Dėl keleto lietuvių kalbos skolinių

IŠ LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY IR LEXICOGRAFIES LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY aa ON KELETO LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES DEBTORS S. THE QUEENS As is known, traditional studies of the etymology of Indo-European languages have focused primarily on finding equivalents in other į languages. languages, in order to highlight the most archaic ide. innovative lexical layer of ar languages covering several groups of related languages. Those words that have matches in other ide. were left aside as late innovations, worthless for historical reconstructions. Marking lexicons that, at a superficial glance, seemed to be isolated in the language system, but had easy access to other languages. su (ide. ar no.) equivalents found in other languages, in many cases they were considered to be borrowed. That the objects of material culture and ir the words denoting them travel from nation iš to nation resp. į iš language į language, is a well-known phenomenon (e.g., street, pepper, silk, market, etc.). ir However, this is an extralinguistic — factor, and, of course, it is not sufficient, and on the basis of it alone, it is not jo appropriate to determine that a word is a self-borrowed one, even though it denotes some cultural reality. ar ar ir Recently, with increased attention to the position į of language lexical elements in the system, their relationships jų with other su elements, and increased ir efforts to etymologize the lexicon first using the data of the language system itself, the question of borrowed words is often raised. ir Antai J. In contrast, the White House has denied the claims of the White House. kafstas being a word of the Ugro-Finnic languages, which came through the Slavs, very argumentatively proves the ir Balticness: jo ‘Il0CKOJIbKY B JIATOBCKOM s3blKe yepeloBaHue kefstas/kafstas ,,rpo0“ TNOJHOCTBLIO CoOBNaJI2eT C uyepelloBaHHeM kefstas|kai'stas ,,3eMyepoiika®, MOMKHO BEICKA3aTh npeanoJoxeHHe O Ga/ITHACKOM NPOUCXOXKAEHHH JIHT. keFstas ,,rpoG* H JITIL Skirt. ConocraBjieHHE JIT. kei-s-tas ‘Tpo6’ c kef-s-las ‘pnonoro’ n crossing ,,py6uTh, BbipyOnBaTb“ B JIOCTATOYHOH Mepe MPOSICHSET BTHMOJIOTHIO paCCMAaTpHBaeMbIX GAJITHICKHX cJi0B. Popma c orsiacokoii o (JIHT. kaf-s-tas) COBMAjaeT no CBOE Thank you for a your attention. B IlIaHe C JIT. pre-kar-tas ,know” (= ,,BLUEJIECHHASI KOJIOJIa). DRTHMOJIOTHS JITIN. SKifsts NpOSICHSETCS IPH CONocTaBJIEHHH C JIHT. slaughter ‘pe3arb’; B CEMAHTHYECKOM K€ acneKTe Bee NpUBeJIeHHbIe GaJITHHCKHE CJIOBa MOryT OkbITb COMOCTaBJEHbl C pyc. Koa00a ‘Tpo6’,,,- KOpHITO THEIR 100 mg 12* 179 once daily. - You. V. Urbutis, based on a whole series of common root words found in dialects, quite rightly raises the idea that Lithuanian ūčiū, aciu, ūčiuo and others, which E. Fraenkelis considers Slavisms*- ?, may be their own, Lithuanian Zodziai®. Based on the above-mentioned methodological principles, this article aims to examine a number of Lithuanian words (dėka, kūbilas, posnia, šišava*), which are unanimously considered to be borrowed words, by bringing up the relevant material from the Baltic languages, which has been ignored so far, and which shows that there is no need to consider the Lithuanian words under consideration as borrowed. 1. thanks duokia, duokė, duoti „to guess what work to do“ LKŽ II 612, which has a variant with the root end consonant -g-, cf. nūduogia- ,„,numano“ Išlaužas, is related to the nouns dudgas „think, reason; “a man of low mind” Daugėliškis, Kuktiškės, Linkmenys, Subačius, Vidiškės, duoga “t. p.’ "Kylie Minogue, Duff McKagan, and the 'Sweethearted Man'" (PDF). LKŽ II 611, dudkas „man of low mind; “Ignalina, Kirdeikiai, Kuktiškés, Linkmenys, Tauragnai®. With the root vowel o there are dokia, doké, dokti "to understand, to permanyti* LKZ II 412 as well as his dokia,,freiwillig, of good will" R II 149, M II 196. He is known for his work in the genre of puzzles. He will cross the rye and will come by his own grace (by his own will, unrequested) LKZ II 262 already has ė vocalizma. The noun déka (and thanks),,- dékojimas, thanks; grace; will“ in LKŽ II 262 is widely used both in dialects and in old writings, cf. also dékas, „dékojimas, dėka“ in LKŽ II 262, their nominatives dėkoti, dėkūoti „to say thank you“ in LKŽ II 264 as well as the adverbs dėkui, dėku, dėkuo in LKŽ II 264 (the latter are probably of the singular noun form of the root o, cf. dėkas). Of particular importance is the fact that in Latvian there is also a segment with root vowel ė, cf. lat. thanks to „freier Wille; das Naturell, die Charaktereigentümlichkeit“ ME I 46, whose specific meaning does not allow it to be considered a loan from either Lithuanian or Slavic languages. Perhaps, here can be distinguished and lat. daga (dial. hole) „for the benefit or advantage“ (loc. sing.) ME I 461, EH I 318. Kadangi d bei t kontrastas lietuvių kalboje turi fonematinį statusą, plg., pvz., dėgti: tėkti, daryti: taryti ir kadangi čia nagrinėjamosios šaknies žodžiai nepriklauso ekspresyvinei leksikai, kurioje skardieji bei duslieji priebalsiai neretai netenka distinktyvinés funkcijos, minimuosius Žodžius mes laikysime priklausančius atskirai šakniai ir nesiesime jų su tokiais jiems fonetiškai bei semantiškai ar1 IO, B. Orkyniųukos, Has HcTopHH HHAO-eBponefickoro CJI0B006pa3oBaKHs, Jlennnrpajį 1967, p. 221—2. In 1911, K. Būga also held that Lithuanian karstas, Latin škirsts were old Baltic words, cf. K. Būga, RR, I, pp. 308-9. Unfortunately, he later revoked this opinion, see. K. Būga, RR, II, pp. 192-4. * E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 1. 3 V. Urbutis, —Baltistica, V(1), 1969, p. 48-9. 4 Zr. E. Fraenkel, LEW, pp. 86, 304, 641, 990-991 and the literature cited therein. 5 Dubkas could otherwise not be distinguished from dvakas „,kvaiša, pusgalvis* LKZ II 663, dvakti,,vadétis, dūksoti, kvéptis; kvailéti, kvaišti“ LKZ II 664 (because of the root vocalism ratio cf. apvalūs and apuolius), but their usage areas do not coincide: dvdkas is used north (Biržai, Dusetos, Kupiškis, etc.) from the usage area of dudkas, and this allows them to be distinguished. 180 with other words, such as tudkas „thinking, intelligence“, (nu)tuoti „thinking, understanding, feeling“ etc. * the root to blow ir Ta (su -kiš -gprieš tenues), thanks, thanks, thanks, lat. thanks could belong, is ide. *day- ‘packen’ Pokorny 183, represented got. tekan ‘Jiesti’ (praet. taitok), s. skand. taka Take ‘to take’, toch. B tek- ‘Jiesti’ (praet. texas su root vowel č ar (o). Content plan segments ‘‘(adopted)’ ir ,,think, think, think; thinking, intelligence, mind" genetic ide. s in languages is well-proven, e.g., in German. annehmen “to accept, agree; manyti" greta nehmen ‘take’; Article 10 Shōji, Jon. déxopar ‘to receive, to receive’: Soxew "think, think", Séfu “opinion”, Soxel pot "I think (t. y. acceptable to me)’. Iš in the content plan segment „think, think, think etc.“ may appear the segment „thank you“, cf. got. The back s. door, wok. height. denken, s. angl. bencane „to think“, iš from which the nouns in German are derived. s. height. danc (Voice. Dank), s. angl. panc (English) thank), got. pagks "gratitude, gratitude" (plg. in s. particular angl. panc meanings: "thinking, thinking, thinking; grace, tenderness; joy, pleasure, joyfulness; gratitude, gratitude"). Thus, gratitude, thanks is perceived as “the thinker in Sentiment yourself duBernde "Fühl", plg. vok. Thanks know ir pranc. grateful “be dékingam (t. y. know dékingumą)’. In general, the primary vocalism is č, o considered a derivative — 4. There is a contradiction: segments with secondary vocalism manifest the primary segment of the content plan “think, think”, segments with primary vocalism iSvestinj the o content plan su segment é — “be déking; dékingumas, dėka”. Because the content plan segment ‘take; touch” in the Baltic languages is not palindromic, it is to be assumed that the root *day- (-kprieš tenues) in the Baltic language community meant "to think, to think, to perceive". Iš It was generated by the nouns duogas, dudkas „mind, judgment“, which served to create the verbs vocalism, cf. su uo to hurt, to give. However, nouns can be formed without changing the ir root vowel, e.g. let. slėgri : sléga, pressure (close slope, slopes). The verb *deeg- (-k-) „to think, to think, to perceive“ regular nouns were also thanks, thanks, thanks, whose somewhat modulated meaning relates to the meaning of the base verb, as the Germanic noun got. su pagks value —with the base verb got. pagkjan meaning". 2. Kubilai Liet. kubil is unanimously held throughout the Slavic languages (plg. s. Russian. keobols) with Germanism (plg. vok. Kiibel ‘stationary’, cf. I'm still s. woking. height. miluh-chubili ‘pieno statiné’s), Liet. kūbilas has a wide range of meanings: “barrel with a wide bottom for flour, grain, fermenting vegetables, storing liquids; closed barrel clothing * Jų for etymology, see E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 1141. * Forms of the old writings danku, dankujam "thank you, we thank you", cf., e.g., one M. I am grateful to you Thieves 2 | That me fche nakti faugojei ĮNuog fkadu wiffu bei priegadu, really could be iš Slavisms (plg. s. Baltar. Oxxyro, daxyan). 8 This word from the German language, in turn, is considered a iš borrowed lot. capella ‘statinīte’, see A. Walde — J. B. Hofmann, Latin etymological dictionary, Heidelberg, I, 1938, p. 310; plg. Fr. Kluge, etymological Dictionary of German Sprache, 17. Aufl., Berlin, p. 1957, 408. 181 for storage; a hopper; excavated large wooden container with a folded bottom, a pit; bread bag, bread bowl, bread baker; concrete arch of the well; a large barrel, placed in a mill with millstones; such a po Lithuanian national dance; a game of young men, similar to spear throwing; a beating musical instrument similar to a drum (bottoms and sides of different wood and boards of different thickness)” LKZ VI 749—750. It is used throughout the Lithuanian language area — ir Žemaičių, ir aukštaičių dialects. It is found both in the old writings (e.g., M. Daukša „Postilla Catholicka, p. 170), both in ir dictionaries (P. Ruigium ir Kr. Milka). It is common in folklore (e.g., in the songs collected by A. Yushka). It was used to form a number of surnames: Kubilas (20 families), Kubilius (361 families), Kubilis (12 families), Kubilénas (4 families), Kubilinas (2 families), Kubiliūnas (39 families), Kubilavicius (2 families), Kubilėvičius (5 families), Kubilinskas, Kubilinskis (2 families), Kubilskis, Kubilskas (2 families), Kubilnikas (2 families). All this makes it reasonable to raise the question of whether the cow is really a debt. First of all, it (20 should be noted that there are (4 several variants of this word. ir P. Ruigio and Kr. Milka's dictionaries record the form kubilis: Kubbilis, lo „ein [tehend offenes GefaB; ein Kiefen“ R I 69, Kubillis, lio, Kubilas, lo „an open bottcherGefaB, a kiefen for beer“ M I 133, o F. Neselmano žodyne, be Kubilis, io „a kiibel, an open bottchergefil, which is narrower at the top of the opening than at the bottom“ N 206, we find a ir strange form Kublulis, io “ein aus einem Stiicke Holz gehohltes GefaB“ (Ragnit) N 207, which may have derived from the diminutive form *kubilulis or *kubululis with the i and u fallen out. Iš Laukuvos is a well-knoto wn word variant kūbelas LKŽ VI 748 (if this does e not mean broadly spoken in the i, Žemaičių dialect). One root with the word kūbilas could be: lit. kub-drka,,wooden container, box; abrinas, vogonė“, kubarkis „wooden bucket“ LKŽ VI 748 (possibly, with the Slavic suffix -ka from *kub-ara, cf. kaukara „hill, hillside“, kūkštara „hillside; betweenmenté; burden“), kūbikas, „clay wooden dish“, kubikė „wooden butter dish“, kūbikis „dish for storing grains, flour; LKZ VI 749, kubilké „wooden pot for putting butter in“ LKZ VI 750 ar (probably from kūbilas with the Lithuanianized Slavic suffix -ka), kuboré, „large wooden spoon for putting butter in“, kaborka, „wooden pot, box“; abrinas, vogonė“ LKŽ VI 751 (possible object, from kuborė with the Slavic suffix -ka; because of the suffixes -arir -orkaitos in the words kub-ara and kub-orė cf. kaūkaras „,hill, hill, hill“: kaiikoras „etc.“), kubūrka „wooden container, box; abrinas, vogonė”, kuburké “t. p.’ LKŽ VI 754 (possibly from *kub-ura| *kub-urė with the Slavic suffix -ka, due to the alternation of suffixes -ara: -ura cf. kaūkaras: kaūkuras), kubūlkė, kubulkė, kubulkis "wooden container, box; 753 (from *kubula| *kub-ulė, cf. lat. kubuls; for the suffixes -ul-: -ilkaitos in the words *kub-ula| *kub-ulė and kūb-ilas cf. juiid-ulas: jurid-ilas "that constantly moves; nenuorama, padauža“, cf. also kib- -uras: kib-iras „small dry twig“). The equivalent of lit. kūbilas in Latvian varies remarkably, cf. lat. kubls „der Kiibel, Bottich“ ME II 297, kublis, kubla EH I 666. These forms, of course, have a syncoped u, cf. the full form in lat. dial. cube is cube EH II 666. The minor form Latin kublitis, kublinš „ein aus Holz verfertigtes Gefūss zur Aufbewahrung von Milch, Grūtze““ ME II 297, cf. the full form kubulinš ibid., apparently confirms this with lit. 182 ir tublilis kilding iš *kubilulis ar *cubululis. Be suffixes -ulis, used in Latvian -as (plg. cubic inches EH I 665), -els (plg. deminutive kubelelis “a small Kübel’ EH I 665) bei -ils (plg. J. "Kurmin dictionary form kubils®"). The same root as kubils is, apparently, lat. ir cubic ,.a big ciba (such vessel); a wooden one Drinking device; one with one Lid supplied Reservoir out Birch bark, in which one Berry collects od. Tobacco is preserved” ME II 297. Therefore, the following ir variants are common to Lithuanian-Latvian languages: kabilas/kubuls (formants -il-|-ulkaita quite common), kūbikis|kubucis (For the forms -ik~[-ukkaushioami plg. Durook „kas duri“ next to dūrikas) with the same ir su ta suffix kūbelas|kubel-- elis. The basic verb of these abundant forms can be considered liet. cubit ‘Jinkti (at ground level)’: I'm kicking, I'm kicking (Tauragnai) LKŽ VI 753, lat. cubinate ‘decken’ ME II 297, ap-cubinate „umlegen“ : handkerchieap fs with the head rounded "to change their clothes" ME I 96 (for jų semantic relations cf. let. gaūbti „to enclose, to cover, to lay, to cover; benki, riesti’ LKŽ III These verbs 159). are further related to ide. su roots *keu-b|bh- ,,bending“ Pokorny 589, which belongs to gr. xdrrTo "I bow, I bow", xvpo I'm running. The fact that the lexicons denoting various wooden vessels are often associated with roots meaning su bending, rolling, gathering is a relatively common phenomenon, cf. let. Gooby "carved out of wood vessel" LKŽ III guodbti 736: “digging, scooping, shovelling” ibid. ; arch "a bowl deeper than a plate for soup" LKŽ II 549 : dúbti "to sink, to stumble, to bend" LKŽ II 547; pit "excavated wooden container su with a folded bottom" LKŽ II 609: dudbti ‘to make a dent; skobti, skaptuoti’ LKŽ II 610: Bumblebee "containiš er for be drinking milk from a wood barrel" LKŽ III 692 : Gobbies „dubti, linkti“ LKŽ III masked 691; “wooden container for crushing bacon; press, pressed; wooden container for storing ar fat-stacked bacon’ LKŽ V 424 : stirring, | bending, leaning, crumbling, squatting” LKŽ VI 808; s. ind. kumbhdh “pitcher, jug”, gr. x0dp. P0c „indas, rykas“: angl. hump ‘kupra’, lot. cumbo ‘bed’ (< ‘enktis’ or ‘riestis’); lot. Cúpa "tub, barrel" :s. ind. kolah "pit, cave", associatsu ed with id. roots *keu-p-* "to fold, to bend". A particularly important argument is that lit. kubilas, lat. kubls can be Baltic words, it should be considered that for the indus, rykas in Lithuanian language is used the normal variant of the root kūb-ti vowel change root ir vowel aw, the root to which we su — Here we just assigned ir liet. kubilas, lat. tub, plg. let. cowboy, cowboyrė "wooden carved dish, wooden bowl" For other uses, see Tverečius. LKŽ V 417. Liet. kūbilas ir lat. kubls, as the semantic ir connection of the latter Indian, ryk names with the verb kúbti su „linkti“ would be quite understandable, because the original lit. the meaning of kubila ir apparently was “excavated large wooden container su with a folded bottom” by which it is locked iš Prienų, see. LKŽ VI 750. * J. Kurmin, Polish-Latin-Latvian Dictionary, Vilnius, 1858, p. 233. — Its authenticity is doubted J. Angelus, cf. K. Miihlenbach—J. Endzelin, Latvian Germans Dictionary, II, p. 297 s. v. cube. 183 3. posnia After getting acquainted with su the relevant Lithuanian language data, other variants — of this word in dialects, pronunciation, meanings, there is doubt, it is certainly foreign. The — doubt is reinforced by ar the fact that this word, to, is relatively easy to etymologize in Lithuanian language material. be First of all, let's say that lit. posnia sl. ir * pašnja, iš from which the Lithuanian word is supposed to have originated, the meanings are not all identical. Be the meanings of ‘ploughing; the field formed; javai“, for example, rus. ndwura|namwnsi still have ‘bread, rye; honey bringing, honeycombs in the hive, bee work"*?. This is the meaning. no mouth. Liet. posnia range of values is significantly larger, cf. posnide (acc. sing. pésniq) "fields of the manor" Liškiava (plg. but Poshnia Paberžės par. Village), Pošnėlė "dvaro laukai" Punskas, Seinai (plg. but Pošnėlė Seirijų Valsčius Forest ir Simno village forest), pdsnia „manor field“ for Lazdijai (Barčiai), pasnia (acc. sing. 100 mg/ kg/ day (injected intramuscularly) or intravenously (injected intramuscularly) "a field where formerly there were manor pastures" Gudeliai, Kalvarija, Lithuania ‘field, soil’ Kazlų Rūda, Salakas, flood ‘crops’ Tauragnai, posnid ‘,summering’ Strūnaitis, stirrup ‘grains’ Daugai, Kuktiškės, Linkmenys, Palūšė, Ramaškonys, pošnia (acc. sing. "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" 2. (acc. sing. pdsniq) "goods" Jūžintai, posnia (acc. sing. pdsniq) „place where cleaned grain is poured“ Onuškis. Dieveniškėse (plg. pdsnis ,,pasélai®) ir in Šimonyse (plg. pdsnis „ūkis“) is used in the i-kaminė form. A. In the manuscript of the Yushka dictionary iš The deceased finds recorded: Pdsmé ‘wielkošė pola’: The subtext is the field magnitude = liles. So here we already have a prefix -m-, in ir which case, keeping lit. Mrs. Slavism, it would hardly be possible to ar satisfactorily explain the Slavic adverb -nsubstitution. In Lithuanian dialects, the i-kaminė form of this word is used, which, in general, activates the noun inflection system į (plg. pošnid, pošne, pošnis musia, músė, musis), ir also contradicts the Slavicization of the Word. Finally, we to can add the acute preposition of the colloquial word, which is not characteristic of the Slavic-origin lietuviy borrowers, except in one other case (see biesas from sl. *bésv). Liet. posnia, pésmé su priesagomis -n-, -mar -sn-, -sm- (because the suffixes - and -m can have rootless words, e.g., barnia, barné, barnis and baimė LKŽ 12 661; bégsnis, bėgsnė and bégsmé LKŽ 12 724; dognis, dogsnis and dogmė LKZ II 411) will be made from the root hidden in the verbs pėšėti (-ija, -ijo) „plow, work“ Breslauja, „diligently work, plush“ Rokiškis, Šimonys, pošinti „feel, spoil“ Lazdijai, Šėta, according to the model kopnia: climb, smuknia: strike etc., krosnis: lat. krat etc. It is possible to observe a change in the meaning of lit. pošnid from what seems to be the primary meaning of "soil, field" to "wealth, wealth", "farm" and even to "many" (cf. posnis "many" in the Southwestern Highland dialects). The connection between the Semitic words “soil, field” and “plow, work” is easy to understand, cf. plow: drti; soil: soil, etc. The verb pėšėti|pdšinti has the vowel o in the root, which is the elongated form of the normal root vowel. The normal vowelism a is found in the verbs ípūšti (-ija, -ijo),.iarti, įdirbti“: Žemė gera, tik reikia ją inpūšyt, tai ir derės Tverečius, pasyti,kedenti (wool) Rimšė and, of course, in the relative to them pasyti (paso, passé) „to carry, to code (e.g., wool, linen, pallet, etc.); shuffle (about cards)’ DLKZ 556. The verb pasyti from pasyti differs in flexion (the first is 10 B. Jlaas, TojikoBbili cJioBapb »KHBoro BeJukopycckoro si3biKa, III, 1955, p. 25. 184 trunk) and the place of cutting. The etymological identification of these verbs does not pose any greater difficulty, because both the inflection and the place of accent variations are quite frequent, cf. 651, Iiūodyti, -ija, -ijo] lūodyti, -o, -ė LKZ VII 690 and others. ; for the place of the inflection plg. pasyti| pasyti and maigyti| mdigyti, mangytis| mdngytis. Since the connection of pašyti with the primary verb pėsti is quite obvious, the verbs pasyti „,kedenti (wool); near, to work“, pošyti „near, to work; striduliai dirbti, plušėti“, pdsinti „break, spoil“, pašinti Liškiava, pošinti Sventežeris,,maiSyti (apie kortas)“ (: pašyti,,maiSyti (apie kortas)“) are also derivatives of the primary verb pėsti. The semantic-derivative relationship of the noun posnia with pésyti, pasyti, pašyti and finally with pėšti can be paralleled from Latvian. B. Jégers has shown that the Latin sinsums "cut down a forest place, harvesting, accompanying" is derived from the verb pūost "reinigen, sdubern, fegen, aufriumen; roots; clean, make up etc.” (plg. dar puost,,a tree pruned; roden’: coconuts with ‘aushauen’ EH II 347), which in Lithuanian language corresponds to puėšti, puošti,,dabinti, grazinti; dress, dress up“, and that Lat. pūost, thus also Lit. pudsti, adorn, is further related to Lit. pėsti „to roam, to pull hair, feathers, hay, etc.“*. It should also be noted that with the content segments “cut down forest place, harvesting, accompanying” are related the segments “dirvonas” and “ploughing, soil”. This is exactly the meaning of lit. tarm. ornament (without accent) „dirvonas, aplenty place“: in ornaments grows burdock burdock. Since, as we wanted to prove here, lietuv. pošnid, pošmė is probably formed in the Lithuanian soil, the Slavic words rus. ndiursa, dial. namus, baltar. The name (see also s. rus. pašonja) forms a typological parallel. On a typologically close but genetically different basis (cf. lit. pasyti, p Ošinti, derived from pėšti, and sl. pachate, linked here to sl. pasti "to shepherd", here to pachdto,- ,véduoti; sweep"'- ?, here to the Czech para ti "to plunder" *) due to the geographical contact of the Baltic and Slavic languages, immediate contacts and a certain convergence of the Baltic and Slavic border dialects, new semantically and functionalally close lexicons emerged in these languages. Furthermore, this convergence is not only manifested in the formation of parallel communities, but also in the dominant influence of one dialect group on another: for example, the Lithuanian proverbial meaning of “courtyard field” may have arisen as a result of the Slavic language used in the courtyard. 4. šišava After finding the lit. šišava,,zbiorowisko małych dzieci“ recorded in J. Otrembski’s description of Tverečiaus dialect! *; In a note published in 1951, F. Specht regarded it as a deeply ancient heirloom: "Lit. šišavd is a direct derivation from a u-root *šišus, which is exactly ved. Sisu-,,Kind, jugendlich“ entspricht*“!5, In an article published a year later, E. Fraenkel, on the contrary, believed that lit. *šišis, from which šišava is made, is a word from the Finno-Ugric languages that came through the Slavic languages (cf. 11 B. Jėgers, Verkannte Bedeutungsverwandtschaften baltischer Worter, K Z, 80, 1966, p. 13 tt. 12 M. Vasmer, Russian etymological dictionary, II, Heidelberg, 1955, p. 326—7. 13 Georg Y. Shevelov, A Prehistory of Slavic, Heidelberg, 1964, p. 133. 14 J. Otrebski, East Lithuanian Tver dialects, I, p. 166. 15 Fr. Specht, Lithuanian šišava, KZ, 69, 3/4, 1951, p. 184. 185 word (see Estonian siss "robber- ")! *, There is no doubt that, in thinking this way, E. Fraenkel relied on K. Mühlenbach's J. Endzelyno,,Dictionary of the Latvian language- ”, where it is stated: „Sisis,,1) ein Morder, Rūuber etc. ; 2) a small child”; In the bed. 1 directly or through r. www,,Vagabund, Franctireur“ from estn. "Rūuber- ", what's this really like? Lithuanian šišava (acc. sing. šišavą) "children" is used only in a small area of eastern Lithuania (Mielagėnai, Paringys, Tverečius, Vidiškės). However, this is not the basis for considering it a foreign word. It has a clear collective meaning. This is clearly seen from the data of the Mielagėnai dialect: a naughty child, unruly here is called the word šiSas, and their group —šišava, cf. analogous meaning Sunava,,- Sunes*, velniava "devils", žydava "Jews" Tverečius, bernava "boys" Ceikiniai, Daugėliškis and others. *3 Thus, šišava is a clear derivative of the noun šišas “child”, cf. the already mentioned šišas “bad child, unruly” in Mielagėnai. The noun šišas has more meanings, e.g. šišas „,vaikėzas, shepherd, weak man, frog“: Kožnas šišas visur kišas Troškūnai, šišas,,nepaklusnus, piktas žmogus“: Such šišo neperkalbési Lyduokiai, šišas,,padikimas, siutas; creative inspiration” DLKŽ 810. These nouns, cf. also šišus „angry, niurzgus“ (without accent) Tauragnai, šišūs „beaten, beaten (about clay)“ Gegužinė, are further related to the verbs šišti, šįšta|šįša, šišo (without accent), „pykti, dūkti, siautėti“ Tauragnai (could also be šyšti, šyšo, because the amount of vocalism of the root is unclear due to the elongation of the accentuated vowels); šišti, šįštū „excandesco, užsidega, užpykstu“ Kvėdarna (K. Jauniaus paliudyta) and even further, apparently, with šįšta „begins to shasti“ Bg II 244, šišti, šyštū, šišaū,,šašti“ NdZ IV 501, (nu)-šišęs „grindig, raudig“ N 520, K 278, 429. The segments of the content plan „,angry, angry, raging, raging, raging“ and „,scratching, squealing, rotting“ (cf. lit. šūšas, „scratching, squealing“ Upyna, lat. sasi „kleine Geschwiire; eiternde Driisen (hauptsūchl. im Genick)“ ME III 745) manifestation in one segment of the plan of expression is quite possible, cf. lit. didėti „,bartis, rietis, vaidytis, nesugyventi“, slov. jad "angry, fury; požai“, jdditi,,nauseating, causing regret, annoying- “: s. vok. height. eiz,,pain, wound, purulent swelling“, eitar „blight“, gr. otdoc „blight, swelling“: lat. idra, idrs „das faule Mark eines Baumes®; s. sl. gnėvo "angry, spiteful, angry": s. rus. bažn. gnévs ‘puvėsiai’, s. sl. gniti ‘to blow, to gesture’. The above-mentioned Lithuanian words have the same root as Lithuanian šūšas “crust formed on the surface of a wound or ulcer etc.”, Latin sass, “Schorf auf einer halbverheilten Wunde etc.” ** and, apparently, lit. šešti, „to be angry without reason, to look for annoyances, to knisti“ (without accent) Tauragnai. Lithuanian language root šišresp. In the word slot we have the content plan segments “scratch, melt, rot; „šašas“:- ,(mischievous) child; vaikézas, pienburnis, menkas žmogus” confrontation. This is a semantic phenomenon, which has parallels in other cases, where these segments of the content plan are also manifested in one segment of the plan of expression, cf. shasha-valkis “a ripe apple or an immature Man, a child” in Biržai, where the first component is undoubtedly a heap (cf. also the latter 16 E, Fraenkel, Zwei Nachtrüge. 2) Ostlit. Sifava, “Schar kleiner Kinder”, K Z, 70, 3/4, 1952, p. 240; plg. LEW, pp. 990-991. 17 K. Miihlenbach —J. Endzelin, Latvian-- German Dictionary, III, p. 849. '* For details see. P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius, 1941, p. 379 etc. 19 Plg, E. Fraenkel, LEW, p. 966. 186 the meaning of ‘small man, milk-eater’ in LD50 798); bush “thrush, acne; a rascal, a miscreant; vaikagalys“ LKZ VI 409; cf. also gėbenė (and gebėnė (?), gebenė) „bubble, pimples, rash; 1931. pp. 191. The most striking parallel to the aforementioned semantic confrontation is lit. šašavd, „little children“ Mielagėnai, which undoubtedly denotes the collective meaning of the noun šūšas. This is beautifully illustrated by lat. sass, which, among many other meanings, also has the meaning of „ein Kind, ein Jüngling (verūchtlich)“ EH II 450, coexisting with „Schorf auf einer halbverheilten Wunde“. Thus, schematically summarizing, it can be stated: "shash": "(naughty) child" bush + + Sasas + + (Sasava) la. sass + + shish 0 + (shish) In the place of zero (0), the symmetry of the scheme requires the inclusion of the semitic “šašas resp. šašti”, which is precisely the lexical form of šišti. Thus, the material presented here allows us to consider lit. šišava “children, their group” as a Lithuanian word with a collective meaning, and to associate it with lit. šišas “an unruly child, unsettled; vaikėzas, shepherd, weak man, frog etc.“, šišti „,chasti- “, šešti,,without reason to be angry, to look for annoyances, to cry“, §@sas, lat. sass and others. Very unclear lat. sisis,,Mo6rder, Rūuber etc. ; truthful people; the origin of ein kleines Kind. There is no serious basis for claiming that it is borrowed from the Estonian language, cf. est. siss, sissik „robber, robbery- ”, but the Finno-Ugric origin of this Estonian word and its Finnish equivalent sissi, sissika, „excursor militaris in silvis, latro, praedo silvestris” is not entirely certain: J. Mikkola considers the Russian as their source. "CbituUuK "seklys"- *". On the other hand, it is not safe to assume that it is also Baltic, although some circumstances (see below) speak for it. Morphologically, Lat. sisis could correspond to Lit. šišis, „SykStuolis“ Alsėdžiai, Žilinai (see also šišė „šykštuolė“ J I 405), although their meaning is far away. Latin sisis in its meaning „ein kleines Kind“ is particularly close to Lithuanian šišava, „children, their group“ and šišas, „child, shepherd, small man, frog“, and this can be considered a strong argument for its Baltic origin. Its meaning,- ,Morder, Rūuber; Marodeure" may have also originated in the Latvian soil, cf. the meanings of the Lithuanian words šašvalka "non-worker, wallower" in Baisogala, Kuršēni, Skirsnemunė, Upyna, Sasvalka "wallower" in Tver. As Latin sass (= lit. heap) shows, the Latvian language could also have had formerly forms with root e vowelism, alongside which forms with root i vowelism could have appeared quite easily, especially through interjections, similarly to what happened in Lithuanian. K BONPOCY O HEKOTOPbIX 3AHMCTBOBAHHSX JIMTOBCKOTO S3bIKA C. KAPAJIIOHAC Pesiome IlpuBojįjuTCS51. HOBbIK MATEpHAJI JIATOBCKOTO H JIATbILICKOTO SI3bIKOB, YKa3bIBAIOMMHA HA TO, 4TO HET JIOCTATOYHOrO OCHOBAHHSA JMT. thanks to OjaronapuHocTs, kūbilas,uaw, Kanab, KanKa, posnia „HHBa, nammsi; XJIeOa, >xHTO H Ap.“, šišava,,Barara (netefl)“ cuHTaTLb 3aHMCTBOBAHHAMH. 20 J. J, Mikkola, Contacts between the West Finnish and the Slavic languages. I. Slavic Loanwords in the West Finnish Languages, Helsingfors, 1894, p. 167. 187