Baltų kalbų naminių gyvulių pavadinimai (jų kilmė ir santykis su atitinkamais slavų kalbų pavadinimais)

BA LAT CUAL YR 8 L APC VS O COUNTRY UDE BE US RE UV US ESA TI FLEET UV O5£8-TS R MO KS L Gr AKADEMIJA ALGIRDAS SABALIAUSKAS NAMES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN BALTIAN LANGUAGES (THEIR ORIGIN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE RELEVANT NAMES OF SLAVIAN LANGUAGES) In the study of the linguistic relations of the Baltic Slavs, in addition to the study of phonetics, ir morphology and syntax phenomena, a detailed examination of the lexicon of these languages is of considerable importance. A broader generalizing ir work on the lexicon of the Baltic Slavic languages and its interrelationships will be possible only when the lexicon of individual ir semantic groups will be studied more thoroughly. That the study of such groups also yields interesting, sometimes even completely unexpected results, can be visually seen iš O. Books by Trubachev ,,Slavy language craft terminology“! : The analysis of the terminology of textile, woodworking, ceramics, blacksmithing crafts showed that the vocabulary of Slavic languages in this field has much more similarities with Germanic, Latin than with Baltic languages. su su Of course, based on the analysis of one such lexical group, it is not possible to draw broader conclusions, but the data of this analysis are ir a valuable contribution to the whole complex of studying the linguistic į relations of the Baltic ir Slavs. In this thesis we tried to analyze one such lexical group + names of domestic animals. The main focus here is on the material of the Baltic languages, the facts of the Slavic languages are touched as far as they have a direct connection į with the corresponding facts of o the Baltic languages. su This nature of the work was partly iš determined by the fact that the Slavic livestock terminology is examined in more detail: this question is dedicated to the work itself. to O. The Trubachev Studio „Slavských jazykových domácích zvířat jmen kilmé*“2, Regarding the names of individual domestic animals, the work briefly touches on the history of these animals domestication, ir appearance in the current territory of the — jų Balts other issues that may sometimes have some connections ir ir su the emergence of individual names. Be Therefore, in the absence of more extensive works of this kind in Lithuanian, such knowledge may be a kind of fragments of the history of livestock farming in Baltic countries. At the moment, there seems to be no doubt that the first animal domesticated by man is the dog. An infinitely long time gap separates us from the beginning of the friendship between man and dog, so today it is difficult to highlight more specifically this friendship 10. H. TpyGaues, PemecieHHasi TEMPORARY B CJIABSHCKHX f3bikaX, Mocksa, 1966. * O. H. Tpy6aues, IlponcxoxjeHne Ha3BaHHil JIOMAINHHX XXHBOTHbIX B CJABSHCKHX S13blKax, Mocksa, 1960. 101 history, explain the reasons that made a person come closer to the dog before other animals. In Neolithic archaeological fossils, dog bones are found almost throughout Europe, and sometimes even where there is no trace of any other domestic animal!. ; Various drawings show that the dog has been known to the Sumerians since ancient times. They are represented as companions of the Babylonian gods. All dog figures had magical powers in their land®. Dogs are depicted on the oldest Egyptian vases. The importance of dogs in the life of ancient Egyptians is also shown by the fact that dog remains are found in ancient tombs next to the master. And the pharaohs of the I and II dynasties of Egypt loved their dogs so much that, after burying them in their tombs, they also built tombstones for them, in which they carved their names and Suny names, which, having carried the burden of maybe five thousand years, have survived to our day?. Various breeds of dogs were bred by the ancient Assyrians, Greeks, and Romans." Herodotus wrote of the ancient Iranians that their "Wise men kill everything with their own hands except dogs and people." The abundance of different breeds of dogs, sometimes very different from each other, already in the early 19th century allowed zoologists to conclude that the domestic dog did not come from the same ancestor everywhere." Much more complicated question to clarify the problem of domestication of the dog. Animals are often used for commercial purposes. The domestication of the dog has also been attempted to explain for these purposes, considering the dog as an assistant to man—the hunter and the shepherd. This view, as we will see later, was reflected in the explanation of the origin of the Indo-European dog name. However, a number of important factors make this view to be abandoned. First of all, it is contradicted by the fact that the dog, as has been observed, was domesticated earlier than man began to engage in animal husbandry. The Aboriginal people of South and Central America did not engage in livestock breeding, but they had the dog as their only, so to speak, domestic animal. In general, the role of the dog in the life of the American Aboriginals helps to illuminate the problem of its domestication on the European continent. For Aboriginal Americans, dogs are closely associated with religion and mythology. In various religious ceremonies, dog meat was eaten in America- ." It was also eaten in ancient Europe, where the eating at first also probably had a ritual character?. Traces of the veneration of the dog as an animal possessed of divine powers survived until the appearance of the Indo-European script, and some of the 1 M. Hilzheimer, Haustier, —M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, V, Berlin, 1926, p. 219; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, I, Berlin—Leipzig, 1926, p. 1917—1923, p. 516. * M. Hilzheimer, ibid., p. 219. * Ebeling, Hund, —M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, V, p. 410. * M. Hilzheimer, ibid., p. 220; Ranke, Hund, —M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, V, p. 409; C. Keller, Die Abstammung der éltesten Haustiere, Ziirich, 1902, p. 41 —42. * C. Keller, ibid., pp. 42-45. ® O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, I, p. 516. ? C. Keller, ibid., pp. 46-80; E. Hahn, Hund, —M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Prehistorie, V, p. 403. ® F. Termer, Journal of Ethnology, 82, Braunschweig, 1957, p. 1. ® O, Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, I, p. 516. 102 the signs of the dog's religious role, in fact, have survived to our days." Therefore, if the ancient Roman writers were right when they grouped dogs into hunting, shepherding and yard dogs according to their utilitarian purpose, then this scheme cannot be transferred back to earlier times, to the beginning of dog domestication, because both hunting and grazing functions, and especially home protection functions, appeared much later after the domestication of the dog. One must probably agree with those researchers who, having rejected the utilitarian nature of the human-dog relationship, claim that the dog first approached man as a parasite. The dog was attracted to human camps by various food remains, in which fires were burned. In this way, the dog became accustomed to stay close to human settlements, gradually getting closer to him. It is possible that young puppies were especially easily accustomed to humans. Even at the beginning of domestication, a person could sometimes use a dog for some of his own business. For example, it is believed that women gave puppies excess milk to digest. There are surviving images of Babylonian and Carthaginian goddesses of death, each with a suckling animal at each breast, probably a puppy and a piglet. Some people still have this custom in our time!?. Therefore, there is no doubt that the dog was well known to the Indo-Europeans even during the closest interpersonal contacts. The ancestors of the Balts and Slavs were no exception in this respect. The dog was the first domesticated animal in the areas inhabited by the Baltic peoples. The dog also left a mark in Lithuanian and Latvian folklore**. ir The Indo-European languages very well preserved the old name of the dog, plg. skr. §vd, vns. kilm. Sunah, av. spa, vns. kilm. sino, gr. xbwv, vns. kilm. xuvėc, lot. canis "dog, bitch", arm. Sun, air. cu, vns. kilm. con, het. Suwana, anyway. ku, lit. dog, p.n.s. kilm. dogs. Among the given examples, the name of the Latin dog stands out due to the vocalism of its root. However, the change in the Latin word root seems possible to explain by Latin data. Both its meaning and origin are ir questionable. ir Suwana'®. Original idea. The meaning of the dog's name is not entirely clear, although there have ar been several interpretations. H. Osthoff- 's idea. the name of the dog tried to associate su ide. Bovine (initially, perhaps, sheep) name *peku* (plg. skr. Pasuh, lot. 10 O, H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjenne Ha3BaHHi AOMAIIHUX JKHBOTHHIX B GCJIABSHCKHX sisbikax, Mocksa, 1960, p. 5 (hereinafter: Ilponcxox ensue...). 1 C. Keller, Die Descendancy of the oldest Animals and Pets, p. 44. '* E. A dog, A dog, — M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Prehistory, V, p. 403; Aa. Ha. Tpy6Gauee, ibid., p. 35. 3 P. Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, Lithuanian archaeology, Vilnius, 2005, p. 1961, p. 79; Latvia in the past of the PSR, I, K. Strazdina, J. Zuša, J. Krastina, A. Drizula ed., Riga, 1953, p. 9; K. IlaaBep, ®opmupoBanue TepHodayHbhi H H3MEHUKHBOCTb MJIEKOTIHTaiomux [lpuGantuku B roJioteke, Tapry, 1965, p. 361 —362, 364 —365, 367—372. '4 P, Smiths, Latvian People's Beliefs, IV, Riga, 1941, p. 1745—1776. '5 A. Forest, comparative Dictionary of Indo-European LanguageI, s, Berlin and Leipzig, 1930, p. 465—466 (hereinafter referred to as: Throw. Wb. ); A. Walde, Latin etymological dictionary, Heidelberg, I, 1930, p. 152-153 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. Wb. ); E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, II, Heidelberg — Gottingen, 1966, p. 1033-1035 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. Wb. ): F. Kluge, Etymological Dictionary of German German language, Berlin, 1957, p. 320 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. Wb. ); J. Pokorny, Indo-European etymological dictionary, Bern, 1949, p. 632— 633 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. Wb. ); H. Kronasser, Comparative phonology Theory of forms Hittite, Heidelberg, 1956, p. 229: B. B. HBanos, Xerrckuii s3bik, Mocksa, pecus), by 1963, p. 90—92. 103 restoring proliferation *(p)kyon, whose original meaning would have been ,,shepherd dog in ar general“. However, this interpretation is contradicted by the history of the object jo itself, not to mention its phonetic unreasonability. There is also no evidence that this dog name is a secondary one that has replaced the previously used ide. the name of the dog. V. Georgiev explains that ide. The name of the dog comes from iš ide. Prolytes *keyu-* „screaming, howling, cauking, barking““, Thus, the dog would have received its name because of its characteristic barking, howling, ir the original meaning of the dog name was "barking, howling animal". The primary form of the singular denominator, according to V. Georgijevo, formerly *keuon, which, when exposed to the form *ku-n-0s, very early protruding form *kuon (gr. wow) or *kuon (skr. $vd, av. spd). The original paradigm of the name of this dog was about this: vns. ward. *keuon > *kuuo(n) ir *kuo(n), vns. gal. *you're my friend, please. kilm. *kun-és, vns. viet. *kuén-(i), dgs. innag. *kun-bhis ir t.t. V. Georgiev, be already mentioned by us the name of the dog, these sucks iš also originate from skr. ir $vakah ‘wolf’, mid. (Herodotus) onexa "Šuo", lat. kuna ‘bitch’, sc. k0-ka-h ,,vilkas®, bulg. Kyue 'dog', rus. Cyca „bitch”, in Polish. Fuck you. From a semantic point of view V. Mr Georgiev's interpretation would be perfectly acceptable. However, there are many doubts about the jo schematism of phonetic treatment, o the association of jo some examples of instructions su with the old ide. dog's name, it seems to us, completely impossible. Worthy of note is F. Špecht's attempt to explain the šį name of the dog, jį su It's going. roots *keu-, denoting some colour, e.g. skr. $onah ‘red’ <ide. *keu-no“. Semantically, such an interpretation would also be possible, because ide. in the languages there are a number of names of this animal of varying age, derived iš from the corresponding color name. Just late. kidney, lat. caūna, pr. caune, as a velar variant of the ano root, could be linked to this ide. su the name of the dog? ?. However, other ide. *keu-no root words (plg. off. Savahi "The name of the part of the land in the east", av. cheese "early in the morning", arm. Sukh „glow, radiance“, arm. Sol „ray““) does not very much agree F. with Specht’s etymology, because the main meaning of this root is still “To shine, to light”. Liet. flaky “decent, honorable; funny, agile", which Špecht, F. breaking down į *šu-an-k-us, related to su words of this group, because of ir the meaning, because of ir the older form jo šankūs is not related su to words of this group. There were attempts to associasu te the name of the dog with the same idea. roots *keu-, but denoting some ne colour, but ,,thin, swell, increase, grow“, explaining that the original meaning of the name of the dog was more or less ar close to the concepts: ‘powerful’ (plg. skr. shavirah ,,powerful*) ar ,,fertilized, animal child“ (plg. skr. $i-Su ‘,vaikas’’, sen. isl. hūnn, gr. xvoc). But are these interpretations in all respects questionable? ?. Be this already discussed by us ide. the dog's name, in large European ir In Asia, a different name is widely used, which is ir found only in jo Indo-European, but in Finnish-Ugric, ne Turko-Tatar languages. ir In all these languages, it is very similar, used most often in the meaning of a young dog, less often a bitch in general. ar There are many jo variants of the name in the Slavic languages. KYTEHOK "The Dog", KYTSI, KYTIOK, 16 B. M. Teoprues, Heesejiopanna mo CPpaBHHTeJIbHO-HCTOpHUECKOMY — S13bIKO3HAHHIO, Mocxsa, 1958, p. 46—47, 117, 139, 151. |“ F. Specht, Der Origin of the Indo-European Declination, London, UK 1947, p. 32, 121—122. * A. Walde, Vrgl. Wb., I, p. 368; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 594. * A. Walde, Vrgl. Wb., I, p. 446; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 592—594, 104 KyTHXa 'bitch', KyuKo ‘dog’, ukr. Koriora, slovk. kot’uha, bulg. kKyue 'bitch', sr. kyue, slov. kuczok, lenk. Kucziuk ‘dog name’’. O here are examples from other languages: alb. kutsh ‘dog’, lat. bitch ‘bitch’, puppy "Sunytis- *, oset. Kya|kuj "Shoo" < eastern iran. *kuti, plg. kurdi kuçik, hungarian dog, komi kitsch, kitsch "Dog". Despite the external similarity of ir the coinciding meaning, this name does not succumb to exact phonetic analysis. It is jo difficult to explain ir the spread by lending. Therefore, it seems reasonable for many researchers to consider such a dog's name as derived from the iš dog's calligraphic sound, e.g. Russian. KyTb-KyTh, left. Kuciu-kuciu. It is possible that these words should su be associated with Rus. wmy, lit. chiū-chiū, o chiū-chiū, also ir iš jų originated, mainly used in children's language, dog names. Strangely enough, in Slavic languages there are no more reliable traces of the old common Indo-European name of the dog (lit. šud kt. ). ir However, there are other names for dogs that are not known in the other Indo-European languages. Some of these names are quite old, still of common Slavic origin. One of the ir oldest and most common is: sen. sl. poss 'Shuo', sen. Russian. nbCb, Russian. NEC, Inc.. nec, baltr. nec, bulg. mee, nec, serb.-chorv. mic, slov. pš, slovk. dog, left. pies, kas. piece, high. Puddle. pos, žem. Puddle. pes, pjas, polab. passports (< *peas) Among the etymologists, this Slavic dog name is very popular and almost all be possible semantic ir variants of the origin of the dog name have been applied ne to its interpretation. Most supporters found the V. etymology of Schultz: Slavic piss associated with skr. su bananaah ‘red, brown’ (also the name of ir the dog), pišdh ‘danilius’, gr. mowxihog „margas“, rus. riecTpkih, liet. paišas et ir al. *?. The origin of the name of the dog, ir which is common in Eastern Slavic languages, is still unclear. sen. Russian. coGaka, Russian. co6aka, baltr. ca6aka, ukr. coGaka, left. dial. Sobaka, porridge. Dog „bitch, dog, loose man“, slov. Sobaka, slovk. dial. Dog ,,a spectacular woman''". Į Western Slavic languages, especially where this word is used in its indirect meaning, it may have entered Russian, Belarusian Ukrainian languages. ir iš ar Some šį consider the name of the dog a loan iš from Iranians, iš others from Turks, others try to consider it a word of Slavic origin? *?. Some Slavic languages have a common female name: sen. Russian. cyka, rus. cyka, baltr. Cyka, ukr. cyka, lenk. buckwheat, porridge. polab. sauko ,.iStvirkélé, prostitute'. In order to explain the origin of this word, since the time of H. Osthof, there has been a tendency to somehow find the old ide. dog name (lit. etc.) ir traces in Slavic languages. Net '*0 O. H. Tpy6aués, Ilponcexoxjnenne..., p. 25—26; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 705—706; B. H. A6aesB, Heropuko-aTH MoJiornueckui CJIOBapb OceTHHCKOTO sisbika, I, Mocksa —JleHnurpaa, 1958, p. 605. * O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponkcxoxwjenke..., p. 19; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 346— 347. ** M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 346-7; O. H. TpyGaues, Ilpoucxoxjenue..., p. 19; M. Ma yrhofer, Short etymological dictionary of the Altindischen, II, Heidelberg, 1963, p. 288—289 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. Wb. ). * Aa. Ha. TpyGaues, K stuvonorun cjosa co6aka,,,Kpatkue — coobuennss Mucrityra cnassivoseiennst AH CCCP’, 15, Mocksa, 1955, p. 48—55, J. Holub, F. Kopečny, Etymological dictionary of language Ceského, Prague, Czech Republic 1952, p. 344 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. sl); V. Machek, Etymological Dictionary of Language Czech Slavic, a Prague, 1957, p. 462 (hereinafter referred to as: And one. sl. ); O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjienne..., p. 32. 105 and in recent years, many researchers have taken this path**. However, the commonality of the name of this bitch and even more so its connection with the old ide. in the name of the dog is not sufficiently proven**. The old Indo-European name of the dog is preserved in all three Baltic languages. 1999. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Similar optional v before d declination in Baltic languages is also observed in some other cases, e.g. lit. di < *dvuo, lit. guolis, lat. guéja < *guol, žem. "Königsberg - Kreuzberg" (in German). kreuzberg-kreuzberg.de. XBaillb, left. chwaličir kt.2*. In addition to the form §ué, which can be found in the first monuments of the Lithuanian language, in dialects and various writings there are other forms of this name, the emergence of which is explained by phonetic or morphological changes, cf. šuva (the most common form in dialects: Dusetos, Joniškėlis, Joniškis, Kapsukas, Pandėlys, Obeliai, Rokiškis, Ukmergė, Utena, Varėna, Vilkaviškis, Zarasai, etc.)?“, šunė (Gataučiai, Karsakiškis, Kuldūnai, Pabiržė, Nemunėlio Radviliškis, Saločiai, Smilgiai, Šleideriškės, Užušiliai, etc.), šudj (Leipalingis, Liškiava), suén (Varniai, Vaiguva)®, šunis (Kučiūnai, former Seinų apskritis- )®. In linguistic literature, the form §#°° is often mentioned. However, this form probably arose from the inaccurate transposition of the sounds of the Žemaičių mudininkų dialect?®- !. The literary form šud is mainly used in Žemaitija, in some of the western Altay dialects (Bitėnai, Kriūkai, Jurbarkas, Smalininkai, Šakiai, Veliuona), and is sometimes found in other dialects. In its variety of forms, this dog name does not differ from other Lithuanian nouns of the old consonant stem, e.g. sesuo next to sesuva, sėsva, sėsė, sesu0j etc. ir The Latvian form suns, corresponding to lit. šunis, has traces of consonant conjugation in some ancient written monuments, but forms corresponding to lit. suo are not documented in Latvian**. The name of the dog is recorded twice in Prussian language monuments. The Elbing dictionary finds: Dog Hunt (703 word). This form would correspond to lat. suns, lit. šunis. However, this cannot be categorically stated, because in the Elbing dictionary the ending -is 24 H. M. Illancxnit, B. B. Usanos, T. B. lllanckas, Kparkuli STHMOJIOTHYUECKHH CJIOBapb pycckoro s335iKa, Mockea, 1961, p. 324; B. H. T'eoprnes, HcejejnjoBaxns no cpaBHHTeJbHO-HCTOPHYECKOMY S533bIKO3HAHHIO, p. 47; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 42. *5 O, H. Tpy6aues, [lpoucxoxzenue..., p. 21-22. ** J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 1957, p. 46, 141; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Riga, 1951, p. 484; J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, I, Warszawa, 1958, p. Wb., p. 81, 176, 1033,?7 Dialectological data are usually taken from the Lithuanian Language Atlas of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature. : *8 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, Vilnius, 1958, p. 588; II, Vilnius, 1959, p. 354; V. Vitkauskas, Baltistica, II(2), p. 203-207. * Pr. Skardžius, Lithuanian Wordmaking, Vilnius, 1941, p. 50. 20 J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, p. 127; J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, III, Warszawa, 1956, p. 58, 62; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1033. NV, Vitkauskas, Baltistica, II(2), pp. 203-207. 32 J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, p. 440—441; K. Miilenbacha Latviešu valodas vardnica, III, Riga, 1927—1929, p. 1122—1123 (hereinafter: EM). EH: J. Endzelins and E. Hauzenberga, Addendums and corrections to K. Miilenbach- 's Latvian language vardaic, I—II, Riga, 1934— the ending -as > -s is also added instead of -s. Here we find deywis „god“*, and dagis, „summer“ (cf. lit. dagas), and stogis „roof“, and snaygis „snow“, and taukis, „oil®“, etc. Some ambiguity is caused by another name of the dog found in the Prussian language monuments: Simon Grunau's dictionary 42 word songos hundt. Trautmann considers this word to be a distorted spelling of the form sunis (songos...aus sunis verderbt)- **. J. Endzelynas also tends to read the song as *surius®®. E. Benveniste restores the form *sunko® from the songh. E. Benveniste 1946. 106 justifies this form by the fact that in S. Grunau's dictionary there are more words that differ from the same words (forms found in other Prussian language monuments. For example, next to Elbing's dictionary Geytye (read probably Geytys)*" "bread", in S. Grunau's dictionary of catechisms geits is the form geytko. In the Elbing dictionary Cinderella "bird", catechisms dgs. gal. pippalins In S. Grunau's dictionary we find the form pipelko. However, anyway, the form songas is still probably the same name of the dog, corresponding to pr. sunis, lit. Sud, a variant, and not a new, only Prussian name for a dog. The Prussian name of the dog, which has just been discussed, has left quite prominent traces in the Prussian toponymy. Some water names and place names found in various historical documents may be associated with him: Sonne, Sonnaw, Sonnekaym, Suna, Sunegowe, Sunecolowach, Sunike, Zunloszkeim*.” According to F. Lorentz, even the name of a village near Gdansk, Schėnau, is related to pr. sunis (Schonau < Sunowo „Hundedorf“)*?, the Baltic languages do not have a common name for the female dog. In English, the term is used to refer to the same thing (see also the article on the same term). This name of the female dog can be found in all Lithuanian dialects, it is already recorded in ancient writings (Daukša, Širvydas). Despite the efforts made, the origin of the Lithuanian word kalė has not yet been sufficiently clarified. "I'm going to try to get to the island. hvelpr ‘young dog’, alb. keliis “a young animal, especially a dog”, gr. cydAaZ “a dog, a young dog, a young animal”, gr. ydhAAa, vid. air. cuilén ‘young dog’, kimr. Colwyn, Cornwall. Colin, Bret. kolen®TM. All these words would have come from ide. of the root *kel-‘to shout, scream, sound’. It seems to us that lietuv. kalė is probably a newly-appeared, only Lithuanian- -specific word and has no direct connection with the aforementioned names of dogs, mostly young ones. Another thing is that lit. kalė could actually have come from words genetically related to ide. *kelšaknimi, cf. lat. kaludt “to whisper”, kalit. However, there is another possible interpretation of the origin of the word kalė, based on the material of the Lithuanian language itself. We have previously noted that some *4 Prussian catechisms are written deiws, deiwas. When giving examples of Prussian dictionaries, the Prussian form is usually referred to first. ** R, Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, Gottingen, 1910, p. 433. 3 J. Endzelins, Old Prussian language, Riga, 1943, p. 259. 3% E. Benveniste, StB, 2, p. 78. * R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. 87. *8 G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, Berlin —Leipzig, 1922, p. 168, 176. ¥ F. Lorentz, ZfSI, XI, 2, p. 245. 4 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 208; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, 642; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., Indo-European dog names are explained by associating them with the corresponding color names. Similarly, it seems to us, the origin of lit. kalė could be explained. This word would p. 550. 107 have to be associated with Lithuanian adjectives kalybas,,- baltas (about a dog's neck), kalybkaklis "white neck", kalyvas "white", kalynas. Such an adjective is found in some Žemaičių dialektai (Mosėdis, Plateliai, Salantai, Alsėdžiai- ), as well as in the dictionaries of J. Brodovskis, G. H. F. Neselmanas, J. Juška*!. Adjectives kalyvas, kalybas are secondary derivatives with suffixes -ybas, -yvas. Thus, as next to senyvas, senybas or ankstyvas, ankstybas are the primary adjectives sėnas, ankstūs, so next to kalyvas, kalybas should be the form *kalas. This form may have given rise to the dog names *kalis, kulė and kalė, cf. margas-- >mafgis, margé. The adjective *kalas originally did not necessarily mean "white", cf. gr. xehouwvée "black", xwA6g "grey", air. caile, ‘stain’. The latter lit. kalė etymology, it seems to us, would be supported by the fact that from ide. from the root *kel-, *kal of animal names in various ide. in languages we find quite a lot, cf. karkdh 'white horse', gr. xtAAoc 'Aasilas', sv. dial. "The Horse and the Bull". Swiss helmet "Cozy cow" and others. ** The original meaning of the adjective *kalas might have been “white-spotted, mottled- ”. Our proposed etymology is particularly supported by the fact that the adjectives kalyvas, kalybas are used only when talking about a dog. A certain analogy, when the name of an animal derived from some characteristic becomes the species name of the female animal, can be seen in lit. kėvė „poor lean animal; in the history, which, having entered into the Latvian language, acquired the meaning of “cuckold- ”. F. Spechtas®s had already mentioned the possibility of linking lit. kalė with lit. kalyvas probėgomis. As we mentioned, kalė is a specific Lithuanian name for a female dog. It is true that K. Būga tried to see traces of this word in some Prussian personal names and place names: he associated the name of the village Kalis and the personal name Kalioth** with Lithuanian kalė. However, pr. Kalis, Calyen, Kalcz (the name of the lake), it seems to us, it would be more correct to associate with pr. kalis „catfish (fish)““*- *. In Latvian, there are two more common names for female dogs: kuce and kuna. We have already mentioned the origin of the first and similar names of dogs in other languages, talking about the Slavic names of this type (Russian: KYTĖHOK "dog" and others). The phonological origin of Latin kuce, kuca "bitch" is confirmed by a number of other dog names used in Latvian, related to the dog's call word kuč, e.g. kuča "bitch", kuča "little puppy (in children- 's language- )", kučate "bitch", kucka "bitch", kucens "puppy", kucēns, kucans, kucenis, kucentinš, kucelėns, kuclėns, kucis "dog", kucinš, kučinš, kucans "puppy", kucęlėns, kucins "dog's derogatory name", kuculgns "puppy" (EM, II, 298; EH, I, 666). “1 Lithuanian Language Dictionary, V, pp. 135—137, 141 (hereinafter: LKŽd.). 12 E, Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 209; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 506; J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., pp. 547-548; M. Mayrhofer, Et. Wb., I, p. 171. # F. Specht, The Origin of the Indo-European Declination, p. 122; A. Sabaliauskas, Baltistica, III(1), p. 109—110. “4 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 524—525. # G. Gerullis, The Old Prussian Place Names, p. 54; R. Trautmann, The Old Prussian Language Monuments, p. p. 351. 108 There are various opinions about the origin of the Latvian kuna. Many scholars do not distinguish this word from other ide. the relative of the old dog name®. Here is what K. Būga wrote about the question of the origin of the Latin kuna: "And I, following K. Jaunius, first thought that la. Kuria The “bitch” (III 33) is in the same lineage as the dog, but I publicly denied this opinion in the hectographed criticism of “Aistiškos studijos” in November 1909 (p. 10). Kuna together with la. kuce "bitch""- ... kucens,,- Sunénas- ®... belongs to words of unknown origin. Plg. kašub. kuna ‘bitch’ ir bulg. member ,,5uo*, white. Kutch, Ottoman. Kiičiik „dog““*", J. Endzelynas?® lat. The origin of kuna was interpreted in two ways: as a contamination ją of *suna and kuca, or as a foreign origin, like kaš. kiind, which E. Berneker* associated with rus. kyHa „kiaunė“. The first case seems to us to be more likely. The sound word kuč may have played a role here. ir (dogs) *sun > house kuna). There are many other, more narrowly ir used, names for dogs in all of the Baltic languages. They usually denote individual species of dogs or are used with some emotional otherwise distinctive meaning shade next ar to the generic the name of the (species) dog. The word "hunting dog" is a word of Slavic origin. As K. Būga has shown, this word must have entered the Lithuanian language at the latest in the 12th century. Liet. created from an iš unacknowledged age. Russian. forms *X5pT*, iš which is supposed to have ir given rise to the present Russian form xopr*?. In Slavic languages, this name of the dog is very widely used. Be of the above-mentioned rus. xopT, plg. ukr. Okay, bulg. xpbT, XpbTKa, serb.-chorv. xp, slov. Ait, check. chrt, slovk. chrt, left. chart, height. Puddle. Chort, cut. Puddle. chart. As can be seen from the examples given, there are sufficient grounds to consider the name of the dog as a consonant word. šį But how it appeared in the Slavic languages, to date, it is not clarified, the number of o interpretir ations of interpreters is simply record. Some researchers (H. The name E. "Bernhard" was šį borrowed from the Germanic iš name Bernd. vok. Riide "dog, hunting dog", sen. vok. height. Rudium ‘big dog’. Others jį linked to su Rus. CKOpbIii ‘Fast’, third sc. su kharah ‘coarse, rough, sharp’, Gr. xdpyoooc ‘sharp, pointed’. V. Machek, iš who had initially tried to tie ji su let. create „to run fast“, later the šį name of the dog together su with vok. Riide held "pra-Indo-European", t. y. the Indo-Europeans inherited some unknown iš language. J. Mikola tried to bridge the gap ir here. fast "fast, urgent, agile". K. Moshinsky derived the Slavic name of the dog iš from xpto <ide. *sp-to-< *ser- "run fast". O. Trubachev recently announced a new Slav. xrto origin interpretation, linking jį su let. saFtas®.. It is ką difficult to say anything about the reliability of the listed etymologies: almost all of them ir have their own rational ir grain, weak sides. From a semantic point of view, it seems to us quite convincing is O. Trubachev- 's interpretation. True, here we encounter su 14 B. HU. Teoprues, HccnejnoBanust no CpaBHHTENLHO-HCTOPHYECCOMY SI3bIKO3HAHHIO, p. 47; B. B. Hsanos, Xerrckuiit s3uiK, p. 92; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 633. #7 K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 220. 18 EM, II, p. 316. * E. Berneker, Slavic etymological Worderbuch, Heidelberg, Germany 1908— 1913, p. 644. % K. Book, Selected Writings, I, p. 430; III, p. 497, 763, 769; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 318; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 265. 54 M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 265; O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjenne..., p. 23; BoHpOCbI CJIaBSHCKOTO s3bIKO3HAHHS, Bbiri. 2, Mocksa, 1957, p. 38—41; V. Machek, Et. sl., p. 163; J. Holub, F. Kopečny, et al. sl., p. 143; F. Stawski, Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, I, Krakéw, Slavic 1952—1956, p. 60—61 (hereinafter referred to as: St. and. ). 109 šį language name of ram derived from eastern languages. iš O. Trubachev. It restores the Turkish form *rain "going"*!. Although semantically such an interpretation, based on some animal names associated with verbs denoting movement, is possible, but in su rus. ir Gapau kt. ir it is far from solving the problems of origin. Slavic sheep call sounds, reminiscent of Russian. Gapan kt. ir the names of this root ram, Trubachev O. considers secondary origin. However, it seems to us hardly ar ši circumstance could contradict rus. Gapa kt. ir phono-verbal origin. One, such sounds as 6upb, Gapb, can hardly be ar considered secondary. Jų age can be confirmed by facts in other languages. There are a lot of similar sheep call sounds in Lithuanian: barė, būre, burė, buria, buriū, būri, buri. Similar ir sheep driven pronunciations found: bar (skyus, bar, namo, white sheep!), buriūkš, būrum (būrum burum būkt, this is how shepherds urge rams to starve). Iš verbs derived from such sounds barintioti ‘call sheep’, burėnti ‘mekenti (about sheep)’. Iš from these sounds, ir many sheep names in various Lithuanian dialects have emerged: bariūkas "a ram, a ram's name", bariūtė "‘graceful name of sheep’", bird ‘avelė (word of the riddle)“, būrė ‘avis (in children's language)", burėlė ‘avelė’, sail "lamblys, burinėlis", burikė ,,bureau, sheep”, bureau ‘ovine ar ovine (ppr. in children’s language)“, buriniūkas "Lamb", bucket „avytė, buriutė“, burytis "Lamb", "Lamb" "lamb, lamb", lamb “avelė”, sailboat ,,jériukas®, burrow ,,sheep (ppr. in children’s language)“, burūtė "birdie, sheep" (LKŽd., I, 535, 536, 691, 966, 968, 969, 970, 971, 984). Of the same origin are probably the names of the ir sheep and lamb rams that are occasionally found in Latvian folk songs: birite, berulite, ar beritis, biritina, birina, birenins (EH, I, 220), which A. Gateris**, in our opinion?®, unreasonably ja su asmenvardZiu Birgitta (holy Brigitte could be considered a guardian of animals). The difference in vocalism of ir iš jų sheep names derived from individual sounds can only be explained by the change in root vocalism characteristic of sounds, e.g. Slavic variants of this pronunciation: 6ep, 6up, Gap, Gop, 6p**. It is true that some Lithuanian dialects use the borrowed Slavic name ir bardnas. iš J. The form used in Bretkūno ir writings is barankas. (LKZd., I, 530), derived iš from minor Slavic forms. However, there is no su reason to associate with it the words used in Lithuanian to call sheep. ar Most of the time, the word baron could only have influenced the root vocalism of some sound words. On the other hand, one must bear in mind the fact ir tą that a similar sheep call sound is detected even in ir ne Indo-European languages, cf. Arab. sheep and goat call bir bir? ?. Thus, it seems to us, the Slavic name of the ram (Russian). Gapan ir kt.) best interpreted as a word of phonological origin. Here would be a completely analogous phenomensu on in Russian. KYTĖHOK "Dog", lat. the cock's fold. Iš Russian. Gapau came from the ir sheep name sometimes found in Latvian folk songs baranina, barenite, barankite (EH, I, 205). 2 O, H. Tpy6aues, Ilpoucxoxjienne..., p. 75—76. 22 A Gaiters, Celi, 12, Lunda, 1965, p. 32—36. 28 A, Sabaliauskas, Baltistica, II(1), p. 89. 24 A. H. lepmanos ny, MexjoMeTHss H 3BYyKONnojipaxkaTeJIibHbIe: CJOBa pyCCKOTO S3bIKA. AsTopedepar jfokTopckoit muccepranmn, Cumbpeponoss, 1961, p. 89. 25 M, Niedermann, People's ir Word, 2, p. 443. 116 A lot of it went. many languages, including the Slavic, have a common name for the sheep’s child — the lamb. In Slavic languages this name is very well preserved, e.g. sen. sl, agnę, agnbcb, TUS. ATHEHOK, Check. sheep and others26 There are no traces of this name in the Baltic languages. The most common name for this concept here is another name, the relationship of which with the corresponding names of the same kind in Slavic languages raises quite serious doubts. In Lithuanian language there are various phonetic and morphological variants of this Baltic name: ėras, ėrėlis, ėrditis, ėris, ėrys, ėriščias, ėrištis, ėrytis, ėriūk as, erūkas gėrditis, gėralis, géras, gėrėlis, gėriokas, gėriūkas, jéras, jérditis, jėrėlis, jėris, jėrytis, jėriūkas (LKŽd., II, 824, 826, 828, 832; III, 241, 246, 251, 257, 258; IV, 340, 341), vėras, vėraitis- *". The oldest form, it seems, should be held lambs. Both adding and dropping the j is common in Baltic languages, cf. lit. jéknos: ėknos, jėmiaū: ėmiaū, jëbé: éibé, jėrubė: érubé, etc. Initial jir gcaitling is also sometimes found in Lithuanian dialects, e.g. jėrubė: gerubė, jdaura: giduré, judrė: gudrė, jiėdras: giédras, etc. The prefix v is usually added before the backward vowels, but there are exceptions?*?. It seems to us that E. Frenkel's attempt to associate lit. véras, separating it from ėras, with sk. žranah "avine, ériukas", arm. garn ‘lamb’” and others is not justified*?. It is hard to look at lit. weras as such an old language fact. The effect of the word wool on the word wear is also highly doubtful. In Latvian, the word jēras corresponds exactly to the form jērs. There are also minor forms of this word jėrulis, jėrėns, jėrelis, jėrinš, jeruks. The forms Jjėrulis, jérelis are used with a derogatory connotation (EM, II, 114; EH, I, 565). From the above names of lambs, new words have emerged in Latvian, used not in the sense of “lamb”, but in the sense of a certain sheep: jére „ein Jahr altes Schaf, ein halbjühriges Schaf; lamb; ein altes Schaf““, jėrene, jériniece,,aita ar jeru““, jérene „kad aitai ir pirmuo reiz jęri, tad ta ir j.““ (EM, II, 114; EH, I, 564—5). In Elbing’s dictionary we also find a Prussian name for a lamb: Eristian Lam (681 Zodis)®. The Prussian name of the lamb has the diminutive suffix -is and the singular noun ending -an**, and the root was corresponding to Lit. jér-as, Lat. jer-s. J. Gerulis is inclined to see the Prussian name of the lamb in some Prussian place names: Eren, Iragarbis (Iregarbis, Iregaps, Ergarbin) < pr. er-istian+ pr. garbis "mountain" (in some Prussian dialects ė> 7). Looking for the name of this Baltic lamb relatives in other ide. in languages, questioning plays a very important role. If in fact in the Baltic languages this word has had a jin the past, then it would be most appropriate to associate it with Old Russian sipę "lamb", spbKa "young sheep", Russian sipka "year-old sheep that has not yet had lambs", Ukr. sipora ‘sheep up to one year’”, 26 M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 481; O. H. TpyGaues, I[Ipoucxoxaeure..., p. 71-72;5 F. Stawski, Sh et., I, p. 488. 27 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II, p. 172. *8 J, Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, p. 46, 50; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, p. 211—212, 236—237; K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II, p. 172; J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, I, p. 379. 2* E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 121; M. Mayrhofer, Et. Wb., I, p. 108. 3 R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. 92. 31 J, Endzelins, Senepruiešu valoda, p. 53, 60.. 32 G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, p. 117 spua “Lamb”, spKa "Sheep of the Year", in Polish. dial. jarczuk, jarlak ‘Sheep of the Year’, Czech. dial. trench „avia, printemps apsieiravusi“, slovk. Ram ‘young sheep’. Furthermore, all these names of lamb and sheep would be related to Russian. su spa “,pavasaris’”, check. year, sen. left. jarz, av. yar- ‘year’, gr. Opa „time of year, time“, got. jėr "year", in German. Year**. However, the other iš sides, especially in the main form of lit. Éras, the Baltic names of the lamb can be related to gr. su Ėpwpog ,,0Zys*, approx. erietu ‘avinas’, lot. aries, arm. erinj “calf”, air. earb ‘danilius, ožka’”. E. Frankel, separating lit. forms jéras ir éras, the latter (card pr. su eristian) sieja su ką only listed words, jéras o (kartu su lat. jėrs) associates su with Slavic names of this animal (Russian). sipka) ir jų relatives9*. In this way E. Frankel liet. éras, jėras ir véras counts three words of different origin. However, it would be very difficult to believe such a separation of these forms, so despite the very ,,abnormal“ v-, j- > all these forms, like the above mentioned form gėras, should be considered ir phonetic variants of one word, which appeared in Lithuanian language. The Baltic lamb name entered ir į Baltic Finnish Languages, pg. suom. jddrd ‘avinas’, est. year kt. ir Seems right ir O. Trubachev**, reproaching those etymologists who, in part like iš E. Frankel, separates rus. sipka “young sheep” by adding šį the word “surus”. sipa „pavasaris“ ir etc., from rus. spuHa „sheep’s wool”, seeing here some old relic of the name of sheep, related, according to them, to lit. su éras, gr. pupos, lot. aries®. — Ši once them, probably, could-suggest the fact that the old. Russian. s3bHO "skin" is also a relic of the name of the goat, otherwise not found in Slavic languages (lit. Goat, skr. ajdh kt. ). ir Semantic Russian. sipka, o probably a ir Baltic name for lamb, linking rus. su spa kt. ir is very reasonable. There are similar parallels in various ideas. in languages, cf. sen. left. latos, latosek ‘calf, young lamb’ :left. summer „summer- “, vok. Jūhrling “one-year-old animal, especially lamb” : Year ‘year’, day. dial. gimmerlam "lamb of the year", sen. isl. gybr ‘lamb’, nor. gimber : song. Winter, lot. hymen, etc. *" Both Slavic and Baltic languages have a number of narrowly used names for sheep. Many of these names are of newer origin, and are used ir most often next to the name of the species of sheep to highlight some other characteristic of ar the sheep breed, age or otherwise. Without stopping at the numerous names of this species in Slavic languages, we will consider the narrower names of this animal used in Baltic languages. The old man's idea. the name of the sheep corresponding to lit. avis, lat. avs, we do not find in the Prussian language monuments. There next to this root of the word awins for "lamb" we find the name of a sheep unknown in other Baltic languages camstian (Camstian Schoff 678 Elbing's Dictionary Word). Ms. The origin of camstian is still unclear. A. Becenberger šį connected the word 33 J. Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 170; O. H. TpyGaues, Ilponcxoxjenne...., p. 77—78. *4 E, Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 121. % O, H. Tpy6aues, [Ipoucxox ensue. .., p. 77—78. % M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 493. 37 F. Stawski, St et., I, 502; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1306; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., p. 455— 456; C. D. Buck, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages; Chicago, IL 1949, p. 155, 163 (hereinafter referred to as: Dict. ). # O), Tpy6Gaues, H. Ilponcxoxjenne.., with gr. xepds p. 78—83. 118 "stirna", R. Trautmanas with rus. KomoJslii ",beragis", check. komoly,,bukas“®, If R. Trautmann's etymology would be correct, that is pr. camstian could be an example of how a new name for a distinct characteristic displaces the old species name of the animal, because both the other Baltic language and the Prussian ram name awins suggest ir prūsus pažinus ide. ir the name of the sheep, corresponding to lit. avis, lat. avs. Su pr. camstian siejamas ir pr. place name Komstegallen (<pr. camstian + pr. galwo ,,glava*)%, of Be the phonetic names of sheep indicated in reference to rus. Gapax kt. ir origin, in Lithuanian language we find several other phonetic names of ir sheep of different origin: Liet. būkanis,,- avinas (pleasant word)“ (LKZd., I, 470), which should probably be related su to liet. butyric acid „‘to punch, beat, batikuoti, knuckle’, cf. bakijasi (fight) rams; rams bakidja run away, i.e. Fly (Juška; LKZd., I, 471). Liet. base "lamb", basiūkas, basiūlis, būsė ‘avelė’ (LKZd., I, 551, 552), plg. Lithuanian sheep call sounds: bas, būs, basia, bas, basi. Liet. Bazooka ‘Lamb (in children's language)- ", baziūlis, baziūtė "avis, buriutė" (LKŽd., I, 568), plg. sheep call sounds: base, basi. Liet. biche ‘avelė’, bicyté (Pl. sheep crying sound bice (Lat., lat. pieces ‘avis’. Į Lithuanian language this sheep name sound ir word probably entered iš Latvian. Liet. occurred ‘avis’ (LKŽd., I, 931) probably should be linked to su liet. būkinti "to beat, to smash", cf. the children taught the ram to beat (beating), so it happens ir (LKŽd., I, 931 —2). It is also possible that he was a witch-hunter. Liet. busiūkas,,buriukas®, busiūtė „,buriukė“, būsinas „avinas (maloning word)“ (LKZd., I, 988), plg. sounds busia, būšė. Liet. buckwheat ‘avis (in children's language)- ", puppy "lamb", puppy (LKŽd., VI, 755, 757, 758), plg. pronunciation of kucė, kuciū. Liet. Curly-tailed eagle ‘sheep, burrata (in children's language)" (LKŽd., VI, plg. 952), sheep call kuriū-kuriū (Adutiškis, Tverečius, Vidiškės). The latter sound could have appeared as a kind of rhyming word next to the sound buriū-buriū, cf. cage — cage — cage “shepherds’ use of sheep-calling sounds” ar (Šakyna). In Latvian dialects, the name vuška is very common for sheep. (EM, IV, EH, II, 677; 799). J. Angelus was inclined to derive this form iš *Ave-ka (for the work cf. let. Aedes aegypti, lat. Annuša ir Rus. oBeuka). Near vuška is found the ir form uška (EM, IV, EH, II, 310; 716), o also ram names vucens, vucins, vucans, vucuns (vucens Used ir in the meaning of “lamb”) (EM, IV, EH, II, 675; ucens, ucenis, 798), ucins, ucitis) ‘lamb’ (EM, IV, EH, II, The 293; connection of these 711). names with the word avs, it su seems to us, very doubtful: form *avužka is not very typical of Latvian. Perhaps, it is better to interpret these names after the appearance of the sound words, iš completely not associated with the old su name of the sheep. There are su sound words in Latvian that could be used to associate the sheep names mentioned above, cf. vuc, which J. Angelus, yes * R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language thinking miles, p. 92, 352. * G. Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, p. 69, 233; J. Endzelins, Old Prussian p. 189, 119 language, even, it be seems, the matter was inclined to raise iš *a'vuc(e)**, the pig-driven sound uš, cf. also the Lithuanian word for driving sheep uš-uš (Grobštai, Kojeliai). Priesaga -k(a) is used in Latvian for animal names, cf. cow names raicka next to raibaja, piecka next to piektaja, sęška next to sestaja, ir etc. *2 In the Latvian language we ir find several such names of sheep, whose phonological origin seems to be beyond doubt.” Lat. pieces ,,Kosename fiir ein Schaf“, biča, komiti, badze, bicainite, bicis “a small Lamb; one Hammel (in the Children's language)" (EM, I, 293; EH, I, 217, 218), plg. let. pieces ,,bur; ciba’ (Ylakiai, LKZd., I, 657). Lat. bull (demin. Bikini ‘auninš’), bulls ‘the Schafbock® (EH, I, 218, 219), plg. lat. bull “A bigger Call the an Schafsund Ziegenbock". Lat. buce ‘the Schaf" (EH, I, 248) J. Angelo is willing to help. su 100 mg “stump”, lat. bay "becoming blunt," he said. occurred ‘avis’. However, it seems to us that it would be more appropriate jį to associate with the su word, cf. lat. pcs ‘Interj. butz, zur Name of the Tones, which when Bump with the Hornern der Goat bdcke and Aries is born®, bud? one an Sheep directed Interjection, pumpkin ‘Interj. when Vertreiben® (bud, aitin, EM, I, 344). GarsaZodinés origins also include: Lat. beija ‘the Schaf (in the Children's language)" (EH, I, 216), plg. bb. Lat. May ‘the Schaf (in the Children's language)" (EH, I, 805), plg. m, méjindt ‘(a Schaf) blėken machen". In Latvian there are many names for sheep, most of which have been derived from one ar of the following characteristics of this animal: Lat. amuls “a soft wool Schaf" (EH, I, 69), plg. lat. amuols Mistletoe (viscum album); der "Klee". Lat. atpilis ,,where Autumn cub, spit born Young, especially of Limmern, die im Herbste Sheep bearing, which already to in the same Years one Lamm geboren haben®, lamb born have, lamb born have, lamb born have ,,the smallest Lamb, atpiles ,,Schafe (or Goats), which spit im Herbste Get Limmer* (EM, I, 181—2; EH, I 158), plg. let. pilti, lat. image ,,tropfeln®, for semantics see pg. Russian. OT6POCHII ,,10 cpoka MepTBOpox/įeKHbIĖ’ (B. Jaap, III, BLIKH/bINI 711), ‘,H3pOHBINN, HEJOHOCOK, MJIaZIeHell H BOOČINe ĮĮITEHBINI, POXKĖEHHbIK HACTOJIbKO IIDEXKJIEBDEMEHHO, UTO XKHTb He Moxer’ (B. Hemp, I, 292—3), vok. Throw ‘discard; bringing in (chickens)’*?. Lat. atzidite ,,a washed-out Lamb, calf’ (EM, I, 213), atziditis (EH, I, 182) plg. lat. azidite ,,abgewShnen (of Animals"). Lat. backris “a large Schafbock" (EM, I, 252) source J. The winglets tend to be rounded. Bock (>lyv. boka), whose suffix changed due to lat. vepris "Eber's influence. However, recently, it seems, faithful lat. bakris etymology published P. Arista. It is lat. bakris time borrowiš ed gypsy bakré ‘Sheep’’*4. Lat. belis ‘a Sheep with short Ohren" (EH, I, 212), plg. lat. belis ,.ein "Dog name". 1 EM, IV, p. 675. ** J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, p. 356. 2 EM, I, p. 182. “4 P. Ariste, Acta Baltico-Slavica, 3, p. 23. 120 Lat. well ‘a Sheep with small Ears, short Beinen" (EM, I, 279), Benauris ‘a Lamb with small, short Ohren" (EH, I, 212), plg. lat. well ‘one Boy's mice, that Barett, the "Plzeň". vid. vok. Jam. benit ,,schmiedchter Hut". Lat. billene “a stunned Schaf" (EH, I, 219), plg. lat. billene ,,dumb woman“. Lat. Buxus ‘a Sheep with big Hėrnern’ (EH, I, 250), plg. lat. Buxus ‘the Bock' <vid. vok. Jam. buck. Lat. Chicory “a small Lamb’ (EH, I, 269), plg. lat. Gypsy ‘the Fūllen“, cigus, ciga, cigulis (EM, I, 379), cigina ‘the Schwein (in the Children's language)" (EH, I, 269), Ciga ‘Lock call for Files, fiir "Horses". Lat. approx. ‘a Sheep with curly Wool" (EH, I, 273), plg. lat. cifkas "Locken, carved. Lat. cone ‘auns’, plg. lat. Sonny < Lyve. sound (EM, I, 397). Lat. more “a previous year Lamb’ (EH, I, 307), dapelis ‘a im Autumn born Schaf" (EM, I, 438) probably should be ascending iš forms *dapilis, cf. lat. atpilis, uzpilis. Lat. geida “an unbounded Schaf" (EH, I, 426), plg. lat. g'eida “,an exuberant, willful Mūdchen’ (EM, I, 695). Lat. cup ‘a Sheep with a short muzzle and with small, short Ears; a hornless one Schaf" (EM, II, EH, 392; I, 708), plg. lat. kups knife ‘a Knife with broken Lace, kups ,,dumb* (EM, II, Lat. 319). lamma “a large milkable Schaf“, lamellar ‘a Sheep with long Tail and long "Wool". plg. is. sheep ‘Sheep’ (EH, I, 718). Lat. mikulis ,,where Schafbock" (EM, II, plg. 626), lat. micute ‘with Slapping with fists; prūgeln (not very serious), grūstit“, lat. Mikus ‘stallion’. Lat. piuka “jokingly fiir Schafsbock" (EM, III, plg. 229), lat. Pigeon “a small, colorful Fish, a small "Fischlein ūberhaupt". Lat. Pupalina ,,K osename fiir Schafe" (II, pp. 2). 342), lat. popuéls ,,das willow shorts; also fem., as Kosewort used". Lat. witch ‘a Sheep with Hornern" (EM, III, plg. 464), lat. rags ..das Horn". Lat. rumulite ‘one Designation fiir Schafe" (EM, III, plg. 496), lat. rams „zahm, still“, Lat. roogulite ,,Nickname of the Schafes" (EM, III, plg. 578), lat. rags ‘the Horn". Lat. scrub ‘a Sheep with short, trimmed Ohren" (EM, III, plg. 898), lat. scrub ‘the crooked Messer zur Hollow cutting“, skrubulis “a crooked Messer zum Making of "Holzloffeln". Lat. scroll ‘a Nickname fiir Schafe" (II, pp. 2). 513), lat. scroll ,.ein Nickname fiir people; one Dog name; a floating Women’s room”, lat. walking , around®. Lat. sofikis <sorry> (EM, III, Lat. 980). sofinis „ein Schafbock® (EM, III, 980) <lyv. sonn. Lat. scales ‘the Sheep goat* (EM, IV, EH, II, 32; <vid. 633) vok. Jam. shell ,"Beschéler*4s, Lat. $pidilka ,.a stormy, wandering Sheep* (II, pp. 2). 655), lat. Spidilka “a reckless Women's room®, spideligs ,.joyful, cheerful, cheerful. 4 J. Sehwers, Sprachlich-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen, Leipzig, 1936, p. 131. 121 655) and a lamb* (EH, II, 655), plg. lat. spulligs (?), "funny, lively, agile", spulunig'- is "a lively, unbound boy, also a young ox". Lat. uzpilis "a lamb of the previous year" (EM, IV, 365), cf. 2000. Moreau, Maurice. Lat. vemelis (?) „ein unkastrierter Schafsbock““ (EM, IV, 536) perhaps should be linked to Lat. vembele „ein dickes, nicht grosses Weib; a curse word at all (e.g. referring to deer)“, plg. is. vemmel (kilm. vemble) ‘Kniittel’’ (EM, IV, 536). Lat. viénmitis,,the only lamb of a sheep* (EM, IV, 661), plg. lat. mist,,to stay, to live, to stay®. Lat. viénzidis, "a lamb suckled by the mother alone"* (EM, IV, 668), plg. lat. zist ,,sucking- ®. Lat. vizbulipa,- ,Beiname des Schafes‘ (EM, IV, 630), cf. lat. vizbulis,,- das Windroschen (anemone), lat. vizbulis,,- die Locke (?)“ (augat, mani gari mati, vizbujuos, EM, IV, 630). The old ide is well preserved in 630). these languages. the name of the sheep; The name of the ram derives from this name and is unique to the Baltic and Slavic languages. In Slavic languages we find old names of lamb of dual origin, one of which probably coincides with the Baltic name of the lamb. In both Baltic and Slavic languages there are many different names of sheep, ram and lamb of newer origin. In other languages, the Prussian name for sheep, which is also of newer origin, has no relatives. OŽKA Very old, only perhaps not as popular as other pets, the companion of man is a goat. The domesticated goat (Capra hircus) is a descendant of the wild goat species that still exists in some mountainous areas of Asia, Europe and Africa." As a domestic animal, the goat has already been known by many ancient peoples of Asia, Europe, Africa. The goat is depicted in Sumerian drawings*?. Various peoples used goats for cult purposes. For example, the term “sacrifice goat” is still used in many languages of the world today, derived from an ancient Jewish ritual mentioned in the Old Testament (Leviticus 16), where the high priest “laid” the sins of his people on a goat and drove it out into the wilderness for the demon Azazel. In the Odyssey, it is mentioned that Odysseus had twelve herds of goats, among other animals. Pliny the Elder (23/24 —79) in his,,Natural History” states that the ends of goat fat gaming excellent soap: “Useful and soap; it was eventually invented to dye red hair. It is made from fat and ash, preferably from goat fat and beech ash. There are two types: solid and liquid. Both are used more by men than by women in Germanic countries." 1 C€. Keller, Die Abstammung der ūltesten Haustiere, p. 203—209; O. Keller, Thiere des klassischen Altertums in Culturgeschichtlicher Beziehung, Innsbruck, 1887, p. 37—52. * Mr. Hilzheimer, pet, —M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, V, p. 220; V. 1. Avdijevas, History of the Ancient East, Vilnius, 1954, p. 39, 40, 43. * "Prodest et sapo, Gallorum hoc inventum rutilandis capillis. It was made of fat and ashes, best of sheep and goat, two-fold, thick and bound, and was worn by the elderly Germans in the use of men and women," Hist. nat., XXVIII, 191, plg. O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, II, koža, ček. cones, slovk. leather, curved. leather, high. Puddle. skin, skin. Puddle. koža), the original meaning of which was ‘goat’s fur’’; koža "skin" < *kozia: koza "goat"*, similar to gr. ėda "sheep": 8g "sheep", skr. ajinam ‘oda’’: ajdh,,0Zys*. In the territories of present-day Lithuania and Latvia, goat bones have been found in fossils of Neolithic settlements." A fairly significant percentage of goat bones are found among the domestic animal bones found in the fossils of Nemenčinė, Migoniai, Bačkininkėliai castle hills. These finds are dated to the I-IV century AD. The White family used goats for cult purposes." In a letter dated January 24, 1409 to the Master of the Order, Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania complained that the Vaitas of Žemaitija had forbidden the Highlanders in Žemaitija to “buy honey, horses, goats and cattle”. However, in general, the goat, compared to other domestic animals, is rarely mentioned in ancient historical Lithuanian documents." In both Lithuanian and Latvian folklore, the goat is mostly viewed negatively." This view of the goat was apparently common among the ancient Indo-Europeans. Maye seems to be right in claiming that this is why the names of goat and goat in the lexicon of Indo-European languages do not have the unity that is more or less characteristic of the names of other domestic animals'?. Furthermore, the variety of names of the goat may have been influenced by the cult functions of this animal — various prohibitions of mentioning the name of the animal related to these functions*?. He's coming. in languages can distinguish several more characteristic names of goat arealy. Furthermore, in some languages, the name of the same origin is used for both sexes of animals, while in others, mostly because of relatively recent events, 4 O. Schrader, ibid., p. 692. 5 JI. Haunepae, Caassinckue jnpeBHocru, p. 320; W. Hensel, Die Slawen im frithen Mittelalter, Berlin, 1965, p. 77—79. ¢ W. Hensel, op. cit., p. 380; A. Briickner, St. et., p. 693. 122 Traces of goats have been found in many Neolithic fossils in Europe. In the remains of the Swiss Sienese settlements, even more traces of goats have been found than of sheep*. In the Baltic and Slavic countries, the goat is also a long-known animal. This is shown by both historical and linguistic data®. However, there is a lack of historical data on the greater agricultural importance of this animal. It is true that one linguistic fact would indicate that in Slavic countries the goat has been valued in a certain way, precisely because of its fur. In many Slavic languages, the name of the skin is used (cf. old sl. Leather, Russian. Cox, R. Koxa, Baltr. Coxa, bulg. Koxa, serb.-chorv. k6Xka, slov. p. 263; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 589. 7 P. Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, Lietuvos archeologijos bruožai, p. 79; Latvian PSR history, I, p. 11. 8 P, Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, ibid., pp. 252—253; A. Kaminski, Jačwiez, Lezhë, 1953, pp. 126—127; K. IlaaBep, Popmuposanne TepuodayHbi H H3MeHWKHBOCTb M/JIeKONHTAIOMKX IlpuGajJiTHKH B TrOJIONLeKe, p. 368. * Lietuvos Sources of the History I, of the TSR, Vilnius, 1955, p. 64. 10 Ibid., p. 575. 1 EM, II, p. 182—183; K. Straubergs, Latviešu buramie vardi, II, Riga, 1941, p. 799 (register); Proverbs, ir Vilnius, Lithuania 1958, p. 468 (records); Lithuanian Folklore Outline, ed. red. K. Korsakas, Vilnius, Lithuania 1963, p. 373; Latvian proverbs, un sast. E. Kokare, Rigu, p. 324, 330 (register). 12 A Meillet, Introduction to do Indo-European Linguistics, Warsaw, 1958, p. 327. 18 H. Kronasser, Handbook of Semasiologie, Heidelberg, 1952, p. 172. 123 alterations, female male ir names are distinguished: for them are used words of completely different origin. In Slavic languages, there is a widespread name of a goat, the origin of which is ir related to su other ide. languages goat names so far are very unclear. In fact, there are several, it seems; fairly well-motivated explanations, but they usually contradict each other. One thing is certain, this name is still pre-Slavic. Praslaviški are ir iš jo Goat and goat's names, pg. sen. sl. Goat ‘ožka’, rus. Ko3a ‘gožka’“, KO3ėĖJI ‘Goat’, KO3JIEHOK 14 This Slavic ir name of the goat has entered the Latvian language, cf. ir į lat. kaza, where it replaced the old Baltic Latvian name of the goat, corresponding to lit. ožka, pr. Whosee. It may have been helped to spread in Latvian by the fact that the names of the female male of other domestic animals are mostly ir words of different roots. Thus, next to the Baltic name of the goat dzis, the name of the goat of Slavic origin kaza appeared in Latvian, completely displacing the Baltic *as(k)a ar *aze. In addition to the form kaza in Latvian ir we find kazlėns ,,0Ziukas; maža gožka’, kazlėninš, kazęlėns, kazulis „ožiūukas““, kazulgns, kazuls, kaze ‘narrow- ’, ‘narrow’ (EM, II, 183 —4; EH, I, 597). Forms such as kazuls, kazla probably originated from Rus. iš CO3E “goat”, o other forms that have already appeared in the Latvian language iš kaza. In the Lithuanian language, the form kaza almost does not occur. True, this form is found M. The Barley Dictionary. However, M. Barley will ją probably have taken the iš Latvian language (LKŽd., V, 458). Sometimes, half-jokingly, this name of the goat is used in some Palatine Lithuanian ir dialects. As mentioned, slv. kaza has different interpretations. H. Peterson, based on a very unreliable semantic parallelism. *ghaid- ‘ožka’: skr. jihite "Jlekia, straktelia", Slavic goat, as,,Sokinéjanti beast", related to lit. kėžoti "to go, throwing legs to the side; kėzlinti", liet. Goat "foot, foot, foot'!5, But H. Peterson’s association is completely unfounded, because the mentioned Lithuanian words are of newer origin and their original meaning is not related to walking or jumping. su ar Slavic goats were tried to su be associated with other ides. the names of the goats. Some linguists (K. Ulenbekas, E. Cupica (Zupitza) associated the Slavic name of the goat with the Skr. chdgah ‘goat’. However, str. Chdgah, plg. also skr. chdga 'goat', chagaldh 'goat', oset. say,,0zka*, is a word of unclear origin, and its association with the Slavic name of the goat raises phonetic difficulties?®. ir The most popular, but also the most controversial, is the Slavic. goat binding, restoring the idea. prolytę *kog(a), with alb. kedh 'goat', Old English: hacen, Old Icelandic: hestur. hohen"". Goes even further V. Georgijevas'®. It restores the idea. prolytes *(s)kag'-, *(s)kog’, *(s)kėg'-, linked not only to Slavic languages. goat, white. kedh, but also the above-mentioned skr. chagah, as well as real Thracian names Kolac, Koleihog, etc. The latter attempt is also highly hypothetical. * O, H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjienne..., p. 86; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, pp. 589-590. 13 H. Petersson, IF, Sweden 35, p. 272. 18 Mr. Mayrhofer, et. Wb., I, p. 406; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 589; O. H. TpyGaues, Ilponcxoxjiemne..., p. 86. 17 Mr. Vasmer, et. Wb., I, p. 589; H. Pedersen, KZ, 36, p. 335; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Antiquity Studies, III, p. 692. '* B. Teoprues, HeccJiejioBaHHs no CpaBHHTeJIbHO-HCTOpHUeCKOMY S53bIKO3HAHHIO, p. 121. 124 It seems to us that more successful attempts sl. The goat's su net is another idea. the name of the goat, namely skr. ajdh ‘goat’, ajd „ožka“, lit. goat, goat, etc. ir E. Bruckner? in the Slavic name of the goat tends to see metathesis (goat < *narrow). However, E. Bruchner- 's hypothesis is complicated by the su fact that the formant -goat name we find only in Lithuanian language other — Baltic in general ir ide. languages with names of goats of this origin do not have the formant -k. Therefore, the formant -k in the Klaipėdian word is probably a creature of more recent times. A. Mejé®, based on Slav. cost ‘bones’ : skr. dsthi ‘bone, leg’, Gr. Short, believed that the Slavic name of the goat is kadjective. This view was held by ir V. Machekas*!. A. Maye's interpretation would otherwise be very plausible, but it lacks more similar cases of consonant addition to confirm it (skr. déru, liet. tear ratio gr. su daxpv, air. der is very unclear)? ?, of course, except which are often added į, u, in both Slavic and Baltic languages. ir Anyway, ar Slavic languages have a tendency to begin ja words with a consonant. Be that, taboos could have played a role here. ir In the Slavic languages there was a name for a goat, directly corresponding to skr. Oh, show me sen. Russian. 3640 ‘leather’, 35xaps6 ‘tanner, furworker’, A135KEeHB,,- 0dinis’* (For the meaning, see pg. off. isoene “hide” Gr. : “if ‘ožka’, skr. ajinam ‘hide’ inc. ajūh ‘goat’, p. skin ‘oda’: sl. Goat „gožka“), o, perhaps, rus. ir 3b „such a fish, Idus melanotus, Cyprinus rutilus“, which, as we will see later, is attempted to relate to skr. su gjd kt. ir Su The name of this root goat is associated ir with the left tributary of the Dnieper AKOBKa. This connection is confirmed in particular by the fact that there is another river near this river Cosmetology. Ka. Rus. AxoBka is probably a balticism, a relic of the o ne old Slavic name of the goat*? *. There are opinions that Slav. goza is a loan from iš eastern languages. Recently, this opinion has been supported by new arguments O. Trubachev*?". He, while agreeing yet F. He is convinced that Sgt. the goat could have iš come from there. case (plg. Turkish. kechi, Kazan tot. kdjd, Basque. kdzd), assumes that lit. ir nažka, skr. ajd kt. ir these relatives may be of Turkish origin, as in the Turkish languages there are also names ką of goats besides the mentioned su kones ir be kat the beginning of the word, wonderfully reminiscent of Indo-European names of goats, especially the Lithuanian one, cf. uig. ačkii, ėčkū, uzbek. dcki, kazach. Chishki, Kyrgyz. You guys, Karaim. Chicks. It seems to us that the weak O. The side of Trubachev- 's hypothesis is that he took the Lithuanian name of the goat -it's a very old thing. O. Trubachev let. nažka gretina su skr. ajika, vid. pers. azak. However, The -k forms in these words have doubtless be come about independently. 19 A. Briickner, Sl et., p. 262. 20 A, Meillet, Studies on I’étymologie et le vocabulaire du ancien slave, Paris, 1902-1905 p. 246; A. Meiie, OGmecnassiHckuit s3sik, Mocksa, 1951, p. 396. V, Machek, Et. sl., p. 229-230. #2 J. Zubaty, BB, 18, p. 159-160; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 23, 179; M. Mayrhofer, et al. Wb., I, p. 61. ® H. H. CpesneBckuil, Matepuaast ans cJioBaps npeBHepycekKoro s3bikKa, III, IlerepGypr, 1912, p. 1650; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 485; J. Zubaty, AfsIPh, 16, p. 396. * B. H. Tonopos nu O. H. Tpy6aues, JiuursucTHYeCKHii aHaJH3 THAPOHHMOB BepxHero IlojtuenpoBss, Mocksa, 1962, p. 175. 25 O, H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjtenne..., 87—89. , 125 They're ideas. *g¥ou-, but with gr. Bėoxo,,ganau, šeriu“ and other relatives of it**, which, as we have seen, in turn are also associated with the old ide. the name of the bovine animal. However, in Lithuanian there are words that are used in the meaning of cow and whose phonetics indicate that they cannot be distinguished from the id in question. the name of the bovine animal; This is lit. guoté „cow“, gudtena „young cow“ (LKZd., III, 740—1), gūtė,,a gracious name for a cow“ (LKZd., III, 764). But these Lithuanian words are very narrowly used, and it is not clear whether they are not borrowed. First of all, Lit. guétena, as its geography (Šatės) suggests, may have come from Latin. guotina or other similar form. Lithuanian hut is recorded in a song, which is also recorded on the Latvian border (,,Siu namo, guote, šiu namo, raguote!- ”). Lat. guota is probably newly made from the diminutive form guotene (EM, I, 692). However, in the Lithuanibe an language, the words mentioned here, used On the Latvian border, form hut “a missing woman; The word „apsileidėlė- “, which may have had the original meaning of „cow“, is found in the Liškiava, Veisieji neighbourhoods, where it simply could not get from the Latvian language. It is quite uncertaiir n. bed relation of ‘edible mushroom of the lakStabudziy family (Hygrophorus)’ to the above words. K. Būga associated this name of the mushroom simply with lit. guotas „flock, herd“, because, according to K. Būga, the mushroom was named so because it grows in heaps, i.e. guotai (,,Guotais „heaps, bridges, heaps“ grown buds are called gudtémis®, Sint; gudtės auga tiltais, kriivomisTM Jnš, Kp, Siauliai)®. However, the lit. guotė origin can also be interpreted as "cow mushroom", cf. also lat. Goat peas or goat peas ‘Cow mushroom (agaricus cinnamonus)’ (EM, I, 692). K. Būga In "Aistiniai tyrimai" he has mentioned the Lithuanian place name Guovainiai, which he associated with Latin giovs?". E. Frenkel* repeated this idea of K. Boega?. However, in other sources of Lithuanian placenames the form Guovainiai is not found. K. It is believed that the village was built on the site of a former castle, which may have been rebuilt in the 13th century. The name of the village Gūragiai* is probably related to the old name of the cow, the name of the stream Gūragys < guovs +ragas (Kuršēnai)". There are many toponyms in Latvia that ir iš jo are related to the word guovs®. Therefore, some of the old idea. *g“outraces can also be found in Lithuanian. In the Prussian language monuments of this ide. no trace of the name of the cattle. In general, of all Baltic and Slavic languages, this name is best preserved in Latvian. Later, apparently, when the female cattle began to play the most important role on the farm, the common name of the cattle in Latvian was transferred to its female — cow. Meanwhile, in Slavic languages and Lithuanian language, a new name for the cow has been established; This is rus. Kopa, ukr. KopoBa, baltr. KapoBa, bulg. KpaBa, serb.-chorv. KpšBa, slov. Cow, check. krdva, slovk. cow, lenk. Cow, porridge. carriage, load, height Puddle. cruwa, jam. light. krowa®, lit. cow, pr. kurwis "ox". This name appears to have 25 R. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 177. 246 K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 353. #7 K. Būga, Aistiški studijai, St. Petersburg, 1908, p. 25. 28 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 177. 2 Lithuanian SSR Rivers and Lakes Directory, p. 55. 30 J. Endzelins, Placenames of the Latvian SSR, 1, 1, p. 343—344. 31 Mr. Vasmer, et. Wb., I, p. 629-630; O. H. Tpy6aues, [Ilponcxoxjienne,.., p. 40. 132 reliable etymology: many researchejį rs su associate lot. horn ‘horn’, Gr. xepa0g ‘horned’. The same origin is the lot. ir cervus ‘elk’, kimr. Carw, Bret. caro, mrs. service ‘stirna’ ir kt. It is possible that the name of ir the white Slavic cow was transferred to the name of ar some other wild horned deer, first of all, perhaps, to some breed of broad-horned cows. It is interesting that a similar process ir took place in other languages, e.g. also lot. horn, gr. 6000 BC–c. su Rind ‘cattle’, alb. ka (<*k’ru) "beast"*?, Su in this lit. kdrvė, rus. KopokBa ir kt. the interpretation of origin disagreed V. Machekas. The name šį of the cow is a stirring su one. cdrvati "crushes, chews", explaining that the original jo meaning was However, the etymology has ši not gained wider acceptance. Ji unreliable especially because the same skr. cdrvati is of very unclear origin Zodis?4. In Latvian, it is pronounced. There are no related words for word kdrvė: lat. kafva “an old, lean Cow; mocking Designation of a women's room; Nickname fiir Kūhe’ (EM, II, EH, 165; I, 590) probably is a loan from iš Lithuanian language. In the Prussian language, as we have already mentioned, the word of this root is used the meaning of ‘ox’. Be Elbing vocabula- (672 ry word — Curwis 3) is a catechism of the Catholic Church. gal. The form of a sacrifice. Some researchers® pr. curwis time borrowiiš ng from Polish (in recent Polish writings karw usually means "an old, lazy bull"). However, it is more likely that pr. curwis is an own wordš*, the root is quite Ši abundant in Prussian toponymy: ir Corwedompne<pr. Whore+dompne : years. dubens ‘the Ground, ground, depth“, Korwelaucken<pr. curwis+pr. laucks ‘field’, Kurwingen< pr. curwis-+-ing-, Curwin3". The Baltic ir Slavic languages have a unique name for the young cattle, that is: sen. sl. telicb, russian. Tendai, Tendai. Tens, baltr. ness, bulg. Tene, serb.-chorv. The Fathers, slov. Dad, check. tele, slovk. Tel'a, left. A calf, what? cell, high. light. Éelo, žem. light. Seed, lit. tėlias, teliūkas, lat. telš, telgns®. In both Baltic and Slavic languages we find many derived words from this root, cf. lit. telinga, teliūotis, lat. telidze „eine trichtige Kuh“, telučtiės „,kalben- “, rus. cresbHasi „telinga- “, rus. TeJuThCS "teliuotis" and others. Probably, it would be difficult to find another name of an animal in the Baltic and Slavic languages, which would have as many interpretations of its origin as this one. Unfortunately, none of these interpretations is more acceptable so far. ** J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 574—577; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 225; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 600; H. Hirt, Indogermanische Grammatik, II, Heidelberg, 1921, p. 117, 130; A. Bezzenberger, BB, 17, p. 216; B. [Topuunr, Upnenenne nHjoeBporekckoh s35IKOBOH oOnactH, Mocksa, 1964, p. 259—260; R. Trautmann, B-sl. Wb., p. 119; A. Briickner, St. et., p. 271. 32 V, Machek, Et. sl., p. 233; V. Machek, KZ, 64, pp. 262-263. 44 M. Mayrhofer, et. Wb., I, p. 379. 35 A, Briickner, St. et., p. 271; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 577. % R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmūaler, p. 366; K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 129; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 225. 87 G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, pp. 30, 70-71, 77; J. Endzelins, Senprūšu valoda, p. 199. 38 M. Vasmer, et. Wb., III, p. 90; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1077—1078; O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjienne..., p. 44. 133 Peters has been associated with this name. f'alun ‘storas’, skr. tilvilah "rich, fertile"?, but among other researchers the latter etymology has not received much support. J. Mikola associated lit. télias and others with lit. taldkas "adult daughter; Young girl", lit. bear, fr. clokies*?. G. Ilinskis associated it with the Latin stolidus "stupid, meaningless; "Never Give Up", "Stupid" and "Stupid". height. stilli "quiet, calm", lit. tyl/ūs*?. Smiešekas slav. "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". height. dolėn „,to bear, to raise‘“*?, This interpretation is partially supported by other researchers. The original meaning of the name of this animal could be,,born®, cf. got. barn "child": *bher- "to carry"43, A. Becenberger tried to associate lit. tėlias with gr. wréhag "dog"**. The origin of the word tele was explained very originally by V. Machekas. In his opinion, Slav. The forms telę, lit. tėlias, etc. are derived from a longer form (similar to Czech Rina< Katerina), corresponding to Latin vitulus, „versus, bull“, Greek žvaAov, which were associated with id. *wer-(gr. voc) "year". Thus, the initial relay value would be "annual"**. Liet. tėlias, slav. K. Būga also tried to explain the origin of telė: he was inclined to associate these words with sl. 7élo "the body"*? So there are many interpretations, but all are seriously questionable*." It seems to us that the etymology of V. Machek is most worthy of attention. It is supported by a considerable ide. animal sub- "group of names, just related to the ide. *yet-“year” root, cf. skr. vatsdh ‘One-year-old animal; veal; bovine“, vatsakdh „calf“, alb. vjetė ‘calf’, got. wyry ‘annual lamb’, etc. *8, The weak side of V. Machek’s etymology is phonetics. But even here, it seems to us, it is not categorically denied that from *wetelone could have arisen the form *tel-. The word "telycia" "a young cow without a calf", as the suffix indicates, originated from the Russian. Tesmua or Belarusian forms of this word*?. The same origin is lat. ir telicaTM. In the Baltic languages there is another name for the cattle, which in Lithuanian is quite close in meaning to the one just discussed. Tai liet. vefšis, lat. vėrsis, pr. werstian. There are no traces of this name in the Slavic languages. At present, in the literary language and in a large part of the dialects, the Lithuanian word vefšis is used in the meaning of a young cattle, cf., for example, veršinga, kalšiūuotis, which in their use do not differ from the above-mentioned % H. Petersson, Arische und armenische Studien, Lund, 1920, p. 29; M. May rhofer, Et. Wb., I, p. 505. 4 J. Mikkola, BB, 22, p. 245. 1 T. Unbuuckuii, POB, 60, pp. 421-424. #2 Smieszek, Materialy i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejetnosci, IV, p. 397— 401, plg. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, p. 90. 4 J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 1061; C.D. Buck, Dict., p. 155. 44 A. Bezzenberger, BB, 27, p. 176. 45 V. Machek, et al. Sl, p. 524. % K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 318, 625. 47 M. Vasmer, et. Wb., III, p. 90; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1077; F. Stawski, Si et., I, p. 99; O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjenne..., p. 44-45. 48 J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 1175. 4 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1078. “EM, IV, p. 160. 134 tų Ears, telyūotis. But some dialects (mainly Dzūkijos) word vefšis uses ,,bull, bull" meaning. This is the meaning of the word found in the K. Širvydas dictionary (,,Stadnik/- taurus. Wieršis“, I leid., ,,Byk. 174; Taurus/WerBis“, V ed., Lat. 22). only used for the meaning of “ox, bull”. Ms. werstian (Elbing's word. 674 word), which probably originated iš in the form of *versistian, where -istyra minor suffix*"!. It's captured. ‘calf "The Meaning of (Language)". In this way, the original lit. vefshis meaning is ‘bull, bull’. S. D. The Tank Was Wrong, engl. bullock Change of meaning of,,bull'' į „jautis“ parallel seeing lat. Worm ‘Bull’ < ‘calf’’*2. Liet. Calf, lat. 2nd floor, pr. Werstian siejami su lot. verres ‘,bitches, girls’’, sk. vfsah ‘bull, bull’, vfsnih ‘male; tekis“, vfšanah ‘pautai’. These words are further su linked to ide. *awer- “to moisten, wet, flow”, cf. skr. vdr ‘vanduo’, however. A we kt. ir In this way, the original lit. Calf etc. ir the value would be ‘ejecting semen, urinating’.’ This etymology has many semantic parallels, e.g. Russian. Benpb ‘kuilys’: skr. vdpati ‘excrement (sædet)“, got. auhsa ‘ox’, skr. uksd ‘bulius’ : skr. uksdti „,apšlaksto’’, lat. tremor ‘stumbras’, in Swedish. dial. wre ‘bulius’ : sen. isl. ūr ‘smalkus lietus’’. True, some of these parallels are questionable, but su ką only mentioned in lit. The explanation of the web's origin is agreed by most researchers- ?®. In this language, the ir name of the male cow jdutis is used only. In dialects, the word is used generally in the meaning ne of a male cow, a castrated cattle used o for agricultural work. This is probably the ir original meaning of the word. As the animal used for ploughing, the horse, appeared next to the horse, so ir a calf with a yoke appeared „į next to the weaver." The word jdutis may iš even have been used only in the form vefšis at the beginning. su Liet. bull etymology leaves no doubt: it is associated with skr. su yduti ‘riša, kinko’, lit. yonge, jdugtas "belt, with which a working ox is tied to the yoke of the horns" etc., cf. ir but su ta the same idea. root-linked sen. isl. field ‘working animal, horse*, sc. ydgyah "working animal"54, Prussian water name Jautin would indicate that the ancient Prussians also had a word that corresponded exactly to liet. jdutis*5. Similarly to the Lithuanian language, the breeding ir working bull in the Slavic languages also has separate names, e.g. Russian. GbIK ‘bulius’, rus. Boa ‘beef (working)’. However, these names have nothing in common with the correspondisu ng names of the bull bull in the Baltic languages. ar Be that, they are probably of relatively recent ir origin only in Slavic languages typical ZodZiai®. True, rus. 6bix, which many scholars associate with the su verb, meaning,,- to scare, to blame“ (plg. Check. bykati), has an exact equivalent ir in Lithuanian, plg. let. 100 mg ,,Botaurus stellaris““*": lit. be ,,to scare, to blame, to scold. Liet. The origin of būkas is very nicely confirmed jo by the — synonyms : baublys liet. baūbti, rėklys : liet. scream. — 1 J. Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 53. 52 S. D. Buck, Dict., p. 153. ** J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 80—81; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1228—9; K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 652; EM, IV, p. 565; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 518; R. Trautmann, B-sl. Wb., p. 333; F. Specht, Der Origin of the Indo-European Declination, p. 234. 8 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 191; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 508-510; R. Trautmann, B-sl. Wb., p. 110. *5 G. Gerullis, The Old Prussian Place Names, p. 51, 233. ** M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, 158, 216; Aa. Ha. TpyGaues, Ilponcxoxjnenne..., p. 41—44 F. St Stawski, et., I, p. 52. 57 MU. Duu3e/iun, Lingua Posnaniensis, 1, p. 3. 135 In some dialects, the name of the o breeding bull is also used as būlius. This word, as in lat. ir bull, borrowed iš from German, cf. Eastern Prussia. ball, bull, vid. vok. Jam. bulle®®. The German name of the breeding bull is associated su with ide. *b/el- ‘ispusti, pusti, tinti’, cf. English. ballock ‘,testic- : ulus®, Gr. adrds ‘penis’, sen. water. ball kt.5. ir This means that the breeding bull might dą have acquired it from his own sex organs. As we mentioned, the Baltic language ide. *guou the meaning of “cattle” did not pass. However, there are several names of cattle of different origins. In the ir Lithuanian ancient Prussian languages, the ide is well preserved. *peku-, whose original meaning, according to many scholars, was "peshamas, wool animal, sheep", then developed o the meaning of cattle in general. He's coming. *baking size su Tėxo ,,cut, cut out®, lot. pecto, -ere „to comb”, lit. foot, gr. méxoc ‘wool’ ir etc. Iš the name of the cattle derived from this root has a significant ide. Languages, plg. skr. pasuh ‘cattle, livestock- ’, av. Pass- ,,cattle, small cattle*‘, lot. pecii ‘‘galvijas’’, sen. vok. height. fihu ‘cattle’ (got. faihu ‘assets’)$?. Liet. pėkus often occurs in ancient writings. As shown by the academic Lithuanian dictionary, until relatively recently this word was alive in the Švenčionys area. At this time, Lit. foot alive only Belarusian Lithuanian islands in the TSR (She knew). In the surroundings of ir Švenčionys, the form pėkas was recorded, which was ne used only ‘bovine’ but mobile ir the meaning of'stupid'. This name of the cattle is well preserved in Prussian ir language monuments: in catechisms vnsk is recorded five times. gal. shape of a seed ir du times to the same phrase form peckan*!. Previously, some linguists, jų including ir K. The name of the village is Germanic. K. In the opinion of Bogus, the Prussians iš received o their word from the Goths, ir į through the Prussians it entered the Lithuanian language*?. The main reason for this opinion was that in the Baltic forms of this word instead of the expected (i)s is k. But in the Baltic languages, instead of the expected sibiliant, the veliary is found in ir other words, which no one tries to consider borrowed? ?. E. Herman, Proof of Lit. pėvus non-literal origin, especially based on the specificity of the meaning of this word (,,cattle, small cattle, sheep“)64, in Latvian ide. *peku-* There is no trace of this word in the Slavic languages. ir In Lithuanian, the name of the cattle, which is characteristic only of this language, is used quite widely and is related to the verb kėlti**: kelta, kėltai su (plural form), kéltava, kéltuva, keltuva, kéltos ‘karvių pulkas’, kéltuvé „karvė“, keltuvé, keltuvés ‘cattle, herd’. Sometimes the word kéltuva is used ir generally for an animal, even domestic ** E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb.,p. 64; EM,I,p. 348; K. Alminau skis, Die Germanisms of the Lithuanian, Kaunas city, 1934, p. 37; J. Sehwers, Linguistic and Cultural History investigations, p. 20. ** F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 110; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 120-121; C. D. Buck, Dict., p. 154. ** E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 564; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 797; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 822. “ R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 392. ** K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 85, 86; III, p. 496, 897. ** E. Fraenkel, The Baltic Languages, Heidelberg, Germany 1950, p. 13—18. ** E. Hermann, AfslPh, 40, p. 161; Chr. S. Stang, comparative Grammar of the Baltic Languages, Oslo— Bergen— Tromsø, 1966, p. 93; J. Otrębski, Die Language, 12, p. 50—51. % E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 238. 136 bird meaning (plg. Kéltuvos "cows, horses, sheep, pigs, geese" K. Būga (Ad.), Goat not harmful kėltuva ir etc.) (LKZd., V, 530—1, 551—2). Form lift is also used ir the meaning of ‘herd of cattle’. The above mentioned names of cattle are used in eastern Lithuanian dialects, as o well as in some old writings, for example, the form keltuva is quite often used by Širvydas. K. M. In the J. letters of Bretkūnas, Mažvydas. : Only Lithuanian word galvijas ir ‘Animal (ppr. homemade, horny); the beast’. V. Machek's rain. cattle, as we have seen, tried to tie the su slav. gov- (Russian). roesiflo ir kt.) ir vok. Kalb ‘calf’. However, such a connection is difficult to justify: lit. head meaning "separate man ar animal" (plg. Eight heads of su cow heifers will need to be cut off in winter, LKŽd., III, shows that the cattle is not separated from the head, 79) cf. Tungsten biuthelium The head of a cow, also o known as a cowhead. so and so much Haupt Cattle. Lat. ludps ,,cattle, beast”, which is completely singular in both Baltic and Slavic languages, ir has an equivalent in Albanian alb. — Cow ‘cow’. It is one of the iš few dialects of the ir Albanian language. Su These words are used to refer ir to Swiss Germans. loobe, lioba ‘cow’*. However, the latter may be some newly ir emerging narrowly used cow names. ; J. Mikola lat. /'oops tried to raise iš *lamp, the o latter to tie got. su lamb ,.ériukas’- **. However, the su association alb. /opä "cow", it seems to us, is more feasible. — Iš lat. luops probably came ir from liet. hiopas "clumsy man, slugger, scoundrel" (L.C., VII, No. 1). 692). lopas for the meaning of ‘bovine’ detected S. In the writings of Daukanto (LKŽd., VII, where 648), he got, doubtless, be Latvian. iš A very vague solitary in the ir vocabulary of the Baltic livestock sector is the Prussian cow name klente (Elbing dictiona673 ry word), clynth (A word from 4 Grunavo's dictionary). In both Prussian language monuments it is recorded with the meaning of Be “cow”**, thus this cow name seems to have left traces in Prussian toponymy, ir cf. place name Clynteyne<pr. clynth+- wool. -one-"". Therefore, the authenticity of the mentioned Prussian cow name is not in doubt. Ms. the origin of the table is interpreted quite differently. A. Becenbergeris pr. klente (in his opinion, iš *plantė) related su to gr. rv$*ac „kuilys“, lit. téliasTM. ; L. Geitler associated the Prussian name of su the cow with the Russian. case (< *screams) ,.kuin, prasta mare“*?, Czech linguist agreed ir J. Mikola. A. Briukneris pr. klente kildino iš lenk. klępa ‘old cow’**, cf. t.p. words. kleka "lean cow, cuin". ' The least likely, it seems, is A. "Becenberger Etymology". % E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 132. 67 EM, II, p. 528; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 654. 4 J. Mikkola, BB, 21, pp. 219-220. * R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. 360. ** G. Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, p. 66, 233. I A. Bezzenberger, BB, 27, p. 176.. "2 L. Geitler, Lithuanian Studies, Prague, 1875, p. "4 Ą, Mikkola, AfslPh, 39, p. 12. "* A. Briickner, AfslPh, 20, p. 504. Other researchers, explaining pr. klente origin, possible thing, is on the right path. It seems to us that this name of the Prussian cow could have come from the corresponding verb in the Prussian language itself, but not recorded in the monuments of iš this language, cf. let. finished “to walk with difficulty”, lat. clenbuterol. In Slavic languages, the iš verb of the same root, plg. Russian. kasikath ‘klupti’, s. sl. klękać, slov. klėkati ,to stumble, to waver, to hold unsteadily“ ir etc. " * also independently appeared the corresponding names of the animal. Of all iš domestic animals, the cow is characteriir zed by a slow, heavy gait. Thus, all three Baltic languages have different cow names. It is the oldest name in the Latvian language. In the ir Lithuanian Prussian language, the last name corresponds to lat. gūovs, pushed by newer (lit. cow, pr. curwis). The name of the cow in Prussian, corresponding to lit. kdrvė, did not prevail probably because the word of this root was used the meaning of ‘ox’. In the Baltic languages there are many different names for cattle, usually cows, which are related to su some characteristic of this animal, especially many such names are found in Latvian dialects. The most abundant jų group is associated su with the corresponding color of the animal. Lat. aūbe ‘one Cow with white Kopf" (EH, I, 183), plg. lat. aūbe ,,Haube* <vox. HaubeTM. Lat. ball ,,Name of a white Cow" (EH, I, 200), plg. lat. votes ,,pale, pale“. Lat. White-tailed ,,Name of one Cow with white Schwanz" (EH, I, 201) <white + tail ‘tailed’. Lat. baltkaya ,,Name of one Cow with white Beinen®, white leather (EH, I, 202) <white+stick ‘foot’. Lat. White-tailed shark ‘a Cow name“, baltsanite (EH, I, 202) <white+- sanis "Shone". Lat. runs ,,Name of a summit Cow" (EH, I, 212), plg. lat. befigulis ‘(if Name) Kind" ? Lat. Cranberry ,,Name of a red-brown Cow" (EH, I, 246), plg. lat. Cranberry, blueberry ‘the Strickberry, cranberry (vaccinium vitis idea); because of their red Colour often compared with red-faced girls”. Lat. Brunala ‘a brown Kuh“, brinaja, brūnale, brūnuja, brūnava, briine, bruiice (EM, 1, 341; EH, I, 245, 246), brujike "verrichtl. Designation for a brewery ne Cow" (EH, I, 245), plg. lat. briins ,,braun® < vid. vok. Jam. brown". Lat. ciélava ,,Cow name; one Cow with white Kopf" (EH, I, 277), plg. lat calva ‘the Bachstelze". : Lat. Plums ,,a white-headed Cow" (EM, I, 392), plg. lat. Cirrus ‘the Lerche®, surgical head ,,grosse Snowflakes® (EM, I, 392). Lat. Drizzle ‘a Cow names (the Striped ?)“ (EH, I, 335), plg. lat. drizene ‘a Beam, driksnains, “beam, scrambled®”. If the meaning of this cow's name was ne "striped", it could be linked jį to ir su lat. drizs ‘fast’, cf. lat. Drizuli ‘frühriife "Fruit". "5 M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 576. “e J. Sehwers, Linguistic and Cultural investigations, p. 4. 7 J, Sehwers, that pat, p. 19. 138 Lat. ducal ,,Name of a black-brown Kuh“, duck, dikaja, duckling, duckling, duckling “a dark brown Cow with black head; Name of a gray Cow" (EM, I, 523; EH, I, 345, 346), plg. lat. ducan ‘graubraun’. Lat. smoke “a dark, black-brown Cow, a red Cow with brown head“, dumala “a dark brown Cow, smoked (EM, I, 514, 527, 528; EH, I, 347, 348), plg. lat. dūmals "smoky, dark grey®. Cat. Gulbene “Name of a white Kuh® (EH, I, 416), Swan (EM, I, 676), plg. lat. Gullfish ‘swan’. Lat. irbe ,,Name of a finely speckled Cow" (EH, I, 431), plg. lat. 2006-2007 ,,Feldhuhn®, Lat. bar “a white Cow, whose Vorderund rear is dark” (EH, I, 571), plg. lat. juéslains,'striped', judslene ‘a Pig with a giart-like Streifen um die Mitte" (EM, II, 127). ; Lat. cornel ,,Name of one (dark) red Cow; Name of one Kuh, krūnula, krūonale, krionaja (EM, 11, 295: EH, I, 664), plg. lat. Grains ,,the Crown; der Kranz" <vid. vok. Jam. krone’. Lat. crystal ,,Name of one Cow”, crustala (EM, II, EH, 288; I, 660), plg. lat. cross ‘the Cross*. Lat. kutuba ,.eine Cow with white Riickenstreifen, guitar (EM, II, EH, 393; I, 709), plg. lat. kitain ,,streifig (vomVieh)“ < est. kiiiit ,,streif ig; Cattle with white Riickenstreifen® (EM, II, Lat. 393). lauce ‘one Cow with a Blisse®, luca, lauka, laukala, laukala, laukaZa, laiicika (EM, II, 425, 426; EH, I, 722), plg. lat. field "'pale'. Lat. Mantalena ,,Name of a black Cow" (EH, I, 782), plg. lat. maiidala ,,Name of one Cow, the am Assembly has fallen” (?). Lat. maralina ‘Name of a Cow" (...which was raiba raibalina, — which was sarkana maralina...), — marala (EM, II, EH, 583; I, 792), plg. lat. Marani ,,rot Herb to color red“ (EH, I, 792). Lat. breasts ,a black Kuh“, melne, mellika, melluza, mellene (EM, II, EH, 596: I, 798), plg. lat. black ‘black’. Lat. mice ,,Name of a white-headed Cow", micka EH, I, 811), plg. lat. mice ‘one female mite, hood; one "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution". mitsubishi.co.jp. Jam. Miittse. Lat. mugrine ,,Name of one Cow with different colored Rūcken’ (EM, II, plg. 661), back ‘the Riicken®. Lat. Black-tailed shark “one. Cow with black Lips; “Goose ar with a dark head”, “Mustala” ar “Goose with a dark muzzle”, “Blueberry” “a black Cow" (EM, II, 672; EH, I, 835), pg. lat. mustis "a black dog" <est. must „schwarz“, lyv. Black. The form mustika comes from est. blueberry (EH, I, 835). Lat. nakča, "name of a black cow", naktala (EH, II, 3), plg. lat. night ‘the Night*. 152) and the name of the saint of the day, St. Peter (cf. 152, 153, 154). Latin: palss, die Asche® ‘fahl’ (7). Lat. palse,,Name of a pale cow* (EH, II, 152), plg. "Palss" (in German). Lat. planke,.a white cow with black od. red front and back parts; a black-coloured cow od. a black cow with white groin; eine "8 J. Sehwers, ten pat, p. 59. 139 bunte Kuh od. a white-headed cow” (EH, II, 283), plg. lat. plaiiks „bunt“ (EM, III, 319), plankene „ein buntes Tuch“ (EH, II, 283). Lat. punika, "name of a brown cow" <est. punik,,rote Kuh“ (EM, III, 413). Lat. raibe „eine bunte Kuh", raibala, raibaja, raibaja, raibaja, raibala, raibuja, raibuja, raibule, raibulite, raibelite, raibalite, raibele, raibene, raibale, raibuolina, reibulite (EM, 1H, 467, 468, 505; EH, II, 350), plg. lat. raibs, "multicoloured, speckled, checked*®- ". The Latin raicka,,eine bunte Kuh*, rai¢a (EM, III, 469; EH, II, 351) should also probably be associated with the just listed names. Lat. raine “a cow’s name* (EH, II, 351), plg. lat. rains,,colorful, striped®. Lat. salnika,.an ice-coloured cow“ (EM, III, 675), plg. lat. salns,,schimmelfarbig®. Lat. saritala, "name of a black cow", santene, "name of a cow"* (EH, II, 433-4), plg. lat. sants, "the Velvet". Lat. sake, “the name for a (red, brown) cow”, safke, safkene, “name of a red cow”®, sarkane, sarkala, sarce “a brown cow”* (EM, III, 722; EH, II, 441, 443), plg. lat. sarks,,slightly reddish®. Lat. sartala “a cow name*, sdrtala, sartite, name of a red cow* (EM, III, 807; EH, II, 473), plg. lat. sarts ‘rot’. Lat. safmule, “a gray cow” (EH, II, 444), plg. lat. safma "the frost*. Lat. sémaje,.a light gray cow* (EH, II, 481), plg. lat. *séms,.light gray with black spots®. Lat. sifmala,.eine graue Kuh®, sirmaja, sirmula, sirmule (EM, III, 846, 847; EH, II, 488, 489), pg. "Sifms "grau"". Lat. sifsnina, “the name of a cow with a heart-shaped spot on the forehead” (II, 489), plg. lat. sifds "the heart". "Black Cow, Black Cow, Black Cow". lat. skudre „the ant“TM, lat. slauna,,name of a black cow; checked cow; a dirty cow; a cow with red and white od. black and white pages“, slgune,,a cow with a white belly; a black cow with a white belly; a cow with white sides; slatinala,,- gescheckte Kuh®, slaiinene „a cow name®, slaunike, slaunuza, slaiinis a cow with a colourful belly and colourful sides“, slaure,.eine fleckte Kuh®, šlaune,.eine an Hiiften od. Legs colourful cow*, §/aune (EM, III, 919, 220; 1V, 67; EH, II, 521, 522), plg. "Slavens, an Hiiften od. Thighs colourful, scheckicht®, §jauns. Lat. sniédze, “name of a white cow” (EM, III, 977), plg. lat. sniegs "der Schnee". Lat. spidaja, “name of a cow with shiny fur”, spidala “a cow name* (EM, III, 1000; EH, II, 552), plg. lat. spidét,,glinzen®. Lat. stripaja,,- name of a striped cow* (EM, III, 1092), plg. lat. stripa "the stripe®." The ant is also associated with cows in various Latvian superstitions, cf. : “One of them is for me, It’s a skudriti name left, Let the telite ride Ka skudrites pūlitė” (LD, 28960). „The cows are even wrapped three times around an ant’s nest before it is taken to the market to be sold, with the hope that there will be many buyers as ants“ (J. Aliindns, Mijas Viesis; 1857, 270) is et al., cf. P. Smiths, The Beliefs of the Latvian People, p. 551. 140 Lat. scout ,,Name for a Cow, whose Riicken sich der in color from the other body distinguishes” (II, pp. 2). 641), lat. shit ,,shave® (?). Lat. three ,,Name of one Cow, the one Blisse (trese) hat’ (EM, IV, plg. 231), lat. three ‘the "Blues". Lat. tumšsafke ‘the Dark red (from one Cow said)” (EM, 1V, plg. 263), lat. dark-brown ,,dark red®. Lat. Ubele ,.a gray Cow" (EM, IV, plg. 403), lat. ubels ,,dark grey*. Lat. udgra , Name of a black Cow" (II, pp. 2). 743), lat. coal ‘the Kohle" (2D). Lat. Vabule ,,Name of a black Cow; Name of a brown Cow, beetle, lure , Name of a black Cow" (EM, IV, EH, II, plg. 428; 746), lat. Vabule ‘the Kiefer so, Lat. : meal “a white Ochs" is. < walgu (EM, 1V, Lat. 455). zale ,.a reddish brown Cow" (EM, IV, EH, II, plg. 684: 800), lat. Salad ,,reddish yellow“. Lat. zeltere „?“ (guosninas — one green, the other green) (EM, IV, plg. 705), lat. zöldts ,, das Gold“, zeltenes ‘a Shrub with yellow Blite". Lat. ziédala ,,Name of a colorful Kuh“, ziédala, ziedala, ziédele, ziéca, ziédaine, ziéduone (EM, IV, 737, 738; EH, II, 810, 811), plg. lat. ziéds ‘the Bliite, Blume". Lat. days ,, Kuhname®, zilene “a blue Cow®, ziluZa a grave (?) Cow* (EM, IV, 719, 721; EH, II, plg. 806), lat. blue ‘blue’. Lat. zimala ,,eine Cow with a Character (on the Stirn)“, zimala, zimala, zimala, zimaja, zimaja, zimaja, zimala, zimele, zimule, zimula, zimalite, zimale, ziemala (EM, IV, 734, 735, 736, 742; EH, II, plg. 810), lat. winter ‘the Zeichen““ The form ziemala may be of different ir origin, e.g. lat. earth ‘the Winter". Lat. star ‘one Cow with a white star Time on the Stirn®, star, star (EM, 1V, EH, II, 761; 813, 814), plg. lat. star ‘the "Stern". In Latvian, cow names are widely used, derived from the cow's birth.days in iš general period name®!. ar Names of this origin are foreign to the Lithuanian language. In Slavic languagejų s, plg. Russian. nosguéxa, Beuapexa, BTOpėXxa, rioHejieJIKa, Žem. Puddle. pdrizela®, but are used much less often than similar cow names in Latvian. Lat. cetal ,,Name of one Cow, the am Thursday has fallen“, cetalina, cetala, cetuja, ceture, ceturtale, cetuža, cekula ,,Designation of a Cow, the am Thursday has fallen, od. die ein Signs of an Stirn hat“, cekuja, cekule, cekata, deka ,,eine Cow, the am Thursday is born” (EM, I, 368, 376, 409: EH, I, 262, 267), plg. lat. fourth "the fourth", cetuftdiena ‘the Thursday®. Lat. dienaja ,,eine Cow, the am Days has fallen” (EM, I, 483), plg. lat. day ‘the Day". Lat. laūnadzite eine Cow that the um Time of launags is born” (EH, L, 723), plg. lat. laiinags ‘the Lunch time”, laiinadzite ‘the Midchen, that the um Time of the laiinags is born”. Lat. maridala ,,Name of one Cow, the am Montage fallen is“, maridala, maficka, mandza, maficka, maiidža (EM, 11, 560; EH, I, 782, 783), plg. vok. der Monday. *0 P. Smith, The Beliefs of the Latvian People, p. 550. “1 P. Smiths, right there. *2 0. H. Tpy6Gaues, Ilpoucxoxjeuue..., p. 46. 141 of the ox, another animal appears — the horse. This is the time of the legend of the "strife between the horse and the ox, where they argue about the superiority of their breed." The ancient Egyptians first became acquainted with horses, apparently, when the Asian tribes "Hyksos" invaded their land. The Hicks had already used chariots in warfare. The Hyksos invaded Egypt at the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the New Kingdom, in the 18th and 16th centuries BC.’ The chronicles of Pharaoh Thutmose III (1525–1491 BC)’s campaigns into Syria include horses among other spoils of war, which are mentioned alongside “living prisoners”, chariots, gold and silver.’? Horse breeding was of particular importance to the Hittites. Horses are mentioned in one of the earliest Hittite records, the record of the warrior Anita. The Hittite laws of the 14th century BC stipulate that the theft of a staghorn, horse or ram is punishable by a fine of fifteen times the value of the stolen animal."[2] In ancient Assyrian art, no domestic animal is depicted as often as the horse. The horse has played an important role in ancient India. There it was especially used for military affairs: kink oms in war chariots. During the folk festivals, horse races were prepared." In Homer's poems, some heroes—kingdoms—have a special delight in breeding horses. Homer often adds the epithets "rich horsemen" and "horse-trappers" to these kings. Horse breeding is also strongly reflected in the Greek visual art? !4, Later, when the horse became a riding battle horse, the custom of burying the rider with the horse appeared in various countries. They are also used to offer sacrifices to the gods during various festivals. This custom is typical of the ancient Indians, Iranians, Greeks, Slavs, Germans, Romans’®, and even of the Balts. Both archaeological and various written sources provide interesting knowledge about horse breeding in Slavic lands. Already " among the fossils dating back to the 6th century AD in the territory of Poland* are found pentins. The Arab traveler Ibrahim Ibn-Yaqub writes that in the 10th century, Prague produced fine riding clothing. There is little information about horse breeding in Russia before the 10th century. For example, some Arab and Byzantine sources indicate that in Russia there are few horses, that only the princes have horses there. However, from the second half of the 10th century there are already reliable data. In the Slavic countries, horses were used even for agricultural work!* 8 V.I. Avdijevs, ibid., p. 102. 9 H. Ranke, Pet,—M. Ebert, Reallexi kon der Vorgeschichte, V, p. 220; M. Hilzheimer, Haustier, —ten pat, V, p. 220; C. Keller, Die Abstammung der édltesten Haustiere, p. 89. 10 V. I. Avdiyev, History of the Ancient East, p. 225. 11 V, I. Avdijevas, ibid., pp. 310–311. 12 C, Keller, The Descent of the Last Pets, p. 90. 12 V. I. Avdiyev, History of the Ancient East, p. 544. 14 C. Keller, Die Abstammung der iltesten Haustiere, p. 89; V. S. Sergejevas, Senovės Graikijos istorija, Vilnius, 1955, p. 104—105. 15 O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, I, p. 172, 175; V. I. Avdijevas, Istorija antīkā Austruma, p. 544. 16 W. Hensel, The Slavs in the Early Middle Ages, p. 81—85; JI. Hujiepjie, Chiansitickne JpeBHOCTH, p. 319. 148 “ In the territory of Lithuania, among other domestic animal bones, horse bones are found in a Bronze Age Palanga! ". Penalties (Prienų raj.) round brass plates found in the treasure, according to archaeologists, are a sleigh ornament. This fact would suggest that at that time the horses In Lithuania they ne were raised only for ir meat, but for riding®s, I—1V m. e. Among fossils dating back to the 19th century, horse bones are found quite often alongside bones of other domestic animals. It is true that they, compared su to the bones of other domestic animals, make up a relatively small percentage: 2,594, In the castle hill of Migoniai (Kašiadorių raj.) 3%, Dovainoniy hill 18,8%. In the past, it was common practice to bury the dead in a graveyard. There are numerous su graves in jo Lithuania where the remains of a burnt horse are found next to the rider. ?. ir ar jo P. Dusburg, describing the Prussian belief, states that the Lithuanians of the other tribes ir unwittingly jų burned the mentioned sacrifice according to their rituals in some holy place, but the horses before burning were so scared that they could barely stand. 1249 m. The Treaty of Christburg states that the Prussians promise not to burn the dead without ir burial jų su horses. Sisters Wartberge writes that Prince of Lithuania Algirdas was solemnly burned by su 18 war horses. Vygandas The Marburger talks about The burning of Kęstutis su with horses, clothes, weapons, hunting dogs, etc. ?1 funerals ir related to Su certain horse races in the Baltic country about 887— 901 m. describes traveler Vulfstanas??. Did the Latgalians and Curonians enslaved by the Teutonic Order have to pay regular taxes “on every plough” or “on every horse that pulls harrows”?*. The Indo-Europeans had a common name for the horse. In some languages, the name has been preserved, in others only traces of it have been preserved, and in others there are no traces of it. In general, in various ide. There are many new names for this animal, often only specific to individual languages. This is true even for those languages that have preserved the old ide. the name. This change in horse names is usually associated with the change in the horse's function as a human helper. Here are the old ones. horse names that can be converted to pronoun *ekuo-s: skr. ashvah, av. aspa-, sen. pers. asa-, oset. ydfs (with the suffix y-), gr. immo, lat. eguus; sen. isl. ior, sen. angl. eoh, sen. air. Uh, gal. epo-(Eporédia, Epona,,mulionum dea“), 17 P. Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, Lietuvos archeologijos bruožai, p. 109—110; P. Kulikauskas, Lietuvos TSR MA Darbai, S. A, 2(7), p. 33—4l. 18 P Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, Lithuanian archaeology features,. 110. in ‘ 19 Ibid., pp. 252-253; K. Paaver and P. Kulikauskas, Acta Baltico-Slavica, 2, p. 271— 272. 20 P Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, ibid., pp. 394-400; J. Jaskanis, Acta Baltico-Slavica, 4, pp. 29-65. ** P Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, Features of Lithuanian Archaeology, p. 400. ** Lietuvos Sources of the History of the TSR, I, p. 22—23. * Latvia PSR vėsture, I, p. 42. 149 ‘toch. A hole, vns. kilm. ykes, anyway. "B-side: "I'm Sorry"" (in Japanese). ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z". H. Pedersen tried to link the above-mentioned horse names with the arm. ėš, vns. kilm. išoy ‘,asilas’’- **,: Het. aswa "horse" is probably a loan from indo-iranieCiy®®. This one's gone. the name of the horse was used in both the meaning of “horse” and “mare”. Skr. The name of the village, "A.V.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M.A.M.- A.M." As we can see from the examples given, this ide. The name of the horse does not exist in Slavic languages. Some ideas. *some traces could be seen in Slavic hydronymy, cf. rus. OcBa, OcBen, OcBes, OcBuna, OcBuna, OceBka, OcoBa, OcoBka. However, these placenames are probably baltisms- *?. This one's going. The reason for the disappearance of the horse name in Slavic languages can be interpreted in two ways. Firstly, the fact that the Slavs became acquainted with domestic horses somewhat later than their neighbors may have played a role here. The neighbours, more intensively cultivating horse breeding, could have replaced the Slavic terminology. Second, the old idea. The disappearance of the horse name in Slavic languages can also be explained by linguistic facts. He's coming. *ekuos, being a common name for horses, did not fit with other Slavic livestock terms related to sexual difference®. He's coming. *while in no other Baltic language is recorded in its original meaning of horse in general. The form ašva for the meaning of „kumelės“ is found in the dictionary of K. Širvydas, but in all his editions the word is given after the word kumelė: Klažd equa, kumetel||- aBwa (I ed., 54; III ed., 104, 109; V ed., 91, 95)??. The word ashva is also found in P. Ruigi and Chr. In the dictionaries of G. Milkaus. The following dictionaries distinguish the meanings of the words aswa and mare: ABwa, wos, f. eine Stutte groBer Art (P. Ruhig, Lex., I, 8; Chr. G. Mielcke, Wb., Kummélé, ės, f. eine. Mare (P. Ruhig, Lex., I, 70; Chr. G. Mielcke, Wb., I, 1,12)3!. Gestiitt, ABwos weislinnés, Weislei (P. Ruhig, II, Lex., 174; Chr. G. Mielcke, Whb., II, Stutte, gemeine, Kummélé, és, f.? *4 J. Pokorny, 134). et al. Wb., p. 301; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 20. *š H. Pedersen, KZ, 50, p. 311. 28 Mr. Mayrhofer, et. Wb., I, p. 62; H. Kronasser, 231). Comparative phonology and form theory of the Hittite, p. 229. #7 A. Meillet, Wstgp do indoeuropejskiego lingwistyki, p. 239-240; BSL, 29, LXIV. * K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 500; III, p. 536; B. H. Tonopas, O. H. Tpy6aues, Lithuanian Linguistics Issues, 4, p. 197; cf. et al. J. Rozwadowski, Studies on the names of Slavic waters, Kraków, 1948, p. 176—177; M. Rudnicki,! Lingua Posnaniensis, 1, p. 268 —269; J. Endzelin, ZfsiPh, 11, p. 119. 29 O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjenne..., p. 51. % Dictionarium trium lingvarum... Constantino Szyrwid.- .. Fifth edition... Vilnae, 1713 (I leid. 1629 m., III leid. 1642 m.). #1 Ph. Ruhig, Lithuanian- -German and German-Lithuanian Lexicon, Kėnigsberg, 1747; Chr. G. Mielcke, Lithuanian- -German and German-Lithuanian Dictionary, Königsberg, 1800. 150 Mare, groBe, ABwa, wos f. (P. Ruhig, Lex., II, Chr. 346; G. Mielcke, Wb., II, 463). F. The meaning of the word iš is no longer known. He writes in: "Stute, die, mare, grosse S., nach Mielcke, aBwa (otherwise unknown)“ (F. Kurschat, Wb., II, [aszwa, Subst. 217)%, f. one Mare grisserer Type, by M. (=Mielcke A. S.) u. Bd. (=Brodowski A. S.) now not at all anymore gebr. From this to derive aButai, aButinis s. d.] (F. Thus, the 24)33, Lithuanian language monuments show the process of decay of this word: the initial asva is used next to iš the word kumėlė with some difference in meaning, then asva acquires be a special meaning and finally disappears altogether. ir True, the word ashva the meaning of “cume” is sometimes found in ir later writing monuments, for example, in Jakšto A. poetry**, but here it has entered old writings, iš o ne iš living languages. Such facts about the use of the word asva gave some linguists the wrong impression that in the present Lithuanian language the form ašva is used instead of the old written form esva®s. The form esheva is detected only in J. In Bretkūno writings: "As stallions glow all the eshvas" (LKZd., II, Judging 844). from the iš sentence, ji used “bitch” in the sense be of any species difference. Other ideas. The horse names of this root in languages indicate that the older form is ešva. However, it cannot be categorically stated that J. Bretkūno ešva is a direct ide, *ekua inheritance, since the form may be of ši secondary origin, arising ir next to the form ašva as esis ašis, ežeras ūžeras, ešerys ašerys, : eštuoni aštuni® : etc. : : ir In the dialects of Žemaitija (Alsėdžiai, Kvėdarna, Luokė, Rietavas) in the meaning of working horse used word ašvienis (occurs in ir the form scale, LKZd., I, 283). It is probably a former adjective, suffix su -a made-of-siš hape blade or *ašvas, plg. bulbiénis "Potato stem", turnip "Turnip leaf", barley ‘barley’ ir etc. " Similar origins will probably be ir S. B. In the Bible translation of Chilinski, ma there is a — forasvine vns. gal. aszwieną ‘I’m kicking’ 418453 3. Lithuanian. in the press the word ašvienis tried to use the meaning of “asilo”, cf. ;5++ went around the magic blade (asilą)’ (The 1902 Farmer, m., No. 10, p. 30). The old ide, the name of the horse, has left some traces in Lithuanian toponymy. ir watermarks Ašva, Ašvija, Asviné®, place names "Ascension, Ascension". : Su let. asva is related ir to some other Lithuanian words. F. Kuršaitis, as we have su seen, asva was related to liet. Ashes ‘horsetail bitter ar hair’. Such a dis- *2 F,Kurschat, German-Lithuanian Dictionary, I—1II, Halle, 1870— 1874. * F. Kurschat, Lithuanian-German Dictionary, Halle, 1883. ¥ LKZd., I, p. 283. 3% M. Mayrhofer, et al. Wb., I, p. 62. % Z. ZinkeviCius, Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius, 1966, p. 121-124; W. R. Schmalstieg, Oriental Institute of Naples, Annali, sezione Linguistica, VII, p. ¥ Pr. Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 13, 289; J. Otrgbski, Gramatyka jezyka litewskiego, II, p. p. 213. % Cz Kudzinowski, Chylinski- 's Lithuanian Bible, III, Poznan, 1964, p. 10. ** Lithuanian SSR Rivers and Lakes Directory, p. 9. The administrative-territorial division of the Lithuanian SSR, p. 623. 151 menes par liet. ašutai origin maintains ir F. "Spektrum". However, lit. ašutai recently many linguists associated sen. su sl. 05519 „dagys“, rus. ocor kt., ir ide. iš *ak- „aštrus“*2, It is difficult to ir deny or ir confirm one or the other etymology. ir It is possible that in su the old ide. The horse's name is ir related to lit. spit ‘Ribes rubrum; redcurrant- ”, ašdklė, asvékle, ašvoklė, ašvokšlė, vašoklė, vasokslé. K. It is explained as follows. Asvdklis origin, relied on semantic parallels: avis raspberry, vok. : Fenugreek ‘currant (black)’: Bock ‘goat’*?. These parallels can also be added to the German. Rofbeere, perdsbier, o also got. 10 minutes ‘thorns’ (believed to have got. aihvatundi the first component is ide. *Equal- “horse”)?4, in Latvian this ide. the horse name is not preserved. However, ir there are some traces there, pg. jo place names Asva, Asvenieks, Aswing, the name of the lake Asva**. Su With a small probability, it can be assumed that this su horse name is related to lat. ir Ashes “tails”, tail ‘tailed’. Pretty bright old ide. traces of the horse's name are found in Prussian. The word in the Elbing dictionary Aswinan Kobilmilch (694 word)*? *. Ms. aswinan probably su suffix -inpadarytas pr. iš *asva ‘bitch’. Ms. aswinan, apparently as an adjective was to be used next to the word dadan ‘milk’. Taigi aswinan dadan — ‘mare milk’, cf. pr. Ructandadan Sour milk (= Sauermilch "sour milk") (690 Elbing dictionary - word). The importance of mare milk among the Prussians is mentioned in various historical documents. Su This horse name should be associated with some Prussian place ir names, e.g. "Aswaylen, Asswene, Assuenus, Asswin, Eswiten" (PDF). In Elbing’s dictionary we find another word, which is also tried to be linked to the horse’s name in question su — Arwaykis Volle (434 word) (Full "Ad. i. a boy Pferd mūnnlichen Geschlechts““). Šį word some researchers associate rus. su opb “horse, horse” (arwaykis<ar- “horse” +waykis “child”). Attempted iš arwaykis to make a form ir *aswawaykis. But perhaps the most acceptable is A. Becenberger's correction: he arwaykis corrects į aswaytis. I am inclined to support this amendment. ir R. Trautman. In other words, Mr. arwaykis would have originated iš *asva+aitis, pg. let. POvilas : Povilaitis, brolis : brélaitis ,broliukas®, kiadlé : kiauldité ir etc. Zinoma, ir A. Becenberger's interpretation raises doubts, especially the obstacle to r on-site s occurrence*S. As we see, the old idea. The process of decay of the horse name, which began very long ago in the Baltic languages, is still taking place in Lithuanian. ir A similar process of decay of the name occurred in many Ides. « languages: ancient archaic * F. Specht, Der Origin of the Indo-European Declination, p. 36. * E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb.,p. 18—19; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., IT, p. 285; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb, p. 19. * K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 20; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 189. ** E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 19; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 301. * J. Endzelins, Latvia PSR place names, I, 1, p. 45; J. Endzelin, ZfslPh, 11, p. 119. ** R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 92, 305; Monuments of the Prussian language, p. 73. ** G. Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, p. 12, 34; K. Bouga, Selected Writings, III, p. 536; J. Endzelins, Old Prussian p. 145—146. ji ** R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language thinking miles, p. 88, 302; J. In the Old Prussian language, Endzelins, p. 144, 152 the names of the lions were replaced by various borrowingar s. In Slavic languages, as we mentioned, there is no trace of this name. nė In the Germanic languages, the name is still used. English, sen. Icelandic ir iš part of the Gothic language. It spreads : here. vok. height. (h)ros, vok. Rof, Angl. horse, sen. isl. horses ir etc., seedlingsu s. *(s)ker- „to dance“**, wt. "Horse". lot. paraverédus “Post horse to Service on Nebenlinien"*?, vok. Gaul, iš initially usually meant poor horse5!. In the Greek language appears papas, gaplov <araby faris „knight“52, in Latin displaces the word eguus caballus, initially meaning a working horse anyway ar poor kin*?, appears in Indian languages of unclear origin: skr. ghota, ghotakah, pali ghotaka — "bad horse", hindi Ghora „ožlys“54, New names of horses, apparently, most often have appeared together with the change of su the functions of this animal: use jo for riding, agricultural work, etc. ir In the Baltic languages near the old ide. *when a new name for a horse, typical of the Baltic languages, appeared lit. — Horse, lat. zifgs, pr sirgis. The meaning of these words is slightly different in all languages: Lithuanian žirgas means a beautiful good horse, Latvian zifgs — means a horse in o general, Prussian — sirgis a stallion. In Latvian, the meaning of this word is the most recent. It is quite common for a word in one language to have a certain poetic connotation, while in another it is a simple generic term, e.g. arm. ji ‘horse’ ‘<skr. hdya, which is only detected In the ir Vedas it has a poetic Ne connotation**, ar obviously a Prussian word that has retained its older ar meaning, Lithuanian, although in general jų both meanings are quite close. For example, even in the ir Lithuanian language, the horse is used in some dialects (Dieveniškės, Trakai) with the meaning of “Reržilo”. The latter name of the horse in the Baltic languages probably took hold at the time when the ancient Baltic tribes began to use horses extensively for military purposes. This is perhaps due to the fact that the name of the ir village is a ti Slavic word. A. Leskynas*", R. Trautmanas®®, H. Hirtas®, V. Tomsenas®, K. Būga"! let. Horseshoe su rain. Zifgri, Zergti, plg. t. p. Horse „crossed colt on the roof“, horses, Zirgiai ,,two trees for the fur to dry; ir kartes clover, Sienai drying’. The weakness of this etymology is semantics. The original lit. horse ir etc. value should have been ,,running fast", cf. let. The — horses are described by a wide range of characteristics. The name of this Baltic horse has semantic parallels to sen. Russian. KJocs ‘kumelys’, sen. left. Cluse "horse", check. Mare „suck“: got. gel "run", in German. run, sen. Russian. CKOK® "Shooting Horse", rus. CkakyH, polab. Skocdika ‘eržilas’: rus. cKaKaTb "jump"$*, o yes * F. Kluge, et al. Wb., p. 608; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 934. 50 F. Kluge, et al. Wb., p. 542—543, F. Kluge, et al. Wb., p. 236. 32 C.D. Buck, Dict., p. 168. 52 A. Walde, et al. Wb., I, p. 125. 8 M. Mayrhofer, et al. Wb., I, p. 361-362. ** B, Ilopunr, Ynexenne wHJ0eBponeiicKoil s3bikKOBOH obaacth, p. 239. % A. Lyberis, Language culture, 7, p. 60. % A. Leskien, The Ablaut of the Root Syllables in Lithuanian, Leipzig, 1884, p. ** R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. 427. H. Hirt, BB, 24, p. 259. % V. Thomsen, Interferences between the Finnish and the Baltic (Lithuanian-Latvian) Languages, p. “ K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 260. 42 O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilpoucxoxjense..., p. 55-57; V. Machek, Et. sl., p. 205. 153 even the already mentioned Germanic horse name —vok. Rof, angl. horse and others: ide. *(s)ker- "to dance". J. Mikola associated the Lithuanian horse with the Latin grex "flock, band, gang"**. There have also been attempts to associate this name of the Baltic horse with Lithuanian žefti, with Armenian. jar "horse"* bitters"- **., However, all of these last three cases seem very unreliable. The first etymology (horse: žefgti) is more acceptable. It seems to us that lietuv. žirgas, pr. sirgis, lat. zirgs, bearing in mind that their original meaning could also have been „stallion“, as pr. sirgis would indicate, could also be tried to be linked to old isl. gradr ‘non-castrated’, gradungr ‘breeding bull, bull’, griedjungr- ’.’ The suffix -galtis in the name of the horse (or stallion) may have appeared from such adjectives as *dveigas (: dveigs "two-year- -old animal"), *treigas (: treigs "three-year-old animal"). Then pr. sirgis would be only a novelty of Elbing's dictionary instead of the older *ziras, cf. In the Elbing dictionary deywis, dumis, caymis, ragis, snaygis, wilkis, etc. instead of the expected -as ending nounvarziy- ®®, In addition to the Elbing dictionary (Sirgis Hengest, word 430), this word is quite often found in Prussian toponymy, cf. Sirgelauwk (<sirgis+ laucks "Nice, soil"), Sirgite, Sirgun, Czirgelawken®'. This horse name is often found in Lithuanian and Latvian toponymy®- ®. It is possible that the name of the Baltic Finnish bull, cf. suomi, came from this Baltic word. hdrkd, est. hdrg et al. As we have seen, the common Indo-European name of the horse has been replaced by a new name specific to the Baltic languages. We tried to relate this process to the change of horse use functions. In the Lithuanian language this process went even further, namely, here appeared the name horse, which is characteristic only for it. This word appeared when near the land of oxen began to close and horses. Initially, arkljs probably meant a lower-grade, ploughed horse that could be turned into a horse and could be used in the combination horse horse, cf. duonriekis kniilis. Another name for horses that occasionally occurs in Lithuanian — artūvas, “working horse” (LKZd., I, 261) — also derives from the word drti. In the Latvian language, the name of horse of this root does not occur: the words drkls, arklis, the diminutive form arklinš are used only in the meaning of "plough". However, in the Latvian texts written by A. Becenberger we find the form drkls, which is also used in the meaning of “horse”. In this case, it is impossible to think of borrowing from the Lithuanians, since the above example is recorded in the area of Dunte (in north-western Latvia, east of Limbaži) (EM, I, 141). This is probably the mistake of Becenberger. He's coming. languages do not have a common name for uncastrated male horses. In many languages, the name is pronounced as "Iss". caballo padre (for “horse father”), n. gr. ėixyo BappBūro (for “bearded horse”, originally used to refer to a person who was not a eunuch, i.e. not a 62 J. Mikkola, AfsiPh, 39, p. 14 EM, IV, p. 727. “5 J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 441. % J. Endzelins, Old Prussian language, p. $7 G. Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, p. 157—158, 189, 233. ® Lietuvos Lakes of the ir Russian Federation p. 206; Lietuvos Administrative-territorial division of the TSR, p. 1021; J. Endzelin, ZfslPh, II, p. 119. 154 castrated, with a growing beard)®, polk. Stadnik ‘eržilas’ : herd ‘banda’, serb. macTyx'- stallion', bulg. nacryx: macryx, ‘example’?, air. (ech-) cullach „eržilas- “, bret. call horse (oral) “with lines, uncasted®)TM. As the ka above mentioned names of erZilo in Celtic languages, it seems that semantically in the same way the BaltiSkasis —Lithuanian and Latvian name of erZilo, cf. lit. eržilas, eržalas, erželas, eržilis, erfiokas (LKŽd., II, 835), ergis „young stallion“ (LKZd., II, 827), afžilas „stallion“ (LKŽd., I, 262), lat. črzelis, minor forms grzeléns, ėržuks, ėrzejuks (EM, 1, 577; EH, I, 374), efžuks (and the shortness and geography of the word would indicate that the form was borrowed from the Lithuanian language)*?. The name of the Baltic stallion is associated with av. "Hodensack", double arazi "Hoden", arm. orji-k,,Hodeši n*, orji,,nekasiš truotas®, miorji,,uévopyic®, gr. Spike,,Hode- ®, white. herdhe,,Hode®, vid. water. uirgge,,Hode, membrum virile*, n. air. uirgheTM. SemantiSkai supports this interpretation of lit. efZilas' origin. Bulle "bull, breeding bull", sen. isl. boli, angl. bull: gr. pulréc „penis“, sen. air. ball. K. Būga"*, based on a semantic parallel, mid-German. height. geil,,libidinosus®: geile,,Hode*, lit. stallion, gr. dpyic,,Hode* associated with lit. arskus „hard, hot, fiery; inhabitable, angry“ (cf. arškūs drigaiitas, arskus kumelys) (LKZd., I, 254), aržūs „smarkus, karštas; persistent; gašlus“ (cf. arZus stallion), aržlūs,,disobedient, opposite; aržus’ (LKŽd., I, 263). In some Lithuanian and Latvian dialects we find another name for the erzil common to both languages: Lithuanian drigafitas, drigofitas, dragaiitas (LK Žd., II, 427, 488, 489), Latin drigants (EM, I, 498). Some scholars (J. Zubatas, H. Petersonas) considered this word to be their own zZodziu of the Baltic languages. However, in fact, its source is Polish. drygant,.eržilas" (a word of unclear origin already found in 16th-century Polish monuments- )". The geography of the word in Latvian would indicate that the Latvians could have acquired this word through the Lithuanians. Forms such as lietuv. dragaritas, lat. drigalts "anxious child, peštukas" appeared in these languages as a result of the influence of other wordsTM. In Latvian and Lithuanian we find another name of foreign origin for horse, which is used in Latvian with the meaning of stallion — lat. rumaks, rumaks "a stallion", rumaks "a horse", rumdks "a heavy-hearted load horse", rumūks "a dark-yellow od. brownish horse“ (EM, III, 557; EH, II, 383), plg. t. p. rumaks „a broad-shouldered boy“. Lietuv. rumkas „šalinis arklys (Handpferd)“ occurs in East Prussian Lithuanian language dictionaries and more contacts with Polish C.D. Buck, Dict., p. 81, 169. 0 O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilpoucxoxienne..., p. 60. C.D. Buck, Dict., p. 162. EH. I, p. 370. J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 782; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 123; R. Trautmann, B-sl. Wb., p. 71; K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 153; J. Zubaty, BB, 18, p. 259; J. Scheftelowitz, BB, 28, p. 299-313. 74 F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 110. "5 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 355; III, p. 780. 76 J, Zubaty, BB, 17, p. 324; H. Petersson, Aryan and Armenian Studies, Lund, 1920, p. 79. 7 Biig, K., Collective Papers, IT, p. 151; Fraenkel, E., et al. Wb., p. 105; A. Briickner, Si et., p. 99. "8 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 105; EM, I, p. 498. t language having dialects. The source of this word is Polish. rumak ‘Horse, fighting horse, argamaque’TM. Polish rumak, in turn, is a Zodis® of Turko-Tatar origin. The name of the horse may have come into Latvian through Lithuanian. Slavic origin is also the Latin oger, "der Hengst" (EH, II, 117), cf. ogier. In Baltic languages, at least Lithuanian and Latvian, we find a common name for horse, which with different suffixes is used to denote both female and male horses, cf. lit. kumėlė „horse female“, kumelps „adult horse; stallion“, kumeliukas „young horse“ (LKŽd., VI, 866, 867, 868, 870), lat. kumels „stallion; beautiful horse“, kumelis, kumelice „cumming colt“, kumelinš „cummin’ colt“ (EM, II, 311; EH, I, 673 —4). In both Lithuanian and Latvian, these words are used with various prefixes, which give them one or another shade of meaning. The origin of these words is still unclear. Among linguists, the most popular etymology is that of J. Charpentier, where lit. kumelys, lat. kumejs is associated with skr. kumarah ‘jaunikaitis’**. However, this etymology has its drawbacks. First of all, it is doubtful sk. kumardh derivation from *kum-ēlo- -. Secondly, the meaning of the Sanskrit word does not provide sufficient grounds for such comparison. Skr. kumardh may mean "child", "boy", "son", "prince", cf. kumarf "girl, daughter". The main meaning of the Sanskrit word, as indicated by M. Mairhofer, was probably „unstable, tender, weak*, cf. ved. kumard-- desna „hinfallige Gaben vorleihend“*?. J. Pokornas®®, perhaps the first to deny the etymology of Ž. Šarpantjė, lit. stallion and his relatives, tried to explain the origin in another way. In his opinion, the primary meaning of lit. kumėlė could have been "castrated horse", so this word would be a secondary derivative of kumelys, for which such semantics is entirely possible. The name of the village is derived from the Slavic word for horse, komir. komol ‘beragis- ’. In both cases, the original meaning of the words would be "spoiled- ". J. Pokorna tends to associate these words with pr. camnet "horse", lit. trunk. It seems to us that the interpretation of J. Pokorno would be quite plausible if the original form of the Baltic words was *kumas. In fact, J. Pokorna considers lit. kūmė „kumelė“ as the main form. However, lit. kūmė is a retrograde form, originating from the form kumėlė, just as badger came from badger (cf. byelorussian Gopcyk < turkish barsuk), gegutė came from gegutė, etc.84 — ir In some cases, the skeleton is covered with a layer of skin. komons (cf. Russian KOMOHb „Žirgus“, Czech komori arklys), kons (cf. Russian KOHB, Polish kon). In fact, these words are very similar to each other in their appearance, and the meanings quite coincide. However, it is not yet possible to prove kinship*."* There is also a very ambiguous word, pr. camnet "horse". This word can be found in S. Grunau’s dictionary (41 words), in which Prussian words, as is known, are particularly distorted. El- “ A. Briickner, Die slavischen jų Fremdwėorter im Litauischen, Weimar, 1877, p. 128; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 748. 50 A. Briickner, SL et., p. 468. 81 J. Charpentier, KZ, 40, p. 435; IF, 25, p. 246. 82 M. Mayrhofer, et al. Wb., I, p. 232-233. 8 J. Pokorny, KZ, 56, p. 130—133. #4 P. Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 21 —22; A. Augstkalns, StB., 4, p. 63-65. A. Briickner, Si. et., p. 253-254; V. Machek, Et. Sl., p. 216; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 309; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 609, 618; E. Berneker, Et. Wb., p. 555; O. H. TpyGaues, Ilponcxoxjienne..., EM, II, bingo dictionaries, where even seven different types of horse names are listed, such a name does not exist. 50-52; p. 311. 156 iš That the writing camnet is failed, see ir iš foreign endings to the Baltic languages. So in this case pr. camnet can be variously fixed to ir tie both slav. su Komonb, both lit. su kumeljs, although otherwise pr. camnet most still resembles slav. Very complicated is the question of another horse name, perhaps also used in all three Baltic languages, that is Lit. — cattle ‘poor lean animal; kuinas“, kievė "bad mare", kevinas "bad horse, kuinas", kevis, keivis (LKŽd., V, 496, 672, 677, 766)*, lat. kėve „kumelė“, kéve, kėva, minor forms: kėvele, kėvelite, kėvene, kėvene, kévens, kevėns, kėvęna, kėvenice, kėvine, kėvka, keéyelens (EM, II, EH, 377; I, 700-1), pr. kaywe ‘bitch’ (Elbingo "Zodynélio 433 žodis" (in Lithuanian). First of all, it is clear that it is not a common word of all three Baltic languages, because the consonantism of the Latvian word indicates that the Latvians have borrowed this word. Secondly, it is very unclear whether ar the Prussian name of the iš mare is actually a word of the same root as lit. kėvė lat. ir A little. Looking at the Lithuanian variants of this name, iš the eye į immediately falls on the strange vocalism of the root: -e-, -ie-, -ei-. A. Becenberger, explaining the origin of the word kaywe, linked the Prussian word with the pronounced form of the Lithuanian word *kieve®®. A. Becenberger's thought is repeated by R. Trautman- ??. In a letter dated May 13, 1910 to J. Endzelyn, K. Būga, speaking about the work of R. Trautman, among other things, refers to,siidlit. *chair XII, 142 is a work of good imagination“*!. As we can see, the form that A. Becenberger once imagined is now in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary. However, it seems to us that K. Būga was still right when he said that this form is a work of fantasy. Forms with -ie are written in those places of Lithuania where é> ie (Ignalina, Vidiškės), or in their neighborhood (Daugėliškis), where the word kievė next to tėvas or dėdė can occur as a sporadic phenomenon from a neighboring dialect. The form keivis is also probably a fake thing, because it is recorded only once in the vicinity of Klaipėda, perhaps the kėvis is not well heard in the place. Although there could still be some sporadic ė to ei distortion, which sometimes occurs in the conversation of the fishermen of Curonian Spit and in Livonian Latvian dialects??. In this way, the most reliable Lithuanian form of this name is kėvė (with the root vowel ė). Recently, many linguists, in fact, most of the researchers of Finnish-Baltic relations, are of the opinion that the Latvians have borrowed this word from the Livonian, cf. lyv. kėv, kumelé®, and the Lithuanians, in turn, borrowed it from the Latvians and modified the meaning*?- *. J. Endze is also partially inclined to agree with this opinion- *6 J. Endzelins, Senprūšu valoda, p. 189; R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. p. 352. 8 A. Lyberis, Kalbos kultūra, 7, p. 60—6l. 8 R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. 88. 8 A. Bezzenberger, BB, 23, p. 318; 27, p. 168. *0 R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, p. XII, 142, 351. 41 K, Būga, Selected Writings, III, p. 820. $2 J. Gerullis and Chr. Stang'as, Lithuanian fishermen's dialect in Prussia, Kaunas, 1933, p. 5—6; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 75; J. Endzelins, Grammar of Latvian language, p. 138—139; M. Rudzite, Latvian dialectology, Riga, 1964, p. *8 V. Thomsen, Samlede Afhandlinger, IV, Copenhagen, 1931, p. XI; I. H. Toivonen, Finnisch-- ugrische Forschungen, 20, p. 144; J. Mikkola, Izglitibas Ministrijas Mēnešraksts, 1930, 2, p. 443, 157 Lat. žiblis ..one Horse with a Auge" J. Angelo is ready to go. su light “flicker, be dazzled” (EM, IV, Lat. 808). slang ‘a Horse that much Water is drinking” (EM, IV, plg. 815), lat. En “long, slow and a lot of drinking (of People and Horses said)”. Lat. Zuklis ,.a quick Horse*, plg. lat. Sukls fast, agile* (EM, IV, 829). Su Some Lithuanian horse names ir related to individual horse characteristics: Liet. bégin "easy running horse", runner (LK Žd., I, 597), plg. let. run. Liet. Bees "small horse", biškinas "medium, unhurried horse", bišė "bad mare" (LKŽd., I, 700), plg. let. biškėnti "run in small steps"; may be of phonological origin, e.g. bišku ‘bull call sound’. Liet. "Working horse" animator (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, 379), VIII, IX, X). let. live. Liet. Carthusian "horse of good bitterness" (LKŽd., V, 270), plg. let. coffee. Liet. ristūnas "easy-running horse", ristifikas, ristok (A. Lyberis, 60)'%, plg. let. ristja. Liet. Shar-Pei ,,well fed, great horse“ (A. Lyberis, 61) probably should be linked to su liet. §drai "eye-guards at the sleighs, preventing horses from looking around". į Liet. "A strong horse suitable for drawing a carriage" (A. Lyberis, 61), plg. let. carriage. Liet. glow-in-the-dark "well fed horse for guest į riding" (A. Lyberis, 61), plg. let. „nuolat blykėti“ (?). Liet. kufiteris "a small but strong horse" (LKZd., VI, loan 903) from iš German, cf. vok. Kunter. Liet. risokas "easy-running horse", Slavism, cf. Russian. pbicaxk (A. Lyberis, Liet. 60). Tin „well fed horse for riding į guests“, Slavism, cf. left. Stables (A. In both 61). Lithuanian and Latvian languages, ir a group of horse names can be distinguished, which are typical mainly for children’s language. These names are usually of phonological origin. Liet. ygagas ‘horse (in children's language)", grandfather "cum" (LKZd., IV. 7, 20), plg. let. ygaga ,,interj. horse "Definition of sound". Liet. Goat “male”, mare ‘heifer (in children's language)", koZis „arklys, kumeliukas (in children- ’s language- )“, kėžius, kūzė „arklys (in children- ’s language- )“, kuzia, kūzis kūzius, kūžis, kūžius (LKŽd., V, 464; VI, 392, 1017, 1018, 1021, 1022), cf. lit. interj. (calling a horse) kus, kuzi, kuzia, kuziū, kūž, kužiū, etc. Liet. kirkilas ‘stallion’ (LKZd., V, 836), plg. let. kirti. Lat. Cigar, cigar, cigars ‘the Fūllen, das Ross“, cigulis ‘the Fūllen“, Chiga (EM, I, 379; EH, I, 269, 290), plg. lat. Ciga, cig ,,Lock call for Files, fiir "Horses". Lat. hair ,,Cosename for a Stute“, košinš ‘the Horse, little horse (w. in der Children- 's language- ), koša, košina košis, košelis, kuzina "a young horse, a horse at all in children- 's language- ", kuze "a colt", kuzlis, kuža "the horse, a little colt", kužina,Liebkosungswort fiir ein Pferd" (EM, II, 255, 331; EH, I, 639, 681), plg. "Kuz, kuze, kužu" is a call for the horses. 108 A Lyberis, Kalbos kultūra, 7, pp. 59-63. 164 Lat. sugulis „ein kleines Fillen“, spoon, brush ,,das Files (in the Children's language)*, sukulis “a little fiillen*, sukulin$, sukuls, suksis ‘a horse that can no longer walk well, yunilis a not very strong , Pferd®, brush “a young hiibsches The horse. Fiillen" (EM, III, 1117, 1118; IV, EH, II, 105; 600, 601, 607, 657), plg. lat. Suck, suck, suck, Suck »Interjection, call to action Fillen". . Lat. tječa ‘the Horse (in the Children's language)®, tpriitina, tprite (EM, IV, plg. 217), lat. tprū ,Interjection, used um Horses for sale Bring it zu to stand®. Lietuviy ir latviy There are quite a lot of horse names related to the su color of this animal (in both Lithuanian and ir Latvian we find a lot of colour names used only when talking about horses): | Liet. white, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed, white-headed I, 498—504; A. Lyberis, 62), plg. let. bdltas. * Liet. beliokas „širmas arklys“ (LKZd., I, 604), Slavism, cf. Russian. Nobody. Liet. béris, bėrasis, bérokas, bėriokas, bérioté, bėrinas, bėrūkas, bėriūkas, bėrėlis, bėrūnėlis, bérudlis, bėrvalė, bėrširvis (LKZd., I, 625, 632; A. Lyberis, 62), plg. let. béras, bérvas. Liet. bliss, blissful, blissful ,,horse su with a white stripe across the forehead; laukis’ <vox. Blisse (LKZd., I, 737, 752; A. Lyberis, 62). Liet. White-tailed bream "elk hair color, brown-haired" <liet. Deer hair + (LKŽd., I, 853; A. Lyberis, 63). Liet. brishis, plg. let. Brijas ,,colour; dark pink, moose colour’ (LKŽd., I, 867; A. Lyberis, 62—3). Liet. brown, brownish (LKZd., I, 894), plg. let. brūnas „juodbėras, rusvas“, briūnas <vok. Jam. brown?? ?. Liet. broth “A horse with light yellow hair; "Geltis" < rus. 6ymianbiė,,sartas, raudas (horse)“ (LKŽd., I, 939; A. Lyberis, 63). Liet. Cygnus cygnus ,,horse su with white, starry eyes“ (LKŽd., II, <zinas 20) ,.tin“ (<German Zinn) + eye. 1962. pp. 41. "A.S.P.A.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.- R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.". Scheck®, Liet. darasis, darasius, derésis, derėšius, cf. lit. darasas, derésas,- ,sartas (red) with white hair (about a horse), timsras“ <pl. deresz <vengr. theirs (LKZd., II, 183, 277; A. Lyberis, 62; K. Bartkus, 38211), ; Lit. gelsvis, gelsvėkas, gelsvasis, geltis, geltėlis, geltasis (LK Žd., III, 220, 221, 223; A. Lyberis, 63), cf. lit. gelsvas, geltas. ; Liet. gniedis „bėras arklys“ (LKŽd., III, 458), plg. liet. gniedas „,bėras“ rus. < THEJIOH, Lietu. juodas, juäcis, juodėkas, juodasis, juodūkas, juoodberis, juodbriunis, juodmargis, juoodširmis, juoodširvis, jūodžerkštis, juoodplėsnis, juod(a)galvis, juod(a)kūklis, juod(a)kaitis, juod(a)kėjis, juod(a)prūsnis, juod(a)snūkis, juod(a)uodėgis (LKŽd., IV, 398, 400—10; A. Lyberis, 62), cf. liet. jiiodas. 100 E Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 60. 110 E Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 72. "1 K. Bartkus, Literature and Language, VI,p. 371-393. 165 Lietuvių kalba: kaštonas, kaštūnis, kaštonas, kaštėnis (LK Žd., V, 401, 403; A. Lyberis, 62), cf. lietuvių kalba: kaštūnas „rusvaplaukis“, kaštonas, kaštonas „toks medis ir jo vaisius“, kaštūnas <lenk. Chestnut. Lietu. kėršis (LKZd., V, 624), cf. lietuv. kėršas, „lopais juodas, lopais baltas“. Lit. ldiikis, laukėkas, laukaūsis, lauk(a)kūktis (LK Žd., VII, 176, 178, 183, 184; A. Lyberis, 62), cf. lit. ldiikas „su baltu snukiu ar balta kakta“. Liet. moliūgis, plg. liet. moliūgas- ,,molio spalvos“. Lit. obuolainis, obuolmušys (A. Lyberis, 63), cf. lit. dbuolmusas "spotted, with small dark or light circles", obuoljs. In the opinion of M. Nyderman, lit. 6buolmuias is a false pol. jabikobity vertinys- "?, Liet. palšis, palšėkas, palšasis, palšiūkas, palšbėris, palsmargis (A. Lyberis, 62, 63; K. Bartkus, 382), cf. lit. pdlsas "light gray". Liet. palvis, palvys (A. Lyberis, 63), cf. lietuv. palvas "Light yellow, yellowish". 63 (1963) "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 "Scherzo" op. 63 1963. pp. 63. (in Lithuanian) A. Lyberis, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Liet. plėsnis (A. Lyberis, 62), cf. lit. plésnas "pink or brown shirm", word of Slavic origin, cf. rus. nJjecHs. Liet. gray, grayling (A. Lyberis, 63), plg. let. gray. Lit. raudasis, raudūkas, raūdžerkštis, raūdžilis, rūdširvis, raūdširmis, raūdširvis, raudonsifmis, raudonbéris (A. Lyberis, 62), cf. lit. raūdas „rausvas, sartas“, ridas, raudonas. Lit. saftis, sartokas, sartasis, sartūkas, sartėlis (A. Lyberis, 62), cf. lit. saftas „šviesiai bėras, gelsvas“. Liet. šalnis (A. Lyberis, 62), cf. lietuv. šalnas "like a frost, covered with a frost". Lietuv. šėkis „,keršas arklys“ (Žagarė, Šakyna), cf. lat. sekos „ein buntes Pferd“ (EM, III, Liet. 815). Squirrels (A. Lyberis, 62), plg. let. squeak. Liet. Sifmis, sirmokas, sirmasis, sirmūkas, sirmelis, sirmbėris (A. Lyberis, 62), cf. let. shirmas 'white su with mixed dark hair'. Liet. šervis, širvasis, Sirvokas, širvainis, širvūkas, širvabėris (A. Lyberis, 62), plg. let. Sivas ,,white su with mixed dark hair, shirmas“. Liet. šyvis, šyvasis, Syvokas, šyvūkas, plg. liet. šyvas „Šviesiai pilkas“. 62 (1962) A-flat, op. "Colours of Shadow". Lat. abuolainis "who is crowned (adjective of the horse)", cf. lat. ūbuols "the apple", aūbuėlains "crowned", abuoltains, abuéluéts (EM, 1, 234—5; EH, I, 192). Latin baltenis "white horse, a mould", baltinš, baltenica "white mare", baltenisa, cf. latin balts "white" (EM, I, 257; EH, I, 202). Lat. béris,,ein braunes Pferd“, bėritis, bėruks, bėrinš, cf. lat. bėrs „,„braun“ (EM, I, 290, 291, 292; EH, Lat. 216). blesis, "a horse with a blouse" < vid. vok. Jam. wound (EM, I, 314; EH, I, 228). Lat. briédis "a long-haired horse" (EM, I, 337; EH, I, 243), plg. lat. briédis "the Elen". "Braunes Pferd", Bruficis, cf. lat. brunum 'brown' <vid. vok. Jam. brown (EM, I, 340, 341; EH, I, 246). 112 M, Niedermann, ZfslPh, 4, pp. 42-44; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 515. 166 Lat. darcis “a scheckiges "Pferd", duck, plg. lat. ddrks ,, checkered, colourful“ (EM, I, 447, 443). Lat. Dukan "a brown horse", dikanis, dicis, ducis, dicis, dikainis ,,yellow Horse with black Mihne*, dikanberis “a dark brown "Horse". plg. lat. ditkans ,,graubraunen“ (EM, I, 523, 525; EH, 1, 346). Lat. dulis “a light brown horse”, dulimberis “a dark brown Pferd, plg. lat. duls ,,dark coloured” (EH, I, 340). Lat. yellow ‘a yellow Pferd“, dzelnis, yellow, yellowish, yellow, yellowish, cf. lat. yellow ‘yellow’ (EM, I, 542; EH, 1, 353). Lat. gaikis, in der Connection gaika zirgs “a colourful (brown and gray spotted) Pferd" (EH, I, 376), plg. lat. gaikis ‘the Agile, unbridled” (horse walking), ka lat. gaikis "cold-hearted, frivolous, reckless man" (EM, I, 584). Lat. kuksis “a foxy, yellow Horse, the Fuchs" probably arose through assimilation iš *push <vox. Fuchs (EM, II, EH, 301; I, 668). Lat. field ‘a Horse with a Blésse®, in the field, in the field ‘one Mare with a "Blase" (?), plg. lat. field ‘pale’ (EM, II, 426, 428; EH, I, 722, 723). Lat. ludsitis ‘a Horse that is loose”, luošelis “a yellow-brown "Horse". plg. lat. ludss “falb, yellow grey” (EM, II, Lat. 528). Mudris "a brown-blue, gray horse" (EM, II, EH, 683; I, 841), plg. lat. Mudris ,,where Mohr" (?). Lat. Misainis ‘a spotted Horse, one Schimmelpferd®, plg. lat. miisains “spotted, colorful” (EM, II, 679). ; Lat. palseris “a light grey "Horse". plg. lat. palsains,,schimmelfarbig®, palsans (EM, III, EH, II, Lat. 62—3; 152). peléce ,.cine grey Stute“, pelékis “a grey "Horse". plg. lat. pel¢ks “grau” (EM, III, EH, II, Lat. 196; 221). Red “a red "Horse". plg. lat. Raud “red, reddish, brown” (EM, III, Lat. 483). ribbed ‘a Apple mould, one Horse with round stains; a round, well-fed horse“, ripainis “a scheckiges "Horse". plg. lat. rib ‘a round Fleck" (EM, III, 530, 539; EH, II, Lat. 373). frost ‘a Ice mould®, salnikis, plg. lat. salns "mold-colored" (EM, III, Lat. 675). red “a light brown "Horse". plg. lat. of the collection ‘red’ (EM, III, EH, II, Lat. 720; 443). sekis „ein buntes Pferd“ probably derived iš from lyv. sec ,,Schecke® (EM, III, EH, II, Lat. 815; 476). Sirkis ‘a Rotschimmel®, plg. lat. sifks ,,grey-haired, grayish“ (EM, III, Lat. 846). sifmis ,,where Grauschimmel®, sirmins, sifmsaritis, plg. lat. sifms “grau” (EM, III, 846, 847; EH, II, 489). | Lat. svekainitis ‘a yellow "Horse". plg. lat. svekain ‘resinous’ (EH, II, Lat. 613). uranium “a scheckiges Horse; an old, hot one "Horse". plg. lat. Ubele ‘the Turteltaube" (EM, IV, 403; EH, II, 740). In Prussian monuments we find several horse names that are unique to this language. 167 The Elbing dictionary records the word Rapeno Jungekobel (word 435) for "young mare". There is no reliable etymology for this word. It is not possible to consider Mr. Rappen as a loan from the German language, cf. Rappe, which originally meant "raven", later o ir "black horse" ?293 Two other horse names found in the Elbing dictionary are of rather unclear origin: Sweriapis Keynhengest (word 431) and Sweykis Pflugpfert (word 432). The first one probably meant "tournament horse" and is attempted to be derived from Polish. *$wierzop "stallion- ", cf. $wierzepa "bitch", and the second (in the documents there are also variants sweyke, sweike, sweke) is suggested to be related to Old German. height. sweiga,,- Rinderherde “114, After reviewing the names of horses in Baltic languages, we see that they contain many names of different origin. First, the Baltic languages retained the old ide. horse name, derived from prolytés *ekuo-s. In Slavic languages we do not find clearer traces of this name. The name of the horse is Lit. The Horse, lat. zifgs, pr. sirgis. The name of the horse was later changed to the Lithuanian name arklys. These changes in horse names are probably related to the change in the functions of the horse as a domestic animal. The Baltic languages have a unique ide. the name of the stallion of origin. The name of the horse has been linked to various Slavic names: lit. kumeljs, lat. kumejs. However, these associations have not been successful so far. In general, the names of the Baltic and Slavic horse are very different. There are no specific features of these language groups, except for some borrowings. PIG In Europe, the pig, compared to the dog, sheep and large horned animals, is domesticated by humans perhaps a little later. In the life of the primitive man, it does not seem to have played such a big role as the other animals just mentioned. In Europe and Asia, there have been separate centres of pig domestication. The most common domestic pigs in Europe are derived from the wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus). The proliferation of pig domestication centres may also be related to the fact that the pig, due to its physical characteristics, is a less transportable animal than, for example, large and small horned animals and horses. Traces of pigs in Neolithic archaeological fossils are found in the Dnieper River basin, Bessarabia, as well as in almost all Neolithic camps in northern and central Europe. They are found in the Po Plain, in Mycenaean tombs. Many interesting facts about pig farming are found in the historical sources of ancient Eastern countries. It seems that pigs were domesticated here much earlier than in Europe. For example, in ancient China, in early Neolithic settlements, pigs are found next to dogs, while traces of other animals appear only at the very end of the Neolithic. Chenanese collecting records indicate that in ancient China, as many as 100 pigs were sometimes sacrificed during solemn religious ceremonies. 3 Eg Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 582. 114 J. Endzelins, Senepruiešu valoda, p. 260; R. Tranmans, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmaler, p. 443, | 1 O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertuniskundė, 1, p. 360; C. Keller, Die Abstammung der ältesten Haustiere, p. 100—115; M. Hilzheimer, Schwein, M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, XI, p. 380-383, * V. I. History of the Ancient World p, 576, 582. 168 That pigs were raised in ancient Babylon; otherwise, be the fact that this beast is ir already mentioned in the famous Code of Hammurabi speaks for itself. The Israelites considered the pig an unclean animal and did not eat pigmeat. In ir general, the pig was bred in Asia, but was not loved. ir Almost half-laukiji nė roamed the cities po with dogs ir and pesliai su took care of the streets cleanliness *, About pork eating is not mentioned anything nor ancient In Egyptian historical sources, although as domestic animals pigs are known there from prehistoric times. iš For example, one prehistoric tomb drawing depicts a herd of pigs. In the oldest archaeological layers of the Hierakonpolis temple, a faience statuette of a bull was found. The running pig, as a hieroglyphic sign, was already used in one of the writing monuments of the First Dynasty. However, in general, images of pigs are found much less often than those of other domestic animals. These facts would suggest that the ir pig was not very much loved by the ancient Egyptians. Iš partly this would be confirmed ir by the fact that the pig in later times was considered an evil god Seth, your brother The Osiris killer, the beast. It is very unclear ir why pigs ancient They were kept in Egypt. Herodotus tells us that he saw during his travels how In the Nile Delta pigs are used to paddle the soil for į sown grains?, Ancient Greece ir In Rome this beast was held in greater respect than Eastern countries. Homer tells us that Odysseus had twelve herds of straight- -horned oxen, as well as herds of sheep, goats and pigs. ir The Romans liked pork, and they did not avoid pork images in their monuments of art." The pig was a very popular animal in the Slavic lands. In general, of all domestic animals, the Slavs seem to have raised mostly pigs and sheep. The Arab travellers of the 10th century also mentioned their cultivation in these lands. Especially favourable conditions for pigs were between the Vistula and Desna, where in the huge oak forests it was possible to collect a huge amount of gills and thus provide them with feed for the Winter® without much effort. In the territories of the present Baltic republics, pigs, along with dogs and large and small horned animals, have been found in fossils from the Neolithic period.” In the fossils of castle mounds (Nemenčinė, Migoniai, Dovainoniai, Bačkininkėliai) dating from the 1st to 4th centuries in the territory of the Lithuanian SSR, together with bones of other domestic animals, a significant percentage of pig bones® was found. An old idea. the name of the pig *sūs/*suų is quite well preserved in many Indo-European languages: skr. sūkardh, av. hū-, gr. Oc, cūc, lot. sis, got. Swein, vok. 8 p, Thomsen, Schwein, —M. Ebert, | Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, XI, p. 383—384; B. Meissner, Haustier, —ten pat, V, p. 221; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, II, p. 361. 4 Ranke, Schwein, —M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, XI, p. 383; C. Keller, Die Abstammung der éltesten Haustiere, p. 102. c C. Keller, ibid., p. 103; V. S. Sergeev, History of Ancient Greece, Vilnius, 1955, p. 109. 6 She. Hu pep ae, CaaBsickue apesHocTH, p. 319—320.- 7 P. Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskiené, "A. Tautavičius, Lietuvos archeologijos bruoZai, p. 79; Latvijas PSR vésture, I, p. 11; Hcropns Deronckoti CCP, nox. head. I'm. H. Haaua, Tanaau, 1958, p. 10. * P, Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė, A. Tautavičius, there. pat, p. 252—253; K. Paaveri P. Kulikauskas, Acta Baltico-Slavica, 2, p. 270—2172. 169 Pig, sen. vok. height. - Oh, yeah. Or, white. thi, still. B suwo, rus. CBHHbS, lat. piglet, etc. Like many other old ide. animal names, the original meaning of *sūs|*suų is very unclear. There are several interpretations, some more convincing than others, but none of them can be said to be absolutely correct and unquestionable. Attempted ide. *sūs is related to the Indo-European name of the son (Lithuanian sūnūs, Russian cui, etc.), derived from the same verb, meaning “to produce, begin, give birth”, cf. sk. sire, sauti, sūyatē “produces, gives birth”. Phonetically, such a connection is possible, but it is very difficult to justify it semantically, especially bearing in mind that the pig was even domesticated somewhat later than other domestic animals. F. Specht? It's going. *sūs related to got. bi-sauljan "to tear, to tear down", got. swarts "black", lat. sordes "dirt". There have been several attempts. *sūs source is not to be found in the Indo-European languages themselves, but in their neighbouring languages. A. Nėringas" considered the Finnish-Ugric prolyte *puve (cf. Finnish sika, Mard. tuwo) as such a source. E. Polivanov, restoring the prolet to Indo-European pig names *(t)sūs, derived it from the ancient Chinese chu „pig, girl“*, But perhaps the etymology, where ide. *sūs is interpreted as a word of phonological origin. Semantically, it would be confirmed by the phonetic names of many animals, including the pig itself, in various languages. In addition, this etymology is favoured by sk. sūkardh interpretation:,,sii-making- ”, i.e., “animal “making” with sound”. In this case and ide. *sū and the ancient Chinese chu could be words that originated in the same way! *?. In Slavic languages, this is the idea. pig's name, albeit in a slightly modified form, well preserved: sen. sl. Pig, Russian. CcBHHbS, ukr. cBuHS, baltr. cBiHHS, bulg. CBHHS, serb.-chorv. cBuHba, slov. Pig, check. svirie, slovk. sviria, lenk. Shit, shit, shit. lead, high. Puddle. Pig, jam. Puddle. A pig. This Slavic name is probably derived from the feminine form of the adjective svin® *svini, these forms are derived from Latin suinus "pig, pig-like", got. "Swein" "pig", From the Baltic languages this ide. The name „kuolés” has been preserved only in Latvian: suvęns „das Ferkel”, suvens, suvėnelis, sivėns, sivenis, sivėntinš, sivénica,- eine Sau (the piglet has U.)“, sivėnice, sivėne „a 6—7 month old pig“, sivėnėns “a small piglet”, sivėnidza=sivėnica, sivėniete “a young (not more than one year old) sow; eine trdchtige Sau“, sivėnuks „das Piglet“, siveėnuks (EM, III, 850, 1129; EH, II, 491, 606). Forms with the root -i are new in Latvian: in it quite often u before v and b changes to i, e.g. divi "two": duvejūds, "two", zivs "fish": zuvs, tivi "arti": tuvu, driva "soil": druva, dibens "bottom- ": dubęns, etc. ** In Latvian dialects there are more variants of this name: suikis „ein Ferkel, ein Halbschwein“, suikėns, zuikis „ein kleines Ferkel“, sukis „ein Halbschwein, ein Ferkel“, sukelis (verdchtlich), sukėns, sukentinš, sukeléns, ® F. Specht, Der Ursprung der indogermanischen Deklination, p. 123. 10 A. Nehring, Studies in Indo-European Culture and Homeland, Salzburg- —Leipzig, 1936, p. 112. 1 E, A. Polivanov, Archiv Orientalni, 9, p. 405—406. 2 O), H. Tpy6auegs,I]lponcxoxjenne..., p. 62; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 593; F. Kluge, Et. Wb, p. 626. 12 V, Machek, Et. sl., p. 489; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 593. 14 J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, p. 15; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, p. 50—52; K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, II, p. 615. 170 sukans, sukans, sunkis “a medium-- sized pig”, siūka, “the piglet, young pig”, siūkis, svikis “a very lean pig”, svikelis “a small, lean piglet”, svikalts “the piglet, young pig”, sukantinš “a piglet”, sukniši, small piglet” (EM, III, 850, 1115, 1117, 1119, 1124, 1163; IV, 749; EH, II, 601, 602, 619“ 620). These names, as we can see, are far removed from the names of the same root pig mentioned by us earlier. Some of them are very difficult to explain. Forms with iushould perhaps be interpreted as derived from *suvikis, cf. zuitina < zuvitina- “*. Some forms may sometimes have been influenced by the sounding words like "Lockruf fiir ein Fiillen; an interjection“, suk, “interjection as a call to a dog to whom something is thrown to eat; als Lockruf fiir ein Fiillen“ (EM, III, 1116, 1118), plg. yunilis „ein kleines Fūllen“. In the Prussian language we also find the name of this root pig: Elbing Zodynéli 682 word Swintian Swin. This form of Prussian language can be interpreted in various ways. Firstly, it can be seen as a dissimulation, or perhaps simply as a simple spelling error resulting from *swinstian< *swinistian (cf. parstian "piglet", werstian "calf", which in turn would have come from *parsistian, *wersistian, cf. gertistian, "chicken" next to gertis "cock"). Similarly to the Camstian "avis" and the Slavic ovsca "avis", the Swintian would have been a diminutive form of the species name. However, the suffix -tian could have been added simply to the stem swinbe any minor meaning according to other animal names with this suffix'*. It is also unclear whether the Prussians reworked this word, borrowing it from the Slavs (J. Mikola considered Kash. svinč as its source, and R. Trautman is inclined to agree with him!), or whether it is an old word of the Prussian language itself. Remembering that the lexicon of Prussian is quite often different from other Baltic languages and coincides with Slavic, perhaps pr. swintian should be considered a own word. The fact that the terms related to livestock farming in the Prussian language are often own words would also support this assumption. The name of the pig from this root has also been preserved in the Prussian compound word seweynis (229 Elbing dictionary word: Seweynis Sewstal)- *. It is difficult to say how much this notation reflects the real Prussian word form. "Scotty- 's 'Sweetheart' Revealed in 'Sweetheart' Trailer". J. Endzelynas is inclined to believe that ew instead of uw could have appeared simply by writing because of the influence of the nearby German sewstal- ??. In this way, the name of the pig, reconstructed from the name of the barn, would correspond to lat. suvėns. On the other hand, bearing in mind that pr. e expresses a broad i, pr. seweynis can also be associated with the Latin sivens, as V. Burda did. But in this case it is somewhat more difficult to explain uv > iv in the Prussian soil, which is already characteristic of the Latvian language, although the forms živē, Zivis, lieZivis**, which are palidified in the vicinity of Zietela, would probably indicate the presence of uv > iv in the Prussian language, at least in a certain part of its dialects. 15 J Endzelins, Latvian grammar, p. 155, 214 16 J Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 53, 260—261. 17 R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 443; J. Mikkola, Baltic and Slavisches, Helsinki, Finland 1902—3, p. 8. 18 Monuments of the Prussian language, p. 63. 19 K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 615; III, p. 852. 20 J. Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 246. 3 R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language thinking miles, p. 85, 425—426. 22 7 Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 68; 2. A. Boasrtep, Hssecrus orneneWHS pyccKoro S135IKA H caasecHocth Mun. Oh. Hayk, 1. 16, Toggle the color of the text. 4, p. 151-160. 171 However, it seems to us that it would be best to reconstruct a form of pr. seweynis that could simply be linked to pr. swintian. ; The Prussian name of the pig, swintian, seems to be linked to the Prussian river name Swene and the village name Swene**. Many Indo-European languages have retained the old name of the pig child: Latin porcus, air. orc, sen. vok. height. Farah, chotansak. "Spider-- Man: Far From Home". pure. The name of this pig is preserved especially well in the Slavic and Baltic languages: old Slav; pig, sen. rus. R0p0CA, Russian. MNOpocCeHoK, ukr. riopocs; baltr. macacs, bulg. npacé, serb.chorv. npace, words. Begged, check. pig, word. Please, lenk. Please, porridge. parse, height. sludge. millet, jam. Puddle. prosa, polab. porsą, lit. paFsas, pr. parstian**. The original idea of this. the meaning of the word is interpreted differently. E. Liden? * and F. Specht? Pafsas and others associated it with the Latin porca "gap", pershėti, praparšas "ditch", explaining that the original ide of this. The meaning of the piglet name was "crazy". There are semantic parallels to this interpretation, but the problem is that the word does not mean pig in general, but only pig's child — piglet. There were attempts to ide. *porkos, as “fire, i.e. sacrificial animal”, to be associated with gr. wip “fire”, arm. how, then. vok. height. Juir and other relatives of these words?". A similar attempt we have already seen when id. *agnos "lamb" was associated with another Indo-European name for fire (lit. ugnis, lat. ignis). However, in the words of O. Trubachev, these attempts can be described as “OočrpoyMHo, HO MAaJIOBEposiTHO”. If semantically such etymologies are justified, phonetically they are extremely “stressed”. Heavily supported by E. Benvenisto® etymology, which i.e. *porko is associated with the name of the colour, see sc. Prsni-'spotted', gr. mépxoc. Semantically, the etymology of E. Benveniste is based on the fact that the skin of wild pig piglets up to six months old is painted with black and yellowish longitudinal stripes. In Lithuanian dialects, pafšas is sometimes used to mean a pig or even a big pig, a girl. However, these values are more recent. The fact that in Lithuanian dialects, when speaking about the child of a pig, the diminutive forms of the word pafšas are most often used: paršiūkas, paršūkas, paršėlis, parsiscias, especially helped them to emerge. The old meaning of piglet has been preserved in the words paršiūotis, "bring piglets", parsuotis, paršinga, "bringing (about a pig)". | Liet. parš(i)ūkas has also entered neighbouring Slavic languages: baltr. napciok, nmapcioyok, nAapceIOJIAK, mnapuyk, lenk. parsiuk, rus. napcyk, mnapumiyk, napciok. Slavic words are used in various meanings:,,parSas®,,,meitélis®, "skinny, poor Sertas paršas". Some forms of the Russian language O. Trubachev tends to explain not by the way of borrowing, but by reduction from other Slavic forms. Perhaps the fact that mapcyk, napciok® are found far and isolated from the territory of Lithuania (about Ryazan) prompted him to do so. However, they can be interpreted as remains of the Baltic substrate. * G. Gerullis, The Old Prussian Place Names, p. 178. *“ O, H. TpyGaues, Ilponcxoxjenne..., p. 61; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 409. *5 E. Lidén, KZ, 56, p: 218. * F. Specht, The Origin of the Indo-European Declination, p. 34-35. 27 J. P. Rona, El culto indoeuropeo del fuego, Montevideo, 1957, p. 14; plg. O. H. Tpy6ayes, [lpoucxoxjenne..., p. 63. i * E. Benveniste, Bulletin de la Société de linguistigue de Paris, 45, p. 77, 85. 2 B. Ilaab, ToakoBwlii CJioBapb KHBOTO BeJHKOpYcckoro s3biKa, III, p. 19. 172 We also find words of Baltic origin quite often in Slavic territories far from present-day Lithuania and Latvia*?. The Indo-European name of the pig is found in Prussian monuments. The ir Elbing dictionary includes: Prastian Ferkel (686 word)?!. Most researchers (A. Becenbergeris, R. Trautmanas, J. Endzelynas, K. Būga) pr. prastian taiso į parstian< *parsistian®®. The Prussian word has the same ta minor suffix that we have su encountered when talking about pr. eristian, camstian, swintian. The Prussian name of the porch is found in Prussian ir toponyms, which, by the way, also confirms the correctness of the parstian reconstruction, cf. "Parsifal". parsifal.fr. + laucks "Nice" in Porsekaymen < *parsas+pr. caymis ‘village’**. This one's gone. The name of the piglet is found in ir Finnish-Ugric languages: suom. porsas, est. pferz, weps. porzas, vad. porzas, lyv. puéras, mard. purhts, pursez. Indo-Europeanity of these words many scholars do not doubt, however, in any way ir iš which idea. The Finno-Ugric language borrowed such a pig name, the opinions of linguists differ. V. Tomsen was inclined to believe that the words mentioned in į the Finno-Ugric languages had passed into the iš Baltic**. This opinion was strongly supported by K. Booga. He wrote: ‘suom. porsas, md. pur'hts, pyr'hts(ez) (mokša), pur'ts, pur'sez, purtsos (screaming) ‘piglet, Ferkel’, zir. porsh, porysh, vot). Pars, paris, vog. pores, ostj. pérds, pūrėš "schwein" must also be a distinct word of origin... Through trade, iš the parrot of the islands could easily reach even the Perm ir Uralo suomius. The center of pig breeding, as the geography of the word piglet shows, has been in the east, but in the west. ne For the to Finno-Ugrics could not get piglet Scythians..., iš which, clearly In the case of pigs, the pigs do not eat. Parso ir *only (Suom. salt...) “salt” long journey is not surprised, ko because this item is very important in human life. Other words of aesthetic origin In the east there is the Moravian-- ir Silesian border. Pigs (pork) ir salt (la. sals) of iš Icelandic land had already entered the land of the Mordvian ir Cheremis, it was no longer difficult to iš find trade su here with their ir further neighbors”*- *. Other researchers, based mainly on geographical reasons, attribute the name of the Finno-Ugric pig to the Indo-European borrowed layer®® of the Finno-Ugric proto-language. Friend Finland. su pigs, etc. ir į šį Other researcheir rs consider the words suom. jyvd ‘grain’ (plg. let. Javai), suom. sisar ‘sister’ (plg. let. sesud). Recently, such an opinion is gaining more and more supporters. ir However, it would still be prematušį re to consider the issue as finally resolved. Est. pahr kui- , % O.H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjtenne..., p. 63—64; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 317-318; T. Zdancewicz, Lingua Posnaniensis, 8, p. 346; Cz. Kudzinowski, Acta Baltico-Slavica, 1; p. 224. ** R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 92; Monuments of the Prussian language, p. 73. ** R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language thinking miles, p. 408; J. Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 219; K. Book, Selected Writings, I, p. 305. ** K. Book, Selected Writings, I, p. 424; II, p. 384; III, p. 677; G. Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, p. 115, 131. *4 V. Thomsen, Berėrings mellan de finska og de Baltic (Lithuanian-Latvian) Language, p. 206. *5 K. Bouga, Selected Writings, III, p. 592, ** JI. Xaxynnnen, Passurke H cTpyKTypa Onhuckoro ssmka, II, p. 38; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 542; J. Kalima, Festschrift fiir Hermann Hirt, Heidelberg, Germany 1936, p. 199-214; E. Itkonen, A.J. Joki, Etymological Dictionary of the Finnish Language, III, Helsinki, nur von 1962 p. 606. 173 lat. dagls ,,white and black-coloured, fire-coloured with black Flecken, geb. Schweinen®. Liet. jock (M. Katkus, 67), plg. let. black. Lat. judzis ,.ein Piglet with a Cross stripes liber dem Riicken* (EM, II, plg. 128), lat. bar ‘the Giirtel®, movt ‘gúrten’. Liet. Coccidia (M. Katkus, 67), plg. let. the caster. Liet. yellow (M. Katkus, 67), plg. let. green. There are ir names of pigs of different origin, related to su some other characteristics of this animal: Lat. chest “a big, lean pig” (EM, II, plg. 255), lat. Cophrates “going slowly, dragging oneself”. Lat. Žnargle ‘a (lean) Pig that doesn’t want to eat properly- ”, Znergle, Znérba, *nefga “a not right (fr)eat to eat Ferkel off. Kind" (EM, IV, 823, 825; EH, II, plg. 821), lat. Zpefgat ,,to be reckless when Eat, eat without proper appetite- ”. Be of the above-mentioned pigeon (lit. pig), which many linguists consider to be borrowed from Slavic iš and Baltic languages, there is another, less commonly used name ir of foreign origin for pigs in Baltic languages: Liet. kabénas "girl, bacon", minor. kabonaitis, kaboniokas (LKŽd., V, 25) probably originated iš from Belarusian, cf. baltr. kaGan, Russian. KaGan, turn left. The bag. The source of the Slavic words is the Turkish language, plg. Passion. the bag. ir Liet. Cniurus "girl", "wild pig", "wild , boar" (LKZd., VI, 266, 279) also probably borrowed from the iš Slavs, cf. baltr. cube ,.kuilys, šernas“, ukr. KHyp "„meitėlis“ poland. knur. In turn, this word in Slavic languages is of very unclear origin, the fuller form is jo sen. Russian. KHOpo3, whose first component is associated with rus. su KOpHbIH (plg. KOpHOYXHH „nupiautausis““), o the second attempts to relate gr. su Spy „pautas“, su which is believed to be related to the ir Lithuanian word erzilas®. Liet. afitrius ,tekis, kuilys®, afitris, iferius (LKZd., I, 139; IV, 126), Slavism, pg. left. wnet(e)r ,,male z with hidden nuclei®. Lat. mask ..one Sau mit Piglets* (EM, II, EH, 546—7; I, 784) probably as thought J. This is the origin of the name iš Macka, this o is Russian. iš Mauka "Miitterchen". Lat. §vifika ‘a Pig’’ (II, EH, apparen661), tly originatiš ed in Russian. CBHHKA "Pigulė", because šof plg. lat. švakstėt: svakstėt, švampdties: svampūtiės, švepstis: svepstis, Švipstėt sviptėt etc. : ir Liet. Lead „pig“ Čagatė, Šakyna, Gruzdžiai) may also be a word of Slavic origin, cf. left. S$wink"". As we can see, the names of pigs in Baltic languages vary greatly. They do not have a common species name for this animal. The individual Baltic languages have well preserved some of the old ide. pig names. There are many names of pigs of phonological origin in these languages. The origin of the name has not been sufficiently clarified. The names ir of pigs in the Baltic Slavic languages vary considerably, although there are ir some common features. 68 M, Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 495; O. H. Tpy6aueB, Ilponcxoxjtenwe..., p. 69. 69 M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, 580; Aa. Ha. Tpy6aueps, Ilponcxoxjiemne..., p. 65—66. 70 A. Senn, Journal of Central European Events, 1956, July, 2018 p. 190, plg. E. Frae nkel, Et. Wb., p. 1045. 180 CAT If there is sufficient reason to consider the dog as the first four-legged friend of man, then the cat must undoubtedly be regarded as the very last domesticated animal. The first domesticated cats were the ancient Egyptians. In ancient Egyptian drawings, it begins to appear during the reign of the 12th dynasty of pharaohs, thus at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC! The ancient Egyptians kept cats in large numbers, considered them sacred animals, and even embalmed them after death. The importance of the cat in ancient Egypt is extensively discussed by the Greek historian Herodotus, and Diodorus of Syracuse (second half of the 1st century BC – early 1st century AD) describes an incident witnessed by his own eyes when a Roman, accidentally killing a cat, was himself killed by an angry Egyptian crowd. In Europe, domestic cats appeared much later. The first written mention of a domestic cat dates back to the middle of the 1st millennium AD. While some Latin sources from this period may argue whether the word cattus (catta) is used in the sense of a wild or domestic cat, the biography of Pope Gregory the Great, dated about 600 AD, says that he "had nothing in the world except one cat, which he often caressed, as if he were warming his life partner in his arms". Hennes suggests that domestic cats were introduced to the Roman Empire in the 4th or 5th century AD, probably in connection with the influx of Asian rats or Spanish rabbits. At the same time, the Latin cattus, catta, which previously meant various wild beasts (goat, goat), acquires a new meaning — the domestic cat?. From Rome, the domestic cat, and with it the name of this animal, spread to other European countries. In the second half of the 1st millennium, the cat gradually began to spread to the Slavic and Baltic countries. For example, in the archaeological remains of the territory of Poland from the 8th to 12th centuries, there are some remains of domestic cats. Similar remains are also found in fossils from the territory of the Lithuanian and Latvian SSRs® (in England in the 10th century the domestic cat was also a rare animal*). The origin of the name Catta is unclear. Some linguists were inclined to believe that the Romans might have derived the name of this still wild animal from the Germans. In the Germanic lands, wild cats were very popular animals. In Germanic toponymy, the form *kat(t) "curvature, curvature" is very often found, so the original meaning of the cat could be "animal with a curved back". The name of this animal was also common in the Celtic lands, cf. Cath, korn. Cath, Bret. case, air. cat. This gave reason to consider this cat name as a common German-- Celtic or Celtic-Germanic ZodZiu®. 1 V. Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihrem Ubergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien sowie in das ūbrige Europa, Berlin, 1902, p. 456—457; C. Keller, Die Abstammung der dltesten Haustiere, p. 81—83; M. Hilzheimer, Haustier- ,—M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, V, p. 220; H. Ranke, ten pat, p. 220; E. A. Boraauos, Ilponcxox jeune JOMAaUHHX XXHBOTHLIX, p. 294—301. 2 V, Hehn, ten pat, p. 462; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, I, p. 565. 3 W. Hensel, Die Slaven im friihen Mittelalter, p. 79, 94; K. IlaaBep, ®opwmupopanne TeEpHoĖdayHbi H H3MEeHUKHBOCTb M/JIeKOnHTAIOIMmHX IlpnGajiruKH B rosouene, p. 370—371. 4 E, A. Bornauos, ibid., p. 295. 5 O. Schrader, ibid., I, p. 566; F. Kluge, et al. Wb., p. 357. 181 the fact that Latin actually contains a number of wild animal names borrowed from the Germanic languages, cf. lat. alcés "deer" < germ. 1999. "Großer Preis von Deutschland". germany- -rally.de. *ur, lot. bison „stumbras“ < german. wisund et al. Thus, the name of the wild cat could be known to the Roman soldiers in the lands of germania. However, this assumption is primarily undermined by the fact that the Germanic facts cannot explain the origin of the name of this animal more convincingly. In addition, the history of the animal itself would contradict such a statement. There is no evidence to suggest that the name of the city or the name of the region originated from the name of the Greek goddess Hera, the mother of the Greek goddess Hera. The latter hypothesis is mainly based on the fact that Egypt was the center of cat domestication, but there is little evidence to support it. Therefore, many researchers, looking sceptically at both hypotheses we have just mentioned, consider Latin cattus to be a travelling word of unclear origin." There is no unanimous opinion on how this name of the cat entered the Slavic languages. The source of the Slavic stem has been sought in at least several places. "Stender-Petersen's got". *cat, K. Knutson® —German. Jam. Cat. M. Fasmeris sl. kot had tried to derive from the Middle Greek xarra (later he himself rejected this interpretation)?. However, the majority of the supporters of the hypothesis, however, were satisfied that sl. kort source is lat. cattus?- ?. Such a hypothesis would probably be most supported by the history of the animal itself. In Slavic languages, the word koto was apparently used as a species name for both males and females, and only later, in the Slavic languages themselves, new variants of the name appeared according to the sex and age of the animal. The name of the species is widely used in the Slavic languages, including Russian. KotbKa, Rus. 1999. Koch, Koch, Koch. KiT, Killlka, baltr. cor, Kouika, bulg. Kotka, Kotak, Kotapak, Kot, Kore, serb.-chorv. 16 (1977) (in Czech). kocour, kote, kot (tarmėse), slovk. kot (in dialect), kocur, koca, kociatko, polk. kot, kotka, kas. koet, koetka, luz. height. kocka, kocor, kacor, luz. Jam. as, coca, kocka, kocor'!. As we see, this name of the cat is most common in the northern Slavic language group — in Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian languages it is almost not used (see Serbo-Croatian Mauka, mauar, Slovene macka, mačak, maček). In this way, it kind of covers the area of the northern Slavic and, as we will see, Baltic languages. This name of the cat is found in three Baltic languages, cf. lietuv. katė, lat. ka-' kis, pr. catto. The origin of this name in the Baltic languages is also unclear. J. Endzelynas was inclined to consider the name of the cat of the Baltic languages as a loan from the German Samogitian or Slavic languages (...zunūchst entweder aus mnd. katte oder aus slav. kot®)'2. R. Trautman considered the name of this animal as a common loan®® of both Slavs and Balts. ® M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, pp. 643-644; F. Stawski, St. et., II, p. 559; O. H. Tpy6aues, IMponcxoxnenne.- .., p. 96; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 228. 7 A. Stender-- Petersen, Slavisch-- germanische Lehnwortkunde, Gothenburg, 1927, p. 354 —356. 8 K. Knutsson, Die germanischen Lehnwörter im Slavischen von Typus buky, Lund, 1929, p. 63—64. * M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 643. 100, H Tpyb6aues, [poucxox iene..., p. 96; F. Slawski, Si. et., HH, p. 559; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p; 643. gH O. H. Tpy6aues, Ilponcxoxjenne..., p. 95; F. Stawski, St et., II, p. 559; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 643. 2. gM, II, p. 171. 13 R. Trautmann, B-sl. Wb., p. 120. 182 One of these statements nė can neither be categorically rejected nor confirmed. Nevertheless, it seems more correct to deal with the question of ir the name of the white Slavic cat together, but, of course, it should not be understood that this name is a common loan of the white-Slavic era. Such a statement would be contradicted by chronology, because both the Baltic and Slavic languages į this word came already į in the meaning of a domestic cat, the concept, as we have seen, appeared only o ši I-moyo millennium. For this reason, this name of the cat is not considered even a consonant loan. It should be assumed that the Slavs Balts became acquainted with it approximately ir su at the end of the I-mo millennium somewhere near the northern slavų ir borders of southern whites, ir iš here the name travelled south-north, in the south not į reaching the ir very southern Slavic languages, in the north the Latvian language entering o through the į Curonian. There are several variants of this name in the Lithuanian language, plg. katė, katis, katinas „katės patinas“, kūtas, katiniokas, kačiūkas „katės vaikas“, kačiūkė, kačiūkštis, kačiūtė, kačiūtė, kačiūtis, kačiokas, kačiūtis, katénas, katélis, katynas, katinūkas, katytis, katūkas, katūitis, katūtis (LK Žd., V, 32—3, 406, 407, 410, 411, 415). In some Slavic languageir s, such as Lithuanian. Russian. Komka, ukr. Kika et al., the ir species name of this animal was generalized from the female name, This root cat name is quite abundant in Lithuanian hydronymy, pgl. ir Katino creek, Katinėlis, Katupis (ež.), Katinravis, Katišius (ež.)*4, There are quite a few variants of this cat name in Latvian, cf. ir lat. kakis, kake, kakenice, kakene ‘the Female of the ‘Katze’, kakičte, kakine, kakiene, katene, — katana, katins ‘a Kater“, katans, katens, kakėns ,.a boy Cat, one Kitzchen®, kakuléns, kakulitis, kakelgns, kakenitis (EM, 11, 139—40, 171: EH. T. J 576, 592). | J. "Engel explains that lat. khaki su k in place of the f expected iš appeared in the Kurian language, where the form of the *katis, o nobleman's already kata, which in Latvian turned into kaka, o according to šį ir other vowels the last su k consonant was generalized throughout the paradigm?*. There are several variants of the name of the cat in Latvian ir toponymy. Kakupė, Kakupite, Kakęnęzęrs, Kakites-strauts, Katėni, Katinkalns, etc. **. ir Lat. khaki, t. y. the masculine form of the name, is the ir species name of the animal. A similar process occurred in ir Polish, where the form kot performs the functions of the species name of the animal. In the Prussian monuments the word catto is recorded once in this combination ir Paustocatto The Cat in the Hat (Paustocatto Wildekatze, Elbing dictionary 665 word)! ", but the jo authenticity is not in doubt, because the name of the cat very often occurs in Prussian toponymy, cf. ir Kath, Katelauke (< Kath+ pr. laucks ,Nice, soil“), Kathemedien (< Kath+ pr. median ‘forest’), Katpanye (< Kath pr. + pannean “marsh, swamp”), Kattenplick, Cattiten®. Net pr. ir Paustocatto may be a value 4 Lietuvos Lakes of the ir Russian Federation p. 70-71. 1s EM, TL, p. 140. 16 J. Endzelins, Latvia PSR place names, I, 2, p. 8—11, 58. 7 R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 91; Monuments of the Prussian language, p. 72. '* G. Gerullis, The Old Prussians Place names, p. 57-58, 233; J. Endzelins, Old Prussian language, p. 190. 183 from German. wilde Katze, cf. pr. pausto,- wild*: sen. sl. pusto, cf. p. p. pr. paustocaican ‘wild horse (wildes Pferd)’ (word 654 of the Elbing dictionary). In Lithuanian and Latvian, there are a number of phonetic names for cats, usually used in children- 's language or otherwise having a certain pleasant connotation. Lietuvių k. kūcas, kūcė, kūcius, kaciūkas- ,kūckis (LK Žd., V, 29—30), cf. lietuvių kdc,,interj. katę wołając- ’, kacénti ‘calling a cat’. Liet. kica, kicaras, kicė, kicius, kicka, kickis, kickė, kicūkas, kicūlis, kicūtė (LK Žd., V, 740—1), cf. lit. kic,,interj. katę šaukiant- “, kicénti, kat¢ šaukti“. Lat. kicitis, “the cat (in children- ’s language- )” (EH, I, 607), plg. lat. kic, kic, kic, kič “interj., with which cats, sheep, goats are scared, kicinat “to chase a cat out of a room””. It should be noted that the name of the cat derived from a similar sound is also found in Slavic languages, e.g., Russian. Kucka, luz. height. Shot, check. Uncle, uncle, word. Kitty, Kitty. O. Trubachev** seems to be quite right in assuming that such sounds may be older than the name of the cat itself (he is referring to the slang word for “snout” etc.), since they are widely used in many languages not only for calling the cat, but also for calling other animals?- ?. In the Latvian language, kic, kac type phonetic names of cats have not spread more widely, because there these sounds have not acquired a specific meaning of the cat call, as in Lithuanian, for example. In Latvian, the most common sounds used to call a cat are: ific, ifici, mific, mifici, pific and other phonetic variants- ?!. In addition to these sounds in Latvian we also find names of cats: izicis, ince (EM, I, 707: EH, I, 430), miicis (EM, II, 629), piūicis, pifice (EM, III, 218; EH, II, 234). In some cases, these names of the cat may be words of phonological origin, arising from the sounds ifici, mifici, pific, which we have just mentioned, but this is a later process. In fact, the sound words ifici, miūici originated from the names of cats, which in turn were sourced from German. 2nd ed., ed. by I.W.S. Hinz, Hinze,,Name of the Cat in the Animal Fable““2, o vok. Hinz is a pleasant form of the personal name Heinrich, plg. Fritz —Friedrich, Gotz —Gottfried and others. ** Lat. miricis originated from German. Jam. minze, mintse,, Katze “24, the Latin vowel pific and the cat name piricis, pifice may have appeared as a rhyme next to the Latin ifici, mifici and the cat names derived from them. Probably of phonological origin is also another name of the cat very widely used in Latvian —ruficis, runčinš, runčelis, runčuks, runčukėns, rimcens, rūncins, rūnciene, ruiika, runkis, rūkis (EM, III, 561, 570; EH, II, 384, 385). This name of the cat should probably be associated with the verb rūkt „,„brausen, sausen, briillen, tosen, kolern, brummen, knurren- ““, cf. lacis, liuva, vilks, cūka, dundurs, rubenis, kakis rūc (EM, III, 569; EH, II, 388), cf. t. p. lit. riikti „„brūllen“, rus. pbikaTb, sen. isl. rymja „brüllen, brummen“ ir kt,? ** 19 O, H. Tpy6aues, Ilpoucxoxaensue..., p. 99. * O. H. Tpy6aues, ibid. F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 371. # K. Dravinš, V. Rilke, Interjections and Onomatopia in the Stenden dialect Lund, 1962, p. 58. # J. Sehwers, Linguistic-Cultural-Historical Investigations, p. 41. # F. Kluge, et al. Wb., p. 309. *4 J. Sehwers, that pat, p. 80; EH, I, p. 815. * EM, III, p. 561; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 867—868. 184 Iš The last name of the cat in Latvian has entered some ir į palatial Lithuanian dialects, cf. rufšicis ‘cat’ (Left, right, center). In Lithuanian ir and Latvian languages there is another name of different ir origin, usually narrowly used, with a certain meaningful connotation: Liet. Chiroptera ‘cat (in the riddle)’ (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, 122), VIII, IX, X). let. chuF “used in various meanings. garsaZodis®, whistle “Goose”, whistle "bitch", whining "walking, walking", whining "who pee in bed". Liet. knerpe ‘cat (folklore word)’’ (LZd., VI, plg. 219), let. Knefpti, knifrpti. Liet. kniauka ‘cat (in the riddle)’ (LZd., VI, plg. 224), let. kneading. Liet. rdinis, -ė, rainis, "cat", cf. -ė let. rdinas, rainas. Lat. swipuri “a large, grey, black-stiffened Katze’’ (EM, III, plg. 1163), lat. Whistling mouse ‘a brown Field mouse-with a black Stripes over the Ricken". Lat. tisele ,.a female Cats®, tisitis (EM, IV, word of unclear 204), origin, perhaps it should be related to the sound word tisu su ,,Interj. when Teasing used * (EM, IV, Finally, it 198). should be noted that in Lithuanian the old name of the wild cat, vilpisjs, has been preserved. Detecting this word Eastern "Lithuanian language in Prussia, plg.: wilde" (in Lithuanian). Katze,WilpiBys, Bio, Wooden m. Kattė (Ph. Quiet, Lex., II, WilpiBys, 402). Bio, a wild m. Cats (Chr. G. Mielcke,Wb., I, 330). wild Katze, WilpiBys, io, m. Wooden Kattė (Chr. G. Mielcke,Wb., II, 541). Iš from these sources such a wild cat name entered ir į Other Eastern In Prussia ir Dictionaries and various writings published in Lithuania. So the first source of this word is P. Ruiz's dictionary. G. H. F. Nesselmann in his dictionary notes that such a word of The cornea is not known. Never heard such a word ir F. Kuršaitis. However, there is no doubt about jo its authenticity, as it is found in Lithuanian toponymy and anthroponymy. Tiek F. Kuršaitis, both ir G. H. F. Nesselmann refers to the placename Vilpišiai (...Wilpischen is the Name of a Dorfes im Kirchspiel Gerwischkehmen in of a formerly wooded Gegend bei Rubber inside... G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., This 80). place name is found near ir Taujėnų (Vilpišiai), a village name o in Molėtų district Vilpiškiai. The name is derived from the Slavic Vilpišauskas, Vilpiševskis, Wilpiszy (conjugated form). Liet. vilpisps is an old Indo-European word. Other Baltic and o Slavic languages are not recognized. jo It is lit. lapé, lot. foxes ir etc. It's going. *ulp, *lupšaknies žodžių, reiškiančių įvairius plėšriuosius žvėris (fox, jackal, wolf), relative. Liet. vilpišys its meaning closest to vid. pers. gurpak ‘domestic cat’, pers. gurba, kur iran. *yrpa corresponds to ide. ulpos*?. Iš The name of the Slavic wild cat has been preserved since. Slavic ir Polish, plg. sen. sl. st5bls, foot, dream. left. zdeb, step, left. Knock, knock, knock. The etymology of this word is unclear. Alone the Explorers (G. Ilinskis, A. Brūkneris) jį sieja liet. su strong, other (O. (Russian) su Trubachev. creGejib, lit. stem, thus the primary sl. *stsbjs value would be ‘strong cat’, or "living in reeds", the latter etymology would be supported by one of the current Russian name of the wild cat KaMbINOBbIH KOTA", * J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 1179; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 340, 1254. ** O. H. Tpy6auesB, TIlponucxoxjenxne.., p. 92—94; A. Briickner, St. and. ; "p. 649 — 650. 185 Thus, as we see, in the Baltic and many Slavic languages a common name for the cat is used, probably borrowed at the same time from one of the same source. In the Baltic and Slavic languages, there are a number of narrowly used names of later origin, usually phonetic. In addition, the name of a wild cat of different origin is used in Lithuanian and Slavic languages. After reviewing the names of domestic animals in Baltic languages, we can draw some more general conclusions. The Baltic languages have preserved the old ide relatively well. Animals of the World (ed.). South, lat. suns, pr. sunis; lit. avis, avinas, lat. avs, auns, pr. awins; lit. ėras, jėras, vėras, lat. jėrs, pr. eristian; lit. ozs, ožka, lat. ūzis, pr. wosee, wosux; lat. gauva; lit. calf, lat. wersis, pr. werstian; Lit. pėkus, pr. vnsk. gal. a seed; lit. ašva, ešva, ašvienis, pl. aswinan ‘mare’s milk’; lat. sivėns, suvėns, pr. swintian; let. paFsas, pr. parstian ir kt. ). | Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish any of the Baltic languages due to the archaic nature of their vocabulary. For example, the Latvians did not keep the old ide. the name of the horse (ide. *ekuo-s), while in Lithuanian the old ide has disappeared. the name of the cattle (ide. *guou), which has survived in Latvian, in Lithuanian there is no old ide. traces of the pig name (ide. *sus/*suy), which is well preserved in Latvian, but in Latvian Slavism kaza has displaced the old ide. the name of the goat, which sų has survived in Lithuanian and (lit. ožka, pr. osee) t. t. ir Among this vocabulary stands out the Latvian name of cattle J/udps, which has an exact equivalent only in Albanian —alb. - Oops. Comparing the names of domestic animals in Baltic languages with those in other languages. of the names of these animals, it is clear that most of the similarities are with the Slavic languages (Lithuanian kdrvė, pr. curwis "ox": rus. KopoBa, turn left. krowa and others, lit. tėlias, teliūkas, lat. telš, telęns: pol. A calf, Russian. 2000. (in Russian) "В. В. Вернадский, В. В. Вернадский, В. В. Вернадский". Benpb, turn left. pigs, etc.). In the case of the Baltic languages, the closeness of the old vocabulary in this area to that of the Slavic languages cannot be distinguished. |; In all Baltic languages we find quite a lot of Slavic names for domestic animals, most of which are borrowed from more recent times. The largest group of borrowed vocabulary in this area are Slavisms. Some Slavisms have entered all three Baltic languages, others are characteristic of two (mostly Lithuanian and Latvian) or one language (Lithuanian kūrtas, Latin kufts, Polish curtis; lit. kuilys, lat. kuilis, pr. cuylis (the Slavic origin of the latter words is doubtful- ); lit. telyčia, lat. telica; lit. baronas, lat. baranina; lit. drigafitas, lat. drigants; lietuv. rumokas, lat. rumaks; lit. sūbalas, „such a Dog’s name“, lat. sabulis; lat. kaza, pr. slidenikis, pr. wuysis, lit. gofi¢as, lit. škapė, lit. bulūnas, lit. kabénas, lit. kniūras and others). The sources of borrowing are usually neighboring Belarusian, Russian, Polish languages. Some Slavisms may also have entered into Latvian from Lithuanian. Most of the Slavic languages are of Slavic origin. The Baltic vocabulary in this area has been very little introduced into the Slavic languages (Pol. parsiuk, baltr. napciok, rus. napuyk). 186 It is also possible to distinguish a common Baltic layer of domestic animal names (Lithuanian horse, Latin zifgs, pr. sirgis; Lithuanian stallion, Latin érzelis; Lithuanian colt, Latin kumejs). There are a number of names, sometimes of very old origin, typical of only one of the Baltic languages (Lithuanian kalė (: lit. blacksmith, calybas), Lithuanian kéltava, kéltuva (: lit. kėlti), liet. bovine (: head), lit. horses. (: drti), liet. It's a (: matter of time. Serjs), song. vilpišys (: liet. lapé), liet. tautis (: liet. jiūngas, the water name Jautin would indicate that such a name could also have existed in the Prussian language), lit. meitėlis (: lit. misti, cf. t. p. pr. nomaytis), lit. penimis (: lit. penéti), lit. kiauūlė, cf. skewre, lat. baruoksnis lat. (: baruot), mrs. klente, clynth, pr. camstian ir kt. ). German had a certain influence on the lexicon of the Baltic languages in this area, a more pronounced influence is felt in Latvian (liet. būlius, lat. bullis; lat. buks, lat. krakis, kragis, lat. myficis, ificis, lat. pakans, liet. ciekė, čėkė, etc. ir ). Through the Latvian language one another of this kind of Germanism entered ir į Lithuanian language. In Latvian we also find one other narrowly used word of Finnish-Ugric origin (lat. cone, sofinis, lat. blueberry, lat. punika, lat. sequis et ir al. ). The influence of the Baltic languages on the Baltic Finnish languages in this area is relatively large (Finn. oinas, est. rams; suom. Goats, east. vava; suom. hdrkd, est. deer; suom. jddrd, est. 2004/05 ). ir Among the many narrowly used (mostly of newer origin) names of domestic animals and names of Baltic languages, several semantic groups can be distinguished. Very abundant is the group of phonological origin (lit. ciūcė, čiūčė, buriūte, burytė, basis, baziukas, kūcė, kuriūtė, cibė, cibūtė, ygagas, kūzė, kūžius, čiuga, čiūka, čiuūotė, jūkšė; kriuka, kuciūtė, kūkas, kukūtis, kūcas, kicaras, kica; Latin: kuča, kucéns, birite, biritina, bice, buce, bėja, mėja, mūja, nūža, tprucina, ciginš, čiga, tjūta, košinš, kuzina, kuža, kvinka, kveksis, rekšis, rukšis, kicitis etc. ). ir Most of the time, these are words of ar children’s speech that have a pleasant tone. Also a large group consists of animal names derived from the names of the respective colors; Some of these colours are used only when referring to animals (lit. balnė, dūmė, dvile, kėršė, laūkė, palšė, pelėkė, Sémdji, Zaldji, biržis, brišis, palvis, sartis, širmis, šervis, šyvis: lat. brūnaja, dūkala, dūmaja, lauce, melle, palse, sartala, sirmala, bėris, dūrcis, dūkanis, laucis, sarkanis, sirmis, etc.). The Latvian language is very characteristic of cow names, derived from their birth day or the name of the time in general (Lat. cetala: ceturdiena, dienaja: diena, laūnadzite: laūnags, pirmaja: Monday, piektala: Friday, ritala: rits, sestala: Saturday, svētala: svétdiena, trešala: tresdiena, uotrala: ūotrdiena, vakare: vakars, etc.). This type of cow name is also found in Slavic languages. In Lithuanian, cows are quite often named after plants, birds, etc. There are many names for bad horses in the Baltic languages. Some names of pets in Baltic languages are very narrowly used, sometimes specific only to a single family. A large number of such names, of course, did not get into this work. 187 HA3BAHMSI IOMALIHHX- )KHBOTHbIX B BAJITHCKHX SI3bIKAX (HX NPOHCXOXJEHHE MH OTHOLIEHHe K COOTBETCTBYIOUIHM Ha3BAHHSM B CJIABSAHCKHX A3BIKAX) A. CABAJIIYCKAC Pestome B pa6ore paccmarpuBaloTcsi Ha3BaHHA COGakKH, OBLbI, KO3bl, KPYMHOTO poraToro CKOTa, JollajAH, CBHHbH H KOUIKH. Ilocjie pasGopa Ha3BaHHH OTJIEJIbHbIX}KHBOTHBIX JIeJIAlOTCS COOTBETCTBYIOLIHE BbIBOJIbi GoJlee ofmero Xapakrepa. B GantniicKHX 53bIKAX JpeBHHE HHJIOEBPOMEHCKHe Ha3BAHHS JOMAIIHHX JKHBOTHBIX COXpaHHJIRCh CpaBHHTeJIbHO XOpOWO (aut. South,,cobaka’’, JIATbIOICK. dog, Ap.-NPYCCK. dogs; JUT. ‘OBHAa’, JIATbINICK. @Vs, JIUT. dvinas,,Oapan“, NaTHIICK. auns, Ap.-NpyCcCK. awins; JHAT. éras, arHEHOKTM, jéras, véras, NaTHIICK. jérs, Ap.-NPYCCK. Christian; Jiat. 0ZPs,,KO3ĖJI", NaTHILCK. dzis, Ap.-TNIPYCCK. usux, JiaT. ožka,,Ko3a- *, Ap.-NPYCCK. Whosee, JaThIICK. ‘KopoBa’ buckwheat; JHT. kalšis,, TeIEHOKTM, Jip.-IpyccK. werstian, JaTHILCK. V@rsis, ‘BOJ, Obik’; AMT. pékus,,CKOTHHA, oBua“, ap.-npycck. a piece of,,ckoTHHa’; JHMT. asva,,KOGkIJIa“, ešva, asvienis,,paGouas JioniaJb“, Ap.-OpYCCK. aswinan,,KOOblJbe MOJIOKO®; JaThILCK. Sivéns,,CBHHbA“, suvens, JIp.-NpycceK. swintian, JT. parsas,,NIOPOCEHOKTM, Ap.-NPYCCK. parstian X J1p.). Apxanueckas JIeKCHKa 3TOr0 pojia BO BceX GaJTHICKHX Si3biKAX COXpaHeHa NMPHMEpPHO B 0JHHaKOBOH cremend. Hanpumep, B JaTHIICKOM si3blKe He COXPAHEHO JpeBHee HHJOEBpOMNeiicKoe HasBaHue Jomajan (H.-e. *ekuo-s), a B JIHATOBCKOM Si3bIKe HCUE3JIO JipeBHee Ha3BaHHE KpyrMHOTO poratoro ckora (H.-e. *guou), KOTOpOe COXPAHEHO B JIATbILICKOM Si3blKe, B JIATOBCKOM f3biKe OTCYTCTBYeT JpeBHee HasBaHHe CBHHbH (H.-e. *sis/*suy), KoTopoe XOpollo COXpaHeHo B JaTHIICKOM Si3bIKe, HO B JIATbILICKOM fi3bIKe CJaBfHH3M kaza (Cp. PyCCK. K03a) BHITECHHJ JipeBHee Ha3BaHHe KO3bI (JIHT. ožka) H T. Jį. B JiekcHukKe sToro poja cBoeoGpasHO BblJIENSETCS JAThiliCKOE Ha3BaHHE KPYMHOTO poraTOTO ckoTta lugps, HMeIOMmEee TOYHOe COOTBETCTBHE TOJILKO B anGaHCKOM si3bike —lopé „,KopoBa“. ConocraBnienne 6aATHACKHX Ha3BAHHH JOMAIUHHX XHBOTHbIX C COOTBETCTBYIONIHMH Ha3BaHHSIMH JIpYTHX HHJ0EBPONEeiiCKHX A3LIKOB, SICHO IIO3BOJISET BbISBHTb TOT (aKT, uTo GajaTiiickHe Ha3BaHH$ valle BCEro COBNAJAIOT C CJIaBSHCKHMH (JiHT. cow, ‘KopoBa’, Ap.-NIpYCCK. curwis ‘‘BOJi’: pyccK. A hug, NOJIbCK. cow H Jip. ; aut. télias,,tenéHok", teliikas, natbiick. tefs, t¢lens: noJisbcxk. target, pyccK. Hi Jip. ; JIaTbinICK. vepris,,6oposTM (aut. Vépriai, Vepriskiai, Veprinis): pycck. Genps, NoJibek. pig Hi Jip.). Ilo crenexH GAH30CTH JAHHOH JIEKCHKH K CJIABSIHCKON JIEKCHKE HEJIb351 BbULEJIHTb OTJIEJIbHO HH OJHOTO A3blKa H3 BCel BeTBH GAJITHHCKHX A3BIKOB. Bo Bcex GanTHIiCKHX fI3bIKAX HAXOJIHM JIOBOJIbHO MHOTO Ha3BaHHH JIOMALIHHX JKHBOTHBLIX CJIABAHCKOTO MNpoHcxoxjenus. Cpejli HHOSI35IUHbIX 3aHMCTBOBAHHH JIEKCHKH 3TOTO poja cJjassiHH3MbI COCTaBJSIIOT camylo Goabmyio rpynny. ŪUacTb H3 HEX OOHApyXHBAaeTCHA BO BCeX Tpėx 6anTHiiCKHX S3bIKAX, JPYTHe XapakTepHsl JIJIS ABYX (uae BCEro Js JHTOBCKOTO H JIATbILICKOTO) HJM JIS OIHOTO OTJEJAbHOTO fi3blKa (JiHT. kartas,,6op3as (co6aka)“, aaTeilcK. kufts, 1p.npyccK. curtis, aut. kuilys, Xpak®, narbmick. suilis, Ap.-npycck. cuylis (chaBsiHCKoe NpoHcXO JIeHHe 3THX CJIOB JIOBOJILHO COMHHTEJIBLHO); JHT. telydia,,TėJiKa“, narwuuck. a calf; nut. baronas,,6apan®, nateiick. sheep meat ‘,oBeukKa’; NUT. drigaitas ‘epečen’, JiaTbiiek, drigants, nuT. rum,,IpUCTSIKHAS JIOLIAJib“, JIaTbILICK. rumax, ‘xepeben’; aut. sabalas,,uma cobaKH“, JIaTbINICK. sabulis; natbiuck. case, ‘KO3a’; ap.-npycck. slider,,Leithund®, 1p.-npycck. wuysis, ‘watchdog’; only. goiicas,,ronuasn*, aut. Create,,KJisua", aur. buldnas,,6ynanas Ánns®, aut. kabonas,,6opos*, JinT. kniūras um 1p.). UCTOYHHKOM 3aHMCTBOBAHHS OOBIYHO BJIAeTCHS COoCe/HHe A3BIKH —GeJOpYCCKHil, pYCCKHil H MOJbLCKHI. B JIATLILICKHĖ S53bIK HEKOTOpHE CNaBAHH3MBI MOTJIH MPOHHKHYTh [H TPH TNOCpeJHHYECTBE JIHTOBCKOTO S53bIKA. CJiaBs1HH3MBI APEBHETIPYCCKOTO A3bIKA TJIABHbIM OGpa3OM MOJbCKOTO MPOHCXOMK ACHHS. B cJiaBAKCKHX A3bIKax Ha3BaHHi 6aJTHICKOTO NPOHCXO0XK IEHHS HAXO/HM 0YeHb Mao (INOJIbCK. parsiuk, Genopycck. napeIoK, pyccK. napiyk). 188 Caenyer BbijIe/InTh TaKxe H OOmeGaJITHiCKHA Col aTOH JIeKCHKH (UT. the horse,,KOHb“, JIaTHICK. zifgs ‘,,JOnIajib’’, Ap.-npycck. sirgis,,>xxepečen’; JiaT. eržilas,>xepe6en“, JiaTbiLuICK. chard; only. stallion,,- wepeG6en, xepečėnokx“, JIaTbInICK. chamomile§, nut. mare ‘KoGbina’- ). I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it again. OJIHOTO OT/(eJibHOTO GaJIiTHHCKOTO sidblka (aut. kalė,,cyka® (: JT. kalyvas,,- Genblit —uMeeTcs B BUHAY Lies coOdku“, kalybas), aut. kéltava,,ckoTHHA, KpynHB poraTeiii cKOT“, kéltuva (: nut. kélti,,nmonunumMaTs“,), aut. galvijas,,- ckotuna® (:aut. head 'TOJI0Ba'- ), author. horse 'Jomas' (: AMT. drti,,naxaTb'), YAHT. §érnas,,- AMKui Kaba“ (: JIHT. Serys,,mernHa“), aut. vilpisys,,- Jmkasi KomiKa“ (: aut. lapé,,nuca*), AAT. jdutis,,Boa* (: JHT. Jung, uro*; ruapoHHM Jautin JaeT BO3MOXHOCTb npejanojiarath, YTO TaKOe Ha3BaHHe BOJIA CYLIECTBOBAJIO H B JIPEBHENPYCCKOM SA13bIKe), JHT. meitélis,,60poB* (: JUT. misti,,KOpMHTbCS“, Cp. TakXKE Jip.-IpycceK. nomaytis,,- 60poB“), TUT. penimis,,OTKOpMOK“ (: TUT. penéti,,KOpMHTb“), AUT. piglet ‘,cBumbs’, Jp.-npyccK. It's a mess, JiaTbunek. barudksnis „oTKOpMOK“ (:/1aTBILICK. baruot,,kxopmMuTb- “), 1p.-npycex. klenté,,KopoBa“, clynth, jp.-npycek. camstian ',oBua' H Jp. B pa3BHTHH XHBOTHOBOJIWeCKOH JIEKCHKH GaJITHACKHX SI3bIKOB ONpejIeJIEHHYIO POJb CbITpaJI TaKXE H HeMmeukuit S3bIK. Bojiee 3HauUHTEJIbHOC BJHSHHE HEMELKOTO S5i3bIKA OLLYLIAeTCH B JiaTbILICKOM f3blKe (JIHT. Dūlius, naevennoil ObIK", nateiuck. a bull; natenuck. buks,,Ko3éa; caMel’; JIaTbIICK. kragis, "kasua", kragis, NaTeIICK mifcis, "KOWKa", ificis, JNaTwllicK. pakans "HMS COGAKH", JiHT. ciėkė,,aMs KOpoBBI“, čėkė nu Jip.). [lpn nocpejiuHuecTBe JATHILICKOTO A3BIKA OTJIEJibHbIie TED MAHH3MbI IIDOHHKJIH B JIHTOBCKHH 53BIK. B hnaTbiuiCcKOM Si3bIKE HAXOJIHM TaKiKe OTJIEJIbHbIe Ha3BAHHA NpHOAJITHHCKO-OHHCKOTO IpOHCXOX AeHus (JIATbILICK. cone,,Gapan“, sofinis, NaTbilICK. mustika „,uėpuas KOpoBa“, JIATbINICK, punika,,6ypas KopoBa“, JiaTbinIcK. sekis, pačas Jiomajp“ H Jp.). SHauHTEJIbHO |CHJIbHEe YYBCTBYeTCsl BJHsiHHe GaJITHOCKOH JIEKCHKH HA JIEKCHKY IpHOAJITHHACKO-OHHCKHX S35IKOB (HH. sheep, ‘Knajiekbili Gapan’, scr. rams; one. goats,,K03éxa; Koza", sct. vava; dun. hdrkd,,Bom, GhikK“, acT. hdrg; good. jadrd,,6apan®, ser. 2006/ 2007, e.g. ). Boxee y3ko ynorpebasiemsie (dame BCero HelaBHEro MPOMCXOXKJIEHHS) HA3BaHUS H HMEKHA JIoMAIUHHAX JKHBOTHBIX MOXKHO pacrpejile/IHTh IO CeMAHTHYECKHM TpyrinaM. Ouelb MHOTOYMCJEHHYIO TPYMIY COCTABJSIIOT Ha3BAHHS 3BYKOMNOJAPAXKATEJIbLHOTO MNpPOHCXOX fienus (nut. cincé,,cobaka- *, čiūčė, mt. burinté,,oBua- “, buryté, kuriūtė, kūcė, nat. base,,arHEHOK", basic, nut. cibé,,Ko3a“, ciblé, nur. ygagas,,,- Koub“, kuzé, kuzius, nur. ends CBHHbS, chuuk, chuuk, juksé, kriuka, kuciuté, cake, kukutis, nut. kdcas ‘,xomwxa’, kicaras, kica; nateiick. kuča,,cobaka®, kucens, nareiuck. birite “,oBuA”, biritina, bice, buce, b¢ja, mėja, JaTHIICK. May,,KOpoBa®”, knife, tprucina, NaThIICK. ciginš,,)KepeGéHOK", čiga, tprita,,KOHBL", kosins, kuzina, kuza, kviika,,cBunbs*, kveksis, reksis, narbmucx. kitsitis ‘’Komka’’ x Jp. ). I'm not sure what I'm talking about. BoJiburyjo rpynny COCcTaBJISIOT TaKXe HMeHA JKHBOTHBIX, MPOHCXOJSIHE OT Ha3BaHHS COOTBeTCTBVIOLIIeTO LBeTa. UacTb jiaHHbIX Ha3BAHHH IIBeTOB H ynoTpebasieTcss TOJIbKO JĮJIA OG03HKHAUeHHS MaCTH JKMBOTHOTO (HT. balnė,,KOpoBa c Geol cnnunoli“, diimé,,KopoBa jJibiMOBOTO uLBeTa“, dvylé,,Gypas kopoBa“, kėršė,,psa6as kKopoBa- “, laitké,,KopoBa c 6ejioli JbicHHOH Ha Gy“, palšė »»CBETJI0-cepasi KopoBa“, molėkė,,- MbnuacTas KOpoBa“, §émdji,,neneJibuas KOpoBa“, Zaldji,,6ypas KopoBa“, nut. béris,,THejKo“, brišis,,cBerJIiO-xėJiTas, KpacHoBaTas Jioura js“, palvis,,ceerJio-xĖJITaS JIOLIAJIL- “, saftis,,caBpacas Jioniajib- “, Sifmis,,cHBKa“, Sifvis, šyvis,,cTBeJIO-cepasi Jiomajnb- “; JiaTbunCK. brūnaja „,Gypenuxa“, dūkala,,6ypasi KopoBa“, dūmaja,,- TėMH0o-- Gypas KopoBa“, lauce,,KopoBa c Gesioil Jisicuuoli Ha nGYy“, melle,,uépuasi KopoBa“, palse,,cBeTJi0-cepas KopoBa“, sdrtala,,- TémHo-Gypasi KopoBa“, sifmala,,- cuBas KopoBa“, JaThillicK. béris,THenKO“, ddrcis,,neras nomajns- “, dikanis,,6ypas nomajns- “, laucis, noma ¢ GeJioli AbICHHON HA AGY®, sarkanis,- ,cBerJio-- Gypas1 Jiomajib- “, siFmis,,cuBas Jowamb* H Jp.). 2009-09-16 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 cetala: Thursday „,uerBepr“, dienala: day,,nens- “, laiinadzite: laiinags,,- noA UK", pirmala: Monday,,- noHeleNbHAKY, penktala: Friday,narumnuna“, ritala: rits „,yrpo“, sestala: Saturday,,cybora- “, svėtala: Saturday „Bockpecenbe“, fredala: Tuesday „,cepena- “, uotraja: Tuesday,- ,BTOPHHK®, vakare: Evening "Beuep" Hm 1p. ). 189