Dvikirčiai ir trikirčiai žodžiai

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMMATICS INVESTIGATIONS LET UVIOS TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY DIVISIONS IR TRIVERB WORDS V. VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ Every independent is not long (one, two, three, four syllables) the word already has one accent falling on one syllable. The main accent is usually ta marked by a prepositional sign on the vowel of the accentuating syllable of the word, the ar diphthong mixed diphthong sonant, e.g.: ašis, paėmė, tau, užuovėja, vadėlės, kaltas, etc. ir But there are words that, in addition to be the main, have another even final ar accent. du The first lateral consonant is marked before the syllable with a single slash', e.g. : 'hydrocarbon, o second subjunctive with — two vertical dashes e.g. : ||, 'astro' photometry. One lateral accent is usually used in multi-stem Lithuanian compound words of foreign origin, consisting of ir two parts, e.g. : iš |fortieth, general governor, and multi-stemmed words su Somewith-some prefixes, e.g. demulsification, but sometimes may have ji three-syllable words ir (see section 4.4). II B (b). Du minor accents are usually found in words with less ne than three iš parts, e.g. : |meteoa'erobiuletein. The words su with two syllables are called diphthongo su s, with — three syllables triphthongs. The secondary accent of a diphthong word is usually as strong as ne the main accent. The relative intensity of the two secondary accents of a three-vowel word also differs: one iš tų The accent further away from the main accent is usually more intense in the second, but both of the už secondary accents of a tri-accent word are usually as intense as the main accent. ne This article will not examine the ratio of the intensity of the main accents of a ir word, but will only indicate which Lithuanian o words of foreign origin have one accent and which ir accents. o du Ar word has a lateral accent, no, determined ar by the relative iš jo length of ir vowel diphthongs. Under all other phonetic conditions equal, the relative length of vowels, ir diphthongs and mixed diphthongs in a word is determined by these circumstances! : consonant: 1) an accentuated vowel, diphthong or sonant in a mixed diphthong is significantly longer than the same unaccentuauž ted vowel, diphthong or sonant in the same phonetic ar position; : the position of the accent in the word: the further the 2) unaccented syllable is from the accented one, the shorter the resulting sound; the number of syllables of the word: the fewer jo syllables the word has; the longer 3) the constituent sounds, the more the shorter; See. jų ir — ! V. Vaitkevičiūtė, Length or quantity of diphthongs of ir Lithuanian vowels, „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, t. 3, p. 207—208, Vilnius, 1960. 231 4) the nature of the syllable containing a vowel or a diphthong: in an open syllable they are slightly longer than in a closed syllable; 5) the number of sounds that make up the other syllables of the word: if a word has one or more long vowels, diphthongs or mixed diphthongs, then the sounds that make up all the syllables of that word are slightly shorter than in a word that does not have them! long vowels, diphthongs and mixed diphthongs; 6) consonant followed by a vowel or a diphthong: after a loud consonant they are slightly longer than after a muffled one; 7) the position of the vowel or diphthong in the word: in the final syllable of the word, especially in the open one, vowels and diphthongs are much longer than the same vowels and diphthongs in other phonetic positions. For example, an unpronounced vowel or a diphthong at the end of a word is usually longer than even a pronounced vowel of the same kind not at the end of the word; 8) consonant: long syllable constituent sounds, pronounced with a strong consonant, are slightly longer than the same strong consonant sounds in equal phonetic positions; 9) vowel quality: short and corresponding long vowels in the same phonetic positions are always of unequal length; 10) Speaking pace: when speaking fast (i.e. in a conversational style), the sounds that make up all the syllables of the word are shorter than when speaking slowly (i.e. in a clear style). In order to determine which words have one, which two lateral accents and which have none at all, 104 compound and prefix words were recorded on a tape recorder at a speed of 380 mm/sec (millimetres per second). They were persuaded in a clear style, and some also in a conversational style by 3 narrators (one male and two females) who are well versed in the literary Lithuanian language. Although the tempo of the speakers’ speech differed somewhat (the replay of a man’s edited recording lasted 3 minutes, one woman’s — 2 minutes 48 seconds, another — 3 minutes 12 seconds) and led to a variation in the absolute length of the sounds, the laws of relative length of sounds, which are the most important for us in this case, did not change. From these tape recordings were made 312 (104 x 3) word oscillograms by oscilloscope H 102. Film tape rotation speed — 250 mm/sec. The oscillogram of each word contains three entries: the second vibrator, with a frequency of 10,000 he (hertz), the eighth vibrator, with a frequency of 1200 he, and the time stamp entries — 100 hc. One double vibration is equal to 10 msec (milliseconds). All tape recordings and oscillograms made under the same technical conditions. I. Based on experimental studies, it has been established that the appearance of a secondary accent in a word depends not on one, but on several conditions: 1) The elevated accent of the compound word has the main accent. One consonant is most commonly used in polysyllabic two-stringed words with the main consonant in the second string, e.g. 'baltauodegiduti, and two consonants in three-stringed words with the main consonant in the last string, e.g. 'hidroa'erodromas. In the case of the first-person plural, the first person plural of the first person is usually a singular noun, for example: I'm a runner. 2) Elements of a compound word made up of several syllables. In the case of two-syllable compounds, a subjunctive is usually used when both or at least one of the two syllables is polysyllable, e.g. 'karbohidrogen' (see IV A a for an exception). Therefore, the 3-dimensional matrix of a non-negative integer is not necessarily a 3-dimensional matrix. : 232 ši 'astro| photometer. 3) The first second syllable of the ar compound word has a main accent. When the second accent is pronounced, the further the main accent is from the beginning of the second accent, the greater the chance of a secondary accent appearing in the first accent, e.g. : 'Pasiskiakopiistduti. When the main accent is at the beginning of the first accent of a compound word of two parts, the second accent has a secondary accent, e.g. kanigpa'laikis. A three-element compound word has one even ar secondary du accent when the main accent is in the third element far from the beginning — of the whole Word, e.g. : 'astro' photometry. 4) As strongly grown elements of a compound word, they have ir independent meanings. tų Iš for new special terms formed by two not very mature stems, for books, e.g. : ir 'hydrocarbon, di'namometamorphism, as well as slightly mature polysyllabic compound words made up of two numerical elements, e.g.: aš'tūniasdešimtas, iš characterized by one lateral consonant, and compound words made up of three not very mature elements, e.g. : o iš — du 'astro'photoscopy. 5) The first accent of a polysyllabic compound word emphasizes the new meaning of the word, which differs from the independent meaning of the second accent of the compound word, e.g. : 'ikiburZudzinis® (plg. burfudzinis), 'pre-capitalist (plg. capitalist), 'post-electoral, 'pre-electoral (plg. 1999), plg. but II A d. 6) The style of speech, determined by the purpose of the speech process, ir the emotional content of the circumstance. Speaking in clear style, i.e. relatively slow pace, but following the established laws and rules of pronunciation ir accurately and clearly pronounce all sounds in the flow of speech, the same word can have a secondary accent, e.g. : 'retractable, o, speaking in colloquial style, i.e. fast pace ir ne with so careful pronunciation of all sounds, the same word may not have a secondary accent, e.g. atlapauodėgis. ir II. 1998-1999 One very pronounced accent, characteristic of clear, colloquial ir style, ir always ju has: A) In the first element: a) Composed words consisting of iš two numerals and one ir non-numeral element not very close to them, or two non-numeral elements and one numeral element not very close to ir them, and having the main accent in the last element, e.g.: aš'tuoniasdešimtmėtis, aštuo'niolikaviėtis, devy'niolikaaukštis, devyniasdešimtmėtis, 'duetų metų, 'dvilinklieZuvdutis, pen'kiolikaviétis, etc. Take, for example, the word 'double-eyed®. Two of his syllables and to the vowel ede. 1] n kl i Z u vi au t i 1 59 57 65 105 65 300 68 1 61 38 67 92 48 249 90 III 48 45 98 99 60 274 86 56 47 77 98 58 274 81 * The second syllable of the prefix hasta is pronounced in literary language, and the first syllable of the prefix iki is pronounced in these words. 3 In typing, the softness of the consonants preceding the posterior vowels and the diphthongs ai, aw, ui, uo is indicated by the mark," e.g.: k". The numbers in the column below each letter indicate the duration of the sound in milliseconds, as pronounced by I (male), II and III (female) speakers. The last vertical i of both goes after the sharp consonan233 ts. Since the first i is in an open syllable, but further from the pronounced one, and the second in a closed syllable, but closer to the pronounced one, both i should be about the same length. But the first i is longer than the second, which indicates that the syllable zwei has a consonant. b) Composed words consisting of two numerical elements, the first of which is one, two or three syllables and the second of which is not less than three syllables, having the principal accent in the second syllable from the end of the second element, e.g.: |duhkstantasis, 'duhntasis, |dviešimtinis, trisdešimtasis, sept tyniasdešimtas, aš tuoniestasis, de'nientasis, 'kvariasdesimtainés „tokios skalės“, etc. The salutation is particularly pronounced when the first point is in a two-syllable or three-syllable word, and less pronounced when it is in a monosyllable word. For example, the word 'bicentennial syllable two vowels i longer than the syllable ši baldv i § i m t i n i S 1 62 52 93 68 76 II 54 46 94 70 72 III 68 51 93 60 78 sį i 11 msek, and the first i is only 5 msek 61 50 93 66 75 shorter than the ti vowel i of the main syllable with accent, although it is in the third syllable from this. This difference in the length of the three i vowels can only be explained by the secondary accent characteristic of syllable two. c) Composed words made up of two elements of at least four syllables, the first of which has a prefix, e.g.: |pasigeruojaududamas, |pasikiškiakapūstaudamas, 'pasikiškiakopūstduti, etc. Example — the relative length of the sounds of the word 'pasikiškiakopūstduti. § 4 kri fk atk "op fl. st au. t i 1 60 45 44 60 91 77 308 140 11 55 40 44 49 57 63 244 90 II 54 45 53 50 90 90 232 90 56 43 47 53 79 77 261 107 The minimum difference of —3 msec —between vowels a following the muffled explosive consonants p and k' in open syllables indicates that the syllable pa has a secondary accent, because otherwise a, being in the seventh syllable —pa —from the accented one, should be significantly more truncated than a in the fourth syllable —k'a-—from the accented one. (d) Compound words consisting of two elements, the first of which is of two syllables and the second of at least four syllables. The first accent of such a compound word emphasizes the meaning of the whole word, e.g.: 'hydrocarbon', 'white-skinned', 'pre-bourgeois', 'pre-capitalist', 'pre-school', 'pre-monopolistic', 'long-fingered', 'kitanaciondlininis', etc. ir The number in the bar below the horizontal line indicates the average length of each sound, which is obtained by dividing by three the sum of the lengths of the same sound spoken by all three speakers. This article is about the average length of vowels. 234 Examples of words 'ikikapitalistinis ir 'kitanaciondlinin relative length of sounds. Since the first word 'pre-capitalist syllable is further from i k 10k ap i t a 1 i SS ince 1 S I 64 42 52 40 60 74 39 98 II 54 44 46 38 68 61 50 59 III 75 53 45 40 70 68 3277-7180 64 46 48 39 66 68 37 79 If the first vowel i of the first syllable is longer than the second vowel i of the second syllable by 18 msec, it is clear that the first vowel i is in a syllable with a secondary accent. k i tos a Riga” er Foon Vil in vhs I 40 55 60 40 83 165 55 57 II 33 55 55 29 53 245 41 100 III 48 72 51 48 62 229 48 80 40 r 61 55 39 66 213 48 79 In the word 'kitanational the i of the syllable ki is 1 msec longer than the i of the syllable ci, i.e. both i are approximately equal in length. Since the syllable ki is the sixth from the accentuated one, and the syllable ci is the third, the syllable ki obviously has a secondary accent, because only this can explain the similar length. jų (e) Compound words of foreign origin or of a mixed type, consisting of two less mature elements, such as: ace'tylcellululiozé, ar'teriosklerozé, 'balneoterūpija, 'chromoalbuminas, 'diphenylamine, 'hydroinkubatorius, 'liumpenproletariūtas, microbiologija, 'nukleoalbuminai, para'lelepipedas, 'polyembrionija- ,'rentgenotéchnika, se'kundometristas, 'trofobiozé, 'trofoneurozé, 'ultramarinas, 'ultratrumposios, lultraviolétiniai, etc. For example, comparing the syllables mi and bi of the word'mikrobiologija, we see that the vowels i are of the same length, although their distance from the kiréiated syllable is different. This shows that the syllable mi has a lateral accent. 'm i kr o b...d į ozis: d g | j a || 44 66 45 93 98 43 157 II 42 50 42 120 122 50 139 III 40 79 40 119 126 79 140 42 65 42 111 115 57 145 In particular, the lateral consonant of syllables whose constituent vowel is a is particularly pronounced. The unpronounced Lithuanian vowel a is short and relatively closed. Being in a syllable with a consonant accent, it is pronounced much longer and more openly, and it is easy to distinguish it from the short a, e.g.: 'astronavigūcija, dinamometamorfizmas, generalbėsas, gene'ralguberndtorius, kris'taloliuminesce iicija, nacio'nalliberūlai, 'radiofonija,'saltomortūlė, ti tanomagnetitas, etc. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. I need you. 1 69 100 60 69 42 32°52 96 81 II 42 78 60 52 40 80 40 86 90 TI 45 72 92 60 41 79 40 76 85 52 83 71 64 41 80 44 86 85 For example, in the di'namometamorphism of the word na, the vowel a of the syllable na is longer than the vowel a of the syllable fa more than twice, although the latter is in the third syllable from the accent, and the first even in the sixth. This difference in the length of the vowels «a» is explained only by the very pronounced lateral accent of the syllable na. If the syllable na had no lateral accent, then its vowel a would be slightly shorter than the vowel fa of the syllable a. Sometimes in this type of compound words, whose elements have grown slightly, the lateral accent is so pronounced that after the first element with a lateral accent, as after an independent word, a short pause is made and only after that the second element of the compound word is pronounced. The pause, admittedly, is optional, but it happens quite often. For example, the words 'chromoalbumin, para'lelepipedas and others were spoken with pauses by two speakers out of three. chro “mo "pauzė a ‘1. Bu. m. i n a s I 88 73 297 70 50 73 65 97 IT 81 40 —70: -52 68 64 96 III 102 96 15 -—-52 52 75 81 103 90 70 Nn 64 351 72 70 99 p a r a Te V pauzé e pi pie-diiaiijų I 72 90 70 35145 41 43 75 94 II 69 75 96 55 —89 61 83 102 III 60 109 70 61 121 40 41 70 83 f) Compound words of Lithuanian and foreign origin, composed of three not very mature elements, the last of which may be non-independent, with the main accent in the third element. The second 67 91 79 50 89 57 48 76 93 accent of these words, especially when spoken in clear style, may have an optional second accent, e.g.: 'astrofotometras, 'astrofotometrija, 'astro'spektroskėpija, 'chlora'cetofendnas, 'chromo'litografija, 'hidroa"erodrdmas, 'hidroa 'eroplūnas,'meteoa'erobiuleténis,'mikro fotografija,'mili ampermetras, 'x-ray'spectroskopija, etc. ir For example, in the word'meteoa’erobiuleténi, the vowel e of the first syllable, being in the syllable farthest from the syllable with the main accent, is longer than the vowels e of the unaccented re and le of the syllables. In addition, this is confirmed by the pause made after the spot meteo. The second syllable of the damn aero also has a secondary accent, because the vowel of this syllable, being in the fifth syllable from the main accented e, syllable tė, is only 5 msec shorter than the vowel ė of the latter, and 28 msec longer than the vowel e of the syllable Je, which is next to the accented one. Paused o a Find a o place e t ss ER EY I 72 39111 105 138 78 9 54 76 96 74 II 84 72125 —- 142 90 69 46 70 79 109 II 9 8173 102 94144 105 39 82 152 78 82 66136 69 91 104 88 46 76 109 87 Word 'chromo'lithography the first sub-accent has the syllable chro, because the vowel jo o 'chr ora (AL) RE | fo gr 2 f dc.) a I 75 59 50 58 180 40 105 1 65 47 32 57 165 40 122 III 81 58 40 70 191 23 168 74 55 47 62 179 34 132 is the longer mo už of the syllable closer to the syllable with the main accent, si o 19 msek, although the other phonetic conditioo ns of both vowels are the o už same, the vowel of the syllable fo next to the accented o one is 12 longer msek. The syllable has a second subjunctive /i, because the vowel is jo longer than i the vowel of the už syllable fi in the second syllable from the end i 13 msec. The iš exception to this group are foreign-- origin words iš consisting of three pų very short parts, all of which are very du mature or at least very mature. They usually do not have a lateral accent, e.g. kilogram. B) In the second field: a) Composed words consisting of two numerical iš elements, the second of which is ten, have the main accent on the second syllable of the first trisyllable o element or on the first syllable of the two-syllable démen, e.g.: astionias dešimt, nivynias'dešimt, pefikias'dešimt, šešias'dešimt, etc. ir The vowel e, that is not pronounced remains short, the lengthening due to the lateral accent in this case is clearly audible. iš Jį confirmed by ir experimental data. a š t ūo n’ a s 'd e § tį mt I: '27 200 94 127 33 92 II 46 150 103 100 55 108 III 76 190 101 77 45 92 50 180 99 101 44 97 For example, the ten vowels of the syllable of the word acht'uno' are msek long, whereas the vowel of the de syllable of the word e ach'ton'decim' is only 101 msek long, i.e. e — 54 almost twice as short. This large difference in length is explained only by the lateral accent of the de syllable. This obvious difference cannot be caused by the different phonetic condition of the greater number of syllables of the word as'thousandth main accent in the last — accent. ir b) Composed foreign words of two weakly iš developed parts, the first of which has a main accent, the second is a — graph, e.g. — bur'grafas, mdr'grafas, pfale grafas. o pfr a Ji c'gr/a f a S I 116 64 40 80 1 146 72 93 74 II 115 68 31 52 126 68 61 69 For example, the gra vowel of the syllable a of the word pfdlc'graph is more than twice as short as the p/dlc vowel a of the syllable with the main accent, but it is only 8 msec shorter than the vowel a of the final syllable, which indicates that the dot graph first has a secondary accent that takes energy not from the syllable with the main accent, but from the final syllable. It is worth remembering that usually the short unpronounced vowel of the final syllable can be considerably longer than the same accentuated vowel in the second or even third syllable from the end (see II A bir II A dir cf. the vowels i of the last two syllables of the word 'bicentennial and the vowels i of the last three syllables of the word 'pre-capitalist). C) In the prefix: Words or terms with the prefixes de-, inter-, re-, where the main consonant is within a few syllables of the prefix, e.g.: \deemulsdcija, 'dekalcinūcija, 'dezabiljė, 'internacionūlinis, 'internacionališkūmas,'reorganizūcija, etc. For example, in the word 'internacionalizūmas the first vowel i in the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet Go, bojai o na T Čk ūrma s E73 72 51 50 85 40 57 84 78 38 83 II 45 88 63 64 59 28 48 52 47 50 90 III 60 67 58 33 61 57 75 64 48 53 77 is longer than the vowel i of the syllable ci, which is 59 76 57 49 68 42 60 67 58 47 83 much closer to the accented syllable, by 17 msec. This indicates that the interfirst syllable of the prefix has a lateral accent. Relatively short words with the same prefixes, in which the main accent is in the syllables next to or near the prefix, are pronounced without the secondary accent, e.g.: dekalkioti, interlinia, interlyudia, intermedia. b) Words of foreign and Lithuanian origin with the prefix kontr-, whose main accent is usually not in the root, e.g.: 'kontrataka, 'kontrmanévras, 'kontrreceiizija, 'kontrrevoliucija, 'kontrivalgyba, etc. The word 'counter-- revolution' is a prefix to the word Vv © I's ded ja I 60 60 60 66 54 74 88 II 72 85 57 66 63 96 75 II 85 50 80 96 79 105 44 The consonant o of lio is shorter than the vo of the syllable o, 72 65 66 76 65 92 69 only 4 msec. Such a small difference in length indicates that the prefix kontr has a lateral accent. If there were no lateral accent, then the vo vowel 0 of the syllable, due to its phonetic position (vowel 0 goes after the vowel in the open syllable next to the accented one, and the syllable consonant in the fourth closed syllable of the muffled consonant from the accented one) should be significant238 ly longer than the prefix consonant. 0 — po ir už o. III. Two very distinct secondary accents are required in compound words made up of three slightly grown numerical elements, with the main accent in the last element, e.g.: penkias" dešimttūkstantasis, 'keturias'desimttitkstantasis or 'keturias'dešimttūkstantysis- *). kate tis or" via ogde of dm ota kst Sa ini t y sis four 32 106 92 38 62 48 79 60 170 90 nm:-82 47 85 70 23:80 47 61 80 157 59 Ir 60 37 91 88 35 54 21:38 59 13 175 1. @2 71 39 94 83 32 65 51 66 71 101 70 For example, the vowels ke and de of the 100th syllable of the word 'quatre' are relatively long — 71 and 83 msec. This indicates that these syllables have lateral accents. For example, the four-valent word, which is one syllable shorter than the word under consideration and which has only one long syllable, and therefore its sounds are slightly longer, the vowel e of the syllable ke is only 53 msec long, and the syllable /en — 65 msec. IV. Weak accent (which may be absent in colloquial style): A) In the first element: a) Certain compound words of foreign origin, in which the first accent is single and both accents are not very mature, e.g.: 'grosméisteris, 'kvintesericija, 'landsaftas, 'prespapjé, 'berkkolégija, grammolėkulė, etc. The first accent of the word 'kvintesefiicija has a secondary accent because its vowel i is 10 msek longer than the vowel i of the penultimate syllable. If the first dot had no lateral accent, then the vowel i of the syllable ci, being in the open penultimate syllable, should not be shorter than the vowel i of the first syllable. ~ 1 n t e S e u Cc i j a I 48 62 79 81 130 31 145 II 50 61 68 138 111 43 123 III 60 80 75 98 148 54 118 b) The adjective is fatal. 53 68 74 106 130 43 129 I j u t b u t i n i s || 92 84 70 62 II 78 72 68 68 III 77 75 43 75 82 77 60 68 4 With this word form, which does not coincide with the normative form prevailing in literary language \"fourteenth" decimal, taken iš Lithuanian language dictionary V (V., 1959, p. 656). 239