Rytų aukštaičių pietinės tarmės morfologija

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMMATICS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY EAST MORPHOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN TAILANDIS (Noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb) K. This work is a few years ago about (1961) Pabaisko, Pašilės (Ukmergės r.), Čiobiškio, Gėlvonų, Mūsninkų, Viesų (Short story) part of a monograph written — about the local dialect (more precisely, the slang). The first part of the monograph, which describes the phonetic system of the dialect, as well as more detailed description of the dialect area, has been published earlier. ir A couple of smaller articles published in ir iš morphology. This work does not repeat previously published items, only refers to previous publications where necessary. The main focus is on the dialect morphology system, presentation of dialectal data, broader interpretations of the o origin are jų usually abandoned. This is done both to save space and because many dialectal morphologicir al phenomena of the Lithuanian language (including those characteristir ic of the southern dialect of the eastern Highlands) has already been quite extensively discussed in some capital works published in recent years®. NOUN 1. General remarks Family. § 1. a) The masculine genders are mostly so-called (i)a-stem nouns, e.g. dignas, guolis, švėčis svėčias, žvirblis žvirblys. = ~ Į (i)a-roots have been partially or completely passed on by the few i, (i)u and masculine consonant roots, e.g.: wiiglis anglis, vagis; cloudy skies, son sons, swirl ~ swirls; ~ stone, pemué ~ shepherd, ~ udder (see also ~ §§ 13-16). Males can also be represented by designated (iJo-, é-) stem nouns. These are mainly personal names, e.g.: (names) dleksa „Aleksas- “, vinca „Vincas“, zigma „Zigmas“; (surnames) avifa ~ Oat, dūda ~ Dūda (|| dūdas ~ Diidas, cf. dudai ~ Dūdai "village name"), gineika ~ Gineika, vegelė ~ Vėgėlė. The common masculine gender words of these stems are rare, for example: barfždila ~ barzdyla, tēde tētis. ~ 1 See „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, vol. 3, Vilnius, 1960, pp. 5—59. In addition, there (p. 5—6) is also explained phonetic transcription, which presents the phonetics of the dialect. In this work, the dialect morphology data are presented in the same transcription. * LTSR MA Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, Lithuanian Grammar, t. |, Phonetics and Morphology (Noun, Adjective, Numeral, Pronoun), Vilnius, 1965; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian Dialectology (Comparative Phonetics and Morphology of Dialects), Vilnius, 1966; Chr. S. Stang, Vergleichende Grammatik der baltischen Sprachen, Oslo —Bergen —Tromsė, 1966, and others. 107 b) Female nouns are (i)o-, ė-, i-trunks, e.g. head, sduje handful, cat. ~ Į these roots are usually passed on by former female ir consonant roots Words, e.g.: ausis, duktė (but plg. $$ 11, 12, 16). ¢) There are few so-called common nouns. A slightly larger jų group consists only of o root words, e.g.: dvėsna, dydkla, džūsna ~ džiūsna, gniūsa ~ gniūsa "who is not quick to work", gvosa "smell", "smell", "smell" "what is clumsy", kerėpla, kevėrza, kmūrza "sniper", lepéiza drimba, niūrna, pikélirna, rdira „miektauza, plepys“, snūda sniida ~ „,snaudalius“, susna sūsna), (|| Švėna "what shines (a lot of talk)“, vépla, ždpla. Other stems only have certain words that sometimes describe both male and female persons, e.g.: galvėčis galvėčius ~ "he who has a head is rą intelligent" (he's a big head; she's a good head), gudrocis gudrėčius ~ (be not too wise; be not too wise); gerclone "who gets used to screaming, fighting" (it will flow larynx; tdį boba toke larynx); Ackalūnas atskalūnas ~ (it will flow ackalūnas pazdūre; on that side ackalūnas ackalūne— there is no || kinship with su nobody), pėrejunas pėrėjūnas ~ (that child is a real pèrereyune; the girl ti is a real pèrereyune || pérejune) į ~ (befidkas — rekšnis, a mergote buva da didėšne rekšnis || rekšnė); plūške ~ plūške ‘miektauza’ (ana tdke plūške; neklausik tas plūške kū plūškis Šnėka) || ~ "slut, -ė" (ana teke - Oh, yeah. - Yeah. it will flow in a || trough trough), ~ Zniplila žnyplėlė ,,what is weak, small in stature“ (mother tdke Zniplėla; this creature will kū flow zniplėla). The dialect nouns of the common genus are mainly derived from suffixes; prepositional derivative compound words occur only one another, e.g.: patérška ir "plepys, -ė", nightingale. General nouns usually denote a negative view of the speaker. Number. į $ 2. Be singular ir plural, in the language of older generations people still find diphthong ir forms. However, ir the old generation has preserved these forms of ne all stems of all ir ne lingers. More commonly used only (i)a-root noun conjunctive, going together su du ar abu(du), e.g. kartū du atūlake atalėkė); (~ bone pa du kuoSiku umpilay “I poured po two baskets . for pigs”; abū maišū buys; foot pa dū uncle; až du the pink jack “I have du been married twice”; delivered in a day carriage; dū dns member, so that we could take the child; I got a piece ū of caiitnafu du "I got du cents last year"; pa du ruble in a machete; tožikam dave pa du in a high (~ cup). Even more rare are the o-kamieniy nouns in the final form of the plural, e.g.: dvi dieni ldukiu laukiau); buys two graves of cucumbers; Two thieves (~ escaped. The other two pieces of this series are not mentioned. In fixed sentences mų (e.g., in some prepositions) there is another form of the binary noun, e.g.: abū ir galū toku; sweet as div medi; fuck it — du market, su naked is no péstis. kė However, the older ir generation of the dialect (not to mention the younger generation) uses mostly the plural instead of the above-mentioned plural forms, e.g.: kartūs buvaū; abū maišūs du pirkra... plurals now in use that are considered to be remains of a plural ir (iAnd the stone-cutno ter, (i)o, ė, i, u trunk-utility forms ir be 108 -s%, e.g.: (used) darZdm, mėdžem ~ mėdžiam; (naud., in.) galvom, sdujem ~ saujom; katėm, žemėm ~ žemėm; ears, fire; pelūm. Like the rest of the language, the forms with -s are not used in the dialect. § 3. In dialect, like in Ik., there are nouns that are used either only in singular or only in plural, e.g. : (a) singulars: pienas, penėlis ~ pienélis, malis ~ molys ‘mole’; bdila ~ bdilé, kéra ~ kūlė “the time of ploughing; kuriamieji grūdai’; inėdelis "feed", pénelas "food, feed"; snaudulis ~ snauduljs, graudulis ~ graudulys; gerūmas, kontrūmas ~ patience; youth, youthfulness; jaunatve ~ jaundtvé, senatve ~ sendtvé; baltūžemis, jedžemis ~ juodžemjs "black soil"; papjite ~ papiūtė „to grow up“, pripratis ~ pripratys „to get used to“, suopratis „understanding, understanding®; b) plural: kailinei ~ fur, fur-children, fur-children; dalibas ~ divisions, radibas ~ additions; squeegee ~ squeegee “nut clips”; Zaboklii ~ Zabokliai; krékenas ~ krékenos, riétenas ~ rietenos, sélenas ~ bran, smdgenas ‘brain’, svaigenas ~ svaigenos,- ,svaiginys- ®; mustines ~ fighting, Zudines ~ murder; pelasei ~ moulds, plakesei ~ plékésiai „plēkai“, rudesei ~ ridésiai „rūdys“, dumtuves ~ dumtuvés, karstiuves ~ karštūvės, karStuvai- ®, sluoksniavimasis ~ sluoksniavimasis; ataudai, iis(i)edas ~ išėdos, miobaigas ~ niiobaigos, nuosedas ~ nuosėdos, pagrépstas = pagrébstos,,pagrébstai®, pdkritas ~ pakritos, praZvdlgas ~ prazvdlgos. S Funny. $ 4. In addition to the vowels used in literary language, there is also a transitive internal pronoun (iliative) in the dialect. The form of this verb replaces Ik. prepositional construction to + adjective. The endings of verbs, characteristic of words of one stem or of a certain group of stems, are discussed below. Here are mentioned only the things common to all strains, namely: 1. Dgs. vocal forms always coincide with dgs. the denominator. 2. The forms of the pronoun and the illative of all root nouns (and other conjugated words) are the same. a-stem nouns vns. has a vowel -i at the place ending everywhere (< *-ėn) ~ -e (plg. § 6), o other stem forms are shortened (§§ 7—16). All strains dgs. local form in Mūsninkų, Širvintų neighborhoods has a voice -e (in fields, branches), Gėlvonų, o Pabaisko neighborhoods voice — -i ~ -e (I'm waiting, laughed) Dgs. local forms without a final vowel are very rare in the dialect, e.g.: laukuos, šakos*. All strains pcs. the adjective ends -n (plg. §§ 6—16). Dgs. the form of the ne ilation is the same throughout the dialect. The ir eastern southern part — Graužiėčiai, Krikštčnai, Viėsos, Kaimynéliai, Juknėnys — most commonly used forms su - Na, pvz.: kapuosna, saujesna sdujosna. ~ In the vicinity of Čiobiškis, Mūsninkai there are jų still such dgs. jų ir the forms of the adjective, such as: kapuosnan, ratasnan, forkėsnan, širdisnan ar (uncommon) juknanisan ~ Juknonysan, smaihiosan ~ Smailiūosan, žašlesan ~ Žūsliuosan. The most commonly used is the DGS in Gélvony, near Pabaisko. in the form of an iliativ 3 Plg, J. Endzelins, Grammar of Latvian language, Riga, 1951, p. 405. 4 More about dialect dgs. for local forms see K. Morkūnas, Iš History of the Multiple Forms of Eastern inesyvo Altai Dialects, kn. : Morphological structure of Lithuanian ir language and its development, Vilnius, 1964, p. 145 etc. 109 are: kapuiosin, ratasin, Sakdsin, srcisin (made from the forms of the dgs. locality, by adding -n to them according to vns. iliative). The same could be said of the postpositions of the localis and the iliativ forms of all other conjugated parts of speech and their prevalence. Trunk. $ 5. In the dialect, (i)u and consonant root nouns are only remnants. The i-root words of certain groups also pass to other roots. The generous mixture of noun roots will be better shown in the “Smiling” section ($$ 11—16). Here we will mention only the individual words that have a different stem vowel in the dialect than lk. For example: a trunk: vikas, dgs. caud. Vicdm, gal. vikiai (: 1k. vikis); ia stem: klūmpis (: klumpé), reikalis ~ reikalys (: reikalas); o stem: kdima (: kaimas), shirt „gegnė“, dgs. caud. krėklam ~ krėklom, maybe. skėtis ~ skėtis (: skėtis), metras (: moteris), rietkas ~ rietkos dgs. (: rietkas): ė trunk: abelčė ~ obelé (: obelis), gire ~ girė (: giria), įilė ~ ylė, dgs. caud. iilem ~ ylém, gal. iilas ~ yles (: Yla), palé ~ palė (: palė), skalė ~ skolė (: skola), Spirge ~ spirgé, dgs. caud. Spifgem ~ spifgem, gal. Spirgis ~ spirges (: spirgas), uskalé ~ užkalė, dgs. caud. wskalem ~ uptight, gal. 10. žodis ~ žodis (: žodis), žodis ~ žodis (: žodis, -io). 2. Linksniavimas a trunk § 6. A-kameniy dialect noun endings from lk. mainly differs only phonetically: vns. ward. [puod-, vaik-]|-as ~ [puod-, vaik-] -as, kilm. -a ~ -o, naud. - Uh-huh, maybe. -u ~ -ą, in. -u (-ū) ~ -u (-ū), loc. -i (-i) ~ -e (-ė), exclamation. -i ~ -e; dgs. vard., šauksm. -ai (-ai) ~ -ai (-ai), kilm. -u (-ū) ~ -y (-ū), gal. -us || -as (-ūs|| -as) ~ -us (-ūs), in. -ais (-ais) ~ -ais (-ais). Vns. the unpronounced ending of the iliative is always kan (more common, it seems, is -an). Some a-root nouns (mostly personal names) vns. vocal forms have the particle -ai, e.g. jonai ~ Jonai, pétrai ~ Pétrai; augūnai = Augiinai, juzénaj = Juzénai; Bitinikai ~ beekeepers || bitiniki, parents || tévi. Multi-syllable words vns. vocal tariama -an ~ -an (puodan), o kiréiuota — dvejopai: -as ir -an, pvz., miskan || misforms may have no final vowel or a diphthong, e.g.: dodbil, šūūiuk ~ šūniuk, uiitan ~ Ajitan (|| untūnai ~ Antanai). On dgs. beneficiary, see § 2, dgs. placeholder and iliative —§ 4. ia stem $ 7. In dialect ia-stem nouns vns. The pronounced ending -is of the noun has a long vowel (bralis ~ brolys "brother", kelis ~ kelys "way", malis ~ molys "clay", šmelis ~ smėlis, Zviris ~ žvyrys "gravel"- ), while the nme pronounced ending has a short vowel (elk, knife, blade). Be to, vns. noun ending -is phonetically corresponds to and lk. -ias, e.g. švėčis ~ svėčias, vėjis ~ vėjas. The Africanates indicate that this ending was also present in the jduči "ox", mėdis (|| mėdis). Dial Vns. kilm. ending -e phonetically corresponds to lk. -io (e.g., brdle ~ brother), naud. -in ~ -in, maybe. -i ~ -į (broli ~ brother) and -ią (Svéci ~ light, vėji ~ wind), in. 110 Sut (Fi) ~ -iu (-iū), il. -in (-in) ~ -in (-ifi); dgs. vard., šauksm. -ii (-ei) ~ -iai (-iai), kilm. -'u (-'d) ~ -iy (-iū), gal. 1999) 2000 – The Last of Us: Part II (TV) 2000 – The Last of Us: Part III (TV) 2000 – The Last of Us: Part III (TV) (feat. -iis (-eis) ~ -iais (-iais). Vns. The ending of the locus is determined by the place of the inflection: the uninflected forms end in -ii ~ -yj €-ji (sūriį ~ sūryj, véjii ~ véjyj), and the inflected forms end in -y (mali ~ moly „in the clay“, šmeli ~ smély „in the sand“). On dgs. for the placeholder and the iliative, see § 4. Vns. a vowel with an unpronounced ending ends in -i (briedi), and an accented one ends in -y (arkli ~ arkly). Multi-core ia-trunk units. The vowel daZniausiai has the ending -iy ~ -iau, e.g.: artėjių ~ artdjau, kasėjių = kasėjau, kreivaruikiu ~ kreivaraūikiau || kreivarunki, vaikūpalaikių || vaikdpalaiki. In some cases, the ending -iu can also be used for two-syllable words, such as jdučių || jduti, Svėčių || Sveti. Beside the more common word bralis vns. tablespoons The form brali sometimes occurs as bralaū. On dgs. beneficiary see $ 2. o trunk § 8. Most dialect 0-stem nouns have the same verb endings as Ik. (differs only phonetically): vns. ward. [-/0v-] -a, [šak-] -a, kilm. -as (-0s) ~ -os (-6s), naud. - Oh, maybe. -u ~ -ą, il. -an (-6n) ~ -on (-on); dgs. vard., šauksm. -as ~ -os, kilm. -u (-ū) ~ ų (-§), gal. -as (-as) ~ -as (-as). Vns. a subordinate of lk. differs in a morphologically altered ending, cf. dialect vns. .n Levs, shakes. The ending -aį is derived from -uj ~ -ąj. This ending for all (i)o-root nouns is generalized by the feminine pronouns vns. the pronoun, e.g.: amij ~ anąj || ana} „ana“, šitūj ~ šitąj || Sita} „šita“ (for these pronoun forms see also $ 42and footnote 15). All other feminine conjugated nouns (as well as the occasionally occurring masculine nouns with both ė-stems) have also been replaced by longer (divowel) endings. the common limbs of the gnawing animal”, cf. §§ 9 to 12, 16c, 25, 26. Vns. the local limb is shortened: -aj (-6i) ~ -oj (-6j). On dgs. for placeholder and iliative see $4. Vns. The former forms (e.g. galva,'mefga) are older: their ending -a < -d, and the latter (galva, merga) are derived from vns. the denominator. On dgs. § 9. io-kamieniy The endings of io-kamieniy nouns are the same as those of o-kamieni (see § 8), only after j or softened consonants they are phonetically further altered in the dialect. There is a large number of non-commercial stations, such as: 1. ward. [sduj-]-e ~ [sduj-)-a, Įvaldž-]-ė ~ [valdž-)-ia, kilm. -es (-'ds) ~ -os (-ids), naud. -iį ~ -ai (-iai), maybe. -i ~ -ą (-ią), in. -ii (-if) ~ -ąj (-iąj), viet. -iį (-'8į) ~ -oj (-i6j), il. -in (-"6n) ~ -on (-ion), shouksm. -i ~ -a(-ia); dgs. vard., šauksm. -es ~ -os (-ios), kilm. -u(-'ū) ~ -ų (-iįį), naud. ir in. -em (-'60m) ~ -om (-idm), gal. -is (-is) ~ -as (-ias), viet. -Hey. | 5 A strong-pronounced preposition mark, written on the left side of a vowel, indicates that the vowel is contraction, the preceding consonant is softened. o jį ¢ More about these dialect vns. for the forms of the noun, see K. Morkūnas, Adjectives in the Southern Dialect of the Eastern Highlands, „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai“, series A, vol. 2(7), 1959, p. 198 etc. 111 -ese (-'Osi]-'0se) ~ -ose (-idse), il. -esin|-esna]-esnan (-'dOsin|-'Osna]-'ēsnan) ~ -osen |-osna|-osnan (Ioannis I.) Pair of io-stem nouns vns. denominator ends -i <-i: Tuesday, Thursday ‘wife’. ; ė stem § 10. Most dialect ė-root nouns have the same origin as galūnių ir 1k. : vns. ward. [kdrv-] -e ~ art -ė, [kat-] Ėė [cat-] - Uh, come on. -es (s) ~ I-es (-es), naud. -in ~ -No, maybe. -i ~ - Yeah, it's right. -in (-ėn) ~ -en (-ėn); dgs. vard., shouksm -es ~ -es, kilm. -'s (-'ū) ~ -ies (-iū), gal. -is (-is) ~ -es (s). For vns. Limbs of the innatus -ii (-s) see $ 8. Vns. the final vowel of the placeholder is dropped. Extremity pronunciation forms often fall off ir -į (~ -j), e.g.: paddy "in the > woods" ukmergė In Ukmergė, a harvest "In the fish, but it is said (uncommon) ir su -i: crop, crop. Indefinite pronoun formmų -į always remains, e.g.: kdšią kėšėj, ~ ūpiį upéj, žemiį ~ žemėj. ~ On dgs. for the placeholir der, see $ 4. The oldest vns. vowel form, it must be assumed, There is a final vowel su arising from the short I, iš -e, e.g. : kdrvi, kati, lapi. Form su -e (-ė), e.g.: katė, kove, lape lūpė, is new, ~ originated by vns. Guard. Next to kdti, the cat sometimes occurring form kate, most likely, is a contaminant of the first two. iš On dgs. the ir beneficiary see. $ 2. The cat of the noun dgs. The forms of noun, ir noun noun are sometimes used with ir su i-trunk endings: vard. katis ~ katys, naud., in. Katim. Po the endings of / hardened ė-stem nouns, especially those that are not accentuated, in most cases completely coincide with su the o-stem endings, cf.: vns. ward. [sdul-] -a ~ [sdul-] -ė, [pel-] -& ~ [by] - Uh, come on. -as, -Ės, naud. - Oh, gal. -u, in. -až, viet. -aj, -&i || -&, it. -An, -Ann, scream. -a || -a, -a || -&; dgs. vard., šauksm. -as, kilm. -'u, -'iš, naud., in. - Uh, uh, maybe. -as, -ės, viet. -asi|-ase, -Esi|-Ese, il. -asin|-asna(n), -Esin|-Esna(n). i stem § 11. the i-stem endings are best preserved in feminine endings, cf.: vns. ward. [§iFd-] -is, film. - Yes, gal. -i ~ -in, il. - In, scream. -ié; dgs. vard., šauksm. -is ~ -ys, kilm. [širdž-]-ū ~ [širdž-]-iū, naud. and jn. -im (see § 2), gal. -is (|| heart), loc. -isi ~ yse[-ise ~ -yse (cf. § 4), il. -isin ~ -Ysen| -isna(n) ~ -ysna (n) (plg. § 4). Vns. the noun usually has the io-kamieniy noun ending: širdį ~ širdžiai. Old i-stamp vns. The remains of the -i (<-ie <-ei) ending of the noun seem to have the less common form Šifdiį, as well as the conjugated a-root word iki galii „to the end“. The final -in is added here according to the noun endings of other (a, o, ė) stems that end in a vowel - I. For vns. Limbs of the innatus -ij (cardiac || SiFdif) see section 4.4. § 8. Vns. local forms, which have an accent not in the ending, end in -ij, e.g.: ndsiį ~ nosyj, pdltii ~ paltyj, and are pronounced in the ending —-i, e.g.: aki ~ akj, pirti ~ pirty. $ 12. The feminine nouns with the i-root in the imperfect case are conjugated exactly the same as the non-perfect nouns with the ė-root in the imperfect case (§ 10), cf.: vns. vard., šauksm. [nds-]-e ~ [nds-]-é, kilm. -es, caud. - I'm sorry, gal. -i, 112 In. -iį, viet. - I'm sorry, I'm sorry. -in; dgs. vard., šauksm. - and, kilm. -'u, naud., in. - Well, gal. -is, viet. -esi|-ese, il. -esin|-esna(n). For example, nouns are conjugated: gaifte gaisté ~ (:lk. gaištis), iilte ilté ~ iltis), kdite (: kdrté kartis), ~ klūte kliūtė (: kliūtis), kūlše kūlšė ~ kūšis), kūge (: kūgė kūgis), palte paltė ~ paltis), (: paslėpšne paslėpsnė ~ paslėpnis), (: paZifite pazinté ~ pažintis), (: §vifte svirtė ~ svirtis), (: ūgne ūgnė ugnis), ~ uiikSte (: afikštė ankštis), ~ ūnte dnté (: dntis). — (: ~ (: ~ (: All singular verbs except the noun, as well as the plural genitive and genitive-adjeo ctive endings ė-stame of these nouns su (e.g., kdive cow) ~ endings phonetically coincided. Later, ir other funny — vns. ir dgs. of the denominator, dgs. the endings of the noun, infinitive, — place, and iliative were changed the limbs of ė the "stronger" trunk. $ 13. Male i-stem nouns in dialect. almost completely crossed į ia-trunks, cf.: vns. ward. [uiigl-]-is ~ [arigl-]-is, [vag-]-is, kilm. [urigl-]-e ~ [arigl-]-io, [vag-]-ies | [vag-l-e ~ [vag-l-io, naud. -ii ~ - Yeah, maybe. -i ~-j, in. <0 ~ - Yeah, place. -in ~ -yj, -i ~ -P, it. -in, -in, scream. [vag-1-ié || -is; dgs. ward.. tablespoons [uAigl-}-ii ~ -iai, [vag-l-is ~ -ys || [vag-]-ei ~ - I'm killing you. -'u ~ -iy, -'ū ~ -iį, naud. -em ~ -iam, -'dm ~ - I'm sorry, gal. -'ūs | -is ~ -iūs, in. -is ~ -iais, -eis ~ -iais, viet. -esi|-'uose (-ese) ~ -ies, -"vosi|-"vose — -iudse (plg. § 4), it. -esin ~ -iesen|-esna(n) ~ -spring (n), -'itosin ~ -itiosen|-ubsna(n) (plg. § 4). Vns. the originator usually has a limb -e ~ - I, dgs. oO denominator — - No. (unpronounced -ij) ~ - I'm sorry. In the dialect of the masculine gender is also inguinal inguinal ~ ‘groin’. (i)u root The endings of $ 14. u-root nouns are mostly replaced by a-root endings. . The remaining 100 km (62 mi) of the line has only single tracks. Vns. denominator ending -us has mostly survived only in pronounced form, e.g. alūs, medūs, vidūs. Unpronounced -us due to word end reduction is usually pronounced -as, "e.g. : son sons; market ~ market. — Uncommon ir -ūs > -ds alas, : vidas. The same applies to dgs. ir final, plg.: mouse-like mice || (rec.), lunchtim- ~ e. Vns of individual u-root words. the originator has only a limb -aus, e.g. : alails, honey, domestic. Other nouns next to the u-ending can often have an a-ending, e.g.: letaiis lietaūs lieta lieto, viršaūs virša ir viršo, Zmagaiis žmogaūs žmdėga ~ || ~ || ~ ~ | ~ *Mego. Vns. beneficiary limb -aj phonetically corresponds to 1k. -wi (son to ~ son), pc gal., as dgs. ir kilm., -u ~ -ų (son of ~ son, son of son), ~ vns. it. -an (pronounced ir -un) ~ -un (turgan || turguni || turgan, vidun || vida). | Vns. the consonant usually has an a-trunk ending -u (alu, lietu, medu, sūnu, žmogu), less commonly shortened u-kamieniy limb ir -um < -umi (aluri, medurū). Single words vns. pronoun used only in the ending su -ai ~ -uj, for example. : inside, tops. Other u-stem nouns vns. the placeholder mostly has a-kamieniy limb -i (< *-en), e.g.: cukri cukrė, ~ duigi dangė, ~ turgi turgė ~ (Speech. tur-gai). 8. Lithuanian grammar studies mainly 113 Vns. šauksmininkas preserve the w-kamieniy ending -au (alaiū, sunai ~ sūnaū, žmagaii ~ žmogaii), but sometimes there ir is a g-trunk ending (e.g., Zmdgi ~ man). Dgs. nominative ir vowel usually has the e-kamieniy ending -ai: lietui, letai ~ pelai, turgai, viršai. Less pasitaiko preserved limb (usually in the older generation) ir -us (-as) ~ -ous, e.g. pėlus (pélas) ~ pėlūs, piétus ~ pietiis. į Dgs. pelūm, ir petūm pietūm, sunūm ~ sūnūm are the plural ~ forms of the u-stamp, cf. $ 2. However, the a-stem jų forms are used more frequently: naud. peldm, sundm ~ sūndm, turgam (turgdm), upper aum; in. pelais, sunais ~ sūnais, turgais (markets), tops. j Dgs. the forms of the ir native iliative are mostly made from a-stems, e.g. pehiosi|peliose, petuosi|petuose pietuosė, viršuosi|viršuose; peluosin|peluosna(n), petuosin|petuosna(n). ~ u-trunk endings have been preserved only by one other word, e.g.: pelusi (fluffy), frothy; I played, I cheated. The latter forms are rarely used except by the old ir dialect speakers. For more on this, see the post. $ 4. § 15. The endings of iu-root nouns mostly coincide with the endings of ia-root nouns, su cf.: vns. ward. [cross-]-is ~ [krpZ-]-ius, kilm. -e ~ -Io, naud. -in ~ - Yeah, maybe. -i ~ -iy, in. -'u ~ - I'm coming. -ii ~ -iuj, il. -in ~ - Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. -ies ~ -iu; dgs. vard., šauksm. -in ~ - I'm killing you. -'u ~ -ij, naud. -em ~ - I'm, gal. -is ~ -ius, in. -is ~ -iais, viet. -Hey. ~ -iuose|-ese (-'uose) ~ -ies, il. -esin ~ -iesen|-esna(n) = -iuosna(n). : "The 16th Streets". As already mentioned (§§ 1, 5), in dialect consonant stem nouns mostly have endings of other stems. According to the current conjugation of these nouns, several groups can be distinguished. a) The words akmuė, raumuo are conjugated almost exactly like a-stamens, cf. conjugation endings: vns. kilm. [ūkmen-]- -a ~ [ūkmen-]-- o, naud. - Uh-huh, maybe. -u ~ -ą, in. - Well, you know. -i ~ -ė,il. - Afi ~ - Afi, scream. -iė (next to the form of the noun, e.g. akmud); dgs. vard., šauksm. - Oh, kilm. -i4 ~ -§, naud. - Mm, gal. -as ~ -us, in. -Aah, put it. -uosi|-uo- -se, il. -uosin|-uosna(n) (see § 4). Often these words vns. noun is used with the ending -as ~ -as: akmenas, raimenas. b) The singular forms of the word pemué ~ shepherd mostly have ie-stame, and the plural —i-stame noun endings, cf.: vns. kilm. [piemen-]- -e ~ -io, naud. -ii ~ -iui, maybe. -i ~ -į, in. -'u ~ -iu, viet. -i ~ -y, it. - In, scream. -ié; dgs. vard., šauksm. -is ~ -ys, kilm. -ū ~ -Ą, naud., in. -I'm, gal. -is, viet. -isi/-ise ~ -jse, il. -isin ~ -ysen|-isna(n) ~ -ysna(n) (see § 4). As pemudé is pronounced: jezmué ~ juozmud "belt", lemué ~ liemud, rudub, skemué ~ syllable, stamué ~ stuomud, Selmuo, Suva (only in the singular origin, next to the more common form Sune ~ šūnio there is also Sunies), tešmudė, vandud (in the old generation dialect representatives: undud); only dgs. : aSmenis ~ ūšmenys, méimenis ~ mėmenys. Some words in this group may also have a-kamieniy noun endings, e.g. vns. kilm. stuomena, tėšmena, naud. stuomeni, tešmenai...; dgs. ward. stamens, udders; Blades, throwing blades, used stamendm, teSmendm: meimendm... Greta vns. The noun form Selmud also occurs as šėlmenas, šelmenis. 114 Excluding vns. the noun, the same endings as pemud has dusitis dantys „dantis“, ir debesis ~ debesis debesys || ~ (true, next to the more frequent dgs. kilm. clouds ~ are sometimes called ir clouds ~ clouds). c) Formerly feminine nouns with consonant roots now mostly have i-kamieniy endings, e.g. of the word (|| sesud sesuva) verb endings: vns, kilm. [seser-]-iés, naud. -in ~ - Yeah, maybe. -i ~ -in, in. -in (plg. § 8), viet. -i ~ -7, it. - In, scream. -iė (next to the form of the denominator); dgs. vard., šauksm. -is ~ - ys, kilm. -ū m -f, naud., in. -I'm, gal. -is, viet. -isi|-ise ~ - Yes, it is. -Isn't it? ~ -ysen|-isna(n) ~ -Ysna. Other nouns are conjugated as šie follows: duktė (v.s. kilm. daughter || of the daughter- ); ears, ~ punch door (only dgs.), pine, root, dead ~ goose, fish. All dgs. jų the ancestor has a hard stem consonant before the limb. 3. Spelling $ 17. Without talking about the general issues of ir pronunciation of nouns in dialect Lithuanian literary language, we will mention here only those that distinguish dialect from literary language. 1. In some cases, individual nouns (two-syllabic plurals) are pronounced in ar dialect according to a different accent than lk. In their pronunciation may differ ir from each other suffixes all (or almost all) derivatives. The following is a list of these suffixes, as well as the most commonly o used individual words with different pronunciations. a) In dialect, the constant accent has: two-syllable nouns: grince~ grinčia (: 1k.” grycia 2), guoba (: guoba 4), meal meal || 2 (: meal plural 2); nouns: bépratis, mazdrys, -e (: -ė 2), unemploye- (: d,-e unemploye2), d,-ė (: unemployed,-ė unemploye- (: d,-ė unemployed,-ė (: unemploye38), d,-ė -e (: unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė unemployed,-ė -ė 2), soft-bodied -e (: soft-hearted, -¢ 2), elongated, -e (: elongated, -¢2), elongated, elongated, elongated, -e ~ skėlinykas, -ė (: skolinifikas, -ė 2). b) The following are the two-syllable nouns with the second accent in the dialect: dumzlas dumzlės pusne (; pūsnė pusnis 4), snūda snūda ~ sniida ūšnęe (: ūsnė usnis 4), žvaigžde ~ žvaigžde (: 4), ~ (: 4), (: 4). Second accents are polystemous nouns suffix ir su -ite ~ - This, for example. : avite, Sakite, viStite. It should be added that the kind of derivative vns. jnagininkas dgs. ir the backhand keeps the strike mostly in the limb (jn. Avitii, Shakitii, ViStitif: gal. avitis ~ avytés, Sakitis ~ Sakytés, vistitis ~ chickens), although, in general, in such cases it is retracted the penultimate į long syllable (plg. vns. inn. Plums ‘sliva’, dgs. gal. plum). The ~ second accent is used in another multisyllabic ir noun: garuiikšte garaiiksté gardnkstis pavafte pavarté uufitis uzaitis, vns. ~ (: 1), (: 3%), ~ kilm. uZunce ~ uzaicio (: buzzing 1). c) In the dialect of the third kirfiuotés there are two-syllable nouns: bralis brolis brolis ~ gurkšnis (: gurksnys 1), gurkšnis klanis ~ klonys klénis (: kušnis kąsnis 1), kąsnis malis ~ mols (: 1), ~ (: 1), ~ (:molis 1), Sdukst (: sdukst 1), * Pronunciation of literary language is considered ,, "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" mis, plg.: (Vilnius, 1954) ik 115 vns. ward. big ~ big, useful. dideldi ~ dideléi, gal. dideliu ~ didelę, in. high; dgs. ward. big ~ big, maybe. large ~ large. According to these verbs, the endings of o-stems are sometimes added to other verb forms, e.g.: vns. kilm. didelis || didelis ~ didelis, viet. Dideldžiu || didelšį e-didelėj, il. great || great ~ great; dgs. naud., in. Didelom || didelėm ~ didelėm, viet. Didelėsį || didelesi ~ didelėsė, il. didesin || didelėsin ~ didelėsen. 3. Remains of nominative adjectives $ 27. The area of the Eastern Highlands Southern dialect belongs to that part of Lithuania where nominative adjectives are now almost not used. Their functions here are usually performed by ordinary adjectives. In the dialect there are more frequently only various adjectives, which have been joined by adjectives, compare the actual names of places: bindroje ~ Bendrėja Skominėlių, Vaitkūnų k. (Pabaisko apyl.) meadows, didžėje ~ Didžioji Knizlaukio k. (Vėprių apyl.), Slabadės, Ulščnykų, Vaitkūnų k. (Pabaisko apyl.) meadows, dubjėje ~ Dubidja Slabados, Vaitkūnų k. meadows, įilgėje ~ Ilgėja Minčiūkų k. (Mūsninkų apyl.) soil, plačėje ~ Plačiėja Vaiteliškių k. (Krišktėnų apyl.) meadow, smailėji Kaimynéliy k. (Mūsninkų apyl.) soil; didžeje bala ~ Didžioja bala Bagūžiškių k. (Krišktėnų apyl.), didžeje meža ~ Didžioja meža Santakid k. (Viesų apyl.), iilgieji alkaj ~ Ilgieji alkai Skominy k. (Pabaisko apyl.) raistas, įilgėje meža ~ Ilgėja meža Vindeikiai, platieji alkai ~ Platieji alkai Skominų k. raistas; (irregular shape) in the heights ~ Aukštoji Leščiūnų k. (Juknonių apyl.) soil, broad crossings ~ Platusieji skersiniai Gailiūnų k. (Krišktėapyl.) nų dirva. For other adjectives of this dialect, which have a participle, as well as adjectives with a participle, see „Lietuvos TSR MA Darbai“, series A, 2(7), 1959, p. 191t. 4. Pronunciation § 28. a) The pronunciation of dialect two-syllable adjectives differs little from Ik. Only the following details are mentioned: 1. The pronunciation of another adjective does not match Ik., for example, the third accent is pronounced tumsus, -i (: 1k. tamsūs, -i 4), the fourth accent —kef'šas, -a (: kérSas, -a 3), helmets, -a (: helmets, -a 3). 2. The third kind of the adjective dear, vns. -i the noun has a consonant in the root. —brown, brownish, beige. g. bringu, —called, like diškus, diški, tūnkus ~ tdnkus, tūūki tdnki2. ~ 3. The female genus, i.e. (iJ)o-stem adjectives vns. the pronoun of the noun: baltdi, sausdi; saldžiai ~ sweet, žalai ~ green. This is also the pronunciation of the third and fourth syllables of the plural adjectives of those stems, e.g.: alkandi, paiilgdi, purvindi, Svetimdi; ~ nazuliigi obliquely, ~ similarly similarly Sidi. Differences in the pronunciation of adjectives from lk. occurs slightly more. 2 py pronunciation of these adjectives plg. A. Laigonaitė, Literary Lithuanian Pronunciation, Vilnius, 1959, p. 50. 122 1. Adjectives with suffixes -onas, -ona; -i'vas ~ -yvas, -i'va ~ -yva dialect are pronounced with the third accent, e.g. geltdnas, -a ~ geltonas, -a, raudėnas, -a ~ raudonas, -a; unkštivas, -a ~ early, -a, velivas, are late, -a; dgs. caud. geltaniem, geltanom, raudaniem, raudanom: unkstiviem, unkstivom, veliviem, velivom. This is mainly the case for the derivatives of i and the suffixes -ingas, -inga, e.g. smalingas, -a, geringa „lamb”; dgs. caud. smalingiem, smalingom, geringdėm; dgs. gal. smalingus, smalingas, geringas. Individual -ingas, -ingas adverbs are pronounced several times —with the third accent, as already mentioned, or (rarely) have a constant accent " In the preposition (like Ik.) or in the root, e.g.: tigras, tigras || tigras, tigras || lietas, lietinga; dgs. caud. letingiem, [Jetingom J letifigem, tingam || raieningem, raining; dgs. gal. Letting, letting || raining, raining. Adjectives with a prefix preare pronounced twice: they either have a constant accent in the prefix (kalp Ik.), or a mobile accent from the ending to the prefix, e.g.: prieduinis, -e, priekvaiiis, -e, priekuftis, su -e || Predufnis, sė m priedurnys, -ė, prekvaišis, go priekvaiys, -é, prekurtis, «Biru priekurtys, -ė; dgs. caud. priedufnem ~ priedurniam, priedurnėm || bredurūdm ~ priedurniam, preduingm ~ priedurném: dgs. gal. prieduinis ~ front door, front door. Third The adjective blue is pronounced mėlinas, -a ~ with the -a accent "a", (the first syllable of the feminine noun is also pronounced!), dgs. caud. Melinium, melinium, gal. Mélinus, mélinas. 2. The highest ir level of the fourth level is the highest level of intelligence. These accents are usually also adjectives with the suffix -utinis, -utine: paskutinis, -e, pirminis, -e, vidutinis, -e; dgs. caud. last, last time (for limb, see $ 26), gal. last, the last. 3. Unlike Ik., pronoun-dependent suffixes -inis, -ine adjectives. For example, miltinis has a constant accent in the dialect, -e (: 1k. mild, -ė, messy, 2), -e (: messinine, -é 2), annual, -e (: grassy, -ė 2). Two ways to pronounce aglinis, -e ~ sprulinis, -ė, alksninis, -e, befžinis, with -e — second accent (as I.) ir fixed pitch (aglinis, -e, alksninis, -e, bérZinis, -e). NUMBER 1. Quantitative Numerals Basic § 29. The number of individuals in a population does not necessarily differ from the number of individuals in the population itself. number names. The numerals of individual or certain groups (say, "11" = 19%) have changed somewhat only phonetically, e.g.: viens, viena divi, divas trīs trīs četri, kétres kéturios pifiki pieci, pinkes peiikios seši, šēšes šēšis deviņi deviņi, deviņas deviņas désims, desmit venublka viens divdesmit divdesmit viens, divdesmit viens ; friždesmit trīsdesmit . četrdesmit četrdesmit . viens simts ~ tūkstotis. . < . ~ ~ . ~ . saptini < seven, saptines < seven . eight, acht ~ eight 0d Or Un 42 I D m 123 9. ~ ~ 10. 11. < 20. 21. 30. ~ 40. < 100. 1000. ~ Next to the quantitative numerals, seventy-eighty „70“, thousand „80“...; hundred, a |. thousand hundred, a thousand dū hundred fifty... dū common (especially by the older generation dialect representatita ves) the very meaning is said: saptinež dėšimtis septyni (< dėšimtys), atuone2 dėšimtis...; vemiolka hundred hundred), (~ dvilka hundred, dvilka hundred fifty-seven... ii E.g.: for her in a dream 2z sixty mint; kafvi taddj makėje aštandlka us deviidlka hundred; he did not sell it to twenty-four hundred. be $ 30. Numeral vienas'® is conjugated as a-, viena as o-rooted 0 adjectives (§§ 23, 25). The number di, the two forms of the nobleman, the ir servant's noun are the same as for the masculine and feminine genders: kilm. ir dvejū ~ dviejį or dvié, naud. ir in. Two. The two men are in a relationship, and they are friends. ~ dvejaiosin - dviejiosen|dvejuosna(n) ~ dviejūosna(n), ~ moteriškosios giminės viet. dvijėsi]in two ~ two-sided, il. dvejosin ~ dveejosen|dvejosna(- ~ n) dveejésna(n) (plg. § 4). Just like two, two, abū, both are conjugated. ir Only the final noun has an ir adjective, both other adjectives are not used. — In the case of the masculine gender, the feminine ir gender is represented by a singular pronoun, the possessive pronoun. ir Frijosi|frijuose, trijdsi|triėse, il. frijosin|trijuosna(n), frijésin|irijosna(n). The other forms of the genus are:. three in a ~ row, naud. ir in. Frim ~ trim, gal. iris. The four endings of the numerals are the same as the ia-kamieniy adjectives ir (e.g. new, kėtres § 23), o kėturios ~ as io-stem — adjectives (e.g., new, § 25) plural forms. Be feminine noun forms, vowel u po consonaf nt usually has no ir final form: kėtris ~ kėturias. Su The female genitive is the same as the male genitive kėtris. ir However, jo the limb -is in the dialect may have phonetically occurred as iš -is, yes ir iš -ius. The form két(u)fus of this vowel occurs in Čičbiškis, Mūsninkai neighborhoods and ir elsewhere in the eastern edge of the dialect area. Ją also has a softened consonant ir of the adjacent eastern highland po dialect (or j) maintaining a healthy -us (Kurkliai, Lyduokiai, Žėlva, Molėtai "Giedraičiai...". Neighbours Middle Highlanders of Kaišiadorys district (e.g. Toys) the šį tail has su -is, although in separate places (e.g., Palomenė) next to jo still occurs ir the form su -ius. It can also be added that the limb -it is typical of ir K. Širvydas writings, 13 As I'm going. (plg. In modern Lithuanian, the word "vienas" p. 938), can still be ir used in the meaning of a an adjective pronoun, e.g.: likai? ar one ki (= as) a finger; su you are quiet. one trouble; with mint veins spring is very uncharacteristic; you're ki squeezing each other's cock; més įiž viėna būkana kėpalo) dypnas nevalgem. (= 124 plg: pinkis SP 1 2525,, septinis SP I 140,, šalia elnius SP I 141, erszkiécius Sp II 16353. As four, kétres are spelled and pifiki, pifikes; six, six; saptini, saptines; eight, eight; Guess, guess. The blade is not broken. Its conjugated form dešimtis (somewhat more frequently used only by the older generation of dialect representatives) has the same endings as i-stem nouns (cf. $ 11), only next to the plural noun dešimčū ~ dešimčių occurs dešimtū ~ dešimtį. The number words venuolka —devindlka have singular nouns. Their endings are the same as those of o-kamieniy nouns (§ 8), only the ending has a short -a, i.e. it coincides with the noun. | The noun šimtas is conjugated as a-stem nouns ($ 6), and tikstunitis mostly (and by the younger generation always) — as ia-stem nouns ($ 7). The older generation sometimes still uses it with the endings of ė-stem nouns, e.g.: vns. ward. thousand ~ tūkstantė, vns. kilm., dgs. ward. tikstuites ~ thousands, dgs. caud. and in. tiukstufitem ~ thousands. Such forms, most likely, have appeared instead of the older feminine i-stem forms (see transition of feminine i-stem nouns to ė-stems —$ 12), compound numerals for twenty — ninety are not syllabled. In the case of conjugated nouns (composed of several words), all words are conjugated, e.g. vard. two thousand three hundred nine, kilm. two points for three hundred and nine, and so on. Multiples of $31. Firstly, the plurals of the same verb, such as "Ik. : veneri ~ vieneri, vieneres ~ vienerios; both, dbejes ~ both; dveji, dvėjes ~ two; tris, tris ~ three; four, kéiveres ~ kėtverios; piiikeri, piūkexes ~ peiikerios- ... devineri ~ vyvyneri, devineres ~ vyvynerios. With the suffix -er sometimes it is also said dvejeri, dvéjeres ~ dvéjerios; irejeri, iréjeres ~ trejerios. In addition to the plural numerals with the suffix -er-, the dialect also uses numerals of the same meaning with the suffix -el-: veneli ~ vieneli, vieneles ~ vienelios, pinkeli, pinkeles ~ pefikelios; ombreli, šėšeles ~ shades; saptineli < septyneli, saptineles < septynelios; astaneli ~ aštuonelis, aštuoneles ~ aštuonelios; devineli ~ ninyneli, devineles ~ nivynelios. The female noun forms of Salia are dienes, dienes, dienes ~ dienes, dienes ~ dienes, and there are also forms with the Root -e-: vard. veneres ~ venerios, véneles ~ vennelios, gal. veneris ~ vénerias, vénelis ~ vénelias. The latter, most likely, originated from dvéjes or dvéjeres, kéiveres (noun); dvéjeris ~ dvéjerias, kéiveris ~ kétverias (gal.). Plural nouns are used with plural nouns, e.g. dvéjes (dvéjeres, dvéjeles) dūris, kéiveres Sakes, devineri (devineli) métaj. Multiple verbs as the basic digit four, kétres (§ 30). The ending of the masculine noun is mostly -is (dvejis, irejis), but closer to the eastern dialect border -us (dvejuos, frejuos) is also used. In addition to the feminine plural form of the noun frēses, frejēm is sometimes said to be fríjem, e.g.: frijdēm pirstinem neuštėks Sulu; with iris in the 125 back. The latter form, most likely, is a contamination processing frejom frim. , iš ir Kuopiniai § 32. Dialectal knopiniy numeral form is the same as I'm going. : twos, threes, fours, fives, nines. ~ ~ This type of pronouns can be used in the masculine ir su ir su feminine nouns, e.g. frėjetas arklū, kéivertas paisu; pinked with carb, shaded with fur. Some of the characters have unique voices. Jų endings mostly the same as a-root nouns only the noun ir ending may sometimes ($ 6), have an ending ir ir -a, e.g. pinketa pafršu lūaksta, frėjeta kdivu ganasi; She sold her horses, and now she has eight chickens. These forms (as eleven — ir nineteen) are the remains of the nominative-- adjective of an anonymous genus. Fractional $33. A number of fractional numerals, such as Ik. one third, three eighths, not used in dialect; Instead of them we say: (vienas) trečdalis, (vienas) ketvirtadalis, du pinktadalii ~ dū penktadaliai, tris aStuntadalii ~ trys aStuntddaliai, etc.: Numerals of this kind have only masculine forms; their conjugated forms frēčdalis, ceturtdalis, etc. are conjugated as ia-root nouns (8 7). The word half ~ pūsė (pronounced as ė-stame nouns, $ 10) is also used in the meaning of a fractional noun. The plurals pusufitra ~ pusaiitro, puštrėče ~ pustrėčio, pušketvišta ~ pusket= vifto.... are interchanged with relatives, but not conjugated; only the noble ‘forms are used, e.g.: Yalsiréce maiša ~ half-treet’s bag, puštrečos luntés ~ half-treet’s board. 2. Numerals § 34. The construction of dialect transitive numerals is not fundamentally different from Ik., pg.: pirmas, -a; ufitras, -a ~ second, -a; irėčis, -ė ~ tremor, -ia; fourth, -a; devintas, -a; tenth, -a; twentieth, -a; dvidešim- (s) pirmas, -a. Only the plural numerals from „11“ to,,19“ can have two forms in the dialect —in addition to venublktas, -a, dvilktas, -a the representatives of the older generation dialect quite often uses also venalikis, -e ~ eleven, -ė, dvilikis, -e ~ twelve, -ė, and so on. § 35. The first vowel of the noun has the same endings as the a-stems, and the first as the o-stems (§§ 23, 25). There are also a-, o-, and z-stringed numerals. The numerals frečis, venalikis, dvilikis... are conjugated as ia-stems ($23), fre¢é —as io-stems ($25) and venalike, dvilike —as ė-stems (§ 26). Like certain ia-stem adjectives, the numerals venalikis, dvilikis, etc. are next to vns. The adjective endings of the noun (venalikem ~ eleven, dvilikem ~ twelve) sometimes have a noun ending (venalikii ~ eleven, dvilikii ~ twelve). | 126 In Kelintiniy modern numerals, only the last word is conjugated, e.g. vns. ward. one thousand nine hundred pifikt, kilm. one thousand nine hundred pinkta... dgs. ward. thousand nine hundred and fourteen mint, in. thousand nine hundred and four years. 3. Kirčiavimas § 36. There is a significant difference between the two in the number of digits. are as follows: a) Quantitative basic: 1. In rhythmic counting, the first syllable of the numerals,,4“—,,6“ can be pronounced: kėturi, pinki, šėši. 2.Number one pcs. the noun form has a conjunction at the ending: vendi ~ viendi (cf. $28a). 3. The preposition of the noun forms of the singular fris is a firm preposition: trim (cf. § 17,3). ; 4. Numeral dozens of separate vowel forms next to the final accent sometimes (rarely) may have a root, e.g. vns. ward. ten || tens, kilms. ten || tens. 5. the plural form of the numerals hundred has a consonant in the root, if they go after another numerals, e.g.: du šimtai, dvilka šimtu ~ dvyl(i)ka šimtų, irim šimtam, dviem šimtais, but: šimtai jū tindi skraida; You can't buy it for a hundred. b) Plurals: In addition to the noun forms saptineri, saptineli, aštaneri, aštaneli, devineri, devineli, which are pronounced at the ending, forms with the accent in the suffix are used: saptineri, saptineli, aštuoneri, aštuoneli, devineri, devineli. The forms with this consonant have been derived from saptini, eighti, nivini, where the consonant is regularly removed from the short end. c) Traveler1. s: first, -a vns. innagininir ko dgs. the most commonly pronounced ending of the final forms: pirmū, pirmi; First, first. Tų the ending of forms started to be pronounced because of the analogy of other transitive numerals, -a ~ e.g., -a — vns. in. untrū, untrai; dgs. gal. untrūs, untrės. First tenth, twenty-ninth of feminine nouns — — vns. the noun has a consonant at the ending, e.g. pirmdi, ketvirtai, dvidešimtai..., as o-kamieniy adjectives the same ir consonant ($ 28 (a). 2. 10th, 11th, -e — 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 50th, 51st, 52nd, 53rd, 54th, 55th, 56th, 57th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 61st, 62nd, 63rd, 64th, 65th, 66th, 67th, 68th, 69th, 70th, 71st, 72nd, 73rd, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th, 85th, 86th, 87th, 89th, 90th, -e ~ nineteen, -ė pronounced with the second accent -a... (vemiolktas, has a constant accent, as 1k. ). NAME 1. Bendrosios pastabos § 37. Most dialect pronouns are the same as ir 1k., only some slightly changed phonetically, morphologically, the meaning of individual pronouns changed, one another has entered the Slavic languages. iš For example: : I. Personal: as, ta, jisaiTM dns || “he”, ana “ji”, més, jūs jūs, jié ane ~ anie, jos dnas || anos. ~ || ~ * The short form is not used at all. Su dalelyte -ai, which has lost its paZymimaja, affirmative meaning in the dialect, separate other pronouns are used ir (plg. (see below). 127 2. Returning savi ~ savė. 3. Pronouns: mdna ~ mine, tava ~ yours, sūva ~ yours. 4. Expository: ands, andi<andgji'® „ana“, šitas, šitai ~ šitoj „this“, tas || tasai, toi "that", such || taxy ~ such, téke ~ such, Sitaks ~ such || Sitax ~ Sitoksai, Sitake ~ šitokia, tas pac ~ tas pats, toi pati, pac tas, pati tei, toks pac, taksai pat, toke pati (pat). 5. interrogative-relative: kas, koks | kaksai ~ koksai, koke, katras, katroi, kuris, kuroi (rare), keli, -es ~ -ios, keliftas, -a, keleri, -es, kané "of whom". Indefinite verbs: kas, koks || kaksai, koke, katras, -6i, keli, -es, keldlka < keliolika, kėletas, bet kas, bet koks | bet kaksai, bet koke, bet katras, bet katréi, katras-ne-katras, katroj-ne-katrdi, kai kas, kažna kas, kažna katras, kazna koks (kaksai), šis tas, Soks toks || šeksai taksai ~ šoksai toksai, Soke, toke, kitas, kitaj ~ kitoj, kas kitas, vienas kitas, viena kita, kitoks, -e, kitoiskas, -a, visas, -a, viskas, visokis, -e, niekas, ni joks, -e,,né joks, -ia“, ni koks (kaksai), -e „nei koks, -ia“. Instead of kiekvienas, -a, the pronouns of Slavic origin kdžnas, -a, žėdnas, -a are mostly used. 7.Certificate pdc, itself. 2. Linksniavimas Nonverbal pronouns § 38. as, you; savis. Singular Plural V. as, tu més, jūs K. my, your, yours, ours, yours N. to me, to you, to yourself G. mani, tavi, savi mumis, jumis Įn. for me, for you, for your mum, for you See mani, tavi, savi mumisi/- mumise; jumisi|/jumise In addition to shorter forms as, tu, vns. the noun sometimes has longer ones: asen, asenai; tujen, tujenai. They are mainly used only by the older generation. Vns. The forms of the genitive and dative are mostly the same in the dialect: mani ~ manė, tavi ~ tavg, savi ~ savę. Beside mani, tavi, savi, there are occasionally vns. end forms mani, tavi, savi. They may be remnants of the older forms manė, tavė, savė (in dialect -é>-i), but these pronouns are singular. The final -i occurs also in those eastern Lithuanian dialects that retain the old -ė (e.g., about Tverečiai), as well as in dialects where the ancient -en > -e (Palomenė, Žasliai and elsewhere). For this vns. The origin of the -i forms is unclear! *. Dgs. the origin is mostly mūsu ~ ours, jūsu ~ yours (these forms are also used as adjectives). Occasionally there is a vns. '5 The ordinary vns of individual feminine pronouns. the forms of the noun and adjective are replaced by abbreviated noun forms (see,,Lietuvos TSR MA Darbai“, series A, 2(7), 1959, p. 195 etc.). In addition to the ordinary abbreviated noun forms, the masculine dgs sometimes also has a noun form. noun, e.g. anįeį, kafriei, Sitjel, tiel. However, these forms do not occur in the entire area of the dialect — they are mainly used only in the vicinity of Čičbiškis and Mūsninkai. 16 Plg, J. Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, vol. 3, Warsaw, 1956, p. 137; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, made forms mumi mumė, jumi jumė p. 299. 128 ~ ~ (plg. : he didn't ask us; out of you come in us un “from you came to us”). As dgs. user, usually the same as dgs. ir adjutant (e.g.: don't go su to us; you su can't talk to us). It ko is less common in dgs. servant mumirh, jumim (e.g.: su mumim ana nėšneka; aš su jumim néfu važudt). ; Dgs. the final is usually us, you; rarer final forms mumi, jumi. ; § 39. Other non-noun pronouns have only the singular. Jų limbs mostly the same as the corresponir ding I'm going. pronouns, only separate syllables somewhat different phonetically, cf. :; what, nobody, this or that, nothing, š6 td to, nobody, Sam to nobody, nobody, ši tū kué || kviom, nieku, Šud tué || Siom tviom FQZARS The genitive also has the questioning, relatively unspecified ir form kané, e.g.: kané šitai kepiire kano padéta, tas pasiiins; Don't throw stones at him. ? ji — da The form kand, probably derived iš from kend < kiend, t. y. iš pronoun kien (now only found in eastern Lithuanian dialects, e.g., Lazūnai, Gervėčiai, Zietela) vns. kilmininko. Next to the rear ši tie occurs ir Šū ni (plg. : dave $i ti ) where: §i apparently originated under the second sand (raw). Vns. innagininkas kuom (< kuomi), Šuom tuom šiuomi (< tuomi), as the vowel forms of ir relative pronouns to su -m, more used by the older generation. Pronoun forms are replaced by adverbs: kuf, nowhere, ši ti "There." The pronoun keldika is conjugated as the numerals vemuolka (§ 30). root of a-root a pronouns, § 40. e.g.: ands, šitas, visas, daugelis The verb endings of a-root pronouns are the same as those of a-root adjectives ir (§ 23); differs only in one other case. Some pronouns vns. the subordinate has three limbs: -u, -uo ir -uom, plg.: anti, anué, amiom; katrū, katruo, katruom; Situ, Situom. Older limbs -u0 or -uom (<-uomi) also has tas: tud, tuom. Most common forms of these pronouns su -uo; su -uom are more typical of the older generation, quite rarely occur. o su -u Other a-stem pronouns vns. the inner limb is always -u (<-uo), e.g. kitą, kitoišku, kėžnu, kelintą, visū. The pronouns anas, katras, šitas, tas have older dgs. noun ir suffix endings: vard. anié, kairié, šitiė, tié; gal. amos, katrubos, šitus, tbs. In other a-stem pronouns, these vowel endings are abbreviated: vard. other, otherwise, carried, lifted; gal. other, otherwise, otherwise, otherwise. 9. Lithuanian grammar studies stem 129 ia ia-stem $ 41. pronouns, e.g. jisai, kėks (cocks), in a manner similar to ir to same root adjectives (§ 23). Only these pronouns have almost always retained their older vns. innagininko, dgs. the ending ir of the noun, e.g. vns. in. jud || juom, kakué || kakuom, dgs. ward. Yeah, khaki, dgs. gal. They're like us. Next to the personal pronoun vns. The pronoun dns nas) is jisai ta very often used in the same meaning as the nominative form, next (< to dgs. o of the denomina- — tor jiė ~ dne anie or (rarely) dnis anys. ~ ; Pronouns keleri have only plural vowels, whose endings are exactly the same as the endings of the adjective naujas ir ($ 23). In addition, the wingspan of the cockpit is slightly different from that of the other ~ fighters. Some of the pronouns of this pronoun have preserved the i-kamieniy endings, e.g.: vns. kilm. Your own, maybe. by ~ herself, dgs. ward. yourself. ~ The endings of other vowels are ia-kamieniy. The end of this trunk often has vns. ir originator: pace puff. ~ Next to vns. backhand itself sometimes ir occurs pdchi (plg. : we do a great job; He's the same king un who's gone “he had gone to the king himself”- ). These forms ¢ are derived from other pronouns with a regular African ¢. pronoun pac vns. innagininir ko dgs. the hind limbs are shortened: Vns. in. pačūr, dgs. gal. the very || same. ~ o stem § 42. Most o-stame pronouns have the same endings as adjectives of this ir stem ($ 25). Some pronouns instead of vns. the ordinary forms of the denominator, as already mentioned (plg. Note 15), the most commonly used abbreviated noun forms (e.g.: andi, katréj, Sitai...). Vns. the noun always has the longest endings, e.g. ani andj andj, Siti šitąj ~ || ~ || Sitaj, dreamed. | Pronouns ana, katra, Sita next to dgs. of tail shapes su -as ~ -I have more shapes su -uos: ands, katrios, Situs. The ta pronoun is used only in the form tubs. Dgs. rear end su -uos is derived from the masculine gender (a-, ia-foot) forms. io stem § 43. io-kamieniy pronoun endings are the same as o-kamieniy, only that they have been ir phonetically altered in the direction of the po sumin§téjusiy consonants, e.g.: vns. gal. paci (<blowin- ~ g) paciq, this vns. ~ šitokią, In. kakūi ~ kokiąj || kakį, pačiį ‘same’, dgs. gal. the ~ same, this one, ~ that one. Places 1k. dgs. the final forms they, what, which, these, such in the dialect always use them, kakubos, which, Subs, takuos. Places I'm going. vns. in the dialect of ji the noun form, you could say, always use and, next to dgs. o of the noun jēs — very often ir danes ~ anos. The pronouns ~ kėles kėlios, kéleres ~ kėlerios have only plural participles, 130 3. Kirčiavimas § 44. The most important differences in pronunciation of dialect pronouns from lk. are as follows: a) The pronoun šitas, šitai is pronounced the same as kitas, -a (others), visas, -a, i.e. as the bi-syllabic adjectives of the fourth accent (geras, -a). b) The pronouns kéks (kaksai), kéke ~ what, šėks (šeksai), Soke ~ somewhat, tėks (taksai), toke ~ such are of terminal pronunciation (only the singular nouns kėks, šėks, toks, the plural nouns kdkes || kakės, šdkes, tėkes || takės have a consonant in the root). ¢) Female gender vns of pronouns with unstable accent. the noun forms are always pronounced at the ending, e.g.: kelintdi, pačdi (see pronunciation of adjectives, $ 28). VERB 1. General remarks Pronouns, tenses, numbers, persons. $ 45. There are four conjugations of verbs: direct, predicative, imperative and permissive. There are four tenses: present, past tense, present continuous, and future tense. There are two būtąjį numbers of verbs: plural; there is no double. vienaskaita ir All time dgs. ir 1 personal forms in dialect usually end in -m, o 2 In these -7. forms po -m ir -f voices -e- ~ - is used only before a particulate noun, e.g.: nėšames nėšamės, ~ nėšates nėšatės. ~ For the future time dgs. 1 and 2 persons -e plg. $ 55. The third ir person of the singular plural always has the same forms. Individual verbs are used only in the personal form. 3 These are the so-called impersonal verbs, e.g.: sdpa, sapėje sopéjo, sapėdava, sapės, sapėtu; ~ luck, luck, luck, luck...; toptelaja toptelajo. ~ ~ However, in some sentences the imperative person of ir these verbs is present, e.g.: fir ufisisapėk man teip 2 tu "and dress up like this for tu me"; It's a beautiful place. Conjugated verbs. tu $ 46. Verbs be prepositions return particle -s(i) is always at the end of the word. Hello. ją (-si) is more frequently maintained only by the person of the present, past tense, past frequent tense, e.g.: ir mdtasi madtosi, 3 nėšasi, praiisisi praūsiasi, ~ šluojisi šluojasi; matesi ~ matési, nėšesi ~ nésési, praiisesi ~ praiisési, šlavesi ~ šlūvėsi; matidavasi ~ matydavosi, néZdavasi ~ nėšdavosi, praiizdavasi ~ praiisdavosi, šluodavasi ~ ~ ~ Shiodavosi; matitusi ~ seemed, néstusi, passed, Shiotusi. But these forms are also often used ir be - I. Then the shortened sangraZ particles mostly -s remain soft, e.g.: mdtas, nésas, praiisiS; mates, nėšes, praiiseS; matidavas, néidavas, praiizdavas; matitus, néstus, praiistus (true, we say mdtas, nésas...). ir In other forms, the sangraZ particle is always shortened, e.g.: matitis matytis, nėščis, praūštis ~ (-s softness is not very pronounced); nesuos, nesies, néSames nėšamės, néfates ~ nésates; neSaiis, nešeis ~ nésemes nésémeés, nésetes nėšėtės; ~ nézdavays, nėždavais...; ~ nešis, nesies...; néSkis, néSkimes get pregnant; néstums. In PrieSdéliniy verbs, the ~ particle sangraZos is always between the root of the prefix. ir Unshortened ji (-si-) remains in the following 1) cases: being pronounced, e.g.: apsijeme ~ apsiėmė, nusiprause ~ nusiprausė, parsiveža, pasisukem pasisukėme, ~ pasisukei sugegėte; jį ~ 131 4. Certain dialect verb forms and certain verbs have the same accent as lk., but a different preposition, e.g. : a) The predicate of all two-syllable verbs with a fixed root has a fixed preposition, e.g.: ldišf ~ Ičisti —laišč(e) ~ leisč(ia), laistum, laistu, laistumem, laistumet; malt —malé(e), maltum, maltu, maltumem, maltumet; špiri —Spiré(e), Spiftum, SpiFtu, SpiFtumem, špirtumet. There is also a fixed-end preposition in the pronoun forms of secondary verbs with -auf, -enif, -inf prepositions, e.g.: baddui —badaiié(- e), badaiitum, badaiitu, badaiitumem, badaiitumet; givėnt ~ to live —gyvenl(e- ), givefitum, giveiitu, giveiitumem, giventumet; sadinf ~ sodinti — sadiné(e), sadifitum, sadifitu, sadifitumem, sadifitumet. b) Certain verbs or certain forms having a different form than lk. priegaidę: dardėt, darda (: Ik. dardyti, darda); dardint, dardina, dardina (: dafdinti, dafdina, daidino); kafstelai ~ kafsteléti, kafstelaji, kafStelaje (: to burn, to burn, to burn); salstelai ~ salsteléti, salstelaji, salstelaje (: sdlsteléti, sdlsteléja. sdlsteléjo). § 60. The present tense forms of dialectal priesdéliniy verbs tend to pronounce the prefix more than Ik. Therefore, unlike in lk., the inflection is moved to the prefix (in the case of conjugative forms — to the conjugation particle) in the following cases: a) from the ia-stem forms of the tvirtagalė root, e.g.: jaūči ~ jaūčia —afjauci, nėjauči, nesijauči, nūjauči, ūžjauči; kinči ~ suffers —ditkinči, atakinči, nėkinči, nesikinči, neiiSkinci, prikinči; reiki ~ need —you need, you need (but you don't need); rėki ~ screams —nėreki ~ doesn't shout, sūreki, žžreki, usireki ~ screams; announces ~ announces —announces, announces, announces; Sweiči ~ šveičia —dpsweiči, apišveiči, néŠveiči, nesišveiči, nūsveiči, prišveiči; SviAci ~ šveiičia —dišvinči, atašvinči, nėšvinči, prišvinči; | b) from the i-stem forms of the tvirtagalė root, e.g.: linki —nėlūki, palinki; tili ~ tyli —neįištili ~ neištyli, nūtili, patili (rarely: nutili, patili); 10. „neįžvelgia“ (less often: apžiūri, nežūri...). —dbZuri ~ apžiūri, apižuri, nėžuri, pdažuri, prifuri, sūžuri, neunžuri „neįžvelgia“ (less often: apžiūri, nežūri...). Other forms of prepositional verbs are mostly pronounced as kaipir Ik. PARTICIPANTS 1. Bendrosios pastabos $ 61. Participants are active and passive. a) The protagonists are of three tenses: present, past tense and past tense. The future participle is not used in the dialect, it is replaced by the 3rd person form of the future tense of the verb, e.g.: jisai piFks karvi (~ cow); on her shoulder she goes hay grépi ~ after lunch she will go Signo grépi. The present tense participant is made from the present tense stem of the verb with the suffix -ntis (male), -nti (female), e.g.: méka —mēkufitis ~ learning, mokunti ~ teaching; veiki ~ crying —vefkifitis ~ crying, vefkinti ~ crying; stevia — stovifitis, stoviiti; Zina ~ Zino —Zinufitis ~ knowing, žinunti ~ knowing. There are very rare present tense participants with preSdéli, e.g. atsdkuiitis ~ atsdkantis, pamokuiitis ~ pamokantis. Such types of participants as mokgs, verkigs, stovęs, žinąs are not used at all in the dialect. The active participanir ts of the past tense are made as follows: ir Ik., only ending of feminine forms -usi is abbreviated (falling i), plg.: dirbis dirbęs, ~ dirbus (: 1k. worked), matis ~ mates, mdčus lk. (: broken):; employer ~ employed, employed (: 1k. 100 mg/ day). b) There are two types of passive participles in the dialect: the present and the past. ir They are made in the same way as ir Ik., e.g.: dirbamas, dirbama, karemas kuriamas, ~ kūrema kariama, žinomas žinomas, ~ žinoma; artas, arta, matitas ~ matytas, matita matyta. Inactive participants may have an active meaning in ~ certain cases, ~ e.g.: working horse ir "working horse", lymphatic disease, sewing machine, "sewing machine". The so-called "necessity participants" have an ir inactive role. However, there is only one other in jų the dialect, for example: būtinas reikalas būtinas reikalas, netideldtinas darbas ~ neatidėlidinis darbas. ~ $ 62. In the dialect, the passive ir participle is used. ir It is true, that only prepositional participants can have a particle of return, e.g.: nusisivéris nusistvėręs, pasišspieudis ~ pasispidudes, suzdaužidavi ~ susidaužydavę; brought, ~ stripped. The prefixes are not used. be $ 63. As ir adjectives, the participants are alternated by ir relatives, by numbers, by adjectives. The active ir passive participants are of the masculine ir feminine gender, e.g. the examples ($ 61) given above. Inactive past tense participants still often use an indefinite genus, e.g.: daūg darba padėta; letaiis buvusi ir lietuūs buvusi; rye rye) not sown; What is said must be done what is said must be done. ~ da (~ ~ The other members of the family are not mentioned. Participants have singular plural forms, e.g. madtis, ir virtas (vss.); mati ~ mati, cooked (dgs.). Binomial occurs very rarely (only in the old generation language- ), e.g., už vienu mūštu dū némustu dęibda ~ už one battle gives du unbeaten. Funny participants have the same as other nouns, e.g. ir $ 4. By stem voice participants can be distinguished į (i)air (i)o-stones. 2. Snoring (i)a strain ia-strains $ 64. a) are the affected male participants. They are conjugated mostly the same as ia-root adjectives ir (§ 23), only individual present tense participles sometimes have adjacent endings, e.g.: vns. ir ward. [dirbun-)-tis || -¢is-~ [dirban-)-tis || - Chis, kilm. - if ~ - Chio, naud. - What? ~ -This way, maybe. ‘ti || - or ~ ‘t || - Here, in. - Hey. ~ - Chi, loc. - What? ~ - Ciao, il. -tin || - Scream, scream, scream. -fish || - Chis. || -ch (~ -Ciau); dgs. vard., šauksm. -tis || - Over here. ~ -tys || - Chi, chi, chi. - Hey. ~ -ties, naud. - there. || - A hundred. ~ -them || -This way, maybe. - Chis. ~ -cius, in. - Ciis. ~ -čis, viet. ‘desi | - Stop it. ~ - There, il. - I'm ~ going. | -Cesna(n) ~ - Curious. Next to vns. noun ir suffix forms of su the final forms of the adverb -t occurring forms ir su -which arose from the comparison of paradigms, i.e. according to other funny, lawfully having tą -¢-. Vns. the inactive dirbujičin (situation next to ~ dirbunitin dirbantin) may have the same origin as the final form dirbuiicer ir dirbančiaii ma greta dirburitiū ~ dirbantiū, § ~ 66); also (stocks) 139 see adjectives gerėšnis, last vns. it. su -en ~ -ian (§ 23). Dgs. the noun dirbuiidii has the same ending as the adjective medinis dgs. noun medinii ~ wooden, o dgs. naudininkas dirbuiicem —as dgs. caud. wood to wood. The past participle and the past ~ frequent participle vns. the noun has the ending -is ~ -es (dirbis, darbdavis), and dgs. noun —-i ~ -ę (working, employing). Rarely a former card time participant dgs. noun occurs with -usii ~ -usiai, e.g., lika tik kakiė supūvusiį (more often — rots) abalei. The present participle of the present tense, without vns. and dgs. the noun, other pronoun forms are not used. b) a-stems are passive members of the masculine gender, e.g. dirbamas, dirptas. Their verb endings are the same as those of a-stem adjectives (§ 23). (i)o trunk $65. a) io-stames are the active participants of the feminine gender, e.g.: dirbuiiti ~ working, working, working. Their endings are the same as the io-stem adjectives ($ 25). DGS of the past participle and past frequent time participants. the forms of the noun coincide with the forms of the ia-stames (male gender), e.g.: jos dirbi, dirbdavi ~ jos dirbę, dirbdave. Byte part-time participants are used only vns. and dgs. the form of the denominator; others are not used for fun. b) o-stems are passive members of the feminine gender, e.g.: dirbama, dirpta. These participants are conjugated as o-stem adjectives (§ 25). 3. Kirčiavimas $ 66. Present tense participles are often pronounced in two ways: a) like lk., they retain the 3rd person present tense accent and preposition of the verb from which they are made, e.g.: sefga —sefguiitis, -i; — to be, -i; (b) have a fluctuating pitch; illustration is given the paradigm of such pronunciation. Masculine gender Feminine gender Singular V. dirbuiitis dirbuiiti K. dirbuiice dirbuiiéos N. dirbufiédm dirbunčai G. dirbudti, dirbunči dirbunči In. dirbunču: dirbunčii See dirbunčem dirbunčoi Il. dirbuitin, dirbunchen dirbuiiéon 140 Plural V. dirbuiitis, dirbunčii dirbuiices K. dirbunčū dirbunčiū N. dirbuntiems dirbunčėm G. dirbunčis dirbunčis Įn. dirbunčeis dirbuiiéom Vt. dirbuiiéiosi | dirbuničuose dirbuniiéosi | dirbunieéose Il. The pronunciation of some passive present tense participants also varies similarly: in addition to the constant pronunciation forms (e.g. givėnamas ~ gyvėnamas, givėnama ~ gyvėnama; žinamas ~ žinomas, žinoma ~ žinoma) there are often used forms with a movable accent: vns. ward. givėnamas, givenama, žinomas, Zinama, kilm. givėnama, givenamas, žinonama, žinome, naud. givenamdm, givenamai, žinamdm, žinamai, gal. givėnamu, žinamu, įn. givėnamu, givėnamai, žinamu, žinamai, viet. givenamam, givenamoi, Zinamam, žinamėį, il. givenaman, givenamon, zinaman, zinamon; dgs. ward. givenami, givėnamas, Zinami, known, kilm. givenamū, žinamū, naud. givenamiēm, givenamēm, znamiēm, znamdm, gal. givénamas, žinamas, in. givenamais, givenamom, žinamais, Zinamom, viet. givenamniosi | -uose, givenamėsi | -6se, žinonamniosi | -uose, žinamosi | -0se, il. givenamuosin | -uosna(n), givenamėsin | -ėsna(n), žinamulosin | -uosna(n), žinamėsin | -ėsna(n). Other participants in the dialect are mostly pronounced as 1k. Only vns of all female members. the noun usually has a conjunction at the ending, e.g. melZemdi ~ melžiamdi, Suvamdi; pakeldi, vaZetdi ~ važiuotdi (see pronunciation of adjectives, $ 28 (a). 4. Composed Times and Consonants $ 67. The forms of the verb to be and the participants of the personified verb are used to make enriched tenses and conjugations. Compound forms are active (made with an active participant) and passive (made with an inactive participant). The verbs of the active type are used only in the final form, i.e., made with the past participle (initial verbs, i.e., made with the present participle, have not been heard). There are four kinds of adjectives: direct, indicative, imperative, and permissive. However, only the present tense, past tense, future tense, and propositional tense forms of the direct pronoun are used more often. Example of personification: Direct pronoun Present tense Singular | Plural 1. asū davis, davus asam davi* 2nd ace = 3. jira from "iira i ** The male and female gender dgs of the past participle. the form of the nominative is the same (cf. § 65 a): dsam ddvi,,we have given; we have given’. 141 Past Perfect Tense 1. buvaū davis, davus būvam davi 2. were i a. were A 3. būva ” or buva ya Future tense 1. be davis, be davus we will be davi 2. būsi 8 po būsit (būšte) = will fle will 3. a » The presumptive consequence 1. buce (buf, buciu) davis, davus butumem davi 2. būtum i 3) būtumei būtu 3. » 2s should be „ The compound forms of the present tense, as well as the imperative and permissive sentences are rarely used; their participant is usually made of the prepositional verbs. minor, e.g.: būdavam suvėži, būdavai suvėži; come, let us come; Let there be come, let there be come. The compound forms of the passive kind are also more common in the past tense, e.g.: present tense: asū prašitas, prašita; asam ask, prašitas (~ asked); past tense: you were asked, asked; buvai prašti, prašitas; future tense: būsiu prašitas, prašita; you will be begging, begging; prepositional determination: were you asked, asked. Compound forms with the passive present tense participle are rare, e.g.: tdi pieva įira šendujema (—sienaujama); those meadows were used to be hewn (~ siendujemas). § 68. The semi-participle is made from the communicative stem with the suffix -dam (male), -dama (female). It has masculine and feminine singular and plural noun forms, e.g.: vézdam, vezdami, vafuodamas, važiuodami; važiuodama, važiuodamas ~ vaZitiodamos. ~ riding, riding ~ riding. Sangrazian semi-participants in the dialect can only be prepositional, e.g. aciguldamas ~ atsiguldamas, pasiturédamas, usinéZdamas ~ uZsinéSdamas. Semi-participles without prefixes with sangraZos particle at the end are not used; Instead of them, the plain (non-sangrazinés) semi-participal forms are used in dialect. § 69. Semi-participles made from secondary verbs retain the constant communicative accent and preposition, e.g.: matii ~ see —matidamas, matidama, matidami, matidamas; rédii ~ to render —rédidamas, rėdidama, rédidami, rédidamas; Sakineh-Sochineti, Sakineh-Damas, Sakineh-Damas, Sakineh-Damas, Sakineh-Damas; trdukii ~ to trduke —trdaukiant, traukiant, traukiant, traukiantis. ; Semiparticipants made from primary verbs are pronounced twice. The constant communicative accent is used in semi-participants whose root contains long vowels ė, o, y, i or diphthongs je, uo, e.g.: leki ~ Iėkti —légdam, légdama, Ižgdami, lėgdamas; scream — 142 roaring, roaring, roaring, roaring; lėi —slowly, slowly, slowly, slowly; vii ~ winding —widing, winding, winding, winding; being ~ being —being, being, being, being; liei —lifting, lifting, lifting, lifting; doi —given, given, given, given. Other semi-participants made from primary verbs have a variable accent: the masculine singular form retains the communicative accent and preposition, and the plural form has the accent at the ending; feminine genders — the opposite: the singular form has a consonant at the ending, while the plural form retains the consonant and the preposition. For example: (with the old short vowels of the root) kdšf ~ kasti —kdazdam, kazdama, kazdami, kdzdam; väši ~ to carry —carrying, carrying, carrying, carrying; (with the root diphthongs ai, au, ei) duki ~ to dug —dugdamas, augdama, augdami, dugdamas; baigė ~ finished —baigiant, ending, ending, ending ~ ending; šmeiki ~ to mock —mocking, Smeigdama, Smeigdami, šmeigdamas; (with mixed diphthongs of the root) kdli —kdldam, kaldama, kaldami, kaldamas; vifsi —turning, turning, turning, turning. Sangrazine semi-participants are crossed in the same way as ordinary semi-participants. PARTICIPATION § 70. The participant changes only in time. It is made in the same way as lk., e.g.: present tense divisor: ainunt (|| ainaff) ~ going, beingunt (|| being) ~ | being, working (|| working) ~ working; jojini ~ riding, sėdžinf ~ sitting "sitting"; gūlint, tilinf ~ tylint; matant (|| matant) ~ watching, ordnant (|| ordnant) ~ ordering; (conjugative form) juokiitis ~ moving, véduitis (|| védaiitis) ~ breathing; nesigirint ~ nesigiriant, parsiveduii (|| parsivedant) ~ parsivedant; past participle: dirbus, lškus, nėšus, rėkus, verkus. Dividends of the present tense, made from non-prepositional verbs, are relatively rare; They are more often made from prepositional verbs, e.g.: pabūvus, padévus, nemdčus (|| nemadis) ~ nemūčius, nuvažiėvus, užėjus (|| užėjis), unvažiėvus „invažiavus“. In the case of the prepositional participle, it is the prepositional participle of the noun, e.g.: acigrižus ~ atsigrįžus, nes(i)mdčus (|| nes(i)mačis) ~ nesimacius. The past and future tense are not used in the dialect at all. The pronunciation of dialect participants is not different from Ik. Article 71. It has the same shape as the bridge. It ends with the ending -ti, derived from the ending *-tėn (>1k. -te), e.g.: nešti, serūti, stumti, vesti. There are no prefixes or suffixes. The adjective is conjugated: in a sentence it is used next to the personified form of the verb of the same root, e.g. gefti géri ~ gertė geria, gulti gila, gduditi gdude ~ gdudyte gdudė, kelti kėla ~ keltė kėlė, kunku luoti kunkulvodava ~ kunkuliūote kunkuliūodavo, neSdti nešės ~ nešiote nešios, stūmditi stumdik ~ stūmdyte stumdyk, vešti vėšče "carry carried". 143 Pronouns with -tina are not used in dialect; there is only one other form of the same kind (superlative), e.g.: butinai reiki ~ absolutely need, uštektinai privežem ~ we brought enough. Pronounced characteristics as well as ir I'm going. MOPO0OJIOTHS HO)XHOIo MmMBOPA BOCTOUHbIX AYKIUNTAKTOB K. MOPKYHAC „Peaiome B crarbe onncbiBaeTCH1 CJIOBOH3MeHeHHe (HMeHHbIe UaCTH peuH, MeCTOHMeHHe H TAATOJI) IOXHOTO TOBOpa BOCTOYHBIX ayKITAHTOB. TeppuHropuHs 3TOTO roBopa OXBaThiBaeT TaKHe HauboJjiee BaXKHble HaCeJIeHHbIe NMYHKTHl, Kak Kpurunirrenal, INa6aiickac, Ilammae (Ykmeprckuii paiion), Baracnaeumikuc, I'siBonail, Mycuunkai, Yéonukuc! (npBunTCkuii paiion). Mopdbojiornueckne GakTbl HCCJEYeMOro roBopa CONOCTaBJISIIOTCSl C COOTBETCTBYIOLUMMH SIBJIEHHSIMH JIHTOBCKOTO JIHTEPATYPHOTO $3bIKA. Goose cymectuTeabnoe. Kpome Gopm eIMHCTBEHHOTO H MHOMXKECTBEHHOTO YHCJia, B peuH NpejCTaBuTe ell CTaplluero IMNOKOJIEHHSA HAOJIIOJIAIOTCSA Gopmbl ABOHCTBeHHOTO uMcJaa (dame Bcero (opmbl BUH. majexa BMecTe ¢ du asa“, both „o6a“, Hanp., jisai du pédu dädau „ou NBa cHoma kJjajerTM). PejmmkraMH JABOHCTBEHHOTO UKCJIA SBJISIOTCA K CJIEJIYIONIHE GopMbl, B HacTosiiee BpeMsi ynoTpedJisieMble B 3HaUeHHH MHOxeCTBeHHOTO UHCJIAa: JlaT. You. vaikūm „JieTaM“, JlaT. of TBOD. 2. galvėm "TOnoBaM, TOJIOBaMH, žėmem ~ Zémém "3eMJISM, "3eMJISMHK. B roBope ynorpe6jistoTC1 JįBa MecTHbIe Najieka —HHeCCHB H HJIJIATHB. HManatuB el. 10. The 1998-1999 financial year ended on 31 December 1998. Ha BocTouHo# H I0xkHOH OKpaHHaX TeppHTest opMel ¢ dopMaHTOM -na H pexe ¢ -nan Win -an (miškuosna, miškuosnan, miskaisan). Ha ocranbHoii uacti Tepputopuu rosopa (I'snBonaii, Ila6aiickac) ynoTrpeOjiseTCA HJIJIATHB MH. UKHCJIA Tuna miskaisin ~ miskiiosen. Haunbonee xapaktepHoit MopoJiorHyeckoii 0COOBHHOCTbIO TOBOpa SBJISeTCSA HAJIHUKHE ĮKMOTOHTHUECKHX OKOHUAHHHO TBOPUTEJBHOTO Majeka eld. UuKCJIA HMeH CYIIECTBUTEJIbHBIX (H JIpyTHX HMEH) C OCHOBaMH Ha -(i)o, -é, -i, Hanp. : galvai, marci, karviį, akii (B paragraph 53, —galva, marcia, karve, akimi). TlpuunHoii nosisJIeHHsI Topun roBopa (Kpukurrenaii, Mychnukaii, UėGurmikuc) uante Bcero ynorpe0jisOKOHUAHHH -of, -iį MOTJIa ObITb 3aMeHa B CHCTEeMe CKJIOHEeHHS MeCTOHMeHHH KpaTKHX (opm TBODp. Majexa el. uucaa (Hanp., tu < *tdn "Toh") įdopMaMH THna tij. Mwmena cytmecTBHTeJIbHbIeė MYKCKOTO pojia C OCHOBaMH Ha -i, -(f)u H Ha corJiacHbIH YaCTHYHO HJIH TOJIHOCTBIO MNEpellH B KATETODHIO CYIIeCTBHTEIbHBIX C OCHO1 O ¢doHeTHKe H HEKOTOPHIX MOP(DOJOTHUECKHX OCOOEHHOCTSIX —PEJHKTAX MEeCTOHMEeHHbIX npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX, (GopMax HHECCHBA —JIAHHOTO roBopa cm. :,, Tpyasl Akajemnn Hayk JIuTosckoit CCP, cepus A, T. 2(7), 1959, crp. 191-203;, Bonpocsl arTOBCKOTO A3biKO3HaHHA“ („Lietuviy kalbotyros klausimai- “), r. 3, 1960, ctp. 5-59; r. 7 (Mopdoaoruyeckuit crpoit JHTOBCKOTO 53bIKA H ero passuthe- ), 1964, crp. 145-152. 144 , Bofi Ha -(i)a, cp. : thief Bop, the son (son) ~ sons CbiH, high-spe- ~ ed ‘MONIeHHHK’, batteries ‘KaMeHb’; Then. II. 1998-1999 el. u. vagies H vage ~ vagio (uae), sunaiis sina sino, Hu sikée ~ swirl, stone ~ stone; ~ TBOp. Ms. eg. Ooo. vagil, sunu, sukéu, akmenu; UMeHUT. T. MH. u. thief or ~ thieves X thieves ~ (vane), sunai, sukcij ~ sūkčiai, akmenys: nar. n. MH. vu. vagam, sundm, sūkčem ~ sūkčiam, akmendm. Baputonnueckue ¢ji0Ba KeHCKOTO son ¢ OCHOBOH Ha -i mepeuiay B KaTeropHIo CJIOB C OCHOBOH Ha -¢, Hemp. : nése ~ nésé ‘HOC’ (: B nutep. 513. nd: Sis), AMeHHT. II. 1998-1999 MH. 4. nses ~ nésés, nar. H TBOp. II. 1998-1999 MH. Y. Nose to ~ nose. Hekotopbie pacxoxjennst ¢ Hopmamu JIATEPATYPHOTO SI3bIKA HAOJIPOJIaIOTCSH TAXI B CHCTEME YJlapeHHsi HMEH CVYULeCTBHTeEJIbHbIX. Hanp., CYmecTBHTeJIbHbIe c cybĖOuKcoM -ytė (oats ‘oBeuka’) B rOBOpe OTHOCSITCA KO BTOPOH Mapajurme yAapenus, GONBLUIMHCTBO CJI0B © cydbukcom -one (red) ‘PIKHILE, >KHHBbe’, chicken ,,KypsiTHHA®) — K He's got to get back to work. Wms npusararenbuoe. Hekoropbie HMeHa npusaratesibHbie MOTYT HMETb JIBOSIKHE OKOHUAHHA — NpeBHHe H 0oJiee HOBbIe, 3aHMCTBOBAHHbIe OT Įpyroro THMA cKJIOKeHHs. T pexie cero, OTrJlejibHbIe CJIOBa C OCHOBOfH Ha -a (x. p. Ha -0) nepeXOMAT B WE WANT CKJIOHEHHS CJIOB C OCHOBOH Ha -u (x. p. Ha -i0), Hanp. : sharp 'OcTpkbih', ugly OTBparHTeJibHbiIė (B naMSTHHKAX ĮIpEBHeJIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA H B "RoBopax astras, — bjauras", pojl. n. eg. u. astra ~ astro u astrails, bjaiira ~ biaiiro u bjauraiis, nar. n. no. u. astrdm wu astiam, bjaurdm wu bjauidm. . . Tlocrenennbeat the non-people CJIOB ynoMsiHYy Tol FPYMNbl B CKJIOHEHHH NpHJIATATEJI5HbIX € OCHOBOH Ha - 44, BEPOSITHO, GblJI TAXI NpHUHHON TMpOTHBOTMOJIOXKHOTO mnponecca — B CKJIOHCHHH HMEeH TIpHJIAaTATEJIbHbIX C OCHOBOH Ha -U NOSIBHJIACb OKOHUAHHS, CBOHCTBEHHbIe MpHJIaraTe/ibHbIM € OCHOBON Ha -a (cp. : wide ‘nnpokKHė’, poll. II. 1998-1999 eX. u. platūs u plata ~ plato). Ornenbnbie OopMki npujiaraTejibHbIX (x. p.) cpaBHHTeJibHOH CTeNeHH HADSUJLY C OKOHUAHHSIMH CKJIOHEHHS HA -ė MOTYT HMETb TAXI OKOHuaHHsi NpHJIATATEJIbHbIX C OCHOBONH Ha -io (Cp. PON. You. el. Ooo. (e.g., black H currant). Hmena npujararejibubie ¢ cydduxcamu -onas (yellow ‘wenTbih’), -yvas (Late ~ flowering) ,no3nuuii*) B roBope OTHOCSITCSI K Tperbeli napajurme, a npuJlaraTe/ibHble CPaBHHTEJIbHOH CTeNeHH — K YeTBepTOil NapaiurMe Starfish. House uncaureastoe. Hapsiny ¢ MHOXKeCTBEHHBIMH UKCJIHTEJIbHLIMH, HMEIONIHMH cypoduke -er-, BCTPEUAIOTCA UKHCJIKTEJIbHbIe TOTO JKe 3HaYeHHs € -el-, Kafip., hats H hats ‘mecrepo, mecTb’. [Bosnia and Herzegovina OOpMBbI HMEIOT TaKKe NOpS1JĮKOBbIE UKHCJIHTEJIb5Hble OT „11“ no „19“, nanp., twenty-fir- -a < st, eleventh, -a x (aie Bcero pecTapiuero B nokonenus) venalikis, YH eleven, "OJMHHAajuuATHIK, -ast". -e ~ -ė Mecronmenne. OEopubi poUTENBHOTO H BHHTEJILHOTO Najeka el. UKHCJIA JHUHbIX MeCTOHMeHHH as ‘St’, fir ‘Tbi’ H BO3BpaTHOTO MeCTOHMeHHAS Yallle BCero COBNAHaloT: mani ~ manė, tavi tavė, ~ savi savėę. ~ Pojmrejibhkllt najiex MH. UKHCJIA YNOMAHYTBIX JIHUHBIX MeCTOHMeHHH uMeeT (opMmy our our, ~ your your ~ HIN Mummy, BUH. jumi, n. MH. 4. mumis, jumis Wj mumi, jumi. BuHHTE 1bHblif MaJeXK MH. 4. MeCTOHMEHHHl »eHCKOTO son and ‘oKa’, katrd "KoTOP", that's ~ what it is "cock", but ~ that's it 'Takas' oObruKo coBNa A3eT C dopMoli MyxcKOro son (amuos, katruos...). Aaron. HuOunnTauB raaona vate Bcero OKaHuHKHBaeTCSH Ha -7 (néSi ‘ecrn’), pee — Ha - you (pregnant) wan - You. ~ -tie (pregnant). B peun npencrasuTeneii CTapuero 10. Study of Lithuanian grammar 145 NnoOKOJIEHHSA BCTpeuaeTCsi HHOHHHTHB ¢ (dopManKTOM - No. (pregnant women). VnOunuTuB BO3BpaTHbIX TJIATOJIOB BCerJla OKaHUHBaeTCs Ha -tis (pregnant). INlepBuunbie rJ1arojibi € KOPHEBBIM TJIACHbIM # (Ge3 CcOTrJIacHOTO never fucks -f B KHOËKHHTHBE) B KOHIle OCHOBbI HACTOSILEETO BpeMeHH Value BCerO HMeIOT -Sf-, Take a MOTYT HMeTb -/1HJIH -V-, HAanp., wood ~ whip "THATL" — 3rd JIHLO HACT. Bp. pusta, pūna, pūva. IlBosikne opMbl B HacTosineM BpeMeHH (C cydOOĒOuHuKcoM -s1HJIH HHOKKCOM -/1CBOHCTBEHHbI H NEpBHUKbIM LJIATOJIAM C KODHeBbIM 4, Hanp., Smūkf ,cnon3aTh, Najath" — 3rd JinuO HacT. Bp. smūksta, violo. Hapsiay ¢ dopmamu 1 hour Hi 2-0ro Julia MH. UKCJIA Oy Ayuiero BpeMeHH sleep LasKeMTM, gulsii “nskKeTe” or B “namejACTaBHTe” CTapuero NOKOJIEHHSA BCTpeyaiorcst GopMbl HHOTO THNA — drowsiness, drowsiness. B Rosope ynotpebusiiores cjeiylone GopMbl coc/1arare/ibHOro HaKJ/IOHEHHS l-oe auuo eg. : u. gulče ~ gulčia, pexe gulč, gulčių gulčiau; ~ 2nd ed. ed. u. yellow, 3-e jmuo en. u Mu. u. gultu ~ gultų, pexe gult; 1 million MH. Ooo. gultumem gultuméme, ~ 2-0e nuno MH. u. gultumei ~ gultuméte. dopMbl NOBEL PRIZE HAKJIOHEHHS YTOTPeONAIOTCS CaeAY Ole: 1-0e en. sO u. bed, 1st row MH. u. gulkim, 2-0e IMIO MH. V. the bed. ®opmbi 1 hour H 2-010 He's a fool. ykcja OyAyHero BpeMeHH OT NEpBHIHBIX ra TOJIOB C KPATKHM KOpPHEM HJIH KOpHeM BOCXOJsillel JI0/ITOThl HMEIOT Y/apeHHe Ha oKOHUAaHHH, Hanp. : case ‘Gyjiy KOnaTb“, kasi ‘Oyjlenb KOnaTb’; finger “KYMJIIO”, you buy ‘kKynums’. B ornuune OT nHuTepaTypHoro s53bIKA dbopMax B HacTOSILIeTO BpeMeHH C OCHOBaMH Ha -id H -i yJlapeHHe TypeHOCHTCS1 C KOpHA BOCXOJsiLIEH J10J1TOTbI HA NPHCTABKY, HaNp. : 3-€ JIHIO HACT. Bp. Sweichi ~ sweichia "UMCTHT, -AT" — ni§veici: The jury ~ is watching "CMOTPUT, -ST" priZuri pexe — supervise. Ilpuuacrne, Aeenpuuactue, nojynpuuactue. B rosope yrnoTpedsiioTcst JieHCTBHTE/IBHbIE NPHYACTHS HacTOsiūero Bp. (worker worker ~ dirbantis ww working, ~ working working), ~ npomejūnero o0JHOKpaTHOTO Bp. (worked, ~ worked) * npomejinero: m MHOTOKpaTHOTO Bp. (employer ~ employed, employers employed). NPUYACTHS MOTYT HMeTb (DOpMbi HACTOSILEETO BP. (working, -a) wu npomejunero Bp. (working, -a). Or BO3BpaTHLIX TJIaroJIiOB, NpHuaCTHA MOTYT ObITb 06pa30BaHbI TOJIbKO MPH HaJIHUHH IIpHCTABOK (fake, fake fake). < Jleenpuuactusi uMeioT (GopMbl ABYX BpeMeH — HACTOsALIEro H MPOLIEALETo onHoxpartHoro (workers ~ working, working). Ilojnynpuuacrne obpasyercs npn noMomu cydoukca -damas, -dama (working, working).