Zietelos tarmės daiktavardis

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATICS STUDIES LITHUANIAN SOCIETY OF SCIENCES "A K AD E MIJ A ZIETELOS TARMĖS NOVELS A. Zietela is the farthest south of the border of the Lithuanian SSR, where people who speak Lithuanian have survived since ancient times. In 1957, in the vicinity of Zietela, more than 40 people, mostly old people, spoke Lithuanian better or worse. Most of them were born in the village of Zasečiai and only two in Pagirčiai. In 10 years (until 1967) the number of Lithuanian-speaking people in the Zietela area decreased more than twice: most of them died, a few moved: two went to the Polish People’s Republic, one to the Ukrainian SSR. In 1962, the last two old ladies born in Pagirų village, who spoke Lithuanian well, died. In addition, some of the remaining elderly people live far from each other and have nobody to talk to in Lithuanian, so they have forgotten the language. Therefore, there are no ten better speakers of this dialect. ; Due to its long-standing isolation, the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela is very important for language science, both because of its preserved archaic features and because of its newly developed features. Therefore, this dialect has been studied for more than eighty years. It was studied by E. Volteris, K. Būga, J. Rozvadoyskis, P. Aruma, Chr. Stangas, J. Gerulis, E. Frenkelis and others! A considerable amount of material is also presented in Z. Zinkevičius,,Lietuviy dialectology“ (Vilnius, 1966). However, the works of all the mentioned linguists provide about this dialect mostly only individual important data, but not a complete picture. In order da to fill this gap at least partially, the author studied the phonetics and morphology of the Zietela dialect in 1957-1960. Some of the research in this area has already been published?. Here is a description of the noun in the Zietela dialect. In addition to the change, the noun formation of this dialect is also discussed for the first time in greater detail. The illustrations are supplemented by one more example written later, mostly between 1962 and 1967. In the Zietela dialect, the largest group of noun derivatives consists of the derivatives of prepositions, and the derivatives of compound words and prepositions and endings are written entirely in Priesagaų vediniai § 2. The subgroups are divided into several distinct subgroups. The derivatives of each such group are reviewed not in alphabetical order, but according to the abundance of prepositional derivatives, as in “Lietuvių kalbos gramatika”.. 1 See,,Lietuviy kalbotyros klausimai“ (hereinafter LKK), vol. 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 239 etc. * About the noun see. LKK, vol. 3, pp. 113—131; on the construction of verbs with the suffixes -inėti, ~dinéti, see MAD, A, vol. 2(11), pp. 219—231. For more information on the phonetic of the dialect, see here. LKK, vol. 2, p. 195 tt. 3 Zr. LTSR MA Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, Lithuanian Grammar, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1965, p. 251-473. 16* 147 Deminutive of $3. The significance of diminutive, gracious, as well as augmentative and diminutive adverbial derivatives is the same as Ik. The article does not differentiate the meanings of minority and pleasure of the vedas, only distinguishes the vedas with increasing and decreasing meaning. There are also some words that have no meaning at all. § 4. -el, -e. Priesaga -el, (after -ė hardened consonants pronounced -alis, -ė) is one of the most commonly used. The derivatives of this suffix are usually made from two-syllable nouns, meaning objects, plants, animals, persons, parts of the human (or animal) body, etc., e.g.: ak&les®, band@le, bernėlis, beržalis ~ beržėlis, burnėle, dalgėle, darzdlis ~ darZélis, daub&le | dub@le, draugdlis, du’ndle, galvéle, girdle ~ girélé, giesma le, gra'štėlis, kalnélis, kampélis, kartėle, kelalis ~ kelélis, kojéles, kruvele, kulalis ~ kuolélis, lamt&@le,lentelé- ”, lankėlis, li‘p@lis „Jiepelė“ (cf. licpas, liepa*) lovėle, mergé&le, pitvėle, pirk&le, plostélis,- ,plakelis®, ragéles,,- rogutės“ (cf. ragos „horns“), rank&le, rat&@lis, sodélis, staldlis ~ stalélis; su'nélis, Sakale, Sird@le, tvart@lis, u°g@le, up@le (ret. up&lis), vaik&lis, varté@lei, virvėle, Zagrale ~ Zagrélé, horse, man. ; Lithuanian derivatives, there are a number of hybrids, e.g.: bočėlis Be ir „tėvelis“, chmorale „„nebelėlis“, gru'šals „peaušelė- “, kap&le „gubelę“ katkėle „,skridinėlis“, klėtkėčls, „cavelis“, kli'rnėlis „pleištelis“, kru'kelis „hook“, kSonsk&le „booklet“, kupkelis "cup", ku'čkėle „krūvelė“, kvietk@le „gėlelė“, kvosélis „,sunkelė“, loznėle „karklelis- “, mastėlis „tiltelis“, sku'lūle „votelė“, sku'rūle ~ skūrėlė, trubėle „vamzdelis“, tomėlis „statinių tvorelė“, verb&le „gluosnelis“, ves@le „kaimelis“. The minor, gracious meaning of the individual derivatives of this suffix is blurred, each other has some special meaning, e.g.: bob@le ‘a device for swelling a part; žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word), žodis (word). Proper ar nouns made with this suffix have usually ir su lost the meaning of minority pleasure, e.g. place names Trakélei, „Zaseciy k. laukas“; last name nicknames ir Bagd(z)ėlis, Cigėlis, Dargėlis, Gaidėlis, Ponélis, Trainėlis, Waxkelis, Zuk&lis ( Zasečių k.), Černėlis (P.P., pp. 10). XVI a. suslavintus vardus ir pavardes (first names?) IOpkrejib, Kpekrejnb, also CryjibkreJieBusb (Stulg- -el-evičius) (Pagirių k.), T purejieBuus (Narčių k.), BokejieBuus, Bo6pejieBuus, 51neneBuus, HapejeBuus, CracejieBuus (Strėlos k.)?. Su Appendix -elis, there are -ė words made of ir iš multisyllabic nouns, e.g.: parsukélis hybrids baronélis "lamb", dubravėle ir "dirt", (u)zbonélis "pitcher". However, this is not typical of the dialect. 4 The examples are written in simplified phonetic transcription. The accents together indicate the length of the ir sounds, except for the solid-started mixed diphthongs i, u+/, m, n, r the first sands, which are always short. Unpronounced sounds a, e, i, w longitude is marked by a dot ku iš the top of the right hand side of the letter. Iš nature long sounds o ir ė length is negligible. Real names are written in capital letters. 5 Zr. I'm not sure what to do. Aas pasbopa JpeBHHX b arToB, Vol. 14, Busbna, 1888, pp. 203-225 (hereinafter referred to as AKTHI...). Remove the arrow 148 Vedic nouns derived from masculine nouns are mainly masculine, from feminine nouns — feminine. Exceptions are rare: „chicken“ (see chicken) and „river“ (see river) alongside the more common form up@lé (see river). § 5. -(i)ukas, -ė. There are many derivatives of this suffix. They are made mainly from the masculine nouns of various meanings. The consonant immediately preceding the adverb is rarely soft, e.g. dufitkas "autelis, potkeliukas", berfiikas, dédŽūkas "grandfather", gaidžūkas, medžūkas, pduéikas ", kiaušinėlis", pėdžūkas, tvarčūkas. Anyway, the consonant is hard (in individual derivatives this may also have happened due to the hardening of the consonants /, r, š, ž and the African č, dž), e.g.: akmenūkas, alūkas, arklūkas "little horse", bernūkas, beržūkas, dantūkai, du'mūkai, gaidūkas, glebūkas, gru'dūkas, jėrūkas, kaisnūkas- ,kasnelis", kampūkas, kdulikas, kelmūkas, ki‘mukas, kraštūkai, lapūkas, lduZukas, li'tūkas "Jietukas- ", maišūkas, metūkai, namūkas, paršūkas, peilūkas, pi“fnūkas, pilvūkas, pu°d?ikas, ramtūkas "stick", ražūkas,,- vantelė", samtūkas, sodūkas, šiltūkas,ugnelé, žiburėlis" ši“nūkas, šunūkas, tiltūkas, veršūkas, viršūkas, Zi¢dikas. Priesaga -ukas is added to polysyllabic ir nouns, e.g. bubulūkai ‘young children; “rutuliukai”, “katiūėkas”, komolūkas “kamuoliukas”, kubilūkas, kumelūkas, lašinūkai, lopinūkas, lovi‘tukas, naginūkai, truputūkas.trupinélis®, vištelūkas, žagarūkai, žoli'nūkai. Mot. g. This is a su list of chickens, only. Jie Make iš mot. g. nouns. There is also another derivative of vyr. g. made from mot. g. words, e.g., sirdikas "wood core" — iš heart ‘core’; worm worm; — iš mergi'tūkas, "bad girl" —from mergitė. Some of the most common names for this species are: grey-tailed buck, su grey-headed buck, grey-headed buck, grey-headed buck. Comparative proper nouns without a minor graceful meaning, which can be both Lithuanian and Slavic nouns, e.g. : ir Maneikis, Šaipūkas, Tumūkas, „,Zasečių k. pavardės“, Maziuk, Szyrmuk ‘Narčių k. ir "Cemeteries of the Municipality of Zadar". Most likely, the non-Lithuanian speaking population has made the word Klausas Zietelas to nickname Lithuanians. $ 6. -Ika. It is one of the most iš commonly used names for the giant snake. The voice of this adverb i“ (į literary language our transposed zieteliškių is pronounced very y) differently. The most commonly heard mid-range sound is not very clear -81'- (sometimes -oi-, -blį-, -ui-), e.g. aveika ‘avis’, bitsika „bitutė“, galvsiuika „head“, du"bsrika „hole“, sestika „sister“, skepetiika „scarf“. Po j, o occasional ir po ¢, g, k, n hear front row voices -grass -iį-, e.g. akios „akutės“, kelniikos „kelnytės“, kojinės, mergika, mergučika „mergaitė“, sdujiika || sdujiika „šaukštelis“, užu?ganiika“. | * Different scholars of this dialect also write this suffix differently: E. Wolter (E. Wolter, “Mitteilungen der Litauischen literarischen Gesellschaft“, vol. 4, Heidelberg, 1899, pp. 169—171; hereinafter — MLLG) —avuika || avika, pauštuika, sesuika; K. Būga (Zytelos šnektą, manuscript, Vilnius State University V. University of v. Kapsuko Library Manuscript, p. 17—19; continue — Z) — galvoyka, Zivoyka ‘fish’; P. Aruma (P. Arumaa, Lithuanian oral Texts from the Wilnaer Gegend mit grammatischen Anmerkungen, Dorpat, 1931, p. 45,50; (more —LMT). —duktui ka, ski'"lui'komi; Chr. Stangas (NTS, vol.18, p.178) —pdustoi ka. The phonetic origin of the suffix or'ka cannot be — explained, because i po in 5, d, I, p, s, t, v, consonant dialect į 54 does not convert. Possible object that in the appendix -or'ka is contaminated by149 It is the third most commonly used noun suffix in the English language. Vedic words with it are made mostly from nouns with a specific meaning in mot. g., e.g.: ausska „ear“, duktsika „daughter- “, kalvika „bitch“, kamarsika „storehouse“, karvšika, kūulšika, kru'pvika,truputélis®, mėsėika, plutvika, ški“dšika „,chip“, straistūika,,maiSiukas®, pdustsika, sdulšika, ski"lšika, taslvika „dough; "Spider-Man: Far From Home", "Spider-Man: Far From Home 2", "Spider-Man: Far From Home 3", "Spider-Man: Far From Home 4", "Spider-Man: Far From Home 5". There are also vedic forms with -yka, made from polysyllabic words, e.g.: adatsika, api'varsika, avi‘tvika || averteika, bazni:čika, daržinika, karvwiitėika, karvyté®, kumelvika, mergaitsika "girl", motervika, peludvika, pirkaiteika- ,kamarélé”, skepetvika, spadni-¢ika, "underskirt". There is also another derivative of the suffix -ykas, made from the nouns of the masculine gender, e.g. lieživėikas „„liežuvėlis“, brolykas’, akmuikas, vanduikas®. The suffix -ykas, a possible object, is also present in the verb /ovi'kūtas,lovelis®. § 7. -ėlis, -ė. With this suffix, the vedic forms are made from various kinds of polysyllabic nouns, most often with a specific meaning, e.g.: an(k)šli'nėlis „alksnynėlis“, aržolėlis „oak“, berži'nėlis, gelaistuvėlis „nosepiece- “, kunodéle,bulvelé®, šeimi'nėle, tvartukėlis, uzu°ganéle, vainikėlis, vakarėlis, valvadėlis „leash“, vaiidenėlis, vu?degėle, plg. hybridus beragélis,krantelis“, baronélis „lamb“, budinkėlis „building“, čelnokėlis,- „šaudyklėlė“ čeravi'kėlei „boots“, deravékéle „log“, drobi'nėle „,ladder“, kančukėlis,- ,rimbelis, bizūnėlis“, koplonėlis „prince“, kulbokėle „ballet“, kvartukélis „apricot“, lanču'gėlis „chain“, malatélis,,- plaktukélis- ®, pi'ragėlis, primokėlis,- ,uzkurélis®, soZdukélé „ballet“. It is also known as the K.I.T.T.A.T.- U.S.. From the 16th-century spelling of the names Banakre.n, BaHakreslioBuub (Vanag-el-iovicius)® it is not clear whether the suffix -elis or —-élis was used. $ 8 -utas, -a. Vedic nouns with -utas, a are made mostly from masculine nouns, e.g. kištūkas, langūtas, nagutas, vaikutas, vilkūtas, žmogūtas, cf. also the hybrid cvi“kūtas „vinutė“. There are only a few derivatives of this prefix made from feminine nouns. Of these, only merguta "girl" (dgs. mergūtos, more often girls) is used. The suffix -utas, -a is quite often added to the derivatives of other adjectives of minor graceful meaning, e.g.: bernukūtas, jērukūtas, kaisnukutas "little bite", kašikūtas ",pintinėlė", kumelukūtas,kumeliukas", lovi‘kutas, paršukūtas, ridikūtas, telukūtas, veršukūtas "little dog". Then it further emphasizes the minor gracious meaning of the Vedas. § 9. The derivatives of this suffix are mostly made from nouns, too, e.g.: bernūtis, bandūtė, mergūtė, momuté „,mommy“, mėnūtis „,moon“ (main word month) sdulūtė. The adjective is made of the noun vėsūtė,,falling several prepositions. Already E. Frenkel (E. Fraenkel, „Balticoslavica“, vol.2, p.57) claimed that this suffix (he wrote -uika) originated from the combination of -ukas and -ykas. The opinion that -uika could have arisen from -ukas, -ė, -ykas, -a by means of contamination was most strongly supported by P. Skardžius (APh, vol. 6, pp. 131—132; LKŽD, pp. 160, 365). It may be that the -ka(s) is merged with the now no longer used dialect suffix -eika, cf. K. Būga (Zš, pp. 17—18) recorded the Vedic motereika, ziveika with the confirmation dim. (deminutives) (of course, if the latter forms are not -yka variants). ? Zr. K. Būga, Selected Writings, vol. 1, Vilnius, 1958, p. 305. 8 See. E. Fraenkel, min. veik., p. 56; P. Skardžius, APh, vol. 6, p. 131, LKŽD, p. 160, 365. * AKThi..., Vol. 4, pp. 303-306. 150 vėsis“, from the verb —frupūtis „crumble“ (see truputis „crumble- “). The following derivatives of the suffix -utis, -ė no longer have a minor graceful meaning: blakutė, rarely blakūtė „blakė“, ragutés „horns“, žmogūtis, „eye pupils, doll“. in With the suffix -utis there is one other personal noun, e.g. : Sigirskūtis,,Sigirsko son“, Svibūtis,,- Svibo son“, cf.: XVI c. manor inventories names and surnames (first names): MonnyTb (Savičių k.), ITexkyrb (Dainavos k.), as well as [loBkyreBuub (Dauk-ut-- evicius), KecryreBuus (Pagirių k.), HapyresBuus (Strėlos k.)*?. § 10. Only the following nouns are written with the suffix -ytis, -ė: karvitė, lovitis, mergitė. It is more commonly used in combination with other suffixes, e.g. avi'tsika (because of the harmony of the vowels and avortsika), lovi"tūkas "little boy", vaiki'titkas,,vaikeliukas, za'si'tsika ""little goose". $ 11. -aitis, -ė. This suffix is small in the Vedic dialect. Words with it are usually made from nouns, e.g. bernditis, mergditė, plg. E. Voltaire (MLLG, vol. 4, p. 172) the word pondité. "There's no meaning to the word "camera- "". E.g. the still frequently used nouns with two suffixes: mergaitsika, pirkaitvika. | | With the suffix -aitis, -ė are also made personal nouns, e.g. : Jurkditis- ,,Jurkos sūnus“, Laurukaitis,,Lauruko sūnus“, and place names, e.g. : Balaités „,Zasečių k. meadow“, Pievaitė ,, Zaseciy k. laukas’. § 12. -(i)ulis, -ė. Only a few derivatives are written with this suffix. These are the words made from nouns bočūlis "father", dievūlis; The cow’s name Margūle is made from the adjective and from the pronoun —bubūlis “little child”, cf. bubulūkai. $ 13. -užėlis, -ė. Only the prepositions -užis, -ė are not heard in the Vedic dialect. It is written only in the words of the song berniukas, mergužėle in the sudétinéje prefix -užėlis, -ė. $ 14. -ynas, -a. With this suffix only one noun with a pleasant meaning is written: sduli'na, ret. squlina. The term is derived from the Germanische Bezeichnung für einen ungezogenen, ungezogenen jungen Mann. $ 15. - Time. In words of Lithuanian origin, the diminutive graceful suffix -ikas rarely occurs, and only as part of the compound prefix -ik-utas, e.g.: bernikūtas "'boy' paršikūtas ", piglet". § 16. - You're crying. This suffix of adjective derivatives (cf. bdltitkas „,white“) is sometimes added to nouns, e.g. vaikitkas, „child, child“. $ 17. There is also a small number of Slavic-speaking minorities. Among them are the following: a) -time. With this suffix, as in Belarusian and Polish, it is now very popular to make personal nouns of a minor graceful meaning, e.g. : Alikas „Aliukas, Algiukas“, Barnddikas,,- Bernardukas- ®“, Donikas „Danieliukas“, Jūzis kas „Juozukas“, Kazikas „Kaziukas“, Kosttikas „Kastukas“, Valėrikas, „,Valeriukas“, cf. other borrowings of this suffix: kumpikas „kumpelis“, kaptūnikas,,bladinukė, striukelė“, križikas „kryželis“ ; 10 AkThr..., T. 14, p. 213, 215, 226. Both names are written from the local dialect. Lithuanian teacher Katrynos Zukelytės-Jodienės from Zasečiai k. 151 b) -usis, -ė. This suffix is also used more often for personal nouns, e.g. : Bolusis,,Baliukas®, Kastūsis,,Kastukas®, Marūsė "Marytė". The name is derived from the Greek word for "grandfather, grandmother, grandfather- -in-law, grandfather- -in-law, grandfather- -in-law". (c) -ilka. This hybrid suffix is used for the derogatory noun mergilka, “unserious girl”; (d) -pike. The name of the lake is derived from the Slavic word zajarec, meaning "small lake". Names of actions and their results $ 18. Since the names of actions and their results are mostly made up of —verbs, and often the same derivatives can have both action and result meanings, they are reviewed in one place. The more typical prepositions of actions are given first, followed by the names of the results of the actions. a) Action name suffixes: $19. -Is. It is one of the most commonly used prefixes in dialects. Its derivatives usually mean the name of the action, e.g.: walking, plowing, birth, drinking, „ eating, washing, shifnaouvimas, zatekėjimas, u'žimas, play, cf. also the hybrid kirijimas "smoking". However, a number of derivatives of this suffix have acquired other specific meanings: a) the result of the action, e.g.: plowing “a ploughed field”, swelling “a broken part of the body”, smelling “smell”, swelling “connection- ”, swelling “the swelling part of the blade”, boiling “Viralas”; b) the object of the action, e.g. jėdimas „valgis“, maitimas | maitymas „pastaras, penas“; (c) a specific document, such as a ‘writ of execution’. The examples show that the vedic forms are made from the past participle stem of the primary and secondary verbs (see drinking, ku'limas). In vedic forms made from secondary verbs, the suffix of the past participle stem is sometimes omitted, and it seems as if the vedic forms were made from the present tense stem, e.g. gulimas, „gulėjimas“ (cf. gūlė and gulėjo), kvapimas (cf. kvepėjo), penimas (cf. penėjo). Most action nouns made from primary verbs can be pronounced equally at the prefix, equally at the root, e.g.: prūsis || prūsis, gėrimas || gėrimas, kūlimas || ku'limas, pjovimas || pjovimas, žūžimas | wZimas. The name of the result of the action and the name of the object usually have a consonant in the root. § 20. -ym. With this suffix, action names are usually made from o-root verbs, e.g.: gani'mas, rūki'mas, sūki'mas, rarer ganamas, ru'kimas. Some derivatives of this adverb are used in a specific meaning, e.g. minki'mas "kneaded dough", pūdi'mas, valgi'mas "lunch, lunchtime- ". Another derivative of the suffix -ymas is made from a-stem verbs, e.g.: būsti'mas "living, being" (cf. busta, "living, being"), Degimas.,,- Pagirių k. pieva" (cf. dega). § 21. -Ulys. The -ulys adjectives are derived from verbs and go with the names of physiological phenomena or states, e.g.: kosulys „,coughing,“ skdudulis,- ,pain,,, smirdulis,- ,smell,,,. Some of the derivatives of this suffix 152 have a specific meaning, for example, "vote". § 22. - Someone. From verbs with suffix -ienė are made the words Čužičnė "mattressing, skiing (on ice, snow)", žaidi“nė "game, amusement", § 23. - Or. Only one verb derivative dailiba "division, division" (see dailit "to divide") is written with the suffix -yba. § 24. - I was. The word is derived from the verb to care, "to take care of something or for something". -$ 25. -um. From the verb with this suffix is made the word kvepūmas "breathing, smelling" (see kvėpa "smells"- ), which means both the action and the result of the action. A possible object, such as the verb burns, is the word flammability "heat" (in the dialect the adjective degūs is not). § 26. The meaning of other action names, made mainly with passive prepositions, is also much more specific, for example: (a) -lys: di‘glis ‘insertion, puncture’; (b) -na: frost ‘cold, frost’; c) -smē: gi*šmē “singing, song”; d) -tus : li'"tus ,casting- *. b) action results name suffixes: $ 27. -inys. This prefix must be made from verbs with a specific meaning, e.g., composite "mixed hay and straw feed", lopinis, trupinis. § 28. - Down. With this suffix are the following names of action results made from primary verbs: mi'žalai "urine", vefpalas, "spun threads- ", viralas,.sruuba: sometimes vegetable soup cooked". § 29. In many cases, this is the only way to write a number, for example, 10. : (a) -ekl || -ikl: dudekl || weft; b) -and the : hood; c) -etys: Sepsis (see Septi); (d) -yna: lupina || lupi'na ‘bark (of potatoes, trees)’; (e) -inės: rūzginės ~ rėzginės; f) -urys : lamp "Light, lantern, lamp"; g) -tooth : decay; (i) -utys: a little piece, a piece, a crumb. It is possible that the name may have been derived from the name of the castle, "Königsberg" or "Königsberger". Names of properties § 30. Specific names are made mostly from adjectives, less often from other parts of the language. In addition to the many derivatives of abstract meaning, there is one more noun of specific meaning. The latter are indicated separately. § 31.-umas. Most of the derivatives of this suffix are made from ordinary adjectives (without suffixes). Vedic can be both male and female, with no difference in meaning. Females are even more common. They mean usually an abstract153 ed characteristic, expensiveness, graininess, humidity, heat, bitterness || bitterness, latitude || latitude, ru'štumas || ru'štumas "sourness, -a", sweetness, sweetness, slipperyness, thickness, cold "cold", warmth, "heat", thickness. The word ddugūmas (see plural, many) is made from the adverbial noun. Another derivative of this suffix has a more specific meaning, e.g.: longitude, "the longest place", latitude, "the widest place", dryness, "dry place". $ 32. - Or. Vedic words with this suffix are made from adjectives, e.g.: geriba "goodness, kindness- ", gi'viba, skaistiba, jauniba "youth", negeriba "evil, badness"- ®s piktiba, saldiba. They usually have a long tail, but sometimes they have a short tail, such as in the case of the shark. § 33. -umynas, -a. The nouns of this compound suffix are also made from adjectives. The attribute expressed by them is stronger and more intense than the attribute expressed by the -umas derivatives. Most of the derivatives of this suffix are feminine, e.g. gražumi'- na "beauty, pretty", karštumi- 'na "heat, heat", tamsumi'- na "darkness, darkness- ". The male forms are rare, for example: gražuminas. $ 34. -Is. In dialects, nouns denoting characteristics are quite often made from adjectives and with the suffix -imas, e.g. dstrimas || aštrumas "sharpness", karštimas "heat", ru'ščimas "acidity", šlapimas,,Slapumas®. Some of the most commonly used are: 1. the phrase "I'm going to be a good man" (for example, "I'm going to be a good man," "I'm going to be a good man," etc.). It is also possible to use the word "triple" to refer to the three-folded field. ; § 35. - Cough. The adjective origins are: jduni'sta "youth, youthfulness", and seni'std, "old age, old age, old age". From the noun is made the existing derivative kungi'sta, less often kunigi'sta,,- baudziava®. $ 36. - Dad. With this suffix in the dialect there is only one noun made from an adjective: Svi“kata, less often šveikata, „health, health“. § 37. -aité. This is the reason why the full moon is called the "Full Moon of the Moon". Perhaps, in this word -aitė according to the analogy of other derivatives of the minor, gracious suffix has appeared instead of the suffix -atė (i-kaminė ending -is is not used in dialect). § 38. -ystva. This adverb next to -ysta has the words jduni'stva (more often jduni'sta), senistva. The suffix -ystva is probably a hybrid derived by contamination from the Lithuanian suffix -ysta and the Slavic -stva (see borrowed words: bagostva "wealth, wealth", križastva "crossroads", susi¢(d)stva "neighborhood", tėžestva, "difficulty, difficulty"). : § 39. For some abstract characteristics, there are also borrowed words with the suffix -astis, e.g.: rodastis "joy", slėbastis "weakness", spakdinasiis "peace; seriousness’. 154 The adverbial nouns in this $ 40. section are mostly made up of verbs and refer to various tools, devices, or some other means. There is little of this meaning in the Vedic dialect. § 41. - A fireplace. It is one of the most commonly used suffixes in this group, e.g. geldistuvas ,,galastuvas, pustyklė“,. ,,a device to fire a titanite“. iš There are ir many derivatives, for example: mentavai || mintūvai, muštūvai "part of the machine". | § 42. - You're a bitch. This is the reason why the mouthpiece is placed on the "sleeve" of the mouthpiecir e. § 43 - A shower. Su only a few examples are written with this suffix, e.g.: brduktuvė „tool for linen. "Culture of the Washing Machine". § 44. - oil. Oath -(i)olas has a verb-formed iš name sukėolas "a device for rubbing the sheaves", which has arisen, a possible object, according to the borrowed kotėolas "cocktail". $ 45. Some tool name suffixes are only found in individual widgets, e.g. :; a) - Dad. | -and || - This : water, maybe. That, that; perhaps, apostroir phe ‘excavator’; b) - That's a : harrow, rec. Harrow “harrows” ; c) - one : seat; d) - : transportation; e) -las : columns: f) -lys rake, : haplis "stack" Slavic suffix ; g) su -here is made a hybrid sprageli'Here "spragilo shank". $ 46. In addition to these, there are also other types of indexes ir that do not have a name. : su -elas : sprūgelas "springer", -enas: late springer, ~ -ega vedega. : Place names $ 47. Place names are nouns made from iš various parts of the language, which denote a place according to the objects in it, according to the action taking place in it, according to some other characteristic feature. Along with these names, more ar characteristic prepositional place names are also presented. $ 48. -Ynas. Words with the suffix -ynas are made from nouns to describe a place where there are many objects of one kind, e.g.: aglinas,.eglynas®, an(k)šlinas,,alksnynas*, aržolinas „oak grove“, biržinas, karklinas, ru9šutinas „Jazdynai“ škitdinas „chips“, hybrids kvajinas „pine grove“, veldukinas,.kadagynas*. 2, Iš words of the same meaning are derived place names, such as: Beržinas,,Pagirių k. meadow“, Ku'linas,,Pagiriy k. pasture“, LduZinas „forest near Narčių k.“, Lazdi'nai „Kurpešių k. meadow“, cf. also Gardinas,,Gradno city, Gafdinas“, from Belarusian lips, written place names Kpakain || Kapkaia,,Zmejaucų k. pasture“. JBoip3 inet,‘Narbutoniy k. laukas’. 12 In addition to these derivatives, Slavic borrowings are also used very often, e.g.: ariesni‘kas, lazd ynai“, bereznikas, „beržynas“, jielnikas „eglynas“. 155 Composed nouns $ 89. There are even fewer compound nouns in the Zietela dialect than prepositional derivatives. Mostly, the forms of two nouns are written. iš Usually, the first dot of this type of compound noun defines the second. The first element can be used to distinguish the following meanings of such compound nouns: possessive, e.g. grėblūkotis, kirvakočis „kirvakočis“, plg. a) Gaidžoklėonis | Gaidžuklonės ,,Zaseciu k. laukas“; b) similarity, e.g.: palandsis "wide, flat". There are only a few compound nouns in the dialect where the second accent defines the first. Jų the first accent mostly goes to the noun vidūrs. These enriched nouns have two meanings: the place, e.g. vidūki“mis „the middle of a) the village, the middle of the farm“, also cf. place names of similar meaning: Vidūgirei, less commonly Vidūgiris „forest between Zasečiai and ir iš Kurpešiai k.“, written by Belarusian lips Binynayka ,,Narbutoniy k. miškelis’’; b) time, e.g. midnight. It is difficult to determine the frequency of some of ar these iš consonants in these few examples. Many of the conjunctives of this type of structures coincide with the stem of the first element, for su example: laponėsis, grėblūkotis, medūkitmis. The noun kirvakočis is distinguished, having a connective vowel instead of the waiting -i. The -a- (primitive English afrikaat probably originated from the analogy of other vowels, cf. kirvakočo, kirvakoču), ir place name Gaidžoklėnis || Cocksuckers. The latter's connective vowel is probably the genitive ending of the ia-stem noun - I. The fact that this noble placename has recently grown into one į enriched noun shows the remaining accents. du Conjunctive of adjacent form -iu is probably a phonetic -iovariant, because the unpronounced o is sometimes pronounced w in other dialect words, e.g. kudėl kodėl, tukam tokidm. ~ ~ § 90. Su with other accents in the plural of nouns is written only one other word, e.g.: numeral noun: po pirmagalis, trikėjis, „stovelis puodams iš statyti“; ir adjective noun: ankstritas anstritas, less often ansritas, iš „morning, ir morning“; adverbial | noun: yoqdudi‘na „noon, noon®; from noun and verb: ši“mpjovis iš „Sheep-moweir r, picker“. § 91. The small group of compound nouns can still be supplemented by various compound proper names, the components of which are difficult for us to precisely associate with any part of the language, because we almost no longer feel those individual elements. This group of compound nouns of unclear action consists mainly of old personal nouns, e.g. : Vizgiris,,Pagiriy k. pavardė“, Zibartas „Zietelos apyl. „1814 —1815 m. Zietelos parapijos metrikų pavardė“, Gintowt,,Zasečių k. K. Būgos (Zš, p. 4) įrašyta pavardė“; 16th century documents: JloBkraJioBuusb (Zasečių and Strėlos k.), [lomMoHTOBHYD (Narbutonių k.), KourMunoBnub (Pagirių k.), PajuBujoBuus (Naručių k. and Zie162 tela)’. There are also other ir similar categories, e.g. : Butvilai || Butvilaucai, Gi„dzgalai || Gitzgalai, rarer Gitdgalai, Ži'bartai, Žibartduščina "Zietelos apyl. "Naugardukas" (in Lithuanian). Alphabetical index of noun suffixes $ 92. In the case of adjective nouns grouped by meaning, the derivatives of some prepositions are repeated in several groups of meanings. So that the reader can iš see all In order to find the suffixes of the Zietela ir dialect nouns, where each veda is mentioned, an alphabetical index is given below. jų -ainė $ 53 b, 64; - sheep, -ė § 11, 37; -down § 28; -alys 81a; -ara (|| -era) 82; -aras (|| -era) § 82; -astis § 39; - Dad. § 36, (|| -and | -ita) § 45a; -until § Ta. -auckas § 68; -aunykas § 72c; -(i)ava (|| -grape) § 51, 71b; - Here. § 45b; -eqas § 17c; - Well, -ė § 46, 82; -eika § 67a; -eyes (|| -éjis), -a § 55: -ékas § 68, 83; -eclas (|| -iclas) § 29; - They. § 46; - Yeah. § 70; -eli, -¢ § 4: - sharp, -ė § 7; -one. § 82; -one § 46; -énas § 62; -enés (|| -inés) § 29; -enskas § 68; -era (|| -ara), -eras, -eris § 82; -estis § 24; -and § 29h, -ita) (|| 45a, -etys 82; § 29c; -or § 23, 32; - yeah § 45g; -id(é), (-ida) § 52, 67c; -one § 49; -iené § 22, 63, 80: January § 81b; -I § 81c; -yka § 6: -ykas § 82; -age § 15, 17a; -ikis § 65; -ykla (|| -ycle) § 52 a; -sleeve § 42; -inhibitors § 53c; -ilas § 67b; -ilda § 67c; -ilka § 17c; -im § 19, 34, 45d, 75b: -ymas § 20; -inas § 70c; -yna § 29b, 75a; -ynas, -a § 14, 48, 65, 74; -other (|| -inés) § 78; -yné § 45c, 70d, 81d: -inés § 29¢, (|| -inis) § 76; -ini § 52b, 79; -inykas (|| -(i)nykas), -é § 50, 59, 68: -inis (|| -inés) § 76; -inys § 27: -ynos § 76; -ysta § 35; -ystva § 38; - I'm sorry. § 53a; -ice, -ė § 60; -ita (|| -father, -mother) § 45a, -ytis, 82; -¢ § 70; -itkas § 16; -ivis 81i; -las § 45th; -light § 26a, 45f; -na § 26b; -nykas § 68, 72c; -ears § 58, 72b; -ojas § 57, (|| -ojis, -ojus) 70th, 81st; - oil § 44: -oils § 82; -onas § 53d; -ionis (|| -iones) § 66; -ov § 81f; -Me 26c; ‘language § 53; -tus § 26d; -tub (|| -tubes) § 41, -tuvé § 43; -ucios § 82; -udä § 52c; -the child, -ė § 5; -(i)ulis, -é § 12; -ulys § 21, 72a, 87g; -um, -a § 25, 31, 51; -umynasa § 33; -one § 56; -one § 52d, -urys 82; § 29f, 52e, -us, 82; -é § 17b; -utas,-a § 8; -utas § 29g, (|| -ucios) 82; -otitis, -ė § 9; -utys § 29i; -uva ava) (|| § 51, 71b; -nodes § 13. GENERAL REMARKS GENERAL REMARKS $ 63. The name of the family is either masculine or feminine. Genus are distinguished both by the lexical meanings of words and by the morphological characteristics of nouns. The grammatical gender of nouns denoting the names of persons, actors, or some animals usually corresponds ir to the natural masculine feminine gender, e.g., man mdéteré, himself, su'nūs daughter, brother sesū? ; Calf cow, shit? ar — — — — — kale, darbinikas — darbininkė, — Pjovėjas ir pjovéja etc. However, there are ir inconsistencies: individual names denoting representatives of the male sex are feminine genders, e.g.: debt papa — "pope", tata "dad", surnames — Jėda, Kaška, Koska, Lenka, Žibka, o su in the masculine ending '€ AkThi..., vol. 14, pp. 203-208, 210-211, 215. 11* 163. used as a noun denoting the woman herself (next woman, female). The grammatical — genus of other nouns denoting ar concrete objects is — unmotivated, e.g. pirka, tvartas, grūžumas, seni'std. A dialect has several nouns that are not of the same genus su Ibid., e.g., mot. g. arrowroot, clownfish, birdfish, sémenos; 2004-2005 g.: bile ‘bile’. Two-sided — ir masculine, ir feminine genders are — the following nouns: petis, rudii, Vilna || Viliius || Waves. Be therefore, there are many other examples of fluctuation and confusion of the genus in the dialect, cf.: ašei “axles”, work „darbas“, dūonas „duona“, kėjei „pėdos“, pldukos „plaukai“, rankovei „rankovės“, sėserei „Seserys“, (ta) vandii°, vigai ‘berries’ (more commonly: asés, kdjos, sėserės, vu?gos). The bilingualism of people has undoubtedly contributed to such diversity be of noun families, which usually determines both the motivation and the interference of unjustified deviations from the norm. iš ir — Some nouns have their genus combined according to the Slavic (mostly Belarusian) family of the corresponding nouns, e.g.: darba, disonas, vandir". Other words (e.g.: ašei, asmokos, more frequently asmokai „pinigai“, baznicei, more frequently bažničos, kdjei, plaukos) the change of gender by direct analogy is difficult to explain. Most likely, these are a kind of hypernormalisms, which arose in order to say the most regular form of forgotten words. Usually, most of these forms of interchangeable gender are spoken by people who have not spoken Lithuanian for a long time. It is the result of the forgetting of the native language. Number su vę — $ 94. Nouns have a number: du singular plural, e.g. jduéas ir jaučei, pirka pirkos, sesū? : sisters. : : Two is a disappearing category. Daugiausia vartojami dviskaitos vardininko galininko linksniai skaitvardžiais ir du, dvi, rečiau abu, abi, pvz.: su vyr. g. ward. : du gražū bérnu nuvaždų; du yellow ir Zagre bit (was); need to have a bottom(- p); affect du bits; 2004-2005 g. gal. : maps di of the wages; dau kaisnukutu di “ gave du kasneliu®, both (du) parii nupenéjom; against. g. ward. 2-bit event “there were two sheep”; dvi bobi kasém; ira dvi (auxiliary) ducts; two di¢ni ya saw; If you have two doors, it is butter; against. g. gal. dvi kasi piné; two girls lost "two girls left", two sisters had; two Winter or (k) i ščojau. Plural forms with these su numerals are rare: arklei kovė; Two cars du brought. ir The forms of other binary verbs do not differ from the plural forms, e.g.: abejii vesės gala bit virai iš “Men were from both ends of the garden”; sa buys with two windows su "buys ar with double two windows- "; two horsetaisa ls in oatmeal; dvitmi (more often hesitating) bébomi ūtarinau "I talked to two women." Some dialect nouns may be only in one of the numbers, or only in the singular, or only in the plural. For example, singular nouns — are: akėča, kunodni'kas, malka “firewood”, heat, etc. ; ir Multiple apex — || "Zeberkel", dust (only for iš horseshoes), jaws “mouth, muzzle”, stdvai "Machine tools", nuts "sand, sand" ir etc. In some cases, the numbers of nouns are changed. E.g., in the general sense, the singular of specific nouns is often used instead of the plural, e.g., very worn grain; kab nebit futorij, nekas bit tauli when there p were no single-houses, farmland was far away’; This finger la won't last long. The plural is used , less frequently in 164 place of the singular, e.g. daf visa li'tai and li*tai "now it rains and rains"; his inner circle; woe and woe be. Linksnis § 95. Be I. The dialect also has the internal present tense, or iliative, the external present tense, or adjective, and the external present tense, or alliative"- ". There are also some distinct differences between the male and female, which are described in the following section: The females have a distinct coloration. feminine noun vns. inžinierius, vyr. ir mot. g. dgs. servitor, servant of the lord, chief and servant of the lord. § 96. The Iliatic is made of the ancient suffix and the postposition -n(a)'®. Vns. the iliative, like the inessive, forms are usually only found in nouns denoting inanimate objects, e.g.: indéi lapaii; the wagons are loaded; nuvažau giron; ifverté du?bėn. Dgs.iliativ can be used in nouns denoting both living and inanimate objects, e.g. inliūdo kdrtésna višta; loose cells' bébosna; you took the marchosna; It's a dream. $ 97. The adjective is made of the old singular pronoun and the postposition -pi (<-pie)**, more commonly -p, e.g. bérnipi, brolip, gaid(ž)itp || gaidip, Žukitp. The adverbial verb has mainly nouns denoting persons and living beings, e.g. beriukip akés grūžos "a boy's beautiful eyes"; pasiklauskig diévip; What's wrong with you? "my husband had a'sister'- "; formerly Žvirblitp; Kaškaip busti or Šaipūkip "Do you live with Kaška or with Šaipukas- "? girly grain's hair; bit only vifnas sunūs momaip; There's no pin. Only very rarely is the adesive verb used for nouns denoting inanimate objects, e.g.: o jūsip šonip mėoža ddugést busta,,0 your region may live more (people)“; rūdenip kunodas kūsė "autumn potato digging". There is no written record of the form. They are replaced by dgs. inesyvas, e.g. :jdaū manu"sa su'nu"sa children and "already my sons have children- "; tu’sa visu"sd žmonėsa nebit razumo "for all the people had no reason." Dgs. used in the adverbial sense vns. adverb in the phrase: kad aš būčap li“tuvi“p, tai viekėst pajimčap,,.that I lived with Lithuanians (in Lithuania), I would learn (literary language) faster“. Now sometimes even in place of vns. adesyvo occurs the final with the prefix pas: o paz Adama’ ar buvai? o ar pas Katrėina' jo nebit „or was he not with Katryna- “? § 98. It is composed of the genitive verb and the postposition -p (< —pie). This is only possible in the case of fractals. It is preserved in the conjugated word namop (e.g.: aimū namop; vazu°sim namop; namop nuvaZavdil) and "7 These locals are hereafter referred to by their Latin names for convenience. The inessive, or internal present pronoun, is abbreviated in in the text and In in the paradigm. '" Plg. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, pp. 460—461 (in Lithuanian); J. Endzelynas, Baltic language sounds ir forms, Vilnius, 1957, p. 130—131 (hereinafter referred to as — GF); J. English Grammar, English Grammar, t. 3, Warsaw, Poland 1956, p. 76 — 78 (hereinafter referred to as — Gr). 1* K. Būga, „Viltis“, 1908, Nr. 125; H. Du a3er nus, Jlarhuueknue npeggioru, T. 1, IOpsess, 1905, p. 168. J. Endzelynas, GF, p. 131; P. Arumaa, Researches on the History of the Lithuanian Personal Pronouns, Tartu, 1933, p. 90—92 (continued); A. Laigonaitė, Pašalio vietininkai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje, kn. : Some Questions of Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius, 1958, pp. 21 —25 (hereinafter —LKGK); J. Otrebski, Gr., vol. 3, pp. 78-83. 165 sometimes in nouns denoting persons (usually in surnames), e.g.: anas nuv@ Burdkop ‘he went to Burokas’’; Gaidžodp aisū; nuvejdaū ponop prašit, from Michailūko nuv@i Saračinskop “from Michailūko went to Saračinska”; aimū Zvirblép "I'm going to Žvirblys". Instead of the latter forms, the final form with the prefix pas is used more frequently: aimū paz Adēoli'; važūtju paz Ganšfa' ‘I am going to Genovaitė’- ’; Get out of here. Sometimes vns. in place of the alif, the adjective is said: ima di“vip. ta vaikūta'; and Rėmaki“p doesn’t want to go,,0 she doesn’t want to go to Roman““. The plural form of the lalliative is no longer used. In their place it is said: nuvejdii paz horses; I went to those people. The old dgs is used in the common language. The remains of the aliative we probably have in the saying: pėnum moZa bit, o žmonium nebit lošku', "the gentlemen might have had, but the people did not have beds". $ 99. Male nouns vns. the beneficiary limb is twofold: -(i)u and -i. Usually, forms with the ending -(i)u [<-(i)uo] are used, e.g.: drklu, bėrnu, pi“fmeniu, Suu, žmogu. In prepositional constructions, the old ending -i of consonant and i-root nouns has been preserved, mainly in forms with the following prepositions: lig, po and prig | preg || pri, e.g.: prig itam dahti kitas skdūst; after a little bit Snitgo "up to the armpit was snow"; "Daughter will keep me alive until death". It is believed- ?® that due to the influence of these roots, the (i)akamienes vns has the ending -i with the same prefixes. the form of the beneficiary, e.g.: dvi kasi lik itam ddikti; now brought a little bit; vdndifio po itam daikti "water to this place"; former preg brothers; pri kali busta “live by the road”; You're a prig stepsi. § 100. List of all feminine surnames vns. servant in place of Ik. the endings -a, -e have -ai, -ei (-@i), e.g.: kdjai pakile teėrla' "the foot broke the pot"; that guy there Li'ddi sa n@kej bobai will be „he lives there in Lyda with some woman“; vandi’® kap up @&i ajo from everywhere in the field; drowsily go; where the dwelling is located; sa gražia mergdi pasižūnino “he married a beautiful girl”; tdi pardi jaū buvdū nami’ "I was already at home by that time." There are also subordinate verbs or verbs that are fixed in certain sentences. indefinite forms with the ending -a, -e, e.g.: basaminiéa apšavė, „basniriomis apsiavė“; atdi nakča; I don't believe you. "today came"; "No, he's gone with the feathers." See also the notation of K. Boega: bérnas sa mergdite®. The latter examples would show that the forms with -ai, -ei in the dialect are newer. There is no doubt that -ai, -ei have been derived from noun forms. iš But because of how ir iš where the longer vns appeared. The opinions differ®, * Pig, tų J. Endzelins, Gr., p. 428—432; J. Otrebski, Gr., t. 3, p. 40; K. Ulvydas, LKGK p. 115tt. ; J. John LK McEnroe, GK, p. 7—8. 21 See. K. "Viltis", Vilnius, No. 1, 1908, 2000. 125. ** On the opinion that -ai, -ei abbreviated endings of noun pronouns or adjectives -ąja, -iąja, which were later generalized and extended to other parts of the language, see P. Arumaa, LMT, p. 42, 70; E. Fraenkel, min. ill., t. 2, p. 49; Z. Zinkevičius, The history of nominative adjectives in Lithuanian language, Vilnius, 1957, p. 100 (hereina- — fter referred to as the PIC). In the case of the Lithuanian language, the vns. 0 servant of iš old had next to the short (rankan) ir longer (noun) form (*rankajan), iš which may have appeared ir forrankai, ma see J. Kazlauskas, “Kalbotyra”; t. I., Vilnius, Lithuania 1958, p. 58; but plg. K. Morkūnas, MAD, A. t. 2(7), p. 198 tt. 166 Again, let's see, limbs ar -ai, -ei could not appear purely phonetically just firm-start absolute iš endings -ą, (possibly -¢ an item, not yet lost its noise) or -dn, -ėn, plg. analogous word root phenomenon: gelistuvas, kdisnis ~ kąsnis, kdisk kąsk, ~ pageldisk ',pagalask'. The same phenomenon is typical of ir some other — dialects, e.g. the northwestern Kaps gerdisas gerąsias, jdisas ~ ~ Jdsias, tais ,,that’’*, formerly Eastern The Prussian Lithuanian fishermen's dialects were better rights, kaisti, saldžėises, sldistai ~ žemdises? ?. True, -ai, -ei instead of the old fixed endings -d, -¢ ar -dn, -én is not recorded anywhere, cf. of all the aforementioned dialects dgs. gal. gdlvas (< *head), small, stream, vns. in. item (< *daiktėn), village, dgs. in. Southwestern Highland eared shark (< *outside), in the ir wilds of the green forests, Sveču?sa. This shows that when -¢-, -€- ar -dn-, -énbefore certain consonants in the root of the word turned -ai-, -ei-, the ending has already had abbreviated jų consonants**. ir Pozanavec tomb-shaped andy „anas“, tdis cannot discredit this statement, because these are primarily monosyllabic words, which generally often have peculiar laws of phonetic development, on the other hand, they can be derived from abbreviated noun forms o iš *andis, *tdisas or made by sample. jų Thus, the ir assumption that the limbs -ai, -ei could have been absolute endings iš -4, -¢ or -Dn, -I'm unacceptable. But such a transformation (i.e. 4, ¢ or dn, én > di, €i) probably occurs in almost all possible cases: both in the root of the word and in the protected vns of another syllable. ir in the ending of the noun (of analogous nouns dgs. The final forms are not preserved in the dialect). This is confirmed ir by kapsų, zanavykų vns. the form of the noun || senija sendja**. Later, with the shortening of the jvardZiuotiné forms, the bivowel ei ai, the second syllable easily merged su -j (<-ja)*": *-anjan > *-day > -dia > -di. It is possible, that the endings of the same verb and the analogous endings of the Salvian languages contributed to such a ir to large generalization of the longer endings in the Zietela dialect. -os, -eil, plg. Baltar. Nameiexay panHsū BSICHOH; Shut up. IPHONICS CO CBOeH xeKHOH. $ 101. All females of the genus are hermaphroditir e. the serving po stem vowel has an ending -mi, eg.: dick darba" virami iti¢mi „giv disse mænd arbejde- “: give these men a job (to rest); visomi marčomi po skėpta' nupirko "bought a scarf for po all the marčos": kdrvémi kunédu: diejam: visicmi Zmonémi atldidé; I bought an eye smoke" "I bought eye drops"; Come on. The same limbs have many ir (mostly mot. (g) nouns dgs. the forms of the noun, e.g.: visa reikéj rafikomi dirpt; five girls aimū sa namop; elongated branches for cutting; write with your own eye; danittimi Crimea; uprooting (trees) entirely; aimū savomi sa dudkerimi; less frequentsa ly merged, Sakomi®s, sa ** J. "Silver-plated sculpture, Philately". m. cand. dissertation, journal, Vilnius state V. Kapsuko Library Rankrastynas, Vilnius, Lithuania 1955, p. 64; J. Otrebski, Gr.,t.1,p. 175. *4 See. J. Gerullis ir Chr, Stang'as, Lithuanian fishermen's dialect in Prūsuose, Kaunas, 1933, p. 11. ** The long survival of the nasal strong-end vowels of ir the word stem, especially gq, is evidenced by old e, writings, ir see. A. Bezzenberger, Beitrūge zur History of Lithuania language, Géttingen, 1877, p. 30; J. Palionis, Lithuanian literary language XVI17th century, Vilnius, Lithuania 1967, p. 99—103, See. J, Senkus, LKK, t. 3, p. 146— 147. * Plg. J. Endzelins, Gr., p, 470—471; Z. Zinkevičius, IBIB, p. 43. | ** The origin of the form is unclear. Therefore, dgs. caud. mergdmi ir dgs. in. mergomi (more often mergomi) different notation is more formal. 167? Formally dgs. of the beneficiary and dgs. The forms of the infinitive differ in the adverb or the place of the conjunction, but in essence the two verbs have one generalized ending. Based on other dialects, which mainly use the same dgs. caud. and inn. form, it must be assumed that it was first generalized to the i and consonant root? ?, and only after -(7)o, ė for other stems*?. Dgs. the ending -mi for the noun and the adjective for these two verbs was probably generalized not very long ago, because dgs still occurs occasionally. forms of the noun without -i, e.g. dik za'sim ožū; adick jiėm; I told them. § 102. Synonyms of all surnames dgs. the inessive has the ending -sa, e.g. krūmu?sa, nasru®sa; bébosa, pirkosa, drdugėsa, ūpėsa; kru'ti'sa; baltu'sa, drobinésa, trijosa, ju"sa, manosa, tosa. The same dgs. The inesive ending is widely found in the southern Dzūkų dialects — both in the territory of the Lithuanian SSR (approximately up to the line Lazdijai —Varėna —Šalčininkėliai“?), and in the adjacent Lithuanian places of the Belarusian SSR (Gafdino, Rėdūnios*- š?, Varenavo, Įvijos r.) and others. There is an opinion that the terminal dgs. in. The a in the forms a is due to the depalatalization of the consonant s**, but most likely it has come from the iliative forms, e.g. lauku®sna, savosna*- *. 103. § 103. In Zietela dialect, like in Ik., there are six main noun roots: (i)a, (i)o, é, i, (i)u and consonant. Not all trunks are equally strong and well preserved. The strongest are the (i)a, (i)o and ė stems. The remaining -i, (iJu and consonant — are weaker: many of their forms are displaced by the corresponding (i)a-, (i)o or ė-stem forms, for example, the (i)u stem plural is almost entirely displaced by the ia stem plural: su'nai, su'nami, pėčeis. Most of the i and consonant root nouns of the mot. genus have passed to the ė (duktė || dukterė, moteris, zūsė "goose", gyvė "fish") or less frequently to the —(i)o root (ūkštos || ūkštės), and the masculine genus to the (iJa (dantas || dahčis, dantei, šunei), less frequently to the ė root (dantés, šunnės). There are also cases where the opposite happens, for example, some (iJa or i-root nouns in separate syllables get (i)u-root endings, e.g.: vns. in. Fire, fire, fire. Brother, two-wheeler. Other minor cases of strain mixing are listed after the paradigms. The name is not written in the script. 29 It seems that P. Aruma (LMT, p. 68) was the first to notice this characteristic when writing down texts in Lazūnų dialect:, Nur die /-Stdmme endigen in beiden Kasus regelmūssig auf -mi“. 30 For the origin of the formant -mi, see P. Arumaa, Untersuchungen..., p. 50—78; E. Fraenkel, min. veik., t. 2, p. 36; J. Otrębski, Gr., t. 3, p. 84—85. 31 Based on data collected for the Lithuanian Language Atlas (according to question 290 of the Programme). 32 O), Brokas, describing the Lithuanian dialect of the eastern part of Rodūnia district (Puodžių, Lapėtiškių, Zeniūnų k.), dgs. transcribed the inessive ending -se, but noted that s is not subdued, see. O. Broch, NTS, t. 19, (1960), p. 21. 32 Plg, J. Senkus, MAD, A, t. 1 (1955), p. 150; A. Laigonaité, Vietininkai dabartinėje lietuviy kalboje, phil. m. kand. dissertation, typewritten, Vilnius, 1956, p. 15—16. *4 But plg. Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 239. 168 Spelling § 104. A dialect noun has a number of ir pronunciation peculiarities. In many cases, people who have forgotten the dialect no longer feel the pronunciation system ir of words and are relatively confused about the place of the accent. Mostly confusing is the noun vns. įnagininko, dvs. denominator, adjective, dgs. the place of the backhand strike. For example, I ir The 3rd accent nouns of these verb forms often have a shifted accent ending, į e.g.: vns. in. Drklu || arlū, brolu || brolū, Idužu || lauzi, picdu || puedii, sūnu || su'nū; aginai || agu®ndi, galvai || galvai, marškai || marskdi: dvs. ward. — gal. du Brother- || 's brother, || sirnu su'niv; two bobi || bobi, tied up tied up || ,,ryksti”, strdisti straisti || ,,maiSiuku‘‘; dgs. gal. drklas || arkliai, brélus || broliai, darbus || darbūs, sinus || sunis: drebes canvases, galvas | galvas. || It seems that the end of these forms began to be pronounced mainly because of II ir IV pronunciation of nouns by the corresponding vowels. Although the accent is ir moved, the difference between nouns of different pronunciation has not disappeared, because the earlier prefix of the word root is retained, which, except for one other ma case, is the same as the prefix of most nouns. A number of factors influence the placement of the mouthpiece. The first ir three lines of the phrase are usually in the first line of the second line. tų o — Individual II ir IV accentuated noun forms, spoken with a degressive ir su accent. The interjection is usually drawn from the long root of the iš short ending, e.g.: vns. į in. gaidu, rētu, vef$u, vārdu, dgs. gal. gaids, blinus, žēdus, pirkas, virščas. However, this phenomenon is much more rare than the above-mentioned limb lift. The two other characters are very funny. The į vns of ia-stem nouns is often pronounced double. ir ending su denominator -ys, or -is: forms with a pronounced ending (arklis, gi'lis, glebis, šulnis) are often pronounced at the root (drklis, gilis, glébis, šūlnis), forms with a root pronunciation (an(k)slis, žodis) are sometimes o pronounced at the ending (an(k)slis, žodis). The vns of one noun is pronounced twice as often. iliative (krūman || kru'maūi, Padan || padani, ratan || ratai, skittafi || skittan, sédan || sodaii) of others, — etc. inesyvo ar iliativo forms (daiktuosa ddiktuosa, || daiktu®sna ddgiktu®sna, || lovu?sa|| lovu'sa) third —vns. adhesive, cf. § 106 et seq. There are more things to do with the pronunciation of different smaller forms of nouns. They are listed in the notes after ar the jų paradigms. ir Snoring (i)a strain § 105. Singular V. brdlis, parsas, bernas, kėlas, gaidis || gaidis K. brélo, paršo, barno, kalo, gaido || gaidžo N. brélu, parsu, baérnu, ké@lu, gaidu || gaidžu G. brėli, paisa’, bérna, kéla gaidi In. brolūš*, parsa, barn, kelur || kelu, gaidū || gaidžū ——— — * The forms in paradigms and text with two crosses indicate that they can be used to cross the root ending. ir ir 169 In. vėji', skiete, daiktė, kelė: ramti „Jazdoje“ Il.“ vėjin, skictan, daiktai, kelan, ramtii Ad. brdlip, parsip, bérnipi, gaidip, gaiditp || gaidžitp Al. ponop, gaidop || gaidžop Š. brol(i) || brėldu, pone, beėrne, žalti | Plural V.-G. du brélu, du paršū, du bérnii, du gaidi || gaidžū Plural V. brélei, parsai, bernai, gaidei || gaidžai K. brolu', parsu, bernii, gaidii || gaidžū N. brolami, paršami, bernami, gaidūmi || gaidžūmi G. brėlūs, paršūs, bérnis, gaidūs || gaidžiūs In. broleis, parsais, bernais, gaideis || roodžais In. Zirnu'sa, pénu°s(a), ddiktu'sa, gaidu"sa || gaid?u'sa It. Zirnu®sna, pdiitu’sna, ddiktiesna, Svefi®sna S. brēlei, bernai Notes. § 106. 1. From a-kamieniy nouns vns. The noun endings occasionally lose the movable a, e.g. vaiks, more often vaikas, ditus, more often dies || ditvas, cf. nechoi di“z gina "God save us." This type of ia-stem nouns, such as artdjas, krdiijas, vėjas vns. The noun after the consonant j often has the ending -is: artdjis, krdūūjis, véjis. 2. ia-stem nouns vns. The inessive is abbreviated, e.g. kaisni,,gabale“, krduji || kraūji', kurgi, lopši, lovi, ramti, réti, samti', vėji'. The word kėlas has the a-root vns. inessive form kelė, cf. daiktė, krašta. 3. Those ia-stemmed doctoral names which vns. noun ending in -ias, vns. in the iliative, they have the ending -ian (< -iana) (kelaii "on the way, on a journey- ", medjafi), and all the rest have the ending -in (< -ina) (lovifi, ramtif, samtin, väjin). 4. Vns. the end of the adhesive is twofold: -iep or -Ip. Limb -iep is more commonly pronounced, e.g.: arklifp, ditvifp, gaidip, || gaidžitp, lictuviep, veršitp, Žukitp, žvirblip, and unpronounced —-ip: drklip, Adolip, Adomip, bernūkip, Bēlusip, brélip, Bur6kip, dēdžūkip "at uncle's", jdučip, ditvip, gaidip || gaidžip, Jonip, kiškip, paršip, pénip, kalšip, virip || viriškip. But next to it is also said: gaidip, paršip, kalšip or Romakiep, viriškiep, žvirblitp. Sometimes used jvardiné vns. ir the end of the adhesive, e.g. : Žukelčikimp burned barn, cf. manimp, mu'simp. 5. 2nd edition. aliative usually accentuates the limb -up (GaidZ6p aisū “I’ll go to Gaid”; aimū Zuk dp), and in the case of multisyllables —variably: and limb trunk ir (Gaidel 6 p go away; We took Machu Picchu || Machu Picchu; Mikhailukop || Mikhail, I'm running. ‘passport Michailuką (translated) then I run.” 6. 2nd-generatia on dual-engine engines. the exclamation mark is -e. Such a vowel is pronounced usually at the root, e.g.: kab tdu, bérne, dūgnebūt ka tu, berne, prasmegtūm kur“; di“ve, dandk tdu; Get no off of my , feet, sir. kid, krūpa' inkdisk "kid, snack a little". But sometimes the interjection occurs in the ending, e.g.: kab, vaika, stolavėjatės kaip, vaikas, maitinatės“ di¢vé mano militkas ir 170 0 ,,0 ? "God my dear". : Multi-core (with prefixes -ukas, -utas) noun vowels are mostly endings, e.g.: kiškūt nabagūt be (1.d.); aima, brolūk; Wait, wait, wait, wait. ask, come here. Some-not-soia me root nouns vns. a vowel has an iu-stem ending, e.g. ; Tap your door, brother. “taip einasi (good luck, brother- )” tu di‘vūlau manas; So, sir, Cap. In dialect, the noun is often used instead of $aukmininkas, ir bitent: oh, my kitten; go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, tu go, sir, go, sir, ar go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go, sir, go "Are you going anywhere today, sir?" načalni"kas (superior), do me tep; Oh, the military. tu 7. In addition to the usual dgs. Limbs of the innatus -(iThey occasionally (possible object, Slavic noun example, part according to feminine iš nouns) occur ir verb forms to ir su -(i)ami, e.g. : jdučami tadaik are ‘the beasts then plowed’; fingered intarsia "fingered intarsia"; upsliding; sa swečūmi prabit; ana 0 būma tomi vilkūtami sa būna tais vilkiukais“. „o ji su ; 8. Dgs. The inessive is often abbreviated, ir e.g.: daržū?s, kampi®s, laukiės, marškini?s, nagiiu’s „mnaginėse“, poni’s, rugu’s. Sometimes the full forms are said with a digressive accent, e.g.: didešnū'sa vaiki"sa. su 9. Dgs. iliative, occasionally has a pronounced postposition, e.g. nas(t)ru’sna, Zirmonu’sna Žirmūnus”. „į The word is heard in the su form end -uosan: ši"na' stogii®san sakrdudinéja "the wall is loaded by a stirrup". į The dgs of nouns. adhesive ir aliative are no longer used. 10, Dgs. exclamator occurs rarely. It coincides su with dgs. vard., e.g. : kab jumi, gentlemen, all would be fine'p “that you, gentlemen, may be well”; oh, my brother- 's hands; Chicken jus, virai, aimat "where you men are going". § 107. In the dialect of a Zietela, stameno has other meanings: ménas "moon, ia moon", — stameno ir bile spider ‘air’. Instead a of the root words ažaras, viras, it can sometimes be said ir ažaris, viris, vns. gal. Up to date, watch. 2. In addition to ia-stem forms with su Afrikaans (gaidžo, gaidžū, gaidžei, ramčo, rėčo, žodžo), non-Afrikaans forms (gaido, gaidi, ir gaidei, ramio, réio, žūdo) are used. J They are probably derived from other forms of the same paradigm that do not exist in the Afrikaans (gaidis, ramtis, gaidi', ramti-, ramti, rėti", ramtiū, rėtin). The same applies to the less common ir reverse phenomenon, e.g.: gėdžis, daničis, žodžis, daūiči', žodži“, žodžin. 3. IV The accents are lip, ku'gis, bile, žaltis, rūžnas "Broomstick". (i)o stem $ 108. Singular į V. boba "wife, woman", mama "mother", head, gira, marti marča' bobos momos, || galvos, giras, K. marčės bobai, momai, galvai, girai, marčei bėoba', moma", = galva', gira', N. maiéa G. „ In. bdbai, momdi, galvai, girdi, marédi In. strdistoi, 'galvéi, giroi It. straiston, galvėn, gifon, 171 less often cilvēkū, || cilvēkip cilvēki*p. Most of the time, all forms of the word ir bėči(u)s have an accent at the root. The single word tuigus is of the second, the plural of the fourth accent. Parafacial trunk o — § 121. There are a number of different types of (x ir r) skeletal bones. Almost all root nouns are masculine, m e.g.: akmi®, pi“mi? ", rudir, they. tesmire, vandie. But brown? || rudené vandi®, ir probably due to the influence of the corresponding words in Slavic languages, often becomes feminine, e.g.: ilga rudie i rudenė, rudenės, lig rūdenei; toka vandii® bit, nūvet kovė || negėrė „that (dirty) water an was, even the cow did not drink“. Female genders are ir į o and the ė trunk-transitive trunk » noun sémenos sėmenės. || Substantive r nouns daughter — (rarely dukteré), woman (next to feminine), sesii® is a — feminine genus. To of the same root di“veris di¢veris || (ret. di“veris) has almost completely į ia crossed the trunk. Į a The stem is crossed s by the root word ménas "moon, moon". § 122. nir root noun r conjugation paradigm: Singular ši? V. || Suva || cells, pitfmi?, sesū? || sister K. dog dog || breeder, sisters shimu N. prig || Suni, pi“menu, sa@serei, reč. seserei G. Suni, pi¢meni’, saseri’ In. sSunu, pi“meniū, sėserdi In. water IL. Sunin of the mind Ad. šūnip || šuni*p*", pitmenip | pi“*meni“p, s@sereip, ret. seser&ip Binary V.G. du dog, du pi"meniū, two sisters | Plural of V vertex || Sunes || Sunei, pimenai || pi‘menei, s@serés || s@seres K. Suni, reC. Suni pi“menū pi'menū, || seserū šunimi N. šunūmi, || pi“fmeniūmi, sėserėmi sėserimi || šunis šunūs, G pitmeriūs, || sėseres sa@seris šunimi || In || Suneis, pi"menais || pi'menūmi || pi"meniūmi, s@serémi | sėserimi In. Shu'aiba || Suni’s(a), picmeni®s(a), sa@serésa 11. Sunisna || funusna, pi'meiti®sna || pi'memi°sna, seserésna Pastabos. § 123. Only a few of the old consonant stem endings have been preserved in the dialect, e.g. : vns. ward. šū?, sesū?, teSmi°; dgs. kilm. stones, daughters, obelū, pi“menū, Sunil, sisters; su prepositions g. vns. caud. like autumn; prig shimi; 40 Ši form taken iš Chr. Stango (NTS, t. 18, p. 186—187). 178 occasional pcs. kilm. ir dgs. ward. the daughter of the sister; three sisters: Sines you, do ir visa; jaib three doughnuts bit “she had three daughters”, cf. but K. The form of the blade is rounded. That this is the old dgs. denominator ending -es, shows the form of a fallen su short -e, e.g. : two daughteČa rs, one son. Male gender vns. adhesive tip -ip, etc is overlapping the same su iir ia-stem nouns ending in -ip: šimip, šuni*p, pi*menip, rūdenip. The masculine adesive ending is sometimes transferred to feminine words, e.g. dúkterip (more often dúktereip, sėsereip). Most of the old consonant stem endings have the word šū? paradigm (plg. su i plural consonant forms: šunimi, šunis, šunimi, šuni'sa, šunisna). There are other words for the same word, e.g. ir m the ends of the posterior, ir inessive iliac, coinciding with the ends su ia ir i of the trunks, cf. vns. gal. "pičmeni- ", "tėšmeni"; vns. in. stones, sculptures; vns. it. akmenin, vafideniūi. Occasionalsu ly in the old limbs occurs more ir » trunk dgs. naudininkas, galininkas, įnagininkas: dūkterimi, sėseris, sėserimi. The origin ar of the name ar is unknown. g. vns. a noun form that accentuates the ending, e.g. tiktaik seserei tai pasakdū vienai: virešnei seserei savo pasakdii; Shui Chi leaves (letters) daughter ir has enough. In addition to the older forms of the consonant stem, adjacent, based on or made from the stem, i vns are ia already being used. nominative forms: akmenis, pičmenis, rūdenis, tūzmenis, vandenis, kūnas. The occasionally occurring form shuva is of the same origin as the western Dzūkian sesuva, ruduva, šuva, vanduva. ir Other » stem verbs have ia, less frequena tly stem endings, e.g. paradigm. Neighboring word ruddy? feminine singular forms, like most of the root forms of the number ir itself, have now passed to the root, cf. r į ė paradigm. The ė-root form is often used for the ir masculine word hund dgs. denominator. According to Ē-stamme vns. The noun form daughter has been derived ir from the shorter adjacent ė-stem forms of almost all other vowels: vns. kilm. daughters, pc caud. dūktei, vns. ad. drum type, dgs. in. daughter. She is often called "Sister" by her sisters, ir who call her "Sister". § 124. "Steering Committee, except for Mr. Vandenbergh". noun, in all other vowels can have two forms: next to varnderis, vandeniu pronounced vdidifio vdūdinu, ir t. t. vdūdini“, vandinin... ** Is the same phenomenon found in other ir Lithuanian dialects, as well as in ancient o writings? ?2, * * * § 125. Compared su with other dialects of Lithuanian, ir the noun in the Zietela dialect has a number of peculiarities. Most of them are the result of centuries jų of isolation of this dialect: Due to such isolation (nearest Lithuanian place from Zietelos is over 80 km į north), the dialect has some archaic characteristics, e.g.: postpositional 41 It is said that the voice e su i alternates in ir the individual nouns of the Zietela dialect, e.g.: ddeta ūdata ūdita, k@penés kėėpinės, || škėpeta : : : Skgp(ita ir kt. 4 Zr. K. Booga. Selected writings, t. 3, Vilnius, 1961, p. 369, 375; A. Jonaitytė, LKK, t. 3, p. 107; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 58— 59. 12+ locals (gaidip || gaidp, gaid(ž)ėp, kdrveip, sėsereip, akin, dantin, dantisna, galvésna, turgū"sna), the forms i ir of individual syllables of the consonant stem (v.s. caud. prik daphites, po puzziness, like rust; vns. kilm. daughters, sisters; dgs. ward. Duck, Sun) etc. ir On the other ši hand, the iš dialect of ancient is influencja ed by the surrounding Slavic languages (mostly Belarusians, less Polish ir Russians). The influence of Slavic languages is quite pronounced. He has a broken knee, a ir sprained ankle. ir Due to the tų influence of languages, the family of some words is confused (darba, di°nas, vandi), acquired the suffix for making nouns with a genuine minor graceful meaning su -ikas, various affixes appeared ir su Hybrids thereof (girls, ru'kééus, sunaiiéus "nephew" pradi"nephew ir "grandfather" etc. There are many different ir morphological features in the dialect, which cannot be explained by the direct influence of Slavic languages, but it is undoubted that the bilingualism of the dialect representatives has jų determined the emergence of many of them. They already think in Belarusian and, when it is necessary to speak in Lithuanian, translate their thoughts; in general, they have forgotten the traditional local Lithuanian dialect. Due to this, to there have been countless parallelisms, parallel forms of inflection, ir (sdulina || sduli'na, pelūdė || pelūnė, senista || seni'stva; meFgaip || mergdip, jdudeis || jauéami, s@serémi || s@serimi). It is true that the Lithuanian literary language and other dialects of the Lithuanian language have ir contributed somewhat to the morphological forms of this dialect. Su with other dialects, mainly with — the western Dzūki zieteliskie — have had to communicate Lydes, less frequently Zietelos, Vilnius other ir markets, one another Lithuanians of other su dialects has met, serving the tsarist Russian ar bourgeois Polish army. Lithuanian literary language has had to be learned by one other person from Zietel 1918 — 1928 m. In the k. Lithuanian school in Zasečiai, you can iš hear Lithuanian intelligentsia who worked there for ir some time, and you can meet some of them through the Lithuanian press. However, I'm going. The influence is mainly limited to ir the vocabulary in that most dialect speakers ar are better able to understand a person speaking ar another closer dialect in the literary language. In general, į the poorness of this Lithuanian dialect is striking. This is felt by the Zitel ir people themselves. Many speakers of the dialect who speak Lithuanian relatively well often resort to Slavic languages in order to express more complex ideas. For many to predicative prepositioir nal derivatives, only one other example can be illustrated. However, on the other hand, there is undoubtedly a considerable be amount of unwritten material left ir in the dialect, which could illustrate not only the morphology of the noun but also the overall structure of ne this unique dialect in general. ir HMS CYIIJECTBHTEJIbHOE 3ETEJIbCKOMr0 T OBOPA A. BUAYTHPHC Pe3iome B crarbe onuchiBaercsl CJIOB006pa30BaHHe H CJIOBOH3MEHEHHE HMEH CYLIeCTBHTeJIbHBIX 3eTEJIbCKOTO TrOBOpa — OJHOTO H3 CAMbIX HHTepeCHbIX H30JIHPOBAHHBIX TOBOpOB JIHTOBCKOTO sidbika Ha TeppuHTopunx Besopycckoii CCP. B I'm not going to be the only one. I'm not going to be the only one. B Y CTaHABJMBAKOTCS Cjelyiouine O6pa30BaTeJibHbIe TH180 nbl: CyOOHKCAJIbHLIĖ, NpedHKCaJIbHbIĖ, OjieKTHBHbIĖŪ H CJIOBOCJIOxXeHHe. I'm not sure what you're talking about. I'm not sure what you're talking about. 1996) 1916 – Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter, sculptor, sculptor, sculptor (d. : an(k)stritas, kifvakocis, Sierpjovis, viduūki“mis) a Takxe OnekTHBHbIe 06pasoBanus (Hanp.: drdugė, svilus, Siltis) Ans TOBOpa He XapakTepH. | I'm in love with you. B CJI0BA CyOĒnKcajIbHOTO 06pa30BaHHs1 MOJPA3/e. IIOTCS Ha TpYIINkI IO 3HaueHHIO. H3 TaKHX rpynn HanGojiee HHTepecCHb!, HANp. : AEMUHYTHBH C cyddukcamu -ukas (arkllūkas, at the ridge), -yka, same -orka (karveika, pauštūka, saujika), -utas, -a (kiškūtas, langūtas, merguta), -yna (sdulina| siuli-nd); nasBanus JeHCTBHIl H MX pe3YyJibTaTOB c cypdukcamu -imas (ploughing, drinking, ku-limas, smelling (cp. smelling) wu ploughing, drinking, carpeting), -ymas (being-ing, vdlgi-mas), -iené (Euficné, Zaidicné), -ulys (skdudulis), -yba (dailiba); cBoicTB ¢ cydduKcaMu -umas, uae -uma (dearness, beauty, bitterness), -yba (jduniba, sweetness), -umyna (graZumina), -ysta (seni-std), -imas (bitterness, urine); uaspanua jun ¢ cyddukcamu -iskis, -ė (Latvian, -é, Lithuanian, -ė || Lithuanian, -€), -ainé (Breton) x Ap. Bo BTOpOM paccMaTpHBAIOTCSI H3MeHeHHSi HMEH CYIIeCTBHTEJbHBIX roBOpa No pojawm, UKHCJIAM H najiekaMm. ¥ CTaHaBJIMBAIOTCS, UTO HeKOTODpbIe HMEHa CYUIECTBHTE IbHbIE YNIOTPEO/ISIOTCS H B MYIKCKOM H B JKeHCKOM poje (rudie, Vilfia || Vilnus) Wim SBASIOTCS HHOTO POJia, ueM B JIHTepaTypHoM siabike (algae, bile). Let's go. H MH. 4., HMeHa CYNIeCTBHTEJIbHbIe B HMEH. H BHH. Najekax HMeioT elle JABOHCTBEHHOE UKCJIO, yrnoTpelasieMoe C UHCJIKTEJIbHbIMH du, dvi, abu, abi: du gražū bdrnu nuvažau; both daughters lost. Kpome cemu najexeii, Takux, Kak B JIKHTEpaTYypHOM si3biKe, B TOBOpe ellie YIioTPeOAAIOTCA: HJIIATHB (ell. 4. gifon; MH. Uu. dafitisna), aneccHB (TOJIbKO el. 4. bérnipi, versi¢p, vistaip) wv annatuB (TOJIbKO el. 4. namop, ponop). Jar. Mother. eA. 4. MyKckoro pojia Bcerfa ynorpebiisieTcsi 663 KOHEUHOTO -i: gaid(®)u, katinu. B npeji10>xHbIX KOHCTPYKIHMSAX COXpaHHJIOCb CTapOe OKOHYAHHE -i Jar. Yes. Hey. 4. M. p., YHacJieJJOBaHHOe OT CYUIECTBHTE/IbHbIX C OCHOBOH Ha i H Ha COTJIACHBIN: po paZasti, prig danti, pri keelli, lig rūdeni. The name of the city is transliterated as B aT. Maj. Ef. 4. MpoH3HOCATCS C yJapeHHeM Ha OKOHUaHMM, Hamnp. : cat, march, march, sister. OopMbi TBOp. Maj. el. U. BCeX HMEH CYLIECTBHTEJIbHLIX *XKEHCKOTO POJia HMEIOT OKOHYaHHSA -aj, -Ei: mdrskai, virv@j, HO B HEKOTOPbIX (ppa3ax HJIH B HApEUYHSX BCTpeYalOTCA H OKOHUAHHS -a, -e: nakéa, paklune. OopMbi HMEH CYIIECTBHTEIbHBIX C OCHOBAMM Ha (i)o, é, (i)u B HHeCCHBe ell. 4. BCErjla NpoM3HOCATCH 0e3 KOHeYHOTro -e: Strdistoj, pirkéi, drdugéi, saldiéhui, a c OCHOBaMH Ha ia, i H Ha corjacHbii —6e3 -je: krduji, akmeni. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. Maj. MH. U. HMEIOT OKOHYaHHe -mi: arklami, galvémi, akimi, su-numi. CymwecrBurejibHble C OCHOBaMH Ha (i)o, ė, i H Ha corAIACHBIN TO Ke OKOHUaHHe HMEIOT H B TBOP. II. 1998-1999 MH. 4.: bought, mouse, dog. Dopmbl HHECCHBA MH. 4. GOJIBIIMHCTBA HMEH CYLIECTBHTEIBHBIX OKAHUHBAIOTCS Ha -s(a) BMECTO -se JUTEpaTYpHOTO A3biKa (krumu’sa, upésa napsiny c¢ krūmus). I'm sorry. JibHble C OCHOBOW Ha COTJIACHBIH B POA. Maj. el. 4. H B HMeHUT. Maj. MH. 4. COXpaHHJIH CTapoe OKOHUYaHHE -es (Cp. seserés H s@seres, Sunes HapARY C seserds, s@serés, s@seri's, Sunés, Sunei) M Jp. 181 Muorhie cyulecTBHTE/- IbHbIE B TOBOpe MOTYT HMeTb ĮĄpyryjo OCHOBY, 4UeM B JIKTepaTypHOM s3blKe (ménas, pdūštė) unu JApyryio napajaurmy VYjapeHus (bitė | bitė 2, 4, lapas 4, pirka 4). He's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money and he's got a lot of money. Kak BHIHO H3 3TOTO KpaTKOro 063opa, B CJIOBOH3MEHEHHH CYILECTBHTE- /IbHbIX roBOpa, C OJĮHOH CTOPOHbI, COXpaHHJIHCb MHOTHE apXaHyeCKHe Yep Thi, HO C Ip Y roi — MOSIBHJIOCh H HeMAJIO WHHOBALH. CoxpaHeHHIO apxaH3MOB CMOCOOCTBOBAJIO JOJITOBEYHOE M30JIHPOBAHHOE M0JI0JKeHHe 3T1oro rosopa. [losiBsienune Ke HHOBalHHĖ, KpoMe H30JIHPOBAHHOCTH, BbI3BaHO TeM, UTO 3TOT TOBOp H3/laBHA HAXOJAMTCH B TECHEHIIMX KOHTAKTaX CO CJIABSHCKHMH si3plKamu (HauGoJiee TECHO KOHTAKTHPYeT ¢ 6elopyCCKHM, MeHee —C NOJIbCKHM H pycckuM). KerarH BiMsiHHe THX $3BIKOB HaOJIIOJIaeTCHA He CTOJIBKO B 001aCTH H3MEHEHHS HMeH CYLIeCTBHTEJIbHbIX roBopa (Hamp., B HEKOTOPhIX CJIOBAX POA H3MEHSIeTCS! NO NpHMepy COOTBETCTBYIOLIMX CJIOB CJIABSHCKHX SI3bIKOB: ddrba, di°nas, vandi®), ckonbKo B 06JacTH cJioBooGpa3oBanusi (Hamp. : o6o0LIeHO 06pa3oBaHHe JAEMHHYTHBOB OT WMEH COOCTBEHHBIX C cy(dukcom -ikas, NOSBUIOCH MHOTO THODpH/IOB C CJIABAHCKHMH adxpukcamu: mergilkos, ru-koéus, sundiéus, prodi¢ditkas) w np. Kpome Toro, B Mop0ĒOJIOTHH MMeH CYIiECTBHTEJIbHbIX OTMEUAIOTCH H HeMAJIO JApyrux ocoOeHHocTeh, NOSIBJIeHHe KOTODbIX MPSAMbIM BJHSHHEM CJIABAHCKHX A3blKOB OO b5CHSATb Hesib3sl. Ho Tem He MeHee NO5BJIEHHe MHOTHX H3 HHX OIlpeJieJieHo I'm sorry, I'm sorry. H3-3a 3TOro JĮBYS13bIuHA B TOBOpe MOSIBHJIOCH MHOXKECTBO MapaJjijie/Ii3MOB Kak B OOJIacTH CJIOBOH3MEHEHHA H aKUeHTyauu (Hanp.: peluné || pelūdė, seni-sta || seni-stva, jduCeis || jūučami, s@serémi || sėserimi, mergaip | mergdip) wu Jp.