverished; su-: so he writes sub dc’ (to live, to agree), tadu anas sa gri-2é (apgrezé) his drkl'us; sus$labo (subject) all horse; who c'ū sumis (remembers) all, sumiific’ negal'ū; reika suldisc (paglsti) dalgi; sudéj ves#iluw "agreed, agreed to marry"; boy and sub 202 ūdo (nubudo); ana susvdikino (congratulated) my brother. In addition to these, the dialect also uses prefixes of Slavic origin: da-%, raz-, pad- (very rare), e.g. : nu'nai hard dab dic’ (to fully survive); ciek made (made) us unpleasant; dadėgino (padegino) in ugniés; daéjo ingi shrub; daéjo ifigi mar; ot, dap said (recounted) if ana; and made a- (showed) them; and water: dasiek’am (reach); the goat flew home; rasdak ém (iSpasakojom) visa; the children razbé g'éjo (isbégió, went out) to the city; ra zverte (suverte) all the books; raskaicic’ (read, count) can; jaunas paddugo ma@dzas "young grown forest". § 41. It is very characteristic of the dialect that the prefix can be added to the prepositional verbs, regardless of what prefixes they lack, cf.: ap-: all the boys paapvede; at-: was pathetic: lietuvei; ažu-: lūūku" paažusodzino (planted) medz'ū (forest); in-: vilkas painsigrévé (infiltrated, infiltrated) buy'on; iš-: all an work were paišūji' (out); paišarė (išarė) meadow; paižūvo (išdžiūvo) well; wolf-tailed wolf (caught) all the goats; paisSkifto, paišvežojo mėdzu' "cut down, carried out the forest"; Fox herring (thrown away); all paisigundo ir paixundo "all were frightenir ed and ran away"; all those songs were lost; nu-: iš Sic’ pannuvėjų (wanted, separated); panukifto (cut off the head); jduni panūlekė pol’s¢’un „the young people fled, went to Poland“; ana pamėtė visus (foots); ma dzu* panurinko "cut down the forest, destroyed it"; panūsegė, panutraukė drabužėl'ūs "sewed, broke off clothes". pa-: papaya ldūku; ciekas budifku: papadegé “so many trobesi burned”; old you're dead; ani's ca papapifki pirk'as; all papari$é (sighs) per-: dadgelypapeūš rzinc “I have known many”; pri-: samanū naStas paprisirifnko (chosen); rope (summer) iš Poškon'ū, iš Padvar'ū; raz-: susrifed ir parazdj (spread out); su-: probably pasuveina (susirenka, sueina); old, small, all get together; ana pasaldavė (sudavė); nor'u pasurišč unu: with another "I want to tie one to su another". Only examples where it is added to verbs with the prefixes pra-, daare not used. Another example is written with the second prefix added, pri-: pripomniršdaū (I forgot), neateina 38 For the object of the prefix, see. B. Max io auc, Ilponecxoxjienne npucraskn da-B GajiTHHCKHX Si3bIKAX, „,„Boripocbi CJIaBsiHCKOrO si3biKO3HaHHa“, t. 3, Mocksa, 1958, p. 127 tt. 203 skaddz'ei (fast) galvén. In the above example, the prefixes pri and pagali may be exchanged. The second prefix in the Dieveniškiai dialect is probably mechanically derived from the Slavic, especially Belarusian, as a formal indicator of periektinimas®?. Some of the presented adverbial verbs are morphemically derived from Slavic languages, e.g.: a2usifkc, aprifikc, praskaicic’; plg. respectively Belarusian: 3axeapsyųo, a6da6pays, npausimaus; Russian: 3a001emo, 0600pames, npouumamo etc. ir $ 42. Iš the most ir characteristic prepositional verbs most widely used in the dialect are prepositions -inėti, -dinėti ir - given by the Vedic. Most of them are with prefixes. l. -dinėti vediniai: a) communicative: kišk'ei ėmė veikc', atkazdzinėc' dziėdo the door; If you start drinking, you won't ir be (you will not live); when trouble comes, it's a song to forget; We need to start working in the mine. kū “I need to start working ką at least”; b) present tense:apmirdzinėju paci ir širdis; dasiekdzinėju (rūpinsiuosi) pinigū; I get sick often; where you choose to go on a wild journey; why did you leave me (leave me); man prapuldzinėji tuosa medz'uosa; the child's septicemia, dle apmirdzinéja; father holds on to dion salt; iSvezZdZiné jam, bilo, Siénu'; su if in Winter pamezdzinéjam (remains) bitému meddds; Where are you waking up? ; hearing the wishes of the blind beggar; jūū pradédzinéja ži'dėc' anos; candles sésdzinéjasi azu stalo; ani:s stodzinéjasi pirk’oi. c) past tense: and again" aZuveikdzinéjdu (I worked) and aduodzinéjau (I gave) tdm man; bil'bas isringdzinéjdu; so I enslaved (wept) the grandmother; I've forgotten all my secrets. kap drabnas rain fell on him; kap ana awakened (lived); first there were dudeklus on the meadow iščiesdzinėm; misump (at us); Jackal's were playing with her brother; sen’ad kitaipé pragivendzinėjo Zmoénis “people used to live differently”; d) future tense: I started; I reminded you of my-sl; I'm going to... not sell this feeling; aik Vilnun, ger'dd aZuveikdzinési; a fuel consumption of less than 100 g/km; žėmi' méj (gal) razdalidzinés; e) imperative clause: tu padédzinék nekem azumiic’; Do, do, do, and money will increase; f) Participant: there is iz jedne, bina and sudédzinéta; raccoon creslani sudédzinéta; 39 Verbs with suffixes -inéti, -dinėti, having two prepositions, are recorded in the Zietela dialect, cf. „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Darbai“, Serija A, t. 2(11), Vilnius, 1990, p. 1961, p. 229. 204 g) ir Soka bunny blinking all the time (blinking) people crossing the Prussian tribe (pagelbos). 2. -inėti vediniai: a) communicate: raik'a prisdarinéc būl'bu:; aš neZindd, kū razsakinéc (tell); anas started saying pie (about) guilty; b) current time: iš po I don't "finger" someone else (I don't want someone else); he hasn't been able for a long time (not working); marked with: line (drying out); easy (every) sdvo day: atganin jam é- (return); prisidarinéjam bil'bu-‘priskutam bulvių’; people are looking around (inspects) the grain; ani's sitting on the side ir ka lbinéja (talks); now welding (suvaro) vienan ddiktan; c) past time: kū aš jumi sakinéjau (I told you); sesila theymu (days) acakinéj; corresponding to the pointed lines (whispers); mas ad avinyl (more closely) looked at; sakinéjo (said, used to say), c’a be money uazkasta; future tense: ais’ vistas d) pavarinésu (I will pavarinésu); We'll do it tonight:; children will wash (open, look after) kdruves; imperative clause: cik neacidairinék atgal’én c) "just don't eat back"; neiSsakinékit (Don't say it), Capt. Vadzina. 3. -dy: vediniai: | : a) bendratis: need to get su around with graZei kdcinu (behave); the condition of the pit; iž no to select (falsified) mi‘slū; b) current time: likddū aš (I remain) su small children; No? usimddūū dudēnimu (not engaging in languages- ), get out; ataido fox, inaido ana pirk'on; He insulted us all. (enters) that's how much pasevo (part, coat) daido (pripuola); ana came out for me aunt “she is, she’s my aunt”; tévas came accepted ir (receives, adopts) kamu: child; on the iš sabbath we went about it; mas p aaidom iš lietuv'ū; razrifigdom (select, sort) bulbs; We're all together. (we gather) bobos on one buy; Everybody get out of here. (preparing to go) to jduna'ji:; Getting out of the way (emerges) iš water'o; šl'ūbi po rasiringdo (renkasi) vaZic’; shaking (stacks) ail'én decks; susiriūgdo, susėido (meets, gathers) candle; c) past tense: ana išeidė, ir aš išeiddaū (I left); ir the children were accepted (I was a baby); the wolf came out; azimuth (took) paci visu: buy'u; Kadu Daide (approached), old; unimdé cords nok neck; Galša accepted (accepted, bought) linen; so we went to sleep; yesterday we made one thing spinning; apri gdé macnai, diag atėmė ii nemcei "the Germans heavily robbed"; kishi. no (neighbours); iSrifngdé ungl'ūs; d) future tense: kap išrinkdzis'u, atais'ū; you'll choose a tū thought, you know; abidzvi tu parinkdzisim (think, choose) sl’a; you brought my mom to the hospital; mi (e) imperative clause: ataidzik kas vakaras; do 205 not leave (neiSeik) you, brother, from the house; Okay, come back, come out of here. The examples show that all the derivatives of the above mentioned prepositions can indicate both repetitive (often repeated over a certain period of time) and continuous extended action, its duration- *?. It is worth noting that the last of these adverbs is -dinėti. § 43. Other older verb suffixes include -ėti, -erėti, -auti, -inti. 1. -eth derivatives: a) to communicate: aZusémk man vanden'o pageréc (to drink); can gerickai palijėc' (it can rain a lot); we want to play; pasėjėc' (to walk) no need'a; raika pavargėc' (to get tired); another cannot paverkėc' with lementū (to paverkėc' with words); b) present tense: kap pamėžėji (pamėži), that is to say, it dumps food'c'; (c) past tense: marci pabégéi; palilėjo kiék (palijo); ana palukéi ir in@&jo; bernai kap pametéj (sviedė, metė), it even flew to the other side of the house; lipė patiséj (patempe) ažū 16 š'ūudo; meska p averpéli, dud@na; children grow up; d) future tense: gali ir aic', aš kepėjas'u (I will bake); maybe you've got a girl; kap anas atsėjės (will recover); Oh, we'll do it. (let's eat) nedddgi- (a little); e) imperative suffix: palukėk (wait), tuojaūū ateis'ū; ku'mūla, take me; tin go, you'll find send; after this šūlei at iéjékit (go). 2. -er(é)ti vedic (usually made iš iStiktuky ir means short (momentary), intense action): a) present tense: s'ūpter'a (hollow) in dirvos; Iž ažū kumpo svister'a stone'u; door barkers; catch the cruise ship in the mouth; another kap chowkeri that gaidūnki kidu's (cooks); iž po Izbo (from subtext) my in eyes; kap kaftumokterna (suduoda), sepcin'us ažuddūūž'a; kap stūkterna toliērku: (plate) bal'kon, then beats (breaks); past tense: even rikteréjdu fear; returned with a stone b) in his forehead; a duck with a beak of a iž duck; ana glésteréj (gazed) pdūkšču; gripšterė kundz'ūku“ (a split) —wet, as done; ku'lokėl'ūs vandenin kišterė; kap tėp in capteréj, that's a punch in the capter; and blood mokteré in chips; a boy taught a riddle; 3 kafts of buckwheat; That breaking point, together; paukstaités jam visas supteréi plunksn@lw; in@jo pifk'on, stapteré, out vél’ dairicis; jim what tékteré Sirdzin (came to mind); terépteré in pripecko; mėtė, nét trinkteréi; 0 For more information on this type of verbs, see. ‘Lietuvos TSR Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences A, t. 2(11), Vilnius, future 1961, p. 219—231. 206 c) time: arklys kap virpters (susipurtins); (d) imperative: kilsterk mdn in pec'ū maišu; luttercock; stėpterk (stop writing), ažumiršūū; participant: bu'ttau klasterėjus (suddavus) kok'ū lazdū per galvą; pronoun: (I am afraid) that I won’t “flash out” the fire. In e) some cases, aš the word is used in a more formal sense (e.g., in the case of the most commonly f) used language). o 3. -auti Vedic: gri'bauc' (gri-bduna, gri:"bavo- "); gudduna, speaks Belarusian, behaves”; p/4ūkduna in žusis vanden'o; juū na shindupievu; every ti month Sikduna; on the finger: walks (gravartojama ta vsiščioja); ir kiti gražei vėrkūuna (glorify, cry); žuvduna. 4. -inti vedic: ažudušintai; tu ji non-casted wedge; pakirinc Sani: the need; you went out to call your wife; I need to feed the kids. Su Appendix -huit (supposedly Slavic) written only verb p i etuic (sometimes pronounced and lunut; lunetūsim). $ 44. Change. Most commonly used is the abbreviated communicative form: aic’, laidzi’c’ (milk), turéc’, žvinkc’. However, alongside the older dialects, longer forms are often used: badzice, bdrce, dūsūuce, ganice, gdrce, p'jauce, pūsce, ir védiioce, znace, Zisce duoc'e, ésc gdrcie, gulcie, pirkc'e, šaūkcie. ar $ 45. There are also aesthetic (aesthetic) differences. Most commonly used are the third person forms of the present tense: lieėkci vienas, ažumišėke',ir miėke' sau; viogos aZuliékc’; She doesn't know. There are also contaminated or analogous forms, e.g. vns. | asm. : obese; when you're aš asleep, don't come to me; vns. 2 asm. : summer, o tu sleep; fly, where you sleep; kap ažūmiegmi (tells the ir story), it lies; dudemi kū “what you are talking about”; dgs. 1 asm.: buy'oį miégmame; all of us go to sleep; vns. ir dgs. 3 asm.: kap liékma namié, tai cik miė ma; man pacifnkma ir (patinka) g lietuviškai duddnc’; anas me pasifnkma (incidental) ,occur®); meat pritufikma (pagenda); véima (apZiurinéja) pafSu: pafšas; father vdima, véima (seeking), to find; greta: slim, sleep, sleep, sleep, sleep (probably from bina, p’jauna). § 46. Many verbs of literary language, having a different present tense o ir i trunk, there is a trunk in the dialect: ia e.g.: gidz'a, a) kiūik'a, pakiūk'a, mink'a (bread); mok'a(si), rédz neprižindz'a "does not a, recognize"; here part of 207 the speech. In their structure some of them are close to noun adverbs and particles, e.g.: c'a, cendis, ic "here", jaa, Sic, ši ~ Sg "there", ti ~ te "there", Sin, tin; ar „taip pat, irgi“ (t0į žmona aft gi varginai gi'vėna), dar „dabar“ (daf visi gerai būnam) and others. It is not known whether the root of a verb or a noun is adverbs: aplinkai važiūvo; :environment's better. $ 64. Change. The upper forms of the progressive adverbs are usually with -iau, e.g. anksc'dū ne tėp gi'vėnom; aršūū (worse) could not be; bean cold duck; graž'dū; maz'ad; nacdu (otherwise?) dtarii; first, second, third; skdudzad (faster) run; smag'ūū "faster, harder". Often there is an old prepositioned form of adjectives of the higher degree of the non-native genus: daugės, ddugésne next to ddug'dū, e.g. ddugės niėko neturėjom; that duck knows where I am; ddūugėsne (more) rniéko I don't know, I can't. Interestingly, higher-grade adverbs are sometimes made even from individual nouns, e.g. ka 'n'aū ū (above) better grain; lob'ūū "below" (lobas "valley, valley"). Sometimes the degree of a certain characteristic is expressed and emphasized by various prepositional derivatives, e.g.: adjectives of the nominative genus with the suffix -(i)okas: mnogooka, šlap'joka "a little too wet"; adverbs with -ickai: gerickai "a lot, very much", žemickai "very low". The forms of adjectives of the upper and lower degree of the same genus are the same —with the suffix -iausia, e.g.: arš'aus'a (most) isiguūido; I'm mostly at home; ger'aus'a (best) namaė buc'. Sometimes the highest degree is said with the pronoun kuo(m) or the Slavic reinforcement particle -nai, e.g.: būl'bukuo ddaug'aus'a tai bic’ ger'aus'a; kuo gil'aus'a (very deeply) inliūdo; kūom ndi plac'aus'a ti“ buvo. It is the first single from the first studio album of the band, The First Time (2000). Part 65. Anė, ani "no" (ané ani's židz'a, ané ani's kū; ani paci ėda, ani kitam dioda); or (ti or agi — the same benefit, a r agi — nothing); až ‘štai’ (až in tinai aina); but "when" (long ago but diena prabūc'); be it “like this” (be it, they say, after that disease you killed people); cik „tik” (the jester cik, the jester juda); dagi "still" (dried leaves are not explosive); dargi "still" (still small); dar (kuf vaikas? still sleeping); do "yes, and" (bu'nū, do ir bu'nū); gi (jo boba gi from Geddnu:; first of all gi all Lithuanian dud@no); jad (jad vienu: pūsi: beat; yeah still (now) all ger'dū; ar j a ū isimėži'); what is “what it is” (what is the hay that has been chopped with it); mažū „maybe“, (you have to remember it well, but it is a number); moi „gal“ (tai mé6j c'a ana aina); net (the bud islong net lubosna); neither (neatsuiic’a neither sheet, neither anything); niaūgi < nejaugi (n'déd gi dani's ne214 who; n'dagi tu blind būsi, ka nemacisi); ot „here, here“ (ot, I told you that way); anak ‘here’ (ūnak namas ragéc’); vis (ti ažimdo vis Dzievėnišk'- u" parish); vūn "here, there, there" (van ūpė). Some of the particles presented here (or, ané, ně, etc.) can also perform switch functions. Prefix $66. The prefix an is used alternately with un, e.g. atūjom an grind namą (to a bare, unfurnished house), to nieprzeżyli jeszcze (they have not yet lived); all and work paišaji: būvom; ažušu'li and sušili an work; takes a rufiku; born on that thing. However, in general, the preposition an(un) is rare in the dialect, and in is more commonly used instead, see 78 71. § 67. The prefix až or aZu is used with the adjective and suffix in the following meanings: a) places behind something, e.g. tadū ūni's pasciko až ūpės mus; boys adopted horn: ažu table; :ažu kalnēl'o dzirva; the goat's fist; b) time during or after which something happens, e.g. :ažu m atu’ papamiré; was azu night's ciélu clan: water'o iždrorė; we got home a little bit late; reason, e.g. man c) My sister cut me a Zu with a knife. ku pkėli: ažu gražu: kupc@li'; aZu ito degúto, all the children pass'ūto; d) reward, e.g.: dėkui ažu gėru 26dzi; action object, e.g. tie e) (apples) pas 6belw: ažu koc’ battery; one jémé goat's rufkos, the other goat's kittos; ažu dusiés—go after the bob; dziédas lapiažu vuodegės karžimafi ir insimetė; sings kiški: pakar'a ažū dusiés, ažū ito gribūko; all nor aic' ir uptodate O; į $ 68. The prefix be is used with the noun, e.g.: be rūbu negerai; be Iopin'o (scarves) cold; went out of be war; prapuol be Zin'a. § 69. The most commonly used, and iš the most commonly ir used, of the three types of alphabets is the Latin alphabet. It is used in the su adjective ku ir to indicate a purpose or a cause, e.g. ciek vargo dren itok'o niėko; drowned in the drain; You're a drifter, you're a scientist. Sometimes the preposition because (for) is said: nunėšk uklonėl'us ir (congratulations) because of your dziedūl'o because of your sesūl'u. ir § 70. Prefix ik (i) next to lig(i) is used su mostly as a noun, less often as a su pronoun in the following su meanings: time e.g.: jūu līdz a) vakari namé (home) būs'u; §ékom evening; remaining ik (until a certain time) must be; pernikšmėtamu ik būs; ča mu delays in the ik udder; nokmažū méatuw nudzienai ik tep siko; b) place, limit, 215 amount, e.g. pinki (kilometers) liki Dzieva@- niskei; I'm wet for this thing; up to klūpsco' water; pupa ik luba dadugo; to Dailidz'u: four kilometers; c) degree, manner, e.g.: ik smerfci nūddaužė „deadly killed”; was almost finished; No, the land was just a little over the top. § 71. The prefix in is used in dialect instead of on, less often in. Its constructions with adjective and adjective mean: a) a place or object where someone is or where the action is directed, e.g.: sédos in kūpetos, i gano, i gieda; veik'a (work) in lduko; in my ldūūko one stones; sewing and trimming; in the thing swirls “avėla and priéda; anas in ddikto gimis; (oxen) from yoke in ganeva; aisim in pakapinu (shepherds); in sdulalaidz'u (in the west) Ažūraiscis; and led them into the meadow: kūma, ainam in tavi; reik'a aic’ in saules (to a place lit by the sun); stones: lay and carry it; all the scenes in work; pametė sa tévu in ragutu: medi; (b) a method, e.g. oškos vuodega in sprindz'o; in dald shared anas; in wing (wings) flying; in pifštu: vaikšč'auna; in one (of one, generally) paldista dafZas buvo; blown away in the wind (nothing); studying in one of five; (c) time, e.g. daf visa in senistos susrikko; in ri'tojaus s@ko; in the next evening atais; in dziends (reik'a) trikart dūoce; in thirds sings pasak'ūū; d) a measure, e.g. in dzvičį arklū ažūbrukė (nuvežė); in horse riding; e) quantity, characteristic, e.g.: namai in dzviéi galū; older than four years old; f) an object, e.g.: replace in k arvės; neatais'ū in blinu; turn into oats; (g) purpose, e.g. in abiejū yard four horses; dantū netur'ū, negal'ū in kūno (in the body) pasimc’ (to prepare); šūūk'a in js; h) the place or object of the state or characteristic, e.g. sifgo in pladcu; in ak'ū aklas; in grain too hard, because j6 is not. § 72. The prefix ing(i), meaning mainly "to, at", is used with the suffix i, less often with the noun. More important meanings of ing(i) constructions: a) direction, limit, e.g.: iūig ši kėl'as; skūru: now brought ingi šūlini; neprislais ifigi savi; daūjom ingi api; you can't even drink water; Grandpa- 's baby wasn't there for long. This meaning remains even when one person addresses another, e.g. ana in Gūdz i figi m ani, aš in Lithuanian inūigi jū; I'm going to get you, and you'll look like a pig; b) way, e.g. ūki's ūžmestos ingi šonu; separate, earth, and you also, and you, dumb, and you also; (c) time, e.g. all the springs that the horse has had are gone; I planted a tree, I said that winter would be here; 4 Here there may be a singular beneficiary, not a genitive, cf. § 23, 1. 216 (d) an approximate quantity, e.g. kjöl'o manure (gal) ifigi da kilometer (bus); ifigi pustrdac’o cento gala; depth of two metres; e) belonging, purpose, e.g.: axle already inmgi wheel priguli; ingi broli: Tadarulivirgėla sings. § 73. The prefix iz is used with the noun and indicates: a) the place, object, from where the action originates, takes place, e.g.: from the barn atzuzdegė; atújom from kair'és country; Galš'on was brought from Norvil'sk with the "bažnič"; from ma@&dzo aina, medz’af looks; brother pakéle s @seriiž (from) land; and ladko made (earned) from mdz'o (forest); b) time, e.g.: ataido anksci from rite; from the little day one such; from the beginning there was steam; (c) the cause, e.g. died of senility; d) the way, e.g.: screaming out of all strength; I'll be back soon. § 74. The preposition nuog (pronounced noRk, nuk, nuok) is also used with the noun. It means the following relationships: a) a place, thing or person from which something separates, happens, exists, e.g.: itas brolis liko nog momés; gurūcei (crumbs) crushed noodle table; 12 kilometres; nūok mis nama pink mint; nok kasū atrisé stone; atvoé nok jo vape; can’t see me this: tears:; b) time, e.g.: nūoRk rito marci niéko neveik’a; nūok that time praminé Sepeciné; nūok mazenid acimena; kala all niiok dzvieja throw; c) the cause, e.g.: dziévas Zino, no k6 asidegé; the cow has died of old age; and nok tėvū strokas (fear) and nok kardal dus sarmata; paskávei nok to lietads; d) purpose, purpose, e.g.: nok kosul'o well; she shouts from Ros ul o; e) conditions of affiliation, e.g.: and nog Zmogads prigali; niok viru paaido (depends); f) way, e.g.: vse'os tale from end to end: (from beginning to end) pašnekės; (g) source, origin, e.g. nuog bobūt'u: acimena sekmės; The girl is a vaid given to a naked girl; "Jurgeluvich's mother's surname". $ 75. The prefix pas is used with the suffix and means: a) the place or object where something is going, e.g.: jducis vėlei prikišė nosi pas vandeni; goes to the jacket and the chest; tied at the tvéru; hairs red and tie (apples) at Obelo: ažu koc'ūku:; I went to my son's house; ano went out to the rivers; ana pas Žižmū kaUu: happens; Sit with the birds; at the cashier tied a stone; to the calf' climbed; b) the purpose of the speech, addressing someone, e.g.: klaus'a pas jū vilkas; ask the mochin; waited for 062i; It's all the same whether you're a pac wu or a pau. 217 $ 76. The prefix per is used with the suffix to mean: a) a place where or through which something happens, e.g. per viduri: bales iskinta; beet: sépa per nugget; over mėdzi aina, neraškina, over water —nečebulškina; We need to go through Dzievėniškes; through the fence pdrlindo; ziēdas through papu nulindo dunguhn; ; b) for distance, e.g.: over dpi: and Sabal'ūnai; Okay, here we go. over one: cik valaku'; (c) time, e.g., sleepless nights; d) the way, e.g.: smilgu pdrduré per pus' du. § 77. One of the more archaic prepositions is pie, pi "about, to". It is usually used with a suffix and means: (a) a location, e.g. anos pi’ budifku ZidZa; it's near the house; You're going to God's house. at madzi is; Ana pie kumpu kap davė ir ašūddužė. (b) an approximate quantity, e.g. pie pink'olika būs daiktū; pie pinkas sūsekėm (we followed success); with you six other men; he paid five kopeks; c) time, e.g.: at all-holy: there will be two mates (for a child), at dzvivalandi will fight; d) an object or a person's relationship with a certain object, e.g. pie Orati' (ploughing, time of ploughing) pasakis'u; pie tūos raštūs dudėno pie akéc as medz'aginės dar (I'll tell you); takes care of the work; Good luck at three s@&seris; success at 6Sku; forget about me. $ 78. The prefix po is found with the noun, suffix and suffix of the following values: / a) places, e.g.: apsistabdém (we stopped) even after Riga; one sustains the will'n'u; after the frost it rains; Zaslai under Skaivoniai; The stars under Ureleis; nakvéjo po kampū (outside); palindo po kldono (naud.), combustible; That fish under the winter storms; the calf is singing under the barn; You're gonna have to hit the ground. ani's émé ir pok ituom agli paskavéjo nok to lietaūs (<pog<pogi? according to nok); (b) direction, e.g. aik ti" below left; tr@’as house under the ciėsei; mės paviitom po tuoi pusi (on this side of the border of the republic); (c) time, e.g., people who have died severely after a disease; was ill after childbirth; under the arable pavement; after $I'dbi rasirifiko važ'ūoc' home; d) possessive, e.g.: més left after german (use); we were under Germans; (e) destination, e.g. miš'a after tévdm; rit miš'as under the parent; f) the reason, e.g.: after the elderly (some) deprived. $ 79. The prefix prieg (prig, prik) is used with the noun to indicate: a) a place, e.g. k'aūl'u" migis prik stab'i; slap’ja kur pieg ūpei; the horseradish grows in the ground; b) to a person to whom something happens, e.g.: prieg bdérni sėdasi merga; kok'a buicis prik s&serei; ani's prieg man' duga; the trumpet before the tevamu; (c) quality, e.g. žēmē prik méli; d) way, e.g.: awake still prig darbi. $ 80. The prefix ante (sometimes antei) is used with the adjective in the following meanings: a) time, e.g. before p'jatipadegėm; was jad before ménasi: b) places, e.g. dzifou' (located) prēš kiemu: (village), were called Sédzimas; grazed against me; against me standing. § 81. The prefix pro is used with a suffix mainly to indicate the direction of action: a) through something, e.g. pro sa akis paci išlinddd; through the gates and fled; b) past someone's side, e.g. kėl'as aina pro namaus. 218 į $ 82. The preposition su requires a noun and is used mainly to indicate being together, companion (with various other shades of meaning —communication, opposition, characteristics), e.g.: su mergišti abidzvi būnam; rose wax; jauc'us one su another riša; would like to be su under him; you don't know who Su you're fighting for; su Kaūle su ketur'omi dusimi; pircis su premenėlis. § 83. The prefix za rarely occurs in dialect, for example: jauc'us vienu" with another vis vuodegū už riša. § 84. In dialect, one other construction is used with two prefixes, ir su plg. :: azu: iš "Rap found hair," Britvuaniž až 'o p'jauc'; ir iž au the bush squeaker; iž ažu kumpo „svister'a akmen'u”; after: iš rabbit iš po bush $6k; iš po lébo (sighs) in my eyebrows; po ligpo:like the great : ones used to be; along the inlet of the rafikupalik pėc'o; salig: the edges of the vūnden'o salik; cow salik belly floRa; salik strips of water; Take me to your neck: $ 85. Iš of the newer pronouns the following are more used: apliūk: around the yard: kap pradéi aic'; arci:daf mės arci viėšo ir kėl'o būnam: tarpui (less frequently for medium): Aswklė tarpį mėdz'o; the ground with its own dude; plg. E. Voltaire- 's written example: tarpui kalnu, tarpu lobu černuškele židze 185; viduj viduj : pirk'os vaikas; E. Walter writes: vido ka Ino, vido lobo černuškéles židia, (forms vido ending in place 185 o -ui can have the same origin as vns of masculine nouns. ir beneficiary, see $ 23.1); Viri vir shui mėdz'o dzieška (duonkubilis) : smoke. 219 Outcasts $86. Many phrases that imitate sounds associated with various movements or represent images that occur during an action end with a consonant ¢, sometimes #, e.g. boba c'ūpe' gaidzi" ažū vuodegės; The duck's head and Ivon's alive; anas kišč* nosi' pirk'on; father classc inside buy'os bag:; the creature limps and swirls, limps and plasters, limps and grows, limps and bleaches; gaidūkas 6pc', apc, inlindo lazdon; 'anas srūbe' and acigėrė; azuglosté beautifully and Susc pėc'un. § 87. There are a number of outliers that end with a vowel, a diphthong or another consonant and express sounds of sudden action or imitate the sounds of birds, animals or objects. In the sentence they are usually used in groups, e.g.: avis bė bė in pievos; br'ukū br'ukū tenth sister; anas tep kap gaidzis in finger: vaikšč'ūuna, cap, cap paspūcis, pahirdzis; how much, how much, what I will have; c'ūku, c'ūku gaidz'ūku; c'ūku, c'ūku po pirkūti; jin, jin, jin dargiva; fe, fe, [eé says the goat; the wolf came to the side of the shop and began to blow: fuk, [uk fūk; o John fufrr flew away; gva, gva, žalci, balci, sūko varna; Kof Kof, the cock singing, Bob's chickens eyeing; k'aūle krūk krūk dabėgo ingi ūžuolu:; mda, mua, md, Ivonelis hit, su'nūs and bobos su'nūs sang; - You're a bitch. s1ėpvaršūkas and pargr'ūvo; c'dūū, r'ūū, r'ūū don't sigh, says kaldité; kukū, kuka nine brothers; It's a two-way street. $ 88. Various pronouns in a sentence very often replace a verb; e.g.: rag'ūū bamc'irbame', head on head on the cock has eaten us gaidz'o; ana c'upc cūpe' — dogs; kap ani-s come, palnūosna pl'duks and dance as one razbdini:kai (robbers); one blows a foot and holds it; where you work, where you don't live: c'ūuc' do c'ūpe'; buy'a Raulditu: no moisture; deer wolf: stak, stak lungan; tap tap cake by pifk'u:; father glésc’ lazdėn, late Ivonėlis; the one sticking his head, the fox catching; pikšėč' kap rose and padykė that girl; how naked he is (shot); a girl's plume' to a mouse and never's gone; - That shit's eye and iSvirino; ana Sma k SE pėč'un and mieėgc'e; dzef, dzerf dzef tėvas kaulus dukteri’s pirk’én. Most of the dialect verbs with the suffix -erėti are composed from the singulars, see § 43, 2. As can be seen from the examples, the dialect mainly uses pronouns to represent images and sounds. There are fewer outliers, which convey various feelings, e.g.: man cik smiIkt srcdzin, nie ma dziecka. It should be noted that outtakes are mainly used in folklore. They are more rare in domestic language. 89. "Steel". Emoticons used more frequently in dialect are: a, ai, ajajdi, ak, oi, och, ot; plg.: ai, kap mumi anas nepaciko, t6ks miegulis; oh, so it was hard to live; oh, what a whirlwind; go, get the head of the scourge; ak, tév@li manas, radnasai mūnas; oh, singer-songwriters, hungry, I'm hungry; oh, I've been waiting for you; oh, even a squeaker; oh, we were afraid, old man, the sun didn't shine on us; Buccinus nesvedus 220 aš aš ir i O t. “oh, I wasn’t lucky to d f, live”; dapūsakojo ana; Oh, what a worry. Sometimes the same emoticon is said several du times or repeated several times in a . sentence, e.g.: ai, ai, kap ani's mumi ėdė; oh, oh, you're so sweet; Och, och, dar (now) made the wolf buy'n't ir destroy; you're stumped, a, you're stumped, a, you're a, stumped; ganė, ganė, oi, kap ganė, kap girdė; ot, cinginis, Ot, started cingin'ūoc' oi child; he's, oh, hungry, oh, he's not eating." Sometimes a negative is reinforced by ma a sensor, e.g. nei! ko 0i Don't eat, don't drink. Occasionally, different emoticons are used in du the same sentence, for example: ai, brūngus dziedūkai, oi, mani ganė, nežin'a kas toks. Conclusions $ 90. The Dieveniškiai dialect is important for Lithuanian language science in many respects. Due to its geographical position, as well as for o various historical reasons, not having had closer contact with other Lithuanian dialects for some time, not having experienced su greater influence of the literary language, the Dieveniškiai dialect has retained a considerable number of archaic features, cf. plural forms ir of noun pronouns at the ending su - Yours. (with all three girls); singular forms of masculine nouns in the ending su -o (boba whistles kisk'o); singular ir plural adhesive ir aliative forms su postposition -p(i) (t'ēvip, galoēpi, namopi, ju'sump, mu'sump); adjectives su retained the old accent (the upper, vir'ausa); various remnants of athematic verbs (summer, o tu miegmi); imperative forms formanto be -k-: (kimš vuodegu: upen; aduoj mdn žuvis); sangraziniy verb forms with final accent su (seated, sédaas, found, stood, govés, found, sat, stood, stojotés separate adverbs (ddugės, less ); often ddugėsne; nu'ndi); individual prepositions and constructions jų (ažu m&tu papūmirė; sušlūbo visi arklei ingi pavasari; nuog bobatu acimenam; prie namų bana; anos pic jū budzifku židz'a; k'aūl'u" migis prik tvdrti). For close contact with su Slavs (especially Belarusian, somewhat less Russian ir Polish) languages in the dialect have appeared a number of different hybrids, valuable iš tų languages. In particular, the Slavic languages influenced the verb construction, plg. prepositional verbs (aZusifkc’, praskaicic’) especially verbs ir with secondary preposition pasu (all the boys paapsivedé: old jaap died). aDue to the influence of the Slavic language, separate prepositional ir constructions have emerged (after kaddikšč'amu, still ažu sdules parėjom home; miš'os tėvamu). po The origin of some interesting dialect phenomena is unclear, e.g.: d>g, t>k, plg. ddūg vangenū (water) ira; my cock (uncle) died; D Ėė r221 wept (turned) everything: namu-; good for teeth; pasikiko kėvūnkas ("meets grandfather"). It is the border between the eastern and western parts of the state. The more frequent transformation of the mixed diphthongs am, an, em, en into um, un, im, in makes this dialect closer to the eastern Dzūki. However, there are more phonetic and morphological characteristics that connect the Dieveniškiai dialect more closely with the western Dzūki. 3 JEBSIHHIIKCKHHA roBopP - Hi. - Hi. JIMIICKEHE and A. BUJIYTHPHC Pe3iome B crarbe nanaraioTCA. XapakTepHble OCOGeHHOCTH JHTOBCKOrO TOBOpa, KOTODpklė HaXOJMTCS B CAMOM PROTOBOCTO4uHOM YroJike SūnmnuukcKoro paitona Jlutosckoit CCP B okpecrHOCTAX MecTeuKa ĮleBsnunikec. JlessnumkekHiū JIHTOBCKHI TOBOp TMipHBJIEeKaeT BHHMAHHe S3LIKOBEAOB YXKe Ha NpoTaxeHun 80 ger. Cpeau uccaenosaresieli 3TOro ropopa HAXOJIHJIHCb TaKHe H3BecTHbIe JIHHTBHCTLI, Kak D. Boavtep, K. Byra, II. Apymaa and ap. TMockoabKy JleBSIHHIIKCKHIT JIHTOBCKHA TOBOp HAXOJHTCS Ha OKpaHHe HbIHEW Hell 3THOrpauueckoil TEppHTOpHH JIHTOBCKOTO S13biKa, B HEM COXPAHHJHCH MHOrHe apXaHyecKue oco6GennocTH. Bee nMena HW MecTrOHMEHHA B JlaTeJbHOM GIajleXXe MHOXeCTBeHHOTO UuHCJIa HMEIOT oKOHuaHHe -mu: bro'amu, tomu visumu trimu mergištėmu; seniemu Zmonému. ®opmir My*xkCKOTMO DpOjla AaTeJbHOro nNnajiexa ejitKuHCTBeHHOTO UHCJIa Hapsily C OKOHUAHHeEM -U HMEIOT H OKoHuaHusa -O (beba sūko kiSk’0) unu i B MPeAJOKHBIX KOHCTPyKumsix (cow's salik belly plauk). Huorja eme Berpeuaiotcsi GOpMEl afiecCHBa H aJUISITHBA C nocTno3uuued -p(i): tievip, galėpi, ju: sump, mu: sump. B doabkiaope uapaay ¢ (OpMaMH NOBEJIHTEJNLHOTO HaKJIOHeHHsi aik, bukie Berpeuaotc GopMur 663 cyddukca -k: ad aol man žuvis; kimš vidodegu: apén. Hekotopble Bo3BpaTHbIe TJIaroJibi COXpaHHJIH YJlapeHHe B OKOHUaHHH, Hanp. : sitting, sitting down, stood, cows, standing. 2000. pp. 10. "Tosopy Xapakrtepubl Hapeunsi: ddugės napsany c ddugėsne nu'nai € HeKOTODpbie NpeAJIoru, Kak Hanp. : ažu, dren, ingi, nuog, pie, prieg. JleBannumkckHi JHTOBCKHII rOBOp y»xe jJABHO HAXOJIHTCA B TECHbIX KOHTAKTAX c CJIJABSHCKHMH SI3biKaMH (OcoGenHOo c GejiopyccKHM, MeHee C PYCCKHM, IOJibcKHM), B pe3y/bTaTeé STHX KOHTAKTOB B TOBOpe NMOSIBHJIOCb MHOTO HOBbIX €CJIOB, O6pa30BaHHbIX MO npHMepy CJIABSHCKHX #3biKoB. OcoGenHo $PKO BJHsSIHHE CJAABAHCKOro C/JIOBOO6pa30BaHHsI nposBAsieTcs B Tjarojie, Cp. npHecTaBOuHEIe rjaroJibi (ažusirko', praskaicic'), u ocoGenuo MHOTOUKHCJIEHHbIE (DOpMbI ¢ BTOpHuHON NpHcTaBKORH pa-(paapsivedė, paisigafido, papamiré. [Ton FYROM; HHEM CJAABSHCKHX H5i(3bIKOB B TOBODpe MOABHJNCH H HEKOTOpbie MpejįjIOxxHbIe KoHeTpyKuun (cp. after kaddikšč'amu, after ouremu; still ažu sdules parėjaū home; miš'os potėvamu). Kpome Toro, roBopy xapakTepHbi cB0eoGpasHbhie (hOHETHUECKHe SBJIEHHA, IIpOHCXOXneHHe KOTODbIX ele He ycTAHOBJIEeHO, cp. d>g nu 1>Rk nepen ruacHhbiMH TnepejiHero psaa: dankelei (teeth), gėgė (uncle), pasikiko kėvūkas (met dad), vangen'o (water). 1 Ha ocnoBanHH ABOAKOro npousHoulenusi AH(TOHrHYECKHX CcOueTAaHHA am, an, em, en (kak am, an, em, en u kak um, un, im, in) JIeBSAHHIIKCKHII roBop CJEJyeT CUHTaTh nepeXOAHBIM TOBOPOM Mey 3anaiHo-A3YKCKAMH H BOCTOUHO- -3YKCKHMH JHAJEKTaMH JIHTOBCKOTO FI3BIKA. 222