Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos sudurtinių veiksmažodžio formų struktūra

"LIETUVIYU LANGUAGE GRAMATINE 'SANDARA LYE TU V OS TO SE RI MOK SL J A KIA'DE O MELIA IN LITHUANIAN LITERATURINES LANGUAGES SUDURTINIU ACTION METHOD FORM STRUCTURE N. SLIZIENE § 1. In the Lithuanian language, the compound forms of the verbs in the present and past tense are constituted by the noun of the active or inactive participant of the auxiliary verb be in the personified form. ir Su active participants form active species forms, passive passive. Compound forms, formed su by the active — past participles of the past participle, are called executive, e.g.: su esu pasiuntęs, -usi, esu pasiųstas, -a; I was sent, -usi, I ir was sent, -a; I would have sent, -usi, I would have been sent, -a. In the present tense, the su participle is used in the form of a verb, for example: I'm going, I'm going to, I'm going to go, I'm going to go. Be There are also compound passive forms, formed by passive participants of the present tense, e.g.: esu siunčiamas, -a, su buvau siunčiamas, -a, būdavau siunčiamas, -a. Elements of compound verb forms interrelationir jų ship $ 2. The main ir focus of the compound forms of the verb is the participant of the present or past time, because it has an independent lexical meaning indicating what kind of verb is the compound form. ir The types of compound forms depend on the participants ir iš the time value of the part of the aggregate accomplished forms, to which is su related by two time plans!. The temporal meaning of other compound forms depends only on the auxiliary verb. ! The result of the action is a resulting state that lasts at a certain moment, resulting from the previous action. The resulting state belongs to one, main, time plan, it is indicated by the form of the auxiliary verb, and the action marked by the participant root, by which the state is achieved, belongs to another, previous, time plan, which is secondary, secondary. The relationship of the resulting state with the previous time plan is determined by the participant of the past time that is part of the compound forms. For this, the main, as well as for other meanings of compound finite forms, see. N. Sližienė, On the constructed forms of verb tenses and subjunctives in Lithuanian literary language, vol. : Morfological structure of the Lithuanian language and its development, Vilnius, ir 1964, p. 81—95. 63 The present ir present participle, which forms part of the į compound forms of the verb, does not differ in its form from the present and past participles used in other cases, which denote a secondary action in the sentence, and which act as a nominal part of the compound verb. ar They always have indicators of gender, number of verbs. ir In the past, it was common to use the shorter forms of the masculine noun (e.g., išvykstantis traukinys), but this is only a tendency and not a standard. ART | FATES | Participants in the composition of aggregative forms differ in their meaning from those in the attributive present and past tense. Participants with attributive function denote the property of the object arising from the action that is taking place or has already Į taken place, and the same participants, joined with the auxiliary verb to be in the enriched form, do not denote the property of the object, but only denote, the object did, has done, what is done to it, etc. The meaning of the attribute is faded here, and the meaning of the action is emphasized. As a trace of the value of the property, next to the value of the action in most cases remains only the more or less felt value of the state created by that action. $ 3. Participants of the compound forms are ką combined with the subject in the sentence, e.g.: father is gone, daughter was about to leave, guests will be invited, books will be read, etc. However, this combination does not imply a qualitative relationship between the subject and the object, because the compound forms indicate what the object is, what it does, or that it is itself being done. ir ne o ką If there is no substantive in the sentence, the compound form has an indefinite participle, e.g. : Many people were gathered together. It was very cold; Anyway it is said; Nothing else will be said and so on. In addition, the number of females in the female sexe is often higher than the number of males in the male sexe, and the number of females in the male sexe is lower than the number of males in the female sexe. : The hens had dug up the sprouts; The girls were starting to laugh and so on? In addition, the short forms of the masculine noun are usually used to form conjugated forms: is ėjęs, buvo beeinąs, etc. In dialects, however, there are sudurtiniy forms with the longer forms of present tense participants. The father was about to start eating when somebody broke into the door. Skp (DAK). The rye was so green (from autumn) that already į kules (baby) were coming. Grg (LKZ VI 824). Get some stuff, the kids will be squealing soon. ir Vvr (LKZ VI 208)*. 2 Historically, the uncoordinatsu ed factor is the ir participants of the masculine plural forms, which are, in terms of origin, singular nouns of the non-substantial genus, see. J. Endzelynas, Baltic language sounds ir forms, Vilnius, 1957, p. 205. 3 Quite a lot of these forms of iš dialects use J. Balčikonis in his translations (e. g. : I was running BalčHP,; 49, was belipanti BalčHP; 330, was inactive BalcHP, 15 ir kt ). 64 § 4. Participants have verb* and adjective properties. When adjective qualities overshadow verb qualities, participants have neither action nor verb categories equivalent to adjectives, e.g. :wrong knife, wrong writing, happy child, wrong person, ir right clothes, etc. ir Quite often the same participants have in one case pronounced verb characteristics, in the other case pronounced adjective characteri- — stics, e.g.: ištižęs (i.e. lazy, idle) man lazy clay ir (t. y. clay that is stirred), lower (i.e. lowered) shoulders and lowered bedspread (t. y. a bedspread that someone dropped); arable land (t. y. I. land that fits close, which can be close; the land that 2. you are now plowing). Participants with pronounced adjective characteristisu cs do not form compound forms with the verb to be. They denote the characteristic of the object ar and, as the nominal su part of the verb, as the factor', they denote qualitative relations. The difference in the meaning of the participants is particularly important to limit the compound forms: they consist of all ne present and past tense participants, only having clear verb o characteristics, which, when the participants are joined by the auxiliary verb to be, become even su more pronounced and overshadow the adjective characteristics. ir § 5. Another aspect of the conjugated forms is the personified form of the verb to be. This accent plays only an auxiliary role: without having any effect on the lexical meaning of the compound forms, it gives them the conjugation, person, number of the verbs? ir the basic meaning of time. The verb to be is the most abstract of all verbs, so it is easier for others iš to succumb to the process of desemantization. už For it in to Lithuanian, as ir jo "It is not used in its independent meaning, but ne as a conjunction of a compound noun, which, ir having lost its lexical meaning, helps to express the predicative relationship of the noun of the factor." In the case of the Slavic ir languages, such as the Lithuanian, the conjugated forms of the verb are ir probably formerly derived from conjugated dialects, so the verb be is a conjugated form. iš ir By its function, the auxiliary verb is close to the endings of the personified forms of the verb, but has the structure of an independent word: it is composed of the root of personal endings, which indicate the categories of time, season, person number, and thus is also a separate iš ir ir * Participants also have a number meaning, but there is a noun, related to a syllable, ji the number of verbs is different, it is su related o su -the meaning of the person. * Plg. A. C. I'm a black man, I'm a black man. B“ HayuHOM or BermieHHH, Mocksa, 1956, p. 220; H3 TpynosB A. A. IllaxMaroBa no COBpeMeHHOMY DpyccKOMY s3bIKy, MockBa, 1952, p. 77; 'pammartuka pycckoro siasika, II, II, T. Han-Bo u. AH CCCP, Mocxsa, 1960, p. 414; K. Brugmann, Die Syntax of the simple Satzes im Indo-European, Berlin and Leipzig, 1925, p. 69—77. ; 8 Plg. A. A. Ilore6na, Hs 3anucok no pycckoii rpaMMaTHKe, T. I—II, Mocksa, 1958, p. 119; K. A. Tumor pees, K ucropun ¢opm npoureaurero Bpemenn pyccKoro rJarosa, «YueHble 3annckH 1998. self. H yuHT. AH-Ta Mm. M. H. Kaaunuuay, 1. 2, Baarosemenck, 1941, p. 73. į pin : 5. In the Lithuanian grammar, sarda is a 65 word as a full-meaning ir verb be. Only the full-fledged verb being forms are independent, the auxiliary verb being forms indicate o the grammatical categories of all the compound forms. In the manner as noted O. Achmanova, from a technical point of view, the auxiliary verb retains the characterio stics of the word, from a semantic point of ir view, it loses them and becomes the ‘formant*’ of other words. The auxiliary verb to be is the main, but not the only, indicator of the grammatical meaning of the compound forms. Compound forms, formed with the same auxiliary verb, but with different forms of participants, have different grammatical meanings, that is, the grammatical meaning of the compound form also depends on the participant. § 6. In addition to the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb be, there are the present tense forms esti, būna, būva and the past tense form ir būdavo. In addition to the present tense meaning, the mentioned present tense forms often have the repetition of the action, and past tense forms always have it. ji The form was, like all past tense forms, gives the meaning of repetition of action by the suffix -dav-. This is a grammatically correct form of the prefix -, which distinguishes the past tense forms from the past participle forms. Being is the form of the verb to be and, like the forms of the same verb being, being, being, can form conjugated verb forms with participants, relating to the corresponding solid forms (was sent —was sent, was sent, was sent)*. [ . In the present tense forms esti, buna, būva, the meaning of the repetition of the action depends on the context. Conjugated forms of the auxiliary verbs esti, būna, būva, būdavo and participles usually have the meaning of repetition of the action. It must be said that in some cases the forms that go through the first element are, is, was, was, was less related to the second element. Participants of the present tense, when forming conjugated final forms with these auxiliary verb forms, have a significantly less pronounced 7 O, C. Axmanosa, K ponpocy o cjJ0OBOCOYETaHHH B COBPEMEHHOM AaHIJIHHCKOM s3biKe, <H3Becrua AH CCCP», Ne 6, 1950, p. 470. 3 S. Gruzdeva claims that in Lithuanian the form used to have a lexical meaning and therefore could not perform the functions of an auxiliary verb, Zr. It is a 100-year-- old castle. Aucceprauus, Jlennarpaj, 1949, p. 132 (typewritten). The Russian verb form 6s:6a4, which is similar in meaning to Lithuanian būdavo, is not actually considered an auxiliary verb. However, it is not the form of the verb 6sire, but of the verb Oueare. The relationship between Russian Gare and 6eieare is similar to the relationship between Lithuanian verbs šokti and šokinėti, nešti and nešioti, etc. So Lithuanian language was and Russian language 6sieas are different things. 66 the meaning of the previous ir action a much more pronounced meaning of the resulting state achieved by that action, cf. : Ataušta ir Rapolienė ir ends the argument almost with a prayer, if Rapp was out of the way. ku DD 94. One (son) is žantuosna Stakliškėsna gone. Nmj (DT). In the mountainous north of Georgia, where the land is covered with snow for nine months a year,... stood an old rich saint The Monastery of Nina. VienR I 25. All those layers, apparently, are made up of the waves of the sea. D (LKZ VI 158). The women, to tell the truth, are very abundant here: in the church they are dressed in short skirts, all su around su kvadrovaty, skirts su colourfully painted, woven by themselves. ValPJ 26. I'm thick. Sts (LKZ II 198). People su were willing to is buy her because ji she was cleanly dressed, and she knew how to display her goods ir beautifully. Bal¢HP; 140. The men were dressed in su fur gray milo ar su sermeghas, sewn with a waistcoat. su ValPJ 26. ' Therefore, in the compound forms, the su past participles are less distant in their meaning from the attributive past participles, such compound forms are less grammatized. ir § 7. The broken forms of the verbal pronoun are made only with solid, but ne su ir su the conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb, e.g. would have sent, would have been sent, would have been sent". These forms are characterized by a distinct meaning of the state of unreal past action, in that they differ from the corresponding compound forms of the pronoun, formed by the ar solid forms of the auxiliary verb, which are either not used at all, or can have such a meaning only in a certain context! ?, plg. : su iš ją To have been better kept former, would iš not be there béges bread to look for. JablRR I 319. There would be much more ducks in our country if they were given care. IvanLP II 73. O fortunately, jo the goal of many years was so close so possible, that it was necessary to ir do something small, insignificant, it would have been achieved. ir VienR V 403. If there had been something great, the iš child would have been helped.. -ŽemR I 371. If the German proletariat were to take power into į their own hands today, the occupation would have ų been abolished as a matter of fact. Gud-GuzKIT 158. 9 J. In Jablonski's grammar, there are ir initial forms of such a verb's pronoun: był beeinąs, byłbyś bezpisąs, cf. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, Vilnius, I, 1957, p. 319. 10 For more information on the ir significance of each other's aggregate forms of the pronoun, see N. S1iŽienė, Compound verb forms in Lithuanian literary language, cand. dissertation, Vilnius, Lithuania 1964, §§ 91—98, 125, 130 (typewriting). 5 67 ., Nobody remembers that they (dogs) would have attacked something like that, whistling, whistling, as if someone had thrown them into a hole. CiurlRR III 73. There was some lightness on all the faces, as if they had gathered in May. CvR VIII 44.—You speak as if you had read the Letter of Travis, Gervin mocked. SimonVK I 333. There are also other forms of this form, but they are very rare. I have been to the girls. Kp (DAK). Girls of that age have all been in love, happily or unhappily. SimonVK I 217. I've lived with him for this year, but I haven't been beaten yet. P.L. (LKZ III 378). Probably since the death of Šalteikių Vilkienė, they (the gates) have not been opened. SimonVK II 110. In the present tense of the auxiliary verb, the passive participle of the present tense of the infinitive genus is sometimes used to form the compound forms of the infinitive genus of the indirect pronoun, e.g.: esama išvažiuota, buvota išsigelbėta, etc. | § 8. Several forms of the same person, the same verb and the same time in a sentence usually have one common auxiliary verb form. Like that leaf from its native tree, it is blown away by storms and thrown into the dirt! MairRR II 225. The oven was already hot, but the door was not closed yet. VienR I 306. A few days later, Shato was dismissed from the institution and later tried as a murderer of his boss. CvR III 81. Science was not the most delicious thing for the girl, and she would rather have been spinning, spinning in the dark of the night, than having dead signs in her head. CvR VIII 60. In dialogic language, the auxiliary verb be can be used elliptically — without a participle, when the speakers already know what action is meant. '—Have you been to Klaipeda? “I am, but what was it?” "LZ 40" (in German). "Tell me, brother, have you done no harm to anyone?" "I haven't, and I may have done it to many. 259 pp. !! $ 9. In addition to the commonly used forms, there are also constructs made up of the participles and verbs to have, become, remain. Jureliai has a field in Subačiai. Lp (LKZ I 256). John had taken a second wife, and with her he had two sons and one daughter. VienR V 12. And what clothes she has put on! SimonVK I 184. The men danced, plowed the land, covered the yellow grave with grass — Usnis was honored by the neighbors. TilvU 133. And the great enemies of the republic 1 E.g., for the elliptic use of an auxiliary verb instead of the entire future tense form of the verb in Russian, see B. B. Bunorpanos, Pycckuit s3bik, Mocksa, 1947, p. 569; also in English for the whole perfect form, see A. H. Cmupuunuxuii, Mopodosjorna anrauiickoro s351Kka, Mocrsa, 1959, p. 66., heads: became painted.. Gud-GuzKIT 284. - Raid! —agreed the superintendent, in a minute the giant’s fate was determined. 68 ir VienR I 380. So both blacks became dragged from the table, and yet blacks did not see anything. BsV 327. Such are the graces that have been granted In 2007, the funeral service was held in two separate ceremonies. ir ZemR 11 419. So, for example, the gentleman- 's idea was left with a s lime-covered, lotus-coveered half-hill, a deep ditch iš that ran through the meadow... VienR I 351. O of which (castles) still dared to stand against "Vytautas galią, su' žeme paliko lygintas". DaukRR 144. The verb have is the least closely related to the auxiliary verb be. It retains its lexical meaning, because used only with. to transitive verbs controls the verb of the ir direct object. There is no to participant construction ir for the verb to have. equivalent to compound forms!'2. Verbs fapti stay ir „become, become“ su inactive da-, lyvi form constructions, in their meaning very close to the broken inactive forms. These constructions, like the inactive forms of the conjugated verbs, indicate an action that takes place at a certain time and is directed toward sa-. į Chinese factor designating object, but differs in that, formed by the past. su the passive participant of time, never indicate the resulting state achieved by that action, i.e., they are completely uncharacteristic of cumulative accomplishments. the basic meaning of inactive forms. The verbs become and remain in these cases are probably used by analogy with such ir statements as where. su they are next to adjectives of ar adjective meaning participants (becomes human-, keens, becomes talkative, left, etc.). ir Jų the use of su passive participles for compound forms in a meaning close to the present Lithuanian language seems not typical, except for the very western ones. Lithuanian: districts (Klaipėda, Priekulė, Pagėgiai, etc.), where ir the verb become is quite common in these cases. For literary language such verbs become. ir remaining usage is unacceptable!3. . $ 10. In terms of location, both elements of the compound forms are quite free: Although the auxiliary verb usually comes first, the participant o — po no; but it can be the opposite, the ir participant t. y. can be against the auxiliary verb. : - Ar nesiteikty what to report as that word (snooze) pronounced is in spoken language dialects? BugKS 119. Ne yes, but it was said 1? J. Jablonski seems to have su regarded the constructs of the verb have as corresponding conjugated forms, cf. jo quoted examples, where next to the verb "have brackets< in the cells are given the verb forms to be, e.g. : Ir aš have I bought land. JabIRR I 315. He had (was) ir buying a horse. JablIRR I 316. Fishermen are in the ir countryside have They have caught a lot of fish. JablRR I 315. 13 J. Jablonski considered the use of the ir participle construction of the verb to become in a meaning close to compound forms to be incorrect, see. jo Rinktiniai raštai, II, Vilnius, tyliai, kad 1959, p. 243, 303, 325, 430. . iš 69 niekas nebūtų nugirdęs. LzPR II 35. Anyone else in her position would be happy. Blv (LKZ II 728). Very often the elements of compound forms are separated from each other by one or more words. du ir He was already close to the lake. 777 (2nd ed.). Maybe it was clearer and more words were said, but in this sense. ŽemR II 267. But the kisselius ans gardus with the meal were already all gone on the tables. DonR 60. Vilius would have liked to ask this one more. SimonVK I 168. § 11. Unlike prepositions that modify the lexical meaning of the verb (e.g., at-, nu-, iz-, su, etc.), which are only present with the participles forming the conjugated forms, the negation can no longer be present with the affixes fe-, be-, tebe-, both with one and with the other substantive. The negative is not usually attached to an auxiliary verb. It is used to indicate a possible or desired action in the past. There it is even more often with the participant than with the auxiliary verb, the meaning is exactly o the same in both cases, cf. : I wouldn't have expected that a little boy like him to beat a man like him. Alvt (LKZ III 396). There was no man, there was no child, there were no young virgins who would Not known by name. KrėvP 148. You didn't even look at me, as if I hadn't existed, as if you had never known me... SimonVK II 197. Adding a negative to the participant gives a stronger meaning of the resulting state to aggregate performative forms having a relative-- resultant meaning related to two time plans. Plg. : He is, woe, and does not deserve such, master, from you grace. 160. And I hadn't taken my shoes off: when I came back from the bride with the robe, I put it in the stable of Pessi, and it stood there. CvR III 253.I am not sure that the soft girk has not been transformed into the sounds dz and c in the winter Gaelic language. Page 85. The trees are not primed to you over one nė foot. ZemR II 82. The whole area of Aužbikiai is still asleep or has not yet gone out into the fields. Page 59. Rapol hadn't worked in gangreit for a century. Page 83. In inactive completed forms that have the meaning of passive action (e.g. : Neither during the revolution was as much forest deforested as it has deforested. Lkš (LKZ II 202), negative to participant not detected. In addition, the forms of the present tense with the participle in the present tense, having a negative to the participle, do not differ in meaning from the forms with a negative to the auxiliary verb, only in the first forms the action is usually more categorically denied. Plg. : The fence is not dug, but is dug in a good way — it is paved to iš the ground. Vrn (LKZ III 694). O you, old man, if you want, serve už the boy to that new master, because after that master elsewhere was not allowed to leave.. ZemR II 373. 70 And in those days, a bad man was not considered a man. CvR III 277. Inside kept a bowl of water to drink or cook n ebuvo wuzvoZiamas. 38th DD. § 12. The affixes te-, be-, tebe-, are no longer used almost equally for both the one and the other conjugated forms of démens. Only the affix is more frequently present with the participant (in sudurtinése pradétinése forms it is only present with the participant), and the affix fe is more frequently found with the auxiliary verb. Whether they are attached to one or another point, these affixes equally modify the meaning of the whole compound form. Plg. : With the suffix fe-: And Father Simonis has only been on the train once. SimonR I 217. It was poorly cemented, and all the foundations were boiling. Vvr (LKZ II 7). In the village there was now only talk of the fisherman. CvR III 127. This method has therefore been little used in technology and laboratories for a long time. MatKCh 24. With the suffix be-: Secondly, who was she without her husband, even though he was more hot, b ebuvo Likę medzi ľuďmi? The 101. The cat, sleeping on the wall, understood the delicious speeches and licked itself: long ago he had been a meat taster. CvR III 159. How could I take from the autumn, that the lord has loaded them (clovers) with oats, and when I, pressing feed, asked, I have only fallen b uvo left. VienR V 38. Thank you, mother, I haven't had such a delicious viralo in a long time! ValPJ II. You would hardly have seen the promised land of the ministry itself if I hadn't bowed the officials. LzPR II 86. With the affix tebe-: There is no sowing, the soil is still loosening—the heat is still changing. 456) (c. If he had been alive, he would have taken me to the richest and most famous house. Bal¢HP, 45. "What will you do, what will you do, poor man! —murmured George, almost half-voiced, waving his hands as if he were still talking to the manor-keeper. CvR VIII 150. To be clear, there is no trouble left — not the last buty exploded. 144 and op. With the suffix nebe-: I have no longer heard him speak, but I can put my hand in the fire, that he will have also trampled the young people into the abyss of hell. SimonR I 249. It seemed to her that Ansky could never return to such a house, and that was why he was gone. SimonVK II 169. The songs of the old days are no longer as applicable as they used to be: “go on; It's going slowly. DaukRR 255. In the sixth-seventh- -century Finnish language, the sound h has no longer existed, since it was already translated as h. If it were not for the old linden trees and a few surviving birch trees, I would not have known my garden. VienR I 227. The affix still indicates that the action marked by the verb is still taking place, and therefore it belongs to the verb forms that denote a lasting action. Since the accomplished forms usually indicate an already accomplished action that is no longer in progress, aliks febeprie is not added, except for the active forms of the implied pronoun, which indicate a possible or ir jų 71 Present and past participles, used in the meaning of present participle forms § 20. In the present tense, especially in the third person, the participle forms are often used in the present and past tense participants without an auxiliary verb. It is the last cold-blooded. SimonVK I 12. The old Varkalis bales are put to work in the pasture. Gud-GuzKIT 13. I heard I was called... SruogR III 408. It seems that King William Grete has forgotten — he goes to the cradle to look at his son. SimonVK I 360. At night, a bunch of rain passed, the soil dried, the grass washed, the air refreshed. ZemR II 238. Koo-koo, no hammer rolling loaded! Koo-koo! only sheep, only sheep white! SNérP, 439. I have eaten, I am hungry, —mother, where are the daughters? JD 1470. "Say, say, what's wrong with you, like a goat on ice!" "No," she replied. "Isn't he hired by our Povilyuk, and fed on our bread?" BaltPV, I 361. For a long time, in Lithuanian grammar, such participants were considered present tense compound forms, in which the auxiliary verb is omitted'®. In fact, they are not compound forms, and they probably did not have an auxiliary verb at all?*?. Since the meaning of the participles in these cases corresponds to the meaning of the present tense complement forms, they are to be considered as corresponding (for example, performative, passive) present tense forms, but not complement forms. Without an auxiliary verb, these forms do not have a morphologically expressed personal category. The meaning of a person is usually indicated by personal pronouns, or it becomes clear from the context. § 21. Not every present or past participle has the same meaning as the present tense forms. Sometimes it is accompanied by various modal shades, not characteristic of compound forms. Such participants and by meaning do not correspond to compound forms. The past tense participants in the present tense have the most distant meaning from the past tense form in cases where they are used to recount the thoughts of others, to say something that is not very well known, but only heard from others. The poor man, while eating, boldly recounted how the live cow had peeled the roast from the thigh and roasted it. ZemR II 136. 9 See. J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 312; J. Žiugžda, Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, I, Fonetika ir moriologija, Kaunas, 1962, p. 191—193; J. Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, III, Nauka o formach, Warszawa, 1956, p. 280. ?0 These forms are related by origin to the unified noun tarjnju, inherited from ancient times and widely used in the present Lithuanian language, cf. K. Brugmann, Die Syntax des einfachen Satzes im Indogermanischen, Berlin und Leipzig, 1922, p. 59—77; Us rpyznosB A. A. IllaxMaroBa no coBpeMeHHoMy PYCCKOMY 53biKy, MockBa, 1952, p. 77—78; T. II. Jom re B, Otepku NO HCTOPHYECKOMY CHHTAKCHCY PYCCKOTO S13bIKA, Mocksa, 1956, p. 37; IO. I. Ck u 6 a, Ilpepukatusnas cBsizka «ObITb —eCTb» B BOCTOYHOCJIABAHCKHX SI3BIKAX, «<Yuenbie sanucku UepHoBuukoro yH-Ta», T. 47, cepus OHO. HayK, hair. 14, 1961. 78 Then, if we believe the cultural historians, the Indo-Europeans did not yet know ir how to bake bread and grow wheat. BūgKS 206. Similarly, the present-- time passive participles of an anonymous genus are sometimes used. And the opponents learned that it was not a simple soldier who was sitting in their ir cellar, but the son of a great and powerful baron. KrēvP 52. In the present tense, the present tense may be used to indicate an action in the past that is known or assumed from some existing facts. The door of the house is opened, in front of the door, at the back of the house, lies a dead man, the ports are broken. A recent ex-husband. Page 385. The brave, as it turns out, Zičkas was! TilvU 146. The present tense of the unnamed genus is similarly used to describe an act of the present that is known or assumed from some existing fact. Thus, there is not only a Lithuanian, but also an Aestian word for the word krėslas. BugKS 138. This is what happiness is... The active or passive past tense often describes the results of an action that are suddenly seen, heard, learned or experienced in some other way and cause surprise or other emotions. Tilink, I see — the knife blade jumped. 410) and LXIII (c. "It's you! What if he had broken up with her—the shy, the big, the sturdy, the little one! —she stood up to shout herself. I, 66. From afar, I hear a blinking-blinking, blinking-blinking, I approach—- the clothes are delighted! 763) (c. The passive participants of the present tense of the unnamed genus can be used to say an action that is experienced suddenly in some way. I'm going in from the front — the power of the nobility sitting there. 330) (p. And here the lights es a ma! SruogR III 469. In all these cases, the participants of the present and past tense are a kind of means of indirect speech expression. In the present tense, the participle is not used in the present tense, but in the past tense, when it is used to indicate the nature of the object. He eats, he eats, and it's not helping, he's drying up. Gs (LKZ II 793). His nose is curved like a goose. LS (LKZ III 702). Sits clothes my p aSigriebiamas. Gs (LKZ III 591). Some structural features of the compound verb forms used in the 16th—17th centuries § 22. In the 16th—17th centuries, the structure of the forms of the verbs used in the verbs of the verbs is not fundamentally different from today's forms: they also consist of present or past participles and personified forms of the auxiliary verb to be. The initial forms in the writings of the time are extremely small. Instead, there are quite a lot of compound forms, formed with the present tense active participant without the alix be-. 79 Ir other sheep have, which ne they to feed on 'sanczios is (=no sq z tey owczarniey WjP non 348; sunt hoc ovili ex WiB Jn 10 16). DP 206. Ir tapę est’ priételumis Herod ir Pitotas andi’ diendi: 'Cause it's the to first time (=were WjP 281; erant WjB Luk 23 12) enemies among sawes. DP 164. Ir nugg bus to Sunis 2man's seat (=he'll sit WiP erit 13; sedens WjP Luk 22 69) on the drawing board Diéwo. DP 163. These things are stoos Bethanioy vz lordbno, kur Iénas bū kriksztiigs (=baptise WjP was 33; a baptist WiB Jn 1 28). DP 21. How would W. lézus isztdres ką ne decent priesz Bishop: or how to be nederd (=as if it didn't fit WjP 274) po akim Bishop's right, wise ir bee. DP 160. The Lord of Heaven and the Eyes will behave and act together as if he were a shepherd's boy. me BrP I 61. These forms emphasize the duration of the described action. This type of compound form is still found in the Žemaičių dialektas, as well as in the writings of S. Daukanto. Sts (LKZ I 994). The water would flow like threads, like nets, in our existence. Šts (LKŽ II 486). A Lithuanian, that is, a mountain man or a Žemaitis, is always a man of a cheerful heart: travelling, working, b ūthey're not poor, they're always singing or groaning. DaukRR 204. In the present su tense, the active participle of the be adjective beis less grammatical su than in the adjective forms. By emphasizing the duration of the described action, they simultaneously mark a certain state of the ir actor, thus being closer to constructions that go through the conjugated participle. Be therefore, these forms are only present verbs. In modern Lithuanian, the present tense active participle afiksbeverb be usually does be not form so compound su forms, because it denotes a characteristic feature of an object or person. Old love is burning. yr Dr (LKZ II 251). The child had already spoken (already knew how to speak). Sts (LKZ V 116). The whole ta day was particularly nerve-wracking. DD 23. Wheels need to be well greased... the manure will be varuv, and far to carry, it will be difficult for the horses... ZemR II 165. Such examples are ir XVI-XVII. a. Tendi Christ fitdke, iog John was nė married as a nonne. DP 21. Eyes of the Lord 2ibuncios ira ir twaskunčios negi saute. SP 1 19. § 23. J. In Bretkūnas' writings, the be auxiliary verb to be, the passive su participle of the past tense is used as the verb to become. ir Ir tapa tatai It was told to Abimelech. BrB Teis 9 25. Ir lair morirre, kill ir frozen Come on. BrB Teis 10 5. Schitaipo p.adaritas tapa Sky ir Szeme, su wissa ių riser (grashibe). BrB 1 Mos 2 1. When-not-when M. Mažvydo ir J. In Bretkūno writings, the verb stotis occurs next to the past participle. You have to answer me a few questions, if you want to be io clear, Dr. Ghiss is going to be baptized, or, baptizedko 80 Aunt. Mž 107—108. Bei Abraham pakele dide Kollacien tą day as Isaak interrupted standing. BrB I Moz | 8. The use of this verb may have been influenced by the Polish language. The inactive compound forms of the desired noun are formed by the desired noun form festov(i)?! of the verb ir stojati. Cursed are the testators who do not obey, cursed are the testators who do not obey. BrB 1 Moz 27 29. § 24. In the a. 16th–17th centuries, almost no participants be were used in the present tense of the auxiliary verb. M. There is a small number of jų postpositions, but mostly only in cases where the Polish original has such a ir form. | Because tape parasite (=written WjP 11): I saw dead little ones. ir DP 7. Apé anã dita (=said WjP as 440), soon as you taste it, you will die. DP 264. O how there to vž guard that: Which kū offender Aūrtimą sawą, or which pazeistas (=obrdzon WjP nig 488) io. DP 293. Ir who now némire, bit’ idgnt’ die. DP 199. Participles instead of present tense compound forms could have been so scarcely used in ancient writings for two reasons. Conjugated forms, having an auxiliary verb, express the thought more accurately. For to ir Now in scientific literature, participants are used in the meaning of compound forms much less often than in fiction or colloquial language. Such thought accuracy, a possible thing, sought ir XVI—XVII a. translators, who were particularly afraid to deviate from the original. On the other hand, the a. Lithuanian church literature of the 16th—17th centuries was greatly influenced by other languages: Latin, Polish, German. Some of them, such as Latin and German, are not characterized by the use of participles instead of conjugated forms. In Polish, the auxiliary verb be was used only in the past tense of the third person participle?2. Inactive forms, which are similar in composition to our constructed inactive forms, in Polish were usually used with an auxiliary verb. į su When the Polish text used the passive participle of an auxiliary verb, it was almost always translated as be the Lithuanian kalpaword. į bą In this way, the use or non-use of the present ar tense part of the compound forms by the participants depended on the influence of foreign iš languages. ir ?! In the dialects of the present language there is still a fixed remnant of this form festa (<testovi), used as a particle ir fegul, to form the desired suffix, e.g. festa krato Drsk, test eats Aps, it's a test. Aish. ** In addition, the jų forms of auxiliary verbs were also used. ir su Other person forms had abbreviated forms of the auxiliary verb, see. Z. Klemensiewicz, T. Lehr-Sptawinski, S. Urbancz yk, Historical Grammar of Polish Language, Warsaw, 1955, p. 371—372. 6. Grammar of the Lithuanian language 81 Conclusions 1. Lithuanian compound forms of verbs composed of two iš (sometimes even three) words, perceived as a single act of thought due to the way in which solid forms enter ir the system of verb personificatiir on. į The inclusion of these forms in the system of į personified forms was determined by the relationship jų of meaning of the solid forms su with the fact that they encompassed ir either all verbs or at least large groups of verbs with different meanings. 2. In Lithuanian, the compound forms of verbs are grammatically ne equal in all cases. Jų The degree of grammatization depends on the meaning of the participants: the closer it is to the verb meaning, the closer the connection between the elements of the conjugated form, conversely, the closer it is to the adjective meaning, the ir weaker the connection ji between the elements of the conjugated form and the less the conjugated form is separated from the conjugated conjunctive constructions with which it is related according to its origin. 3. Participants who do not have verb qualities or are used as an adjective do not form compound su forms with the verb be. The same participant in one case may have pronounced verb characteristics in the verb be made of conjugated forms, in ir su another case may have pronounced adjective characteristics ir su verb not to form compound forms of the verb. There is no strict boundary between analogous ir constructions of compound verb forms that go through a compound preposition. This shows that the Lithuanian compound forms of verbs have not finally crystallized apart from the constructions from which they ir originated. This situation tų is particularly iš favoured by the fact that the participants in the compound forms do not differ in their ta form from the į attributive participants. 4. The verb is the only personified form of the verb in the Lithuanian language. They form the basis of the category of personified forms of the verb. Inactive species applicants are inactive participants in compound forms. į 5. Participles used in the be present tense of auxiliary verbs are not considered to be conjugated forms. 6. The structure of the compound forms of verbs found in the ancient written monuments of Lithuanian language (16th-17th centuries) is not iš fundamentally different from that of modern compound forms. To In the writings of the period, the compound initial forms are very o rare, rather common are the forms formed by su the present tense active participant of the affix be be-, which are still present in the dialects of the present language. Be therefore, probably in order to express the said idea more accurately, due to the influence of ar foreign languages, almost no auxiliary verb is used by participants with the meaning of present tense compound forms. be Some of the differences that occur are due to literal translation. 82 CTPYPE CJIO)KHBIX ®OPM FMJIATOJIA B JIMTOBCKOM JIATEPATYPHOM S13bIKE H. CJIHXEHE Peswme CriokHble (DOpMBI TJIAaroJia B JIMTOBCKOM si3bike 06pasyloTCs H3 MPHYACTHS HACTOSILETTO HJIH TPOLIEAIIEr0 BPEMEHH, HMEIOUIET0 CaMOCTOSTENbHOe JIEKCHYEeCKoe 3HaueHHe, H CIIpsraeMbiX (OpM BCMOMOraTeJbHOro raaona bati "Guth". C I'm sorry, I'm sorry. TPHYACTHAMH 06pasyloTcst CJIOXKHBIE (OPMbl ACHCTBHTENLHOTO 3a/0ra, a CO CTpajaTeJbHHMH — (DOpMbI CTpajaaTesbHOro3aJjiora. CioXHbie OOopMbi Cc JelicTBHTEJIbHbIMH MPHYACTHAMH MNpOLIEAlIers ONHOPHATHONO BpeMeHH HJM CTpajaTe/bHLIMH TNPHYACTHAMH MNpOWIE/NIero BpeMeHH Ha3bIBAIOTCS 3aBeplueHHhiMH (disabled), wnanp. : I have sent, -usi, I was sent, -usi, I am sent, -a H T. JĮ. : CoxHble GopMbl ¢ JeNiCTBHTEJILHbIMH IP Address HACTOSIIERro BpeMeHH adHKCOM C beHaspIBAIOTCA HauHHaTeJibHbIMH (grandfather), wnanp. : I was sending, -ianti, I will be sending -ianti u T. J. 100% 2aBepiieHHBIX (OPM, HMEIOTCS it CJIOXHbIe JOpMbi CO CTpaAaTeNLHBIMH MPHYACTHAMH HAcTOSLLEro BpeMeHH, Hanp. : I am sent, -a, I was sian: Ciamas, -a wu T. A. TiaBHbiM COMMOHEHTOM CJIOXHbIX BpeMeHHbIX (OPM ABJAETCH NpPHUACTHE, TAK Sister. OHO HMMEET CaMOCTOATE/bHOE JEKCHUECKOe 3HaueHHe H TOKA3bLIBaeT, K KAKOMY [IJarosy OTHOCHTCSI JiaHHas BpemeHHas ¢opma. OT npuuacTHs 34BHCHT 3aJ0rOBOe 3HAUEHHE CJOXKHBIX (OPM, A B CJIOXHbIX 3aBeplUeHHbIX (OPMAX OT Hero YACTHUHO 3aBHCHT H BPEMEHHOE 3HayeHHe, KOTOPOe CBSI3aHO C ABYMS BPEMEHHLIMH IlJIAHAMH. Ilpuuactusi, BXOAsIHE B COCTAaB CJOXKHBIX BpeMeHHbIX (OPM, no cBoeji dopMe He OTJIHYAIOTCA OT NPHYACTHH, ynoTpeOJsieMblX B JAPYrHX cJAydYasiX, B TOM UKHCJIEe H OT aTpHOyrienbiX. IlpHyacTusi CJOKHBIX BpeMeHHbIX (OPM, Kak aTPHOYTHBHBIE H NPHUACTHS, HMEIOT MOKasaTe/ld pojla, YHC/ia najexa, H OTJHYAIOTCS HO CBOHM IJaroJbHBIM 3HAYSHHEM H TOTOMY He 0003Ha4yaloT AaTpHOYTHBHOTO OTHOUIEHHS MEXy NOAJEKAUIMM H CKa3yeMBIM. IlpryacTusi B coueTaHHH ¢ BCMOMOTaTe/NbHBIM TJIaroJIOM 0603HAUAlOT He KauecTBO npenMera, a TO, uTO OH AeJaJ, 4TO C HHM Jaesaercs WH T. II. 1998-1999 What's wrong with you? 3HAUCHHSA, BO MHOTHX CJy4asX psiJAOM CO 3HauUeHHeM [eHCTBHS it YyBCTBYETCS 3HAYEHHE COCTOSIHHS, Co3/aBuUierocst B pesyabTaTe JaHHOrO AEHCTBHS, KOTOPOE CBA3LIBAET CJOXKHBIE BpeMeHHbIe (OpPMBI ¢ COHCTPYKUHSIMH, BbICTYNAIOLIHMH B MpENJOXKEHHH B KauecTBe COCTABHOTO CKasy- €MOro, OT KOTOPHIX OHH NMPOH3OLIJIH, Ilis npuuacrHū XapaKTepHel CBOMCTBA He TOJbKO I/aroJa, HO H I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Hrorija cpoficTBa mpHaaraTeJbHOrO COBCeM SECTION 3a IJaroJibHBIE CBOWMCTBA, WH DpHuacTHA YNOAOGJSIOTCS NpHJIaraTeJIbHbIM, Tak Sister. He HMEIOT 3HaueHHs rJjarojitHbIX KaTeropwi, Hanp. : wrong knife “noronHbih HOX», appropriate clothing «nonxojislillast ofexna», satisfied child ‘10BOJBHBI pedenoi> H T. n. Takue npuyactus CJIOXKHBIX ‘BPeMEHHBIX (DMO He 06pasylor. IlpiuacrHa HEKOTOPHIX TJIaroJIOB B OJAHHX CJAyuasX BIOTECHNOLOGY C SDKHMH TJIarOJBHbIMH CBONCTBAMH H c ruarojoM Duti o6pasyior cJOXKHble BpeMeHHble (OHCHR, a B ApyrHX CAY4asX HMEIOT SIPKHE CBOHCTBA MPHJIAraTeJbHOro H oC rJuarosiom biti ciokubix Gopm He obpasyior, cp. : here the clay is iStiZes «3necb ramsa pasMmskaa» H this person is disgusting ‘3TOT YeJOBEK BSB". B OT/eJ/IbHORN T/IaBe 3TON CTAaThbH NDHBOJSTCA HeKOTODpbIe KpHTepHH IJISi OFFSHORE CJIOXXHbIX BDpeMeHHLIX (OPM OT aHAJOTHUYECKHX COHCTDPYKIKHĖ, COCTOALIMX H3 NpPHYACTHS H Three-way to be, KoTopbie He FABJSIOTCS CJIOXHLIMH (opmamu. B HeKOTODPbIX CJy4asX rpaHuua MeXAYy HHMH He OUeHb YeTKasi, TaK Sister. CJIOXHbIe BpeMeHHbIe (up to JIHTOBCKOTO si3blKa He OTTDAHHUHJIHCb OKOHUATENBHO OT KOHCTDYK!HHĖ, OT KOTOPBHIX OHH NPOH3OLIJIH. Bropoii KOMNOHEHT CJOXKHBIX BpPeMeHHBIX (OPM — BCIOMOraTeNbHBI TJIATOJI — HMeeT TOJIbKO Bctomot0/bHyl0 posh. OH He HMeeT JIeKCHYECKOro 3HaueHHs, a ODOpMJISET CJIOXK6* 83 HyiOo (OpPMY rpaMMATHUeCKH, NpHAABasi efi 3HaueHHS TpaMMATHUeCcKHX KaTeROpHė BpeMeHH, HAKJIOHEHHS, JHA Ho UKeJIa.. BeroMorartesbHBIH TJIAaTOJI siBJsieTCsl OCHOBHBIM INOKA3aTeJIEM rpaMMaTHYeCKOro 3HaueHHst CJAOXKHBIX (OPM, HO He eIMHCTBEHHHIM, TaK Sister. CJIOXHbIe dopmbl ¢ TEMH ke (GOpPMaMH BenoMoraTeJIbHOTO IJIaroJa, HO C pa3JIHUHbIMH dhopmamu npHuacTHA I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Takum OOpa30M, 3HaueHHe CJIOMKHBIX ($opM) 3aBHCHT H OT MPHUACTHS. CnoxHbie OopMbi COCJIAraTe/IbHOrO HaKJIOHeHHS 00pasyloTcsi TaKXe H MPH TOMOILH C/IOKHBIX 3aBepIICHHBIX (OPM BCIOMOTATeNbHOTO TIviarojia, Hamp. : would have heard, would have been heard, would have been heard. las atux opm XapakTepHO spKoe 3HaAYeHHe Npomejiiero BpeMeHH. Hrak, caoXHble BpeMeHHble (DPKO) SIBJASIOTCS 2010-2011 SECOND TRIMESTRE COYETAHHSAMH 3HaMeHATeJ/IbHOTO H CJIyxeGHoro cJ0Ba, HE pa3JIMUHMbIMH HH I'm sorry, I'm HH sorry. OcHOBOiI MX Jiekchyeckoh Hepasjhyhmoch sbjsetch [1eCeMaHth3alHsl BCiomoTraTejibHoto rJaroda, Tak Sister. 0e3 JIeKCHYeCKOro 3HAueHHsi OH He MOXeT OT/leJbHO (PYHKUHOHHPOBATD. I'm sorry. HEPA3JHUHMOCTL BHITEKaeT M3 TOro, YTO rpaMMaTHYecKoe 3HaueHHe CJIOXHBX (OPM He paBHO CyMMe rpaMMATHUeCKHX 3HaueHHH BCTIOMOraTeJbHOro ryaroja H mpHtuacTHS, SBJSIETCH a HOBbIM 11e0CTHBIM Ha-Ha-Ha-Mim. CJIOxHbIe BpeMeHHbie GOPMBI INpHHAJIJIeCat K CHCTeMe chnpsiraeMbix (OPM rjaroja, Tak Sister. OXBATbIBAIOT HJH BCIO JIGKCHYECKYIO CHCTeMy rJaroJia, HJIH GoJibliHe TPYNMBl TJarDJIOB C PasHbIMH JICKCHYECKHMH 3HAUEHHSIMH, a HX 3HaueHHe COOTHOCHTCSI CO 3HaUeHHeM MPOCTHIX BpeMeHHbIX ¢opMm (Hanp. : shipped is — shipped is shipped, — shipped was shipped — u T. n.). CoOTHOUIEHHe 3HaueHHs CJIOXKHBIX BPEMEHHBIX (OPM CO 3HaueHHeM MPOCTHIX BpeMeHHbIX (OPM sABJSETCS TJIaBHOMH AX ueproit; nokaswBalloleid, uTO 3TO He cBOGojįHOe COUETaHHE CJIOB, a rpaMMarTHuecKas I'm sorry. Cnpsiraembie (OpMbl CTpajaTeJbHOrD 3hours B JHTOBCKOM $5i3blKe TOJBKO CJIOXKHbIE. I want you to be my friend. SBJSETCS BXOJAsllee B MX COCTas It's a good idea. CjoxHnbie crpagareJibHbie (OOpMbI XapakTepHbl THEIR IJIarOJIOB MepexoiHbiX H IANS HeKOTOPBIX HemepexoAHbIX. DBOJIBIIMHCTBO She's gone. TJIATOJIOB HMeIOT I'm sorry, I'm sorry. 3aJ0ra. Bee Bpemenubie (OPMBI TJIaroJia, 3a HCK/IOYEHHEM CJOXKHBIX HAUMHATEJbHBIX, MOTYT ObiTb Sister. JCHCTBHTEJNBHOTO, TaK H CTpajaTe]bHOro 3 times, Hamp. : bara is — baramas, baré was baramas, — is bares —is bartas, iSbaré — was bartas, bartų — would be barmas, would be bares —would be bartas nu T. A. Chioxnbie HaunHaTeJibHbie (OOpMBbI GbIBAIOT TOJIbKO JeHCTBHTEJbHOrO 3aJ0ra. B 3HaueHHH CJ0XKHBIX (OPM HACTOsIIEro BpeMeHH, O0COGeHHO B TpeTbeM Jihie, 4acTo ynorpeOJisioTCA NPHYACTHS HACTOSILIEr0 HJM MpoLlefllero BpeMeHH (e3 BeriOMOraTe/IbHOTO raaona, Hanp. : IS from the other side you have come «u3 Apyroii cTpaHbI Bbl MPHUIA (JDCJL: TpPHmenue- )». Takue npuuacTHS CUHTAIOTCH COOTBETCTBYIOUIMMH (fopMaMH HacTofllero BpeMeHH (HanpHMep, 3aBepLIeHHBIMH H T. IL), HO He CJIOXKHbIMH. CnoxHbie OopMbI raaoja, ynotpebasembie B JIKTOBCKHX namstHukax XVIXVII BeKOB, CBOefiį CTPYKTYpOHl B OCHOBHOM He OTJIHYAIOTCSi OT COBpeMeHHbIx. TOJIbKO B MHCbMEHHOCTH TOTO BpeMeHH CJIOXHbIie HauHHaTeJIbHbIe (DDpMbI BCTPEUAIOTCS OUeHb PEAKO, a JO0BOJbHO YVIOTpeOHTeJIbHbIMH SABJASIOTCH (DOpMbi Cc fĮĮeliCTBHTEJIbHbIM IpHuUacTHeM HACTOsllero BpeMenH Ge3 adukca be-, Hanp. : būwo ēssąs, will sit («[Toctuana» M. Jlaykurm. Ceiįac OHH elle HHOM/Įa BCTpeuaIOTCSi B HeKOTOpbIX JHAa/JeKTaX COBpeMeHHOTroO; i3biKA.