Dėl kai kurių žodžių literatūrinės formos ir kirčio

LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY AND LEXICOGRAFY LITHUANIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Notes, reviews ON THE LITERARY FORM AND PRONUNCIATION OF SOME WORDS Determination of the literary form of dialectal and ancient written words is the problem that constantly comes to solve the writers of the great “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language”. Here are some similar little things from lexicographic practice. 1. Omelette or omelet? The word ameléti is first recorded in K. Buga's "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language", where it is interpreted as "lovingly talk, pleasantly talk" by Užpaliai, "cooked, accustomed" by Vyžuonas and illustrated by sentences: Amelédama prisipratino į savė mergiotę. Paamelék (npunackaii, npueoaybe) and get used to it! "Užpaliai!:. In another place in his dictionary, K. Būga tries to link ameléti with amalioti “to save nothing”*, and with this he compares the word amas “peub, co3Hanue, Bewusstsein, Žžadas”*. Perhaps this reasonable association will have suggested K. Bugas to reconstruct the form ameléti®, although, for example, the leaf from Vyžuonai (D. Tuskenis) he used to prove this form clearly shows another form —omeléti®. Apparently, K. Bugas has not been clear about everything here, because in his appeal to the public, “Men and women, come together!- ”, published just before the proofreading of his dictionary, he asks to be given Knowledge about the Word ameléti®. Today the form odmelėti" has been confirmed —and not only in Vyžuonosė: it has been attested from other places as well —Dusetū, Sudeikiai, Leliūnai, Utends, even Užpaliai. For example: : Omelet child on the knees Dusetos. Maybe you'll have to be omeletted as a kid! Two-something. They have one daughter, Lillian. 1 ir See K. Būga, Selected Writings, III, Vilnius, 1961, p. 436. By the way, the dialect pronunciation is indicated here —dūmalat' is probably a proofreading error (after m should be not a, but e), because in the leaflet written by K. Būga from Užpaliai we find the form ameléti. 2 See. K. Būga, min. veik., III, p. 432. 3 See. ibid., p. 433. 4 This association remains valid even if we reconstruct the form omelėti; cf. here also omuo “memory; understanding, judgment”, meaning “mind, intellect, consciousness; memory’; aumué "understanding, judgment", aūmenys "memory" (so we have a change of root vowels here). 5 It is characteristic that the later edition of the “Lietuvių kalbos žodynas” does not use this sheet (cf. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, I, Vilnius, 1941, p. 98; II ed., Vilnius, 1968, p. 119—120) and, although it leaves J in the same place in the index, it does make its duplicate and moves this duplicate to o rai“ 6 See. K. Būga, min veik., III, p. 488. "The firm preposition is here reconstructed conditionally, because the vowel prepositions are indistinguishable in the area of word use. We could at least somewhat justify the persistence here by the continuous nature of the action expressed by this word. 189 It would be hard to believe that this is another word than the word amelėti, given by K. Būga from Užpaliai and in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary I t. (and its II ed.) from Užpaliai and Jūžintai. It is probably a single word, only reconstructed in various ways. So which of these forms is the true literary one? In order to answer this question, we have to look at the literary a' and o' equivalents in the area of use of these forms. However, first, in the form omelėti o is long (0°), thus there can be no literary language a reflex, because the latter is usually shorter in the area of rotinis (2. or d.), only in the southeast, closer to Ukmerge, where our spoken word is no longer used, is long (2°)%, and secondly, in general, from all the mentioned places of the word's spread only some Leliūnai come at least a little closer to the area of rotinis, but do not merge into it (by the testimony of K. Morkūnas, Leliūnai, located on the right side of the highway Anykščiai—Rokiskis, do not rotiniskuoja). In this way, the possibility of omelet being a rotin form falls away. And the dialectal form ameléti —from Užpaliai and Jūžintai — can boldly be considered Zadiniškiškas (literary language pronounced 0': a' (4°), especially with regard to older writings (K. Būga from Užpaliai written at least half a century ago), because, according to Z. Zinkevičius, "apparently, until recently, at least in the area of the Uteniškiai dialect, the whole d' or a was pronounced", from Dusetai, Sudeikiai, Vyžuonai, Leliūnai and Utena written (rarely) form omelėti is easily explained and understood, because Zadininkavimas is a disappearing dialectal feature there. The omelieties of the authors (more often these are the notes of recent years) in most cases can reflect the real dialect o' or at least 2", less often —4, which "to distinguish from 2°, i.e. 0 with a shade, is not always easy"! !, Finally, it should be recalled that the writers of non-specialists like and literary. In this case, the morphology of the skeleton suggests that it may have been a form of skeleton. In literary language it must be reconstructed émeléti. 2. Žemaičių oršas —(v)ash son, friend of the oak In the ethnographic literature, the word oršas is mentioned when talking about the installation of the chimney of the Žemaičių troupe. Here V. Milius writes: “The boiler is hung on a wall with a hook in the lower part. It is made of wood or a large iron chain attached to a beam, which is covered with gold on the ceiling of the house!”2. Among other dialectal variants, oršas is mentioned by K. Čerbulėnas: "Vąšas is dialectally called ąšas, onšas, vonšas, oršas, anšas""- *, In addition to the ones mentioned here, also known forms are vanšas, ošas, vošas oušas. The evolution of all these variants is clear: an> on > 0 > ou (Žemaitijos) or an > q (Aukštaitijos). The presence ir or absence of the v sound at the beginning of the word is also understood. It is only known from the form oršas (6ršos). According to the database of the Academic Lithuanian Dictionary (M. Untulio notes), the database of the Lithuanian Language Atlas and V. Miliaus'* data, it is L" Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966, p. 50. ? * See Z. Zinkevičius, min. veik., p. 69 et seq. No. 28. 10 See. Ibid. p. 69. 1 See. Ibid. 12 See Milius, V, Plateliai neighborhood residential houses, “From the history of Lithuanian culture”, 1I, Vilnius, 1959, p. 218. 8 Žr, K. Čerbulėnas, House for sale (,,numas‘‘) — original Lithuanian residential building type, ibid., I, Vilnius, 1958 p. 129. 14 Zr. V, Milius, op. cit., p. 214. 190 used in a small area —Vindeikiai, Noténai, Gintališkė, Plateliai, Bėržorė, Dovainiai, Mačiūkiai, Stirbaičiai, Virkšuosė, Šateikiai, Mišėnai, Babrungénai. However, in those places the literary language 4 (<an) corresponds to o, e.g. : Goose ~ geese. Thus, here we would expect the form 6ša, used, for example, in Mosėdyje, Sedojė, Leckavojė, Viekšniuosė, etc. It would be hard to believe that the form Orsha would have come from 6shsa. It is probably derived from the form gnsos, which is used in Plūnge, Telšiuosė, Žarėnai, Luokė, Vafniai, etc. This must have happened earlier than on>o. The absolute chronology is more difficult to state until the an>on and on>o times have been reliably established. The form of Žemaičiai oršas, being a sporadic phenomenon, is not the only one. She has a well-known friend — the highland western southern heron (|heržuolis) < anchovy. There are also two other sporadic forms of this word: dižuolas and dužuolas. Aižuolas < angžuolas is easy to understand, because ai <an is not a rare phenomenon, cf. raižytis: rąžytis, nudėgoti: nudangoti, žaislai: žąslai, kaisti: kąsti, tais: tąs (literary language tas), gražiaisias: gražiąsias. Both or<on (orš), as well as ar< an (aržuolas), as well as ai<an (ižuolas) will have appeared when the consonant combinations nš, nž (together with ns, nz, nj, nv, nl, nr, nm, nn) became uncomfortable. These were the first attempts to avoid them (the same, but in different dialects and at a slightly different time): the compounds rš, rž were more comfortable than ns, nž (they remained unchanged to our days, cf. erškėtis, irštva, eržilas, barska...). Later, a more rational path was followed—m disappeared altogether. In this case, the question of how to present the sporadic form oršas in the Dictionary is very tricky. In Volume I, Edition II, where it is presented for the first time, this word is highlighted with a separate dictionary article: aišas (dialect oršas<onšas<anšas) see ąšas**. The form aršas Cia is reconstructed from the dialect oršas conditionally, based on the fact that in it the o is from a regularly, and the r from n sporadically. However, it would be useful to present the form oršas itself with the letter o (with reference to aršas). For a reader who knows the word oršas (it, as we have seen, has also entered the scriptures), but who does not know the tricks of reconstruction, it would be easier to find it in the Dictionary. 3, M. Daukšos „Postilės“ ddgus ~ dangus In M. Daukšos „Postilėje“ beside the pronunciation dqgus 7,,, dagdus 4, and others (—dangus, dangaiis) there are also quite different cases of pronunciation of this word: ddgus 795, dągaus 39413, ddgaus 60,s, ddguie 87s, 1945, 222,,, ddgun’ 36551, 454,, 4954". Mr. Skardzius tends to interpret these cases as dasngus'®, at the same time noting that "it probably has a newly diverted, not an ancient accent"!?. This interpretation has been uncritically accepted by other authors??. However, according to P. Skardžius himself, “the present language does not confirm this at all”*!. 15 The same opinion has been expressed in an interview with the author by dialectologist B. RokaitėVanagienė (Mosėdis). 16 Zr. Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, I, II ed., Vilnius, 1968. 17 See P. Skardžius, Daukšos accentologija, Kaunas, 1935, p. 123—124. 18 See Ibid. p. 125. 19 See Ibid. 20 Plg, Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, II, p. 177—178. ai See. P. Skardžius, op. cit., p. 125. 191 Much more convincingly, M. Daukša’s “Postilas” ddgus, dqgaus can be interpreted as heaven, heaven. This is supported by the facts of the present language: 1.As the sky, the reflection of the sky in the dialects has preserved a strongtraditional pronunciation of the root in iSvestininiai adjectives: heavenly Pagramantis®®, Daukšiai, Baftininkai, Pilviškiai, ddnginis Ketūrvalakiai, Kazlų Rūda. 2. next to the present language, the heavens, the heavens of M. Daukša’s “Postilas”, the heavens can exist just as in dialects there exists an analogous pair of pronunciation of the same root and noun, but of the word cover of a different stem: danga, dangos and danga, dangos Šakiai, Ketūrvalakiai, Kapsūkas, Kalvarija, Daukšiai, Marcinkénys, e.g. : The cover covers the bread bucket Daukšiai. Press the hive cover tightly so that the honey bee does not fall. I closed the tree with a cover so that bears would not tear Marcinkénys®. The "diaphragm" of the covers of Dusetos and Rokiškis can also be attributed here: Neprapiauk dangų, viduriai susiblaivuos Rokiskis, existing next to the covers of Kupiškis. The fact that both the area of the word cover (Eastern Lithuania) and the area of the word cover and especially the area of the adjectives heavenly, celestial (Southwestern Lithuania) are quite distant from the homeland of M. Daukša, the author of “Postila”, may not contradict our interpretation: in the 16th century the areas of these linguistic phenomena could have been quite different. Historical data also support this reconstruction: dangus, dangaus is an old metatonically pronounced deverbative noun (see derigti). K. Būga in his work „,,Die Metatonie im Litauischen und Lettischen“, speaking about this case of metatonia (deverbative noun Zio/: verb —), gives the examples we have already mentioned: ddnga,„,„- Deckel der Bachtroges“ Keturvalakiai, dangos, Gen. dangų Ds,, Zwerchfell, Diaphragma“: dasigo 3 praes. frequency. von defigti,,decken“?®, Cia pat K. Būga pažymi:,Hierher gehört auch le. (kurisch) dafiga BGr.,,Ecke“?®, Undoubtedly, here also fits the Latvian (Kursh) daridzis „Kranz, aus einem Stiick bestehende Radfelge- “¥. Prussian language data —acc. sing. dangon 15119, 1554, 1594, 161g, 1635-45, 1673, 1691514 2193, 239413, dangan 169, and dengifkas gen. sing. f. 231, dengnifkanf acc. pl. f. 229,*® —and also showed Lithuanians were sky (and ddngiskas). 22 See. Dictionary of the English Language, Vol. It is unfortunate that examples of such pronunciation in other cases are not presented in the Dictionary. For example, the celestial recorded by a reliable collector from Kazlų Rūda is unused, and a newer celestial is presented (see ibid., p. 173). 232 "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" II t. we find only cover (p. 171). The whole material of a considerable area, which testifies to the pronunciation of the cover, was somehow looked at incorrectly. 24 Zr. Dictionary of the English Language, Vol. 235 See K. Būga, min. veik., II, Vilnius, 1959, p. 397. 26 See. Ibid. 27 See. E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Heidelberg—Gottingen, 1955 — 1965, p. 88. 28 See Monuments of Prussian language, prepared by V. Mažiulis, Vilnius, 1966. Numbers indicate pages and rows. 192 All this shows that M. Daukšos According to the Postilae, ddgaus is indeed heaven, heaven. In this way, it would probably be the only true example of the pronunciation « of root nouns only I ne In the Postilla? ?, but in the ir whole Lithuanian language*?, Chronology undeniably shows that M. Daus ddngus is an older pronunciauž tion of the present heavens. Transformation of a constant root into an end (I>1V kirč.)*! * in this example corresponds to the general basic trend of Lithuanian noun pronunciation development. J. Klimavičius ON VIENNA TERMINOLOGY LITTLE MAN K. ARCH IR E. FRENKELIO IN THE LETTER Total In Lithuania, a small bird nests in barns, piles of logs, holes in stone ir foundations and other burrows, ornithologists call it Oenanthe oenanthe in Latin L. Prof. T. Ivanauskas writes jį about it: “In Lithuania ju you will find it in pure fields, especially in barren areas. It is often found near highways, but also in the ir immediate vicinity of cities, military training grounds, stadiums, ir near railway stations, especially where there are piles of stones, logs... Po After the war, when our country was filled with all kinds of ruins, this bird found very favorable conditions for nesting, because those ruins replaced the foothills of the mountains, the rocky landscape. For example, po the war of cults a lot ir appeared in the very In Vilnius, where entire city quarters have become ruins!". The name of the bird is derived from the word for "bird". (in ir dictionaries in scientific journals there are three other variants of this word: kūltupis, kultupis ir kultupys®). The word is derived from the Latin word for circle. iš ‘stone’ +fuck. Eastern In Lithuania, it is known as angulas. ||Ancient ir inlays®. It is also known by the forms Aulnay, Aulnay-soir us-Bois, Aulnay-sous-Bois, etc. K. Būstr. ga ‘CjiaBsKo-Gajirniickue STHMOJIOTHH’? has observed that ‘Cm. gt-oka **M. Daukšos ,,Postilés jmogus 85, mogaus 134 ir kt P. Skardžius is inclined to hold as well the spelling, but this is, I as the author himself notes, only a suppositioir n, although very likely ir (see section 4.4). P. Cages, min. ill., p. 124). *0 Plg. K. A note of the buoy: "I don't have an example for a noun" (see section 4.4). K. Length, min. week, II, p. 35). # To the reason as correctly has been observed A. Girdenis, well bus "need to differentiate different verbs" (see section 4.4). A. Girdenis, Kodėl įsigalioja „,terminal’ noun pronunciation- “, „Scientific conference of higher education lecturers on Lithuanian language issues, dedicated to October 50th anniversair ry, program of thesis presentations“, Vilnius, 1967, p. 6). ! See. T. Ivanauskas, Birds of Lithuania, III, V., 1955, p. 309—310. * Unstandardized use of this term variants can be seen even in the academic ir In the Lithuanian language dictionary: to the words ir akmenė antikas (I, V., there is 1968) written kultupys, next to the word girnakalis (III, V., 1956) — Cult, to the words guzzling bird (III, V., 1956) ir inlet (IV, V, 1957) — kūltupys, o to the main word kūltupis (V, V., attributed 1962) only to the form kultupys kultupis. ir *These synonyms are also mentioned: akmenė (ornithologists call this term a buck, but ne Arenaria interpres), grey-tailed woodpecker, grey-tailed woodpecker, black-tailed woodpecker, and, probably, grey-tailed woodpecker. Even though akad. "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language" (II, V., to the latter 1969) word it is indicated that this ‘Thunder Goat’ (Scolopax gallinago), but the illustrative sentence denies this: "Oi tu čekūt, čekutčli, ko tu lendi krūsnin" (Celebration- ). “K. 1958, p. 472. 1958, p. 472. 13. From Lithuanian lexicology and lexicography 193