Latvių kalbos poveikis palatvės vakarų aukštaičių šnektų gramatinei sandarai

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATIC S A N. D-A R A LTE UV LOS TSR MOKSLY AKADEMIJA THE IMPACT OF THE LATVIAN LANGUAGE ON THE GRAMMATIC CONVENTION OF THE WESTERN PALATVIAN HIGH LATINIANS A. JONAITYTĖ The Lithuanian and Latvian languages, being closely related, have many things in common: words, morphological forms, syntactic constructions, etc. Especially the Lithuanian dialects on the border of the Latvian SSR have many similarities with Latvian. In addition to the old commonalities, there are also various kinds of Latvian borrowings acquired during long intercommunication. Although, in general, the process of communication and borrowing is essentially more or less similar in all dialects of Palatine Lithuanian, in each of them it also has its own characteristic features, because both the breadth of communication and the strength and nature of the influence of the Latvian language are not the same everywhere. This article attempts to examine how the Latvian language has been influenced by the dialects of the North-West Highlands! and the reasons for this relatively strong impact. Since it is not possible to cover both vocabulary and grammatical borrowings in a short article, we will focus on the general causes of the influence of the Latvian language and discuss the more pronounced morphological and partly syntactical and phonetic Latvianness, as well as certain tendencies in the development of the aforementioned dialects due to the influence of the Latvian language. The examination of both lexical and grammatical Latvian borrowings is greatly complicated by the fact that it is far from always possible to find a precise and strict boundary that separates individual borrowings from the old commonalities of the same speakers with the Latvian language. On the other hand, there are also cases when it is almost impossible to determine whether a particular word and grammatical form is a loan from the Latvian language, but only from the adjacent iš Lithuanian dialects, ar for which iš the word form is an old common denominator in the Latvian language, ar since, as already mentioned, both the su common denominators and the borrowed ones in the individual palatine Lithuanian dialects vary considerably. In such to ambiguous cases, the article tries to provide as much available material as possible, but usually abstains from a decision. ! Thai Joniškio r. Skaistgirio ir Zagare district, Šiauliai r. Gruzdžių, Šakynos ir Šiupylių neighborhoods ir Akmenės r. Snickers from the neighbourhood. 171 The borrowers can come in two ways: through written ir language ar during direct indirect linguistic contacts from mouth to mouth. The first case is not typical for our subjects. The Latvian language could hardly get into these conversations through writing, because Latvian books were not widespread in their area, and Latvian was not present in the Lithuanian printed materials that were read more widely. Some borrowings, especially of vocabulary, have entered into this dialect through indirect contact — through neighbouring Highland or Zemgale dialects, but the majority — directly from neighbouring Latvian dialects, with which direct contact was very strong. Living nearby Latvian (until recently called Kuršu by local people), the inhabitants of the area of descriptive dialects more or less communicated with Latvians. That communication has not always been equally intense. For example, after the annexation of Lithuania to the Russian Empire, there was no state border between Lithuania and Latvia, and the inhabitants, especially after the abolition of punishment, could communicate freely. There have been various occasions for this communication. First of all, common markets, fairs in nearby Riga and Žagarė, which, until the construction of the Joniškis railway, was a fairly large trading point in northern Lithuania. Furthermore, not a small part of the landlords of these schenks had manors in Latvia, and some Latvian landlords — in the area of the descriptive schenks. Therefore, there was a kind of movement of manor workers from Lithuania to Latvia or vice versa. In addition, mostly after the abolition of the penalty, many Lithuanians from this area went to serve larger Latvian farmers or went to work in Latvian cities — Riga, Mintauja (Jelgava) and others. After the establishment of the bourgeois states of Lithuania and Latvia, this free communication was somewhat restricted, because a state border appeared, which required more formalities to cross. But even then, many Lithuanians from this region were hired by larger Latvian farmers and lived in Latvia for a longer period of time. Since Lithuania and Latvia became Soviet republics, there is no longer a closed border between them, and communication is no longer restricted by anything, so now there is a particularly increased movement of people from Latvia to Lithuania and especially from Lithuania to Latvia: from Lithuania to Latvia people go to the nearby large industrial centres, and partly also to the collective farms and Soviet farms. Because of this wide-ranging communication with Latvians, most of the representatives of the descriptive dialects understand, and many speak, Latvian well. In addition to the communication “across the border”, in the area of these dialects, especially in individual parts of it, lived a considerable number of Latvians whose language has influenced the local dialects “from within”, i.e. they communicated daily with their Lithuanian neighbors and also brought something of their own to their language. Individual Latvian farms were scattered throughout the area of the descriptive schnekts, and larger Latvian “islands” have been around the villages of Šakyna, Žarėnai-- Latveli, Girkančiai, Kyburiai, Auksučiai, etc. At present, these “islands” have almost been assimilated by Lithuanians mainly through mixed marriages. It should be noted that the members of such mixed families are usually bilingual – they speak both Latvian and Lithuanian equally well. It appears that ships began to be built in the area of these villages in the second half of the 18th century, but most of them were built in the 19th century. After the partition of Lithuania and Poland, many of the 172 manors in this area, especially the former royal manors of feudal Lithuania, eventually passed to the Tsar’s nobles – the German landlords of Kurzeme, who owned the main manors in Latvia: Bukaiči (Bukaiši), Kalno muiža (Kalnamuiža), Medžio muiža (Mežamuiža), Elėja (Elėja) and others. The people of these Curonian manors had to constantly travel to their masters’ manors in Lithuania for work, and many of them settled on the lands belonging to these manors for longer periods as forest guards, field workers, manor overseers, householders, craftsmen, etc. Many of these people eventually settled here and became permanent residents. Their development was particularly intensified when some of these estates were sold by plots. How much in it In the land of 19 a. Lithuania in the end lived Latvians, it can be decided iš A. Bylenstein- 's data. He writes that Šiauliai Lutheran Parish of Kaunas Governorate su with its three large branches — Alkiškiai, Zagare, Joniškis belong to — believers?, 10.000 indicates ir that they are mostly recent settlers*. Where such a Latvian colony was older and larger, there remained not only various otherwise borrowed, but smaller toponyms. ir Plg. ir still alive today Names of parts of the forest: dAdZules ~ Affidziulés, plg. lat. personal name Angus; Circin ~ Circiniškės, plg. lat. Circus circenis ‘spindle’; ma-lines ~ Malinės, plg. lat. mala, raspberry "edge, edge, edges", or, perhaps, malene ‘salpusnis’ ir etc. Similar Latvian toponyms are found ir elsewhere, e.g. in the part of the forest Mantēriķi (link) name expired ~ Nilaikis, plg. lat. nelaikis "dead man, dead man". The language has been influenced by the phonetics of the descriptive dialects. The most obvious example of this effect is the accent that only in isolated cases is removed from the middle of the first syllable of the word, e.g.: girkančei į ~ Girkafičiai (village), gudri'be ~ trickery, nėlaime ~ misfortune", the || world worldle ~ world, -ė, Zagare Žagūrė, ~ less frequently: ~ kėpure kepūrė, ~ mérgele mergėlė, ~ vi‘relis vyrélis. It can also be mentioned that, in addition to various factors of ty the development of the ir iš own šnekti, the influence of some of the o neighboring Žemaičių dounininky, ir in individual cases of the šnekti of the dušininkai, borrowed into the Latvian language ir through the corresponding lexical communities, seems to help strengthen the clear tendency of the investigated šnekti to broadly generalize short accented vowels. a ir e instead of I'm going. elongated, e.g. abre "pan-shaped bread bowl", amac, atmatas ‘abandoned, uncultivated soil’, plot (greta gabals), talented ‘none. kojos“, lakac "large wool scarf", ferret ‘ferret’. Finally, although very rarely, there are individual truly Lithuanian words in which the mixed diphthong an has changed exactly as in Latvian, for example, about Skaistgiris, Sakyna, Žagarė uses the name of the molar tooth garuokštinis dantis, next to the adjacent normal-shaped molar tooth. * A. Bielenstein, Die Borders of the Latvian of the people and the Latvian Language in of the Present and future im 13 1st century, St. Petersburg, 1882, p. 4. 3 Idem, p. 5. * May be ir "Zmaitybe, plg, Kuršėnų nélaimi". 173 tinis dentis®. This phenomenon is undoubtedly related to Latvian, but it is not clear whether it can be explained as a direct result of the phonetic influence of that language, or, perhaps more correctly, as a kind of natural trace of the transition of the Latvian an isogloss into the northern dialects of Lithuanian. The Latvian language has had a greater influence on the morphology of these dialects, especially on word formation. Not without the influence of the Latvian language, the suffix -šena || -šenas (for conjugated nouns usually -šenos) for verb nouns has emerged in the dialects of the West, as well as in the adjacent dialects of the middle Highlanders (e.g., Joniškis) and the Žemaičių mudininkai (Kuršėnai). suffixes -imas, -sena, e.g.: ant riSenas (for rolling "wrestling") tėip isimiklines, ka baisu; in the afternoon, they will make a landing at the crossroads of Dilb; gėršeanas (drink) prė' ano" nebūdd'va; I even cried out of it“ žviekSena (for that glow) Sk; first night —not guléSena (sleeping, sleeping) Zg; o“ on d'rkle jo'Sens (riding) —dulkt, dúlkt as much as horse's ga'l as a'mals & je, to ju čišens (walking) būva! Kyb; gdlvo's piston (spinning) dr td'm moé-ki-ta'm to a man (a trained man also has to spin his head) Darg; šėndie jau nėbeišeis važūošena (driving); swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow and swallow Well, what's that for bld'usti'šeno's! Shkn. Plg. lat. biti „being“, giving "giving", searching "going". The skeletal remains are relatively well-preserved, but the skeletal bones are not quite as well-preserved. Most of them are found on the Latvian border and in places where more Latvians have lived (Kyburiai, Sakyna, Girkančiai, etc.). LK. and in the adjacent Žemaičių dounininkų dialects (Akmenė, Vegeriai) used suffixes -sena the now studied dialect almost does not have: it occasionally occurs only in the western edge of that area. Having in mind the relatively large area of spread of the suffix -šenal||-šenas and its abundance, it might be possible to assume that it is not a pure loanword in descriptive dialects, but that it could have arisen by identifying the Latvian suffix -šana with some Lithuanian suffix, probably -sena, and generalizing it everywhere as -šena. Its adjacent masculine form -fens may have arisen from the analogy of the parallelly used suffix -imas, which has the same meaning. It is true that the suffix -sena is also used in the dialects of the south-western Highlanders (Vilkaviškis, Pilviškiai, etc.), but there its origin and, it seems, its meaning are different- .” Due to the influence of Latvian, the suffix -(i)ninks ~ -ininkas of these dialects sometimes acquires the meaning of the Lithuanian suffixes -iškis, -ietis, e.g.: dūobelnivks "the inhabitant of a pit" (mė“s būvo'm nuvažū've* pas tuos dūobelniokus Žg), ėlinioks "the inhabitant of Elėja" (čė gi'vėūūna lū'tvei élininkai 5 This unusual form of the word is also used in some other Highland dialects, usually northern ones. See. Dictionary of the English Language, vol. III, London, 1956, p. 6 J. Senkus, Pazanavykio kapsy tarmė, phil. m. kand. disert., typography, VVU Scientific Library manuscript, 1955, p. 209. ią Kyb), tarbū'čnioks „Tarbūčių k. gyventojas“ (ana: vis po“ vūrdu Sauk tie tarbū'čninokai Dilb), vegé'rninks „Vegerės apylinkės gyventojas“ (vegé'rninkai da' daugau laivioj ir ūž mums Škn); ri'ginioks „Rygos gyventojas“ (ldrukam, ga'l, sd'ko'm, mūsu riginiokai ši: mé-nesi parvafuos ant aplanku Skn). "D.I.C.E.R.", "D.I.C.E.R.", "D.I.C.E.R.", "D.I.C.E." For the Latin suffix (i)nieks for the representatives of these dialects is the equivalent of their own suffix (i)ninks, cf. borrowed words: da'ržinioks, lat. ddrznieks; masinikns „motorist- “, lat. machinist, etc. At least a dozen verb nouns with the suffix -iens have come from Latvian into these dialects, roughly corresponding to the Lithuanian suffix -imas, e.g.: bė:lziens "strong blow" —lat. belziens ‘t. p.“, dū'riens „puncture, puncture“ —lat. stitch ‘t. p.“, grū'diens „strong pushing“ —lat. In their example, although very rarely and randomly, with this suffix new words hybrids are made, e.g.: spit'riens,spyris, spyrimas““ (nei'raus tik gréitai pro _duris lauka, ka negd'unu ir aš ko'ke viena spi'riena Skn). The influence of the Latvian language must probably also explain the unusual use of verb prepositions in individual cases. For example, the prefix nusu in the verb duoti is sometimes used instead of the usual prefix įar ati-, e.g.: a jau dovanavei vilnas i karši'kla? It's time for crochet, give it to crochet, and it won't ripen! Skn. The prefix pasu with the verb nykti occasionally occurs instead of the usual izor pra-, e.g. jau tie dviračei gréitai pani'ks Sk. In this case, the prefix itself, it seems, has been created by analogy with the Latvian pagaist “to disappear, fade away”. The influence of Latvian pamukt "run away, escape" can also be explained by the frequent use of the prefix with the verb smukti "run away, escape" instead of the more usual out-, e.g.: dždušaus tiktai pasmūkus pati Auks. There is also the not so rare use of the prefix with certain verbs instead of the usual prefixes to indicate the duration of the past or present, e.g.: gėrra valanda nūbuvau pas karves, parėjau — o" dans dda tebesė'dž; for a long time nuld'ukei, needéje sėnei būlbes nukaisi, see, what burned; so we slept, until the ninth ma-Sina passed! Skn. Plg. lat. nogaidit "to wait, to pass", nogulet,praspagoti, praguleti®. Sometimes in these Snektos there is a non-significant pronoun kas nabii't(u) "someone", made with the particle ne@but(u), and in very rare cases with bū't(u), e.g.: vailgi'k a mėsos, a kopistw, a ko" nebūtu Skn; ans čūpt ig.vali, a višta, a ka biū'ttai, téip i vaktė" (tykoja) Zg; Well, if I didn't say it, I'd say it all: açaki'i Kyb. Sometimes adverbs are made with this particle: as nebirt(u), kar nabi‘t(u), e.g. usisédes pérsis as nebiitai Kyb; "Kje si ti" "batu" ar ant aukšta, a kamd-ro-, a kūr nebiet Skn. However, should such use of the particle not or not be considered Slavism (cf. Russian uro-HHOy/lb, KaK-HHOY/IL), or Latvianism (cf. lai duod uguni, which means “let him give fire, or something”; in the sauna krasns and still where 175 not "on the sauna stove and somewhere else""), or the characteristic of the talks themselves,— it is not clear. The cases examined so far have been the result of the influence of the Latvian language in the form of borrowing. However, sometimes the influence of that language is also manifested in the fact that iis only helps some old ones to survive in those conversations or encourages new trends in the language that are close to Latvian. For example, those šnektas have adjective suffix -ainis, -ė, very close to the Latvian suffix -ains, -a. Words with this suffix in descriptive šnektas are very few: akuotdinis, -e, ašakūnis, -e, dri'žainis, -e, langdinis, -e, lingdinis, -e (about birch), margainis, -e, sé'lendinis, -e (about bread, flour) and a few others. Almost all of them have correspondences in Snektos with other, many times gajesné, neighboring dialects and lk. -uofas, -a, -otas, -a, -étas, -a etc., e.g.: ašakūoc, -uota, dri'žūoc, -uota, langūoc, -uota, žo'lė'c, ir -ė*ta. The derivatives of these more abundant suffixes might have already completely displaced the few words of the suffix -ainis, -ē, if they were not supported by Latvian borrowed words, e.g.: kdburainis, "branched, belted (tree)" jų —lat. keburains, -a ‘t. p.“, miglas, -a (dd td'ks miglas O'rs Dam) —lat. 1999. "A.S.D., A.S.D., A.S.D., -e A.S.D., A.S.D., A.S.D., A.S.D., A.S.D.". pinkains, -a ‘t. p.“, stri-painis, -e „striped, -a“ —lat. In addition, not only direct lexical borrowings, but also the fact that in Latvian the preposition -ains, -a is extremely active helps this suffix to survive. Therefore, for the representatives of descriptive dialects who know more or less Latvian, and such are the greater majority, it reluctantly associates with its suffix -ainis, -ė, preventing the latter from completely “aging” and disappearing. In the present time, there is a clear tendency to noun the passive type of present tense participants (usually male) or adjectives derived from them in the West Palatine Highlander dialects. Such nouns usually denote a tool, e.g., for durams "a blade with which to pierce", istempas "a device to maintain the uniform width of the woven fabric", spd'ujams "absorbing paper", $d'unams "with which to shoot: a rifle revolver", uštrd'ukam "a zipper". ir ar In this case, the participle displaces the demonstrative noun and one takes over the entire name of the object. Thus instead of spd'udžams po'piefus, šd'unams dda'ike eventually, after adding a participle, spd'udžams, šd'unams and so on appear. A similar phenomenon is observed only with noun forms of participants in Lithuanian literary language, e.g.: miegamasis, valgomasis (kambarys). ir However, in descriptive speech, it seems to be further encouraged by the Latvian ir analogy and corresponding lexical borrowings, since nouns of this origin, although derived mainly from nominative forms, are also characteristic of Latvian, e.g.: metamais “stick, belt (with which to beat)”, nmęsamais “burden, what is carried; stairs”. The most obvious word-changing Latvian is the occasional vns of masculine nouns. noun ending in -am or -imš*: 7 ME, vol. I, p. 360. 8 That such morphological borrowings are possible ir in other palative highland dialects, shows Lithuanian language atlas material. For example, the same Latvian vns. the noun is used for finger, šūnis, vi'ras, e.g.: padarei 176 ta'pirštam? ka a per cell &5i? Skn. : td-m vi'ram bidė's voice (Crackling) Tdi o meo'terei piss, piss — Žg. Plg. lat. We're going, we're going. Probably Latvyja considered ir sometimes in these western Highlands, o even more often in the neighboring palace of Zemgalių dounininkų Vegerių ir The words in the phrases are the same as those in the sentences. final forms with what, with what, e.g.: tir bici very good man, who does that Skn; Whatever you say, it's all right. ba (none); What's up with me? ? Krp. Plg. lat. ko, to. Only, judging by the spread of iš tų the forms only to the Žemaičių border, it is possible to assume that the area of its descriptive Vysokiai dialects will have come į simply Latvian language, through the already mentioned Žemaičių ne dounininkų iš palate dialects. In descriptive verbs next to o the permissive forms made by the particle regu(|) su (e.g., let(l) work), occasionally ir still occurring old forms (e.g., teatimie, tepašūntie), as in all ir neighbouring dialects, forms made with the particle lai lei are very ir widely used, e.g.: lai dara, su lei sūka. || This is the common su form of the adverb in Latvian, plg. lat. lai ėd „tegu eats“, to strudū "let it work". Be therefore, in these highland dialects there is a clear tendency of the su forms lai lei || to fluctuate. This, by the be way, is indicated by the su appearance of forms with contamination particle legu(l) (e.g., laegu(l) va'lga) lai lei joining to ir the old || permissive clause form instead of te-, e.g.: lai birnie, lei dainūojie, lai die. & This tendency, be influenced by tų the internal laws of development of the ir speakers themselves and by the influence of the neighbouring Lithuanian dialects, is ir indirectly supported by Latvian, where the permissible forms of the su consonant lai are the only ones. Another case of the same kind is occasionally in the area of these.schnekt (about Šakynas, Auksučiai, Dilbinai, Dameliai) in the ending of certain forms of regressive verbs su -ies next to regular forms su -is, -ys. Limb -ies sometimes have future tense Third person singular (e.g., diarrhea) „dirbsis“), the person of the imperative II (e.g., rotational speed) “Sukis”), the names of both genera of all-time active species participants (e.g.: vėda'sies „wedąsis“, juookenties „laukiantis“, . sake'sies „sakęsis“, vėsenties „vesiantis“), half-parts (e.g., dauži'dam,drsies „daužydamasis“), participles (e.g., swirling “spinning”). In the neighboring dialects such forms are not used. In some of the neighboring Žemaičių dounininkų talks, it jų seems, sometimes occurs, plg. iš The following forms are used in the area of Klykoliai: acetū'pos; ėis ‘retreated’ (acetu'pos,eiis 10p,0), with mushrooms ‘movusis’ (Are you tu a bolb?) (cow) our cows e batvįėnįjės)?. Other than the personal forms of imperative verbs of II unclear origin (e. g. : nėšči's, véski's, plg. present tense II personal forms su -ys: vedi's vedys), in ~ the adjacent Žemaičių mudininkų eastern Highlands about Žeimelis, but here much more extensively (plg. D. Texts by 1960 m. Gargasaitė, Rg. No. 607). Biržų r. The Latvian dgs is widely used in the surroundings of Kuldīga. forms of adjectives, e.g.: su soldatem "with soldiers", su those wars "With those wars", old money "Old money" (see section 4.4). I. Texts 1961 m. written by Jašinskaitė, Rg. 706). 9 See. A. Milkintaitės 1961 m. Texts written for the Lithuanian language atlas, Rg. No. 689. 12, There is no grammar structure 177 of jų Lithuanian in conversations! ?. However, in some distant dialects of Lithuanian, such regressive forms do occur. In Latvian, the ending is normative. Since in descriptive speeches the ši ending -ies is rare, it has almost no neighbouring Lithuanian dialect, it is not known in literary language at all, so in these conversations ji it might be already disappearing ir if it were not supported by ji Latvian language. ir O that the Latvian language in this case does have an influence, is shown by the fact that the forms of conjugative verbs su -ies is most widely used by those people who often speak Latvian. ir Almost all of the descriptive dialects, with the exception of Gruzdžių district on the southern edge, are characterized by the use of the masculine singular local form of the pronoun fas instead of the feminine singular form vns. local forms, e.g. to' darfiné tame ir daržinė" Kyb; 10° "Jdrujė', 16° priepirté ir tame rūštinė', tame vančė'lo" (in a tub) Sk; to" kakto, to" kite', to" virtūvė" tame ba'lo", ir tame lietuvo" (Lithuania), tame ri'go' (Riga) Zg; In that place, he worked in that ir hole, in that diner. Skn; the shelter on that side ir Gold; tėmi vietuo, tami ja'ujuo Krp. Be to, about Kruopius ir Saying, probably because of the pronoun analogy, instead of the feminine gender are used some other pronouns even ir numerals masculine singular local forms, e.g.: ar šėme trd'bo', šėm pūsė', aname vago', vienam I'm here. In some cases, even the pronoun of an adjective is used in this way, e.g. piens tam kanūkie (~kaniukéje "in a bottle") mažamėjjie Krp. The same phenomenon can be observed in ir all the neighbouring (Kuršėnai, Papilė, Akmenė, ir Vegeriai, o etc.), as well as in the ir more distant dialects of Žemaičių dūnininkai and dounininkai: Since this use of the pronoun that male singular local form is found even near Lydaven! ', it seems that there will be some Latvianness here, probably ne an independent o fact of the development of some Lithuanian dialects, only coinciding with the Latvian language. su However, in the descriptive Altay dialects, the prevalence of the singular masculine pronoun tas in the local form, as shown by its more frequent use closer to the Latvian border, may be encouraged by the neighboring Latvian dialects (Zaleniekai, Mežamuiža, etc.), in which the demonstrative pronouns fas, ta, šis, the singular local ir forms tani, šini are common to the masculine and maternal genders!?. The syntax of ir these Altay dialects has not escaped the influence of Latvian language. ši ir ir ir This is shown by some peculiar cases of use of certain syntactic constructions of ir individual prepositions, particles. The more characteristic are listed here. iš jų ir Iš prielinksniy mainly Latvian language affected is no" “from” use. First of all, the no“ constructions are worth mentioning, ir for example, kūkne, musė't, no’ paties ta vė'lne: rū'kt riūkst, dari'k nedares i ka ‘and see 10 V. Vitkausko 1955 m. ir 1958 m. The Lithuanian language atlas material, Rg. No. 233 ir 446. 1 Based on the material of the Lithuanian language atlas. 12 J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Riga, rykla, 1951, p. 527—529. 178. tur būt, velnio (duota) apsēsta: dari, ko gribi, rūksta un tik" (in Latvian) Škn: plg. lat. nu ta aita jau un no pasa vella "no, the sheep is already possessed by the devil itself" (inscribed near Šakyna). Sometimes there are constructions with no", meaning the actor, e.g., laidas nutra'uktas no' to" graustine „grūdis nutraukęs laidus“ Dilb; "Not to be confused with the phrase: "Not to be confused with the phrase: "Not to be confused with the phrase: ""Not to be confused with the phrase: ""Not to be confused with the phrase:""- ". Occasionally the prefix no is used instead of lk. and the usual phrases, such as: what no" to'ke ti'"laus zmd'gaus! What do you want from us, our young man? Sk; no' to's a bunch like i knew, but the voice's still differentgi 's Skn; plg. lat. ej Get off my eyes! "go my iš eyes"; who from that macities "what to learn from him?" from-acim only know, who bij barga mates meita'* "I already knew by iš the eyes, who was a strong mother." In very rare cases, no is used instead of the usual ape. "about", e.g. I don't know no' té'ke Dilb; plg. lat. ne I'm sleeping, ne I'm working, I'm not afraid of you “I can neither aš sleep nor work, thinking about you*!”5. Sometimes su no* occurs in such ir constructions, probably due to the influence of Latvian, such as: jiūokuos dė'des: skuūndžes iš d "lfonsui no" kd'lve "complains to Alfons the blacksmith" Iš from the Latvian language ir came such a fairly widely used construction in these conversations no’: su ak tu parsas no' kid, pulls all — his lips in the middle of i the trē"bo's i leaves "it's a silly kid..." ; tdi biesas no' bé'bas: the tongue su itself is thrown, the tongue itself is thrown back "it's a crazy bob..." Skn; ė, sprūogena nuo pūrša: I don't know, I'm ka not sure. i "e, two-year-old pig..." Krp. Plg. lat. devil from woman "it's the devil's woman®, titars from the great "it's a turkey boy" !*. Aiškiai latvių iš kalbos atėję neretai sutinkami ir sustabarėję pasakymai no“ dieva pūses "for God's sake," no" ri'ta pouses "morning", e.g.: no" god half only tu su You're a fool! no ri‘ta puses sveika, aš viskas gerai, pavd'ikščo'ju nieka o° nébagalu tiek — i Skn. Plg. Latvian expressions with the same meaning: dieva puses; no Rita's side. no Su prefix par "per" most commonly used phrases par lūime „lucky, fortunately“, par nėlaime „unlucky, unfortunately“. They describe in a certain way the circumstances accompanying the action, e.g. : Sindie būva karve nusitrd'ukus, ale par lūime gréit pamačau Cloth; Everything is already over, like a witch's luck, and she's back on the stick. ta i iš Skn. Plg. the same meaning Latvian sayings par laimi, par nelaimi". Occasionally the preposition par is used instead of the usual about in constructions denoting the object to which the action of the sentence is directed, e.g., į '8 J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, Riga, 1951, p. 663. M ME, II, t. p. 755. 1 Ibid., II, t. p. 756. '6 Ibid., II, t. p. 756. 7 ME HI, p. "85. 12* 179