Nominatyviniai sakiniai

IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMATINE SANDARA ERIE T" UV OS TSR MYO TRS LMI A ROAD E MT JA NOMINAL SENTENCES V. LABUTIS § 1. In the works of Lithuanian language syntax, nominative sentences have only been discussed recently'. Now it is necessary to examine more broadly the structure tų of sentences in Lithuanian language, their meanings ir and usage?. $2. Nominatives are monosyllabic sentences made up of a iš noun and the noun of ar another word used as a noun (one ar su certificate), which says that the thing phenomenar on is, exists, about it is announced, jį reported, į jį indicated. Nominative sentences are iš distinguished from other sentences by specific features of expression, content and function. It is worthwhile to look at these features more broadly. 1) Nominative sentences, like other ir monosyllabic sentences, have one main sentence member, which generally does not coincide with either the subject or the predicate of the binomial su sentence. su ! In the Lithuanian language, the term "nominative ir sentences" has not yet settled. J. Žiugžda ir P. Gailiūnas, Lithuanian Language Grammar, II, Syntax (Experimental Textbook), Kaunas, 1964, p. 53, where it speaks about ‘noun sentences’, ir J. Balkevičius, Syntax of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1963, p. 146 (here is the section "Nominative sentences". Russian language syntax works next to the term «HOMHHATHBHbIE Npeji/10xkeHHs> occurs ir "Ha3biBHbIe Mpe/tjI0xeHHa>, plg. A. H. I'm gonna go, CoBpemennsiii kidkuii siai, II, Mocksa, 1958, p. 80. ? There is no consensus in general linguistics on the notion of nominative sentences jų and their distinction from the equivalents of binary ir sentences. ir In particular, the question of the syntactic functions of the nominative sentence's main word is discussed. 3 The main member of the nominative sentence is now not linked to either the su binary sentence factor or the predicate in one of the su Russian ne works on syntax of ir other languages, cf. : Tpam1999. pp. 2. "MathKa pycckoro T. si3bIKA, II, Cmurakcue, uw. II, msn-so AH CCCP, Mocxsa, 1960, p. 55; H. C. Baaruua, JĮ. E. Posentab, M. H. Oonnna, B. B. Ilanykenuu, CospeMeHHbili pyccKHH s35IK, H3JL 2nd, Mocksa, 1964, p. 346; B. H. BopkoBckuii II, Ky3kenos, C. Herophnueckas rpaMMarukKa pycckoro s3bika, Mocksa, 1965, p. 429; B. II. 1998-1999 Red-headed aphids, Homunarupubie npejuioxenHA B COBPEMEHHOM DpyCCKOM s3bike, "YueHele 3anuekHu KHUIHHEBCKOTO rocjiaperBenHoro yHuBepcuTera», T. 60 (Ounzojiornuecknū), Kumunes, 1959, p. 76; B. II. lll and rosa, CeManTHueckHe THNB HOMHHATHBHBIX TpeJIOXKeHHH B "COBpeMeHHOM pPYCCKOM s3biKe, «YueHble 3anuck# CaparosBckoro rocyjgapecrBenHoro nejgarornueckoro HHCTHTYTA», Bein. 17, Caparos, 1955, p. 258—259: Modern Latvian Literary Language Grammar, II, Syntax, Riga, 1962, p. 479, 488, Many named) tą —Andrius 117 "Autumn. And what will be more, if the summer green has passed. MontvR I 134. Evening. The sun is about a good inch above the ground. SimonNTP 164. Sometimes the principal member of a nominative sentence resembles a binary verb (a) or a noun adverb (b) (for this reason, see this paragrafo 3). pha) Answer quickly and loudly so that the deaf can hear. Kie kvieno vardas, pavardė. Family stuff. Address.- ... SruogDM 50. O twists, twists!.. atminti malonu.. MairRR I 56. Varnelis? “What?” the editor asked. "Yes," said the boy happily... Venc1GD 278. In the first sentences (a) the nouns, although they have a connection with the conjunct of the adjacent sentence, are said in a separate, complete intonation, and it is important to use them first to name the object. In the other case (b) the nominative is used to say the name of the object (person) and to ask about what is implied by the situation or context. The latter is the name of the nearby village. However, even in this case, it does not have the intonation of a single sentence part, but of the whole sentence. With regard to the nominative sentence, A. Sachmatov’s words that “the principal member of a mononomial sentence can be formally compared with either a predicate or a preposition, but, of course, it is necessary not to forget that such a “preposition” differs from the predicate of a binominal sentence in that it raises both the figurative of the preposition and the predicate”* have not ceased to be relevant. Thus, the main member of a nominative sentence can only be compared with the substantive or predicate relatively®. 2) The main member of the nominative sentence is the noun of the noun or the noun of another word (number, pronoun). This distinguishes these sentences from incomplete sentences made up of other noun verbs. (In a certain context, any syllable of a noun can be a separate incomplete sentence.) 3) The principal member of a nominative sentence has a nominative-active function. ninko has been considered a verbal, e.g., A. M. Ilemkonscerniū, Pycekniū cuurTakKcHec B HayuHOM ocBelleHHH, #3. 7-0e, Mocksa, 1956, and is sometimes called simply the factor, cf. A. T. Py nunes, Cuurakcnc coBPeMEHHOTO pycckoro s3bika, Mocksa, 1963, p. 44. In the works on Lithuanian language syntax, the main word of the nominative sentence is sometimes also considered a factor. J. Žiugždair P. Gailiūnas, min. ill., p. 53. “A A. llaxmarTtos, CuHTakcHC little sisbika, Ham. 2, Jlenunrpan, Vunenrus, 1941, p. 30. 5 While recognizing the singularity of the nominative sentenceSkuma, some linguists still consider its principal member in some cases as a factor, in others as an adverb, cf. E.M. T auaKHHa-OejnopyKk, K. B. Topmkosa, H. M. Ilanckuii, Cospemenusit pycckuii s3bIK, Cunrakcuc, Mocksa, 1958, p. 127. The function of the principal member of a nominative sentence is sometimes differentiated in Lithuanian language syntax works, cf. J. Balkevičius, min. ill., p. 148—149. 118 The sentence does not have this function when the noun constituent is connected to the corresponding parts of the previous sentence by a clear substantive or noun conjunction (see this $ 1). And who will give you the land? Gentlemen? For what will the Lord give you the land? Myk-PutS I 43. You're something else. You are a gentleman. A big man. 39th. And then it was night. Dark, Salta winter night. SimonOBT 7. These are kinds of incomplete sentences. They also differ from nominative sentences in their intonation. 4) The main member of the nominative sentence may have notes. However, in these sentences it is always important to emphasize the very existence of the object or phenomenon, rather than to raise its characteristic. Sentences of similar structure, in which the attributes of the object are emphasized, are not nominative but binary, because the attributive word is a preposition, and the noun is a factor. Nominative sentences: Selected, light snacks, sweets, liqueurs, strong, black coffee. At first Irena only enjoyed snacks... VaižgRR II 93. It's late afternoon. The wind blows the cloud rags, through which the sun shines warmer and warmer. AvyzZLZ 59. Binary sentences: Crazy day! Marta Kareiviene could not name it any other way. VenclGD 28. "New trees, new cutters," said Antanas Cinokas. ZemR II 70. Sometimes a noun that extends a nominative sentence may have a connotation of circumstance or circumstances (a), but there cannot be clear words of the tarsal group (substantives or circumstances) here, because they obscure the nominative function of that sentence (b). a) Parks. River. Flowers in the meadow. The time of college... wine, husband, his friends, Adele's balance was being upset. TilvR 11 112. Here, in this notebook, all his greatness is pasted. A few printed lines about the success of sowing. It was the first drop in the cup of glory, which was still empty at the time. Correspondence about corn. This is the second drop, which he then swallowed sweetly... AvyZZLZ 226. b) There is quiet silence in the chapel. The voverélé, jumping into the thicket, whispers twigs. ZemR II 323. Near noon, the sun is moving south. KrēvAP 72 "Here is a letter for you," said the steward. ZemR II 334. The latter (b) sentences are not nominative, although they resemble them slightly. 5) The nominative function of the sentence does not require to state clearly the time of the object or phenomenon, but the content of such a sentence is usually associated with the present, and if the names of past or future objects (phenomenons) are stated here, the speaker perceives them as if they were present. 119 Evening. Nature is becoming more and more weak. It's a mess. TPrg III 123. To the capital — that is to the capital! I'll find some nice things to do there too. Tea trails, books, concerts, societies!” VaičiūnD 230. Peter, squeezing the paper, thought... beer, cakes, arielka... I bought, still money to pay. 181 and op. Thus, nominative sentences must be distinguished by the whole complex of their structure, content and functions. If only their formal expression (the noun verb) were to be considered, then it would often be impossible to find any boundary between nominative and incomplete sentences, which can also be made up of the noun verb alone.” Whether a sentence is nominative or not is often only apparent from the wider context or situation, from the rhythm of speech, from the intonation of the sentences (cf. $ 8). $ 3. There is a distinction between non-expanded and expanded nominative sentences. Non-expanded nominative sentence - has only a principal member, one or with certain non-independent words (see $ 4). A nominative sentence is considered to be extended if its principal member has one or more adjectives (see $ 5). Unexpanded nominative sentences § 4. The main member of an unexpanded nominative sentence is usually a noun and only occasionally a noun-used number or pronoun. Some particles, conjunctions or emoticons are sometimes added to the main member of the nominative sentence. In addition, a nominative sentence may contain words not related to its main member — a reference, inserted words. Springtime. Everywhere is beautiful, calm. 131 and op. Already a city! Run faster! Wow, that's beautiful! CvR II 24. It's a day again. Golden Morning. Peter's head fell down. TilvR II 169. But the stranger didn't sit down, he kept running ahead of the cart and turning around showed the way. Here's the hut. VienR I 336. Aure Lake. It is a species of frog. SimonASL 91. It's disgusting in my mouth, my ears ring. I'm tired. Or maybe iiga? 104. To throw dirt through the window is fire. LKZ III 281. It's cold! And what, is it giving you a goat's horn, little ones? BalčAP 271. Or the nails... those are not his nails! And mine are no less. Page 251. Oh, art, art! Cursed be he if he does not fear slavery! SruogR III 13. Wind, oh wind! Wind and wind! SNėrP; 52. an attentive person, looking from the outside, could notice many differences between Rim and Nerim... first of all, appearance. 2nd ed. pp. 11. Uncle, of course, you're serving... you can't go anywhere you think you can. 118 and op. 5 Nominative sentences can be distinguished only by the syllable of the nominative, unless next to them there are sentences expressed by the genitive, adjective and other syllables, cf. Grammar of Modern Latvian Literary Language, II, p. 485. 120 Think about getting such a rich man! Three thousand! SimonNTP 351. — Five, ten, fifteen, twenty... read hundreds of folded papers LzPR VII 64. Here we are, you servants! Ką Velys your grace? DonM 16. A nominative sentence with a particle next to the main member is often close to a binary sentence, because the particle (for example again. already, aure...) the shade of the circumstance of the phenomenon or any other logical, modal emotional shade that ar weakens the nominative function of the to sentence. When the particle is particularly emphasized in a sentence, the sentence is not considered nominative. This, right now iš po and he said, "Here is the shepherd! DaukZP 47. Give me bread, please! Uzv. (There is a logical conjunction of the sentence here, for example.) Iš The examples above show that the main member of a nominative sentence can be repeated. There are unexpanded nominative sentences with several homogeneous principal members. Lianes, camellias, mountains. SruogDM17. Fence, gates, threshold, porch.. Still swinging a bit — ar One, no? ar TilvR II 219. It happened to him to drive to the bank į Vilnius. Wind, snow showers. For the dog's inability to move. VaizgRR II 66. Extended nominative sentences $ 5. The main member of a nominative sentence may have an independent word belonging to it — ar (or both). The adjective is usually followed by a conjugation mark, but it can be followed by a participle, pronoun, ir numeral, noun (adjective). Black Night. The sky is covered in thick fog. ZemR I 102. On the road, Zosike enjoys such a fast ride, seeming to fly steeply to the sky. New impressions, new people, all kinds of languages, no longer understood by her. ZemR II 17. It's the crafting itself. You should pass brigadas. AvyzZLZ 199. He speaks newspaper lines. 1944 m. These days will start work "Nemunas" textile factory in Sodeliai. T 1964 208. It's a shock. It's hard. Understandable excitement of parents sadness. ir T 1964 177. O Those poor little shepherds There is neither rain nor sunshine for them... ZemR I 106—107. The incoherent sign of the substantive of the nominative sentence may be: (a) adjective, (b) other adjectives, and (c) prepositional constructions. a) End of March. They've been through the night. SruogDM 121. Factory chimneys! You've been haunting me like ghosts. MiezZ 95. The land of our fathers... not one Lithuanian, separated from it, has lost his mind in it. T 1964 184. b) Autumn in Paris. Wet. It's bright on the boulevards. SNérP, 177. The Ninth [ort Kaunas. In his museum, among many others here 121 of imprisoned fighters, from one of them we see courageous, open eyes in a working face. T 1964 208. c) Soon John negotiated with the man. Complaint to the court. John did not write without a ruble, and the man offered half a ruble. ZemR II 301. The square at the old Prussian castle. Somewhere in the distance, the litauers are drowning. Mantas comes in. GrušHM 9. Some suspicious rustling. The accelerated breathing of two men. A furious gnashing of teeth. SruogDM 43. A nominative sentence is often extended with both a conjunctive and an inconjunctive. Kuréia autumn night. CvR; 139. A hot summer noon. Lunch. I took my bow and ir went into į the woods. MašIAMB 202. A cold sphinx of granite! To see one another and love until the morning, ir nė Don't say a word. SNėrP 82. A quiet, easy day at the end of March. The snow covering the fields is blackened, rotten and, perhaps, the last. CvR; I 352. į There are also extensive nominative sentences, composed of the noun of iš the quantitative noun. ir — Three decades.. whispered Janulis... VienR I 140. Come to me someday. I picked up my bonus this morning. One hundred and fifty pounds of wheat as gold 166. The phrases that extend the nominal sentence may have their own adjectives, comparative ones different ar from the joined jų independent words. There are quite complex extended nominative sentences. Exactly 16 an hour. The main — thing is to land on time. T 1964 208. Every day I have sun and songs of longing, every day I gather wild flowers for you. The sky is a youthful sea. ir Only you, only you I can't find there. SNérP, 40. Gailiūnas' sketch was called "Sėja". P I athe patriarchal sower walking across a two-metre ir canvas. Sun, clear sky, red farm roofs ir in the distance. MarcinkPKJ 31. The nominal clause extending notation usually goes before the principal member only in rare cases of it. ir po Centuries- -old spruce iš trees, carved from black stone. Ir the darkness of the trees crosses the birch thread white. Trish. Ir through the eyes breaks a view of a iš still very ne distant past: here is a hut, clay-covered, covered iš with straw. SimonAŠL 10. į The word ar indicating the state of the sign, which is the noun of po the noun, much more often performs the function of the nominal participle, the whole sentence is nominative, ir binary. ne o By the way, as mentioned (plg. § 1), when emphasizing ar the word that says the attribute state, the sentence is sometimes ne nominative, binary when o the word ir goes before the noun. 122 It's a great morning. A beautiful warm out of the day. ŽemR II 328. Short but unpleasant ir autumn days. The sky is cloudy, almost intermittebe nt rain. MašIAMB 187. Thick shirt, but own. PP 131. Thus, although the extended nominative sentence is characterized ir by certain word order tendencies, the word order alone cannot be used to determine when a sentence is nominative. $ 6. Nominative sentences can be only separate, independent ne syntactic units, but elements of compound sentences. In the conjunctive sentence, both the main and the ir secondary nominative sentence are used quite rarely. A nominative sentence is more often followed only by a main sentence with a word that connects a subordinate sentence. The pictures of the near future come up in my memories. People, faces only seen in passing, houses of towns, with jų faint but seeing eyes, gazing on the night of the su forty-first year, waiting for the attack,* and į ir The dust of Smolensk roads, carried by thousands of people on their eyelashes... CyR, II 394. Even the sun itself becomes sad when looking down at the iš boundless sky: the grass of grass, ir which becomes grey and blacker ir every day. SimonASL 178. It's a fault, it's a blame, that he found rye in the bread! PP 425. If rebellion, then ir Skrodskj pasokdinsim... Myk-PutS I 116. If the burning heat of summer— mosquito clouds. LKZ V 82. In many cases, a nominative sentence is joined to su another sentence by the conjunctives and, but, but only by the intonation of o, the conjunctives. ar ir — be One door, the other; corridor, courtyard, door—and already in aš the underworld. SruogDM Earth there, 29. it is true, a little worse, but there is more. Be that, pasture, forest, in o, good relations with the lord, su they abundant fuel, ir meadows ir grazing... Myk-PutS 1.524. | Paunksmeélé, leaves schnara, birds chiulba — ko I need it, I ko need it!.. GricLG 153. We have to look at the place. tq Stone... iš the other side of the back... between jų the indentation. AvyzZLZ 315. Now it's so beautiful with us: sun, everything withZaliavo. 246. With this thought in my head Svysteléjo: tévas. I need to talk to my dad. su MarcinkPKJ 14. In the latter unconnected sentences, between the nominative sentence and the other part of the compound sentence, there is usually an emphasized pause, the intonation changes, so the noun here is not a simple factor of the adjacent sentence (or conjunco tion), a new predicative center —the principal member of the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences that follow the elements of a compound sentence do not differ in their meaning from independent sentences, so their meanings can be discussed together. 123 Classification of nominative sentencir es according to functions nature of content $ 7. In all nominative sentences an object or phenomenon is named, but the functions and purposes of these sentences in language are not entirely the same: some of them state the object or phenomenon as present (or at least imagined, remembered as present), others inform about the appearance of the object or phenomenon, its appearance, refer to it, present it, still others — the object or phenomenon is not only stated, but at the same time expresses its emotional evaluation. The functions of the nominative sentence, its purpose in the language determines its intonation, and thus the nature of its content. All this is evident from the style of speech, the situation and the context. There are three types of nominative sentences: 1) existential, or statements of an object or phenomenon, 2) emphasized communicative injunctions, and 3) emotional, or evaluative. Of course, there are no strict boundaries between these groups. In addition, each group contains sentences of quite different content. All nominative sentences can be said in affirmative, interrogative or exclamative intonation, but the sentences of one semantic-functional group are more characteristic of one modal and emotional shade, the others — another, for example, the so-called evaluative nominative sentences are almost always exclamative (see $ 16). 1. Existential sentences, or statements of the existence of an object or phenomenon | $ 8. The most common and prominent are existential sentences, or statements of an object or phenomenon. They are used in descriptions or narratives to describe a static condensed image or situation. This type of nominative sentences are usually characterized by a calm affirmative intonation with pronounced pauses that separate them from the context. There are also exclamation marks and sometimes question marks in existential sentences. According to the nature of the content, three groups of existential nominative sentences can be distinguished: (a) statements of natural phenomena, (b) statements of objects, and (c) the expressions of images and memories. a) The affirmative sentences of natural phenomena usually tell the general situation, circumstances (especially time). Autumn. We are standing on the hill of the fortress and looking far into the blue expanses of the sea. BalčAP 119. It's deep night, and I'm still sleeping, waiting for you. SNėrP; 105. Eight o'clock in the evening. The machine whistled—that day’s mess was over. Birds 197. Rugby. The frightening heat torments people and animals. SimonASL 29. Spring wide sky! The fields are filled with flowers! And we fly through the window of the world — free children in a whirlwind! 58, No. 58. Get wet. Snow covered over half a foot, white, soft. MašIAMB 168. Sit in a full cab and carry across the yard. Noise, fun, and Kampaitis smiles and whistles. DovPK 202. 124 In the case ar of the first-person narrative, the first person is usually the narrator, and the second ir person is usually the reader. Only occasionally such sentences are inserted between other sentences as a conclusion, a ar summary of what was said earlier. That autumn is over. Winter. Ir next spring already. CvR, II 317. Tu freely go to the į enemy's castle to ir return again. It's war time. The castle is surrounded. Tell us the commander is in the o castle, the commander is free. GrušHM 71. Then one time my sister started su laughing: yesterdar y, while we were still at home, the cock crowed, we were afraid of o the dead! BilR I 179. A new gust of wind whistled, water dripped from the trees. Ir again silence, creating, restless misty. ko BaltPV I 85. Iš strange ir whistles, su chirping, whistling are heard in the wind blows of the garden park. Ne Have a nice night. Myk-PutS I 149. b) In the nominative sentences that state objects, the name of one object is rarely mentioned, and in such sentences several objects are usually deduced, or the sentences that state individual objects form a whole chain of nominative sentences. These nominative sentences are particularly typical of the remarks of drama works, although they are used in descriptions ir otherwise. They also most often go at the beginning of the context, the situation, but if necessary, they can be inserted in the middle of the context told as a kind of explanation, someone's result, characteristic į at the end of the sentence. ar The village between Jonskio ir Žagarės. Pauga farm from the street. SruogAD 51. Class. Morning. Students are gathering. BinkA 51. Skambal. Lunch. Now urgently į departm- — ent children to feed. SimonNTP 24. A beautiful peacock. The slopes. Sale. Lakštingalas. Peppers. Ir Sun, sun! TPrg II 112. Mike only rides slowly when accompanied by his master. Už cliffs give will to hands, ir feet. ir Z ovada. Dust. A whole village runs by su with cows, ir cattle, etc. CvR, I 105. The phone rings. A short accurate answer, a few words of note, a skilled hand turning the knob on the panel... All this shows that the unit is not taken into their hands by į newcomers, but by experienced energy professionals... T 1964 212. Then the door crackled again. Steps. CvR, I 119. I'm leaving temporarily. Things. GricLG At 224. this moment the bomb hits the į bridge. A deafening explosion. DovPK 259. Aš I saw, true, only The way ir to Vilnius Kaunas. Ž ali fields, streams, even greener už fields forests ir small hills... VencIGD 246. Nominative sentences of this type are used only when describing ne static images or situations, but when stating a familiar thing ar that suddenly appeared. ir ar He had not turned į the way, but suddenly noticed a rope stretched across the river. Keltas... AvyiZLZ 76. Alice looked at the money, as if he couldn't believe his eyes. Ir suddenly fell asleep. The German Ironsides. BaltPV I 245. — I$ Sure, Uncle! — surprised ir rejoiced exclaimed 125