Naujasis „Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas“

the gender of place names, his work would have been much more compact and precise. The separate subsections and sections, naturally, would have taken an entirely different form. Among other minor shortcomings and inaccuracies, one may point to dubious etymologies that occur, especially when a suffixed oikonym is derived directly from a common noun. For example, the place names põpas, patašas (< German Pottasch), randas (< Polish rząd “authority, board...”), šabalas, táboras, važnyčia are the source of the place names Papiškės, Papiškiai (p. 55), Patašinė (J. Princas incorrectly writes Patašynė), Patašiškės, Patašiškė (p. 55), Rándiškė (p. 55), Sabališkėnai, Sabališkės (p. 56), Tabarai, Tabarauskai (p. 56), Vazniškiai (Gudeli ai; J. Princas incorrectly gives Vážniškiai), Vazniškiai (Liudvinavas; p. 57) are in fact derivatives with the suffix -išk- from the personal names Pãpas, Patašius, Rándis, Sabalys, Tábaras, Tabarauskas, Vaznis, Vaznỹs, Vážnius. Another matter is that some of these personal names may be of Slavic origin. The village name Demeniškiai (p. 44) should be derived not from Russian Демьян or Polish Dominik, but from the Lithuanian lake name Dėmenas. The place names Pakūonis (Polish Pokojnie) and Salåperaugis (Polish Salopirogi) are clear examples of substitution (Deutung), but the author mentions them only in the section on the Slavicization of endings. There are cases in which comparing the Lithuanian and Slavic forms of a place name is not yet enough to determine which is earlier. For instance, discussing changes in suffixes and endings, the author claims that the Polish forms of the place names Alšėnai (p. 65, 126; Garliava), Barsūkai (p. 164; Liudvinavas), Bundoriai (p. 166; Alytus)—Olszany, Borsuki, Bondary—are earlier, while their Lithuanian counterparts are supposedly adaptations from Polish. Such an assertion, however, requires evidence, or rather, a history of the place names. After all, for example, the place name Barsūkai may have arisen later than the common noun barsukas entered Lithuanian. Accordingly, it may have derived from the Lithuanian word (loanword) barsūkas. In that case, the Polish place-name ending -i would merely be the equivalent of the Lithuanian -ai, and not the other way around, as J. Princas argues. At the end of the book, the author included a map of the former Suwałki Governorate. This is a very useful supplement, but Lithuanian forms of the place names on the map could also have been provided, at least for the most distinctly Lithuanian place names. There are one or two citation inaccuracies, for example: L. 23, p. 1 has Likiškėlio, whereas J. Princas gives Likiškėliai; Sabeliškeniai (the correct form is Sabališkėnai) appears in L. 23, p. 2, not p. 1; Jokūboniai is in L. 23, p. 281, not p. 218. A. Vanagas THE NEW “RUSSIAN-LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY” Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary. Compiled using printed and manuscript materials collected by J. Baronas. Prepared by V. Baronas and V. Galinis. Edited by B. Larinas (A-II), professor; J. Macaitis (K-H and T-Я, managing editor); and K. Musteikis (O-C). “Mintis,” Vilnius, 1967 (vol. I, 569 pp.; vol. II, 622 pp.). Žinomas pedagogas ir leksikografas J. Baronas (1873–1952) savo „Rusų-lietuvių žodyną“ išleido 1924 m. Antroji jo žodyno laida, žymiai papildyta ir pa- 200 A revised edition appeared in 19331. A new dictionary was prepared on the basis of this dictionary and the extensive manuscript materials that had been left behind; it consists of two enormous volumes—about 200 printer’s sheets. The dictionary contains over 75,000 words. Until now, we have not had a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary of such scope. The compilers of the dictionary did well to make use of J. Baronas’s printed and manuscript dictionary materials. As is well known, this lexicographer has plowed a deep furrow in Lithuanian lexicography. His Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary is very rich—it contains not only words from colloquial folk speech and various written works, but also many apt coinages of his own. Through J. Baronas’s dictionary, such now familiar words entered the Lithuanian literary language as: apžavai, gaisravietė, gembinė, links-muolis, niekalas (defect), niršulys, niršus, nuoraudis, nuožvalgaus, pastriūbomis, pašnekovas, and others. Although the new dictionary is based on J. Baronas’s dictionary, it bears little resemblance to it, except perhaps in the richness of its lexical material. Both in its scope and in its selection of words and their lexicographic treatment, it is a new dictionary, compiled according to the principles of Soviet lexicography. It includes primarily words of contemporary Russian literary language, but it does not strictly exclude dialect words that occur more frequently in recent Russian literature, or obsolete words. The dictionary contains a considerable number of scientific and technical terms. Where necessary, information is provided on the use of Russian words—indicating the area of language to which they belong and their stylistic connotation. Words are divided into senses in detail and illustrated with examples of their use. Then, following a special sign (a lozenge), a considerable number of proverbs, sayings, and phraseological expressions creatively translated into Lithuanian are provided. Here are a few: врёт как по писанному — lies like a book; буйная головушка — a daredevil, a hothead, a bold fellow; дать винта — to make off; дёшево да гнило — cheap and nasty; молчать в тряпочку — to keep one’s mouth shut, not to say what one shouldn’t; не сносить головы — to meet one’s end, to break one’s neck; они друг друга стоят — they’re as bad as each other; после ужина горчица — too little, too late; пуганая ворона и куста боится — once bitten, twice shy; сделать из мухи слона — to make a mountain out of a molehill, and others. In many respects, the dictionary has been compiled commendably. However, as in any major work, a few inaccuracies or shortcomings occur here as well. We will point out a few minor issues we have noticed. 1. Words are translated into Lithuanian using numerous synonyms (lexical, derivational, and morphological), for example: дрожь — trembling, quivering, vibration, tremor, shaking, jolting, shiver, chill; кропулуѕ; дубина — 1. cudgel, stick, club, rod, pole, bludgeon... 2. dimwit, blockhead, oaf, fool, idiot, dolt, lout, pigheaded fellow. We find many semantic and stylistic synonyms alongside nearly every word with a broad range of meanings. The extensive use of synonyms is undoubtedly a positive feature of the dictionary, since an exact and single equivalent in another language cannot always be found for a word in one language. In one context, one equivalent may be more suitable; in another, a different one. On the other hand, however, an excessive number of synonyms—and sometimes not synonyms, but words with quite distant meanings—being given for a word in another language 1 The preface to the new dictionary (1967) and the list of lexicographic sources incorrectly state that the second edition was published in 1932. In fact, the date printed on the final page of the second edition, immediately after the dictionary text, is February 7, 1933. Apparently, the dictionary was finished printing on that day. The 1933 date is also given in the Little Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia. 201 word-for-word, — makes it difficult to understand it in the required sense. Let us take, for example, the word гуляка in this dictionary, which is translated into Lithuanian by the following equivalents: idler, wanderer, slope; rowdy, drifter, reveler, carouser, feaster, debauchee, drunkard; ночной гуляка — night prowler, night roamer, night wanderer, kildash. As we can see, quite different Lithuanian equivalents are given here for one Russian word. Russian dictionaries explain the word гуляка as follows: „тот, кто праздно и разгульно живёт“2; „тот, кто любит гулять“3. If the first three words (idler, wanderer, slope) more or less express the meaning of the word гуляка, then rowdy better corresponds to Russian посева, plūdungis — ветренник, reveler, carouser, feaster, debauchee — кутила, drunkard — пьяница; naktikovis (=naktikovas?) is a rare dialect word meaning night roamer. The word kildašas is completely incomprehensible, and its origin is unknown (it is not included in vol. V of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”). The word балда (“большой тяжёлый молот”) is translated into Lithuanian as hammer, cudgel, club. But these are words with different meanings: hammer is an iron tool, whereas cudgel, club are wooden tools and correspond more closely to the Russian word дубина. бог — god, deity; idol. It is doubtful that idol (Russian идол, истукан) is needed here. петух — rooster, skėtronas. In fact, skėtronas, like kakarikonas, is merely a nickname for a rooster, not a synonym in the nominative sense. 2. Some Russian words are translated into Lithuanian by rare, incomprehensible words coined by J. Baronas or other authors, for example: обрезгун — dygeklis (vol. II of J. Baronas’s dictionary had dyguoklis), neapsivėžėlis, išvingėlis, magašius, šlelkštuolis. It is unclear where the words dygeklis and magašius came from; they are not found in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.” The following equivalents are given for the word бунт: bundle, clump, gezulas, kypa. Instead of the word gezulas, it would have been better to use kezulas. For the word kypa, the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” gives the meaning “heaps, rows,” not “bundle.” буревал is translated as: vėtralaūža, vėjalaūža, griaumedis, išvartos, lūžtvė, sankrytos, išlaužos, išgulos, lūžtis, kirma, griaumenys. The word kirma is recorded only in this dictionary. Alongside the widely known lūžtvė, the rare lūžtis has become unnecessary. It is likely that such rare words as byjus “fear” (боязнь), blizgas “fishing lure” (блесна), dyksmilė “loose sand” (сыпучий песок), dotalas, dotas “gift” (подарок), rūtis “cellar” (погреб) passed from A. Juška’s dictionary into this one. Words used only by J. Baronas and in this dictionary include: girdyklas “drink” (пойло), spiegura “shackle, fetter” (плена), blastūnas “intriguer” (интригант), gamus “productive, fruitful” (производительный), nuogarpustys “drifting sand” (сыпучие пески), gydvietė “health resort” (курорт), geltymas “yolk” (желток), sėdis “session” (сеанс), plikšys “bat” (летучая мышь). It seems the dictionary could quite well have done without them. 3. In the preface, the authors note that when giving the meanings of Russian words, they do not avoid “even more widely used loanwords in exceptional cases.” Among such “excep- 2 See Словарь русского языка. Compiled by S. I. Ozhegov, 4th ed., Moscow, 1960. 3 Словарь русского языка. Compiled by the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol. I, Moscow, 1957. 4 See S. I. Ozhegov’s dictionary. 202 The words bliūdas (блюдо), balana (лучина), bizūnas (камча), karčiama (корчма), rėčka (бадья), gryčia (изба), etc., could be classed among cases of “...”; but it is doubtful whether such Germanisms as ronas “log, wall timber” (бревно), spangis “tub, small vat” (бадья), šnapsas “vodka” (шнапс), tynė “bath” (ванна) are needed in a dictionary. Some words used in the dictionary are no longer supplied for literary language, for example: atmirti “to die, disappear, cease to exist” (отмереть), rašytojinis “writers’” (писательский), chuligan yti “to behave like a hooligan” (хулиганить), kinietis “a Chinese person” (китаец). 4. The dictionary contains a considerable number of terms from various fields of science. Most of them are used appropriately and translated into Lithuanian. Nevertheless, terminological inaccuracies and inconsistencies do occur. Some compound proper names are written inconsistently in the dictionary, for example: Gegužės pirmoji (entries майовка, май, шестое and Gegužės Pirmoji (entries первомай, первомайский, предмайский); Paukščių takas (entries млечный, путь), but Raudonasis Kryžius (entry крест). The rules of “Lithuanian Grammar” should be followed, and the second components of these and other similar compound names should be written with a capital letter. Under the entry героиня we find motina didvyrė “heroine’s mother,” whereas under мать the same phrase is given as motina-didvyrė. The hyphen is unnecessary here. Under заяц we find vaistinis smidras (Asparagus offic.), whereas under спаржа—smydras (Asparagus). It is recommended to follow the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian” and write smydras. Likewise, one should write pakelinis tabakas, not покелinis tabakas (entry почечный). There are also inconsistencies in the stress marking of terms, for example: žioveinis (entry зев) and žioveinis (entry львёнок), būlpinigiai (entry издержки) and būlpinigiai (entry судебный), vaštaka, Fulica atra (entry курочка) and vaštaka, Fulica atra (entry лысун), bulvinė saulėgrąža (entry груша) and bulvinė saulėgrąža (entry земляной), dešimtainė trupmena (entry десятичный) and dešimtainė trupmena (entry дробь), nendrinė vištelė (entries водяной, курица) and nendrinė vištelė (entry камышник), and so on. The dictionary also contains obsolete and inaccurate terms. We will mention the more characteristic ones. Under the entry обезжиренный we find the Lithuanian equivalents nuriebintas, nuriebinimas (nuriebinti vilnas, nuriebinti preparatus spiritu ir t. t.). This is a real misunderstanding. One may argue only about the correctness of the words nuriebalinti → nuriebalinimas (cf. nuvandeninti→nuvandeninimas, nužeivinti→nužeivinimas, etc.) and their suitability for expressing the meaning “removal of a substance,” generally denoted by a verbal root with a deverbal noun⁶; but verbs formed from adjectives and their nominal abstracts cannot under any circumstances be used for this purpose. In the dictionary, the word копейка is translated by the Lithuanian equivalents krūtinė, krūtingalis. Either two meanings of this Russian term should be indicated, or only nugarinė should be given as the translation, as proposed in the “Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnical Dictionary” (Vilnius, 1959). The word копейка is explained as follows in the glossary of animal-husbandry terms: “спинная или поясничная часть свиной полутуши”⁷. In contemporary Russian literary langu- ⁵ The inconsistent spelling of Russian terms is not discussed in this review, although it too occurs, for example: Млечный путь (entry путь) and Млечный Путь (entry млечный), лебедь-кликун (entry лебедь) and лебедь-кликун (entry клика́ть), and so on. ⁶ For more on this, see “Kalbos kultūra,” 7, Vilnius, 1964, p.29. ⁷ Энциклопедический словарь-справочник по животноводству, М., 1960, p. 219. 203 the word копейка is first used precisely in this sense⁸. In Vilnius city brand-name butcher shops, копейка is also used to refer only to the sirloin. In the entry непена́д, the word перпуолис is proposed as a hydrotechnical term (многоступенчатый непена́д — multistage перпуолис). Land-reclamation specialists translate the Russian term непена́д with the Lithuanian word slenkstis (многоступенчатый непена́д — multistage slenkstis)⁹. In the dictionary, the soup селянка is simply called selianka in Lithuanian. Culinary professionals have long called this soup by the Lithuanian word šiupininė. This name is now used in menus as well. It is much more suitable than the loanword mentioned above. The entry двуручная gives двуручная пила — two-man saw, while the entry пила gives поперечная (двуручная) пила — two-hand saw. The term волк is translated as jūrinis vilkas (fish), Anarhichas lupus, while the entry волк gives vilkutis, Anarhichas lupus. The entry заяц states that заячья капуста is didysis šilokas, Sedum maximum, while the entry капуста translates the same Russian term as kiškio kopūstai, Oxalis acetosella. All the Lithuanian terms mentioned above are acceptable, but they nevertheless should have been standardized within the same work. The dictionary contains inconsistently used Latin terms in botany and zoology. For example: Лебедь кликун—gulbė giesmininkė, Cygnus cygnus (entry лебедь), but лебедь-кликун — gulbė giesmininkė, Cygnus musicus (entry кликунь). In the works of T. Ivanauskas, M. Valius, and other ornithologists, this swan is called Cygnus cygnus L. Морской лев — jūrinis liūtas, Otaria Stelleri (entry лев), jūros liūtas, Otaria stelleri (entry морской), but jūrų liūtas, Phoca leonina (entry суву). Not only the Latin but also the Lithuanian equivalents are inconsistent. Пасюк — žynė (grey rat), Rattus norvegicus, but крыса — žynė (grey), Mus decumanus. In the works of T. Ivanauskas, S. Maldžiūnaitė, and other zoologists, this rat is called Rattus norvegicus in Latin. Орлан — jūrinis erelis, Haliaeetus, but морской орёл — jūrų erelis, Haliaetus albicilla (entry морской). In T. Ivanauskas’s works, this eagle is called Haliaëtus albicilla in Latin. Клуша — kuosa, Colenus monedula, but галка — kuosa, kiaukė, kovukas, varnelė, Coleus monedula. In the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” as well as in the works of T. Ivanauskas and S. Mast auskas, kuosa is Coleus monedula. We will list further proofreading errors in the presentation of terms of this kind, which may mislead the reader and are not included in the list of errors found and corrected appended to the second volume. For example: выхухоль — musk u s i n ė žiurkė, kurmėnas, Desman moschata (=Desmana moschata); голубь: лесной голубь — miškinis karvelis Coenas (=Columba oenas arba C. oenas); красный: красный гусь — flamingas, Phoenicopterus (=Phoenicopterus), cf. фламинго—flamingas, Phoenicopteri (=Phoenicopterus); свинка: морская свинка — jūros kiaulytė, Clavia cobaya (=Cavia cobaya), cf. морской: морская свинка — jūros kiaulytė, Cavia cobaya; сапсан — sakalas-ke leivis, Falco peregrinus (=Falco peregrinus); конский: конский щавель — arkliarūgštė, gudažolė, Rumex hyd- 8 See Словарь современного русского литературного языка, vol. 5, М., 1956. 9 Žr. J. Čeičys, Melioracijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius 1960, p. 154. 204 rolopathum (= Rumex hydrolapathum), cf. щавель: конский щавель – long dock, gudazolė, Rumex hydrolapathum; колонянка – linnet, hemp bird, linnet, Acanthis (Carduelis) canabina (=Acanthis cannabina), cf. реполов – linnet, Acanthis cannabina. 5. Both Russian and Lithuanian words are marked for stress, except those written in italics. When marking stress in Lithuanian words, an effort is made not to depart from the stress rules established in the literary language, although these are not yet firmly established everywhere. In this respect, J. Baronas’s old dictionary was particularly deficient. Many words were stressed according to the eastern dialect, whose representative was the author himself. International words were stressed especially poorly. These errors are no longer present in the new dictionary. Very few stress errors were observed: resting (=besiilstantis) – стр. prince, young king (=karaliūnas) – королевич, bog (=liūnas) – quagmire, does not dry out (=nenudžiūvo) – стр. milk, seven-year-old (=septynmetis) – seven-year period, šindra (=šindrā) – бутерляк. The word Europa is given with two stress variants, Europà and Eurōpa, although other similar words are stressed in only one way: Bonà, Romà, Onegà. The dictionary compilers apparently wished to show the new stress tendency for words of this kind, but it is hardly justifiable. K. Gaivenis ir A. Lyberis