M. Akelaitis leksikografas

LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY AND LEXICOGRAFY LITHUANIA TSR M. Akelaitis (1829—1887), a press, cultural and social figure, a writer and historian, was very interested in the Lithuanian language and was determined to write three dictionaries of the Lithuanian language (a comparative and two bilingual ones) and a grammar. Here we would like to review his lexicographical activities, as far as M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts, published writings and letters in our republic, A. Janulaitis’ recently published monograph on M. Akelaitis, knowledge about M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts in Poland and other literature concerning his biography allow. Most of the material about M. Akelaitis’ linguistic works is collected in the manuscript collection of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute, where the M. Akelaitis’ fund (F1) consists of 49 folders and has about 800 pages of manuscripts of various sizes written in Polish (mostly), Lithuanian, Russian (F1—12, 21, 23) and German (F1—24, 37). After examining these manuscripts, it has been established that there are other manuscripts in M. Akelaitis’s collection. It is primarily a manuscript of the Lithuanian- -Polish dictionary (F1—1), which is written in Eastern languages and yet cannot be attributed to M. Akelaitis!. Not his and a notebook of religious hymns (F1—36), written in oriental and other writing. The handwriting (the use of sh, v, etc.) and the style of writing differ from the translation of M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts “Įpedinis ir Ubagas” (F1—13), in which it is noted that M. Akelaitis translated from B. It is also not a M. Akelaitis’ manuscript. It is doubtful whether the brief description of the incident with the eagles (F1—4) and three draft lexicographic pages (F1—32) can be attributed to him. The manuscripts also contain five typewritten copies of M. Akelaitis’ printed letters (F1—5, 6, 7, 8, 9). The remaining manuscripts appear to have been written by M. Akelaitis himself. Their content is varied. The main topics are Lithuanian language, literature, folklore, mythology and history, and M. Akelaitis’s shortcomings are the following: the place of Lithuanian language among Indo-European languages (F1—10, 22), the relationship of Lithuanian language with Slavic (F1—10, 12, 22) and Germanic (F1—22) languages, the closeness of Lithuanian language to Sanskrit (F1—13, 22), the features of Lithuanian phonetics (F1—12, 38), various Lithuanian suffixes (F1—12, 23, 25, 29), the use of tenses (F1—41), examples of the use of conjugations and prepositions (F1—37), the richness of Lithuanian language lexicon (F1—11, 22), a list of Lithuanian village names (F1—35), Lithuanian surnames1 See: J. Kruopas, Manuscript Lithuanian- -Polish Dictionary of the Second Half of the 19th Century of the East Highlands, „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai“, A series 2(30), Vilnius, 1969, adds (F1—22), various etymologizations, found in several manuscripts (F1—1, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 29, 41), extracts from M. Daukša Postila and other writings (F1—41), lexicographic works (F1—10, 11), Lithuanian language researchers (F —42) and“ etc. 155 Among M. Akelaitis’ literary works, we can mention- *: Klastorius (F1—47), Skajtymaj Szwentadieniniaj (translation from Polish, F1—28), Moja chata (F1——14), The beginning of K. Donelaitis’ biography (F1—46), Giesme Apej S. Stanistawa Kostka (F1—34), Lithuanian books (two lists of Lithuanian books in M. Akelaitis’ possession, F1—2,27) and others. Of the folklore manuscripts, the following are more important: two collections of fairy tales (52 fairy tales, F1—43, 44), riddles and other folklore subjects (F1—12, 21), the contents of G. Neselman’s collection of songs (F1—32) and others. Several of M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts concern Lithuanian mythology, in which he was very interested and whose names of creatures, especially Perkūnas, he often liked to etymologize: Ustęp z mitologii litewskiej (F1—15), Nazwiska bogęw litewskich (F1—17), etymology of deity names (F1—15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 40 and others) and others. The most important manuscripts in history are the following: A short account of the history of Lithuania (F1—30), Z Dziejéw Litwy (F1—48), Geschichte Preussens (F1—49), extracts from various historical sources concerning the history of Prussia (in German, F1—37), about the beginnings of Russia (F1—29), etc. In addition, M. Akelaitis- ’s collection contains manuscripts from various other fields: Przygląd systematyczny wszystkich nauk (F1—45), Apej garus (F1—31), from political economy (F1—3), from religion (F1—39), etc. Most of M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts are drafts, short, some without beginning and end. These are scattered notes, collections of material, excerpts and the like. Only a part of them were transcribed, apparently, prepared for the press: the readings for the holidays, two collections of fairy tales, a short account of Lithuanian works (unfinished), the article “Apej garus” and the poems “Téve mūsų” (they were printed). Except for the Lithuanian- -Polish dictionary (F1—1) from M. Akelaitis’s manuscript legacy, which is not his own manuscript, little material remains concerning M. Akelaitis’s lexicographical work. However, together with the data from the entire fund and other sources, it enables us to begin examining M. Akelaitis’s lexicographic activity, which was quite ambitious. M. Akelaitis was encouraged to study the Lithuanian language by his scientific interest, his desire to promote the Lithuanian language and practical considerations — writing Lithuanian books for the people. Having learned several languages (Polish, Russian, German, French, Latin, Greek) on his own, and having a little acquainted himself with the basics of comparative historical linguistics and some studies of the Lithuanian language (by A. Šleicher, S. Mikuckis), M. Akelaitis wanted to express himself in Lithuanian linguistics. He wrote about this from Warsaw on 1856.11.25. in a letter to M. Valančius:,- ,PaZings a little bit of a few words, I want to learn the language; I intend to write Zoding and Katbriedą Zemajtiszka, combined with Indiszkaj -Europejiszkomi katbas” (TŻ, III, 293). From the works of foreign linguists M. Akelaitis knew about the scientific significance of Lithuanian for comparative linguistics, especially Slavistics, and he often emphasized this in his letters and articles. The desire to know the Lithuanian language, to describe its grammatical structure, to explain the origin of words and names did not give M. Akelaitis rest all his life. He was not satisfied with foreign Lithuanian language researchers, he thought he knew Lithuanian better than them and could enrich linguistics with new works. He was interested in learning new languages and was able to learn and communicate in them. Thus, broad scientific interests + the language and spelling of M. Akelaitis and other authors is uncorrected, was one of the main impulses that 156 iš M. Akelaitis į encouraged Lithuanian ir linguists to undertake the work of compiling ir a comparative dictionary of grammar. Be of scientific interest, to study Lithuanian language M. Akelaitis was ir encouraged by the love of his mother tongue. He was born and raised by ir Lithuanian iš people, who at the time were under severe economic and social national oppression. ir Nors M. Akelaitis did not exploit the no oppressed ir people to rise up against the exploiters, although he was a supporter of sepatriarchal relations in the estate, but he nų was always on the side of the ir people, constantly caring for their education, culture and language. ir M. Akelaitis was convinced that the people are the basis of society: “As the foundations are in a building, the same is the people in society. A building where the foundations are weak will be weak” (Jan MA, p. 32). Especially M. Akelaitis took care of the maintenir ance of Lithuanian language education. He saw that the mother tongue was jo despised, suppressed, persecuted, that it had no ir place in schools, institutions, the press, in public life. ir For he mourns to calls on compatriots ir to fight for the existence of native language rights: ir "Will we, Lithuanians, give up our language in this way ourselves ir voluntarily kill our nation, už ka will have to answer on judgment day? Ar in us, who love our own so much, did the beating heart of Lithuanians stop?... We need to raise the Lithuanian language, remove the language of contempt, which has the greatness of Sanskrit, the iš might of tą Latin, the beauty of Greek, the singing of Italian. ir Let’s make iš it easier, let’s establish schools in parishes where everything is taught in Lithuanian, let’s write and print ir Lithuanian books for the people” (JanMA, p. 18). For those of your views M. He remained faithful to the church until the end of his life. Iš emigration 1871 m. he wrote to one of his relatives: “I became a po part of the literacy not i to for any§ state, not for the incense of this world, but for the good of my brothers, for the benefit of those honest Lithuanians, among whom I was born and grew up” (AKG, p. VIII). [I became a writer partly not for any honor, for w the empty praise of this world, but for the benefit of decent Lithuanian peasants, among whom I was born and grew up.] By writing Lithuanian books, appeals to the people, creating ne poems, translating from other languages into Lithuanian, M. Akelaitis had to become acquainted with Lithuanian literary language, its grammar and ir lexical norms. This was not an easy task in his time, ir because the literary language was unstable and varied. It expressed the peculiarities of various dialects (Žemaičių, Vysočiečių eastern and Vysočiečių western), it lacked unified grammar and lexical norms. Therefore, the writers themselves had to delve into language matters and solve spelling, grammar, vocabulary and other issues. So it is only natural that many cultural figures and writers of the 19th century were very interested in language matters, compiled bilingual dictionaries and wrote grammar books themselves. In this respect, M. Akelaitis was no exception. He also looked for Lithuanian grammars and dictionaries to get to know the literary language better and to contribute to its research and development. The first Lithuanian manuscripts of M. Akelaitis show that he had difficulty writing in Lithuanian, that he, a high-class western southerner, was influenced by dialectal forms of the written texts, especially the Žemaitija dialect. Some of them penetrated into the language of M. Akelaitis’ writings, although they were foreign to his native dialect, e.g. : Vokyczus, in, kan, susirinken, zaejen, atsiduren, dideliaj, etc. (F1-—30). Reading the writings of the ancient writers M. Daukša, K. Širvydas, as well as his contemporaries S. Daukantas, M. Valančius and others, M. Akelaitis followed their language, made excerpts and collected material for grammar and dictionaries. Although he was mainly concerned with comparative linguistics, he also paid great attention to language standardization. 157 He himself notes:,,Najprzéd napiszę ją [grammar] do of practical use, later I will work o skillful“ (F1-11, p. 3). [I will first write the grammar for practical use, and then process it more intelligently]. M. Akelaitis also paid attention to the Lithuanianness and purity of the vocabulary, trying to avoid unnecessary borrowings. In the list of his books, he adds to the elementary „Mokstas skajtima raszta lietuwiszka“ (1856): „nie ma żadnej wartoszczy —pelno makaronizmow“ (F1—2). [Has no value—full of macaronies]. Debts were very common, and it was difficult for M. Akelaitis himself to avoid them. In his manuscripts you can also find: turmon, neprieteliu, pawietre, nebagelę, smerties, zlasties, wajna and other borrowed words, for which he could find Lithuanian equivalents in the writings of M. Daukša and K. Širvydas. However, the language of M. Akelaitis is better than the language of the church writings. He wrote quite simply, in folk language, using vivid and pictorial folk sayings, e.g. : A lot of people gathered there; Batorius was raised in our king; don't let the ranku for anzio; bajsi isztiko kowa; putting them in iron pants in the turmoil; create in patras and others (F1-30). Therefore, practical considerations forced M. Akelaitis to study the Lithuanian language, to take care of the Lithuanian grammar and the preparation of dictionaries. Initiating his lexicographic work, M. Akelaitis tried to familiarize himself with the few works of his predecessors, which were one of the most important sources in preparing a new dictionary of the Lithuanian language. Which Lithuanian dictionaries were familiar to M. Akelaitis and how much he could use them? The list of books mentioned by M. Akelaitis in his letter to M. Valančius dated 25 September 1856 shows that in his limited library at that time there was only G, Neselman- ’s dictionary, “Wérterbuch der litauischen Sprache” (TZ, III, 293). In this dictionary, Lithuanian words are not presented in the usual alphabetical order, but according to certain vowel and consonant divisions, and prepositional verbs are given in non-prepositional slots. This makes it very difficult to find words in the dictionary, so M. Akelaitis in the above-mentioned letter negatively commented on the work of G. Neselman: "Kiekwienas, not knowing the language of Žemaitija, will admit that Nesselmann could have written the dictionary better, having received great praise from all sides. Wokieczej began to make anything to the last bit: it seemed that only Wien Nesselmann was not born into this custom: his Zodin was like a real dark gig: klajdZiok endlessly but you will not find anything to eat." (TŽ, III, 294). M. Akelaitis also knew about the existence of K. Širvydas- ’s dictionary, because in a letter dated 15/27 X 1856 he asked M. Valančius to borrow K. Širvydas- ’s dictionary and grammar (TŽ, III, 295). It is apparent that M. Valančius lent M. Akelaitis the dictionary of K. Širvydas, as it is mentioned in a later list of books owned by M. Akelaitis (F1—2, p. 1). In a letter dated 3.V.1858 to A. Kirkoras he mentions that the word kauras he has not found anywhere, although it is given in the dictionaries of Neselman, Milkas and Širvydas (TŽ, III, 300). These dictionaries M. Akelaitis had to use, because there is actually given the word kauras. M. Akelaitis was interested not only in the printed dictionaries he knew, but also in the manuscript dictionaries. In his hands had fallen a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary written in the Eastern dialect by an unknown author, which is now in M. Akelaitis’ archive material, preserved in the manuscript of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute (F1-—1). The dictionary's language features show that it is Eastern and therefore not by M. Akelaitis. The latter had borrowed it from someone else and, 158 fleeing from Lithuania after the 1863 uprising, left it to Andruškevičius, who handed it over to J. Basanavičius, who — Lithuanian Science Society. In a letter dated 15/27.X.1856 to M. Valančius, M. Akelaitis mentions S. Daukanis and, probably, Sutkevičius’ manuscript Dictionary: to D. „How happy I would be if these foils prepared by Mr. Dowkont for the Polish-Zmudzki index got in my hands! or 6w recopied stownika zmudzko-Polish, resting where§ monastery devoted pastwe molom! *“ w i na (TZ, III, [How 296). happy I would be, if those Polish-Lithuanian dictionaries prepared by S. Daukanto would get into my hands, or the manuscript of the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, lying somewhere in a monastery and given to the monks.) Later (1858) M. Akelaitis lived together su S. It is therefore possible to assume that he could have accessed S. Daukanto lexicographic works, especially since one correspondence from Vilnius states that M. Akelaitis’ manuscript legacy included L. Andruškevičius’ and, possibly, S. Daukanto Lithuanian-- Polish dictionaries.” The Lithuanian-- Polish dictionary in the monastery mentioned by M. Akelaitis was probably D. Sutkevičius’ dictionary, which he mentions on another occasion at the end of the list of books dedicated to M. Valančius: “Could the Vilnius Archaeological Society not negotiate something in this regard? Perhaps it would be more appropriate to attribute the Ministerial Enlightenment to Sutkewicz- ’s Stownik?” (FI—2, p. 3). [Couldn’t the Vilnius Archaeological Society do something about this? Maybe it would do well to suggest to the Minister of Education the planned publication of Sutkevičius’ Zodyna.] Akelaitis also mentions J. Brodovskis- ’s manuscript dictionary, in which there is the word Percunas, which he etymologizes (F1—17, p. 2). It must be assumed that M. Akelaitis was familiar with this dictionary from the works of G. Milkas, Neselman and others, since he himself could not access the manuscript of J. Brodovskis. Later, while living in Paris and writing a grammar of the Lithuanian language, M. Akelaitis also used the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis (AkG, 24), which had not yet been published when M. Akelaitis was preparing dictionaries in Lithuania (he could not work abroad on lexicographical work because he was engaged in grammar and comparative linguistics). Thus, when M. Akelaitis began his lexicographical work, he had several printed (by Širvydas, Milkas, Neselman) and several manuscript bilingual dictionaries of Lithuanian language. These were his main sources, in which he could find a considerable number (more than twenty thousand) of Lithuanian words as well as equivalents in other languages, and which helped him get acquainted with the structure of dictionaries, lexicographical techniques, etc. In addition, M. Akelaitis had dictionaries of other languages before his eyes. In a letter to M. Valančius he mentions the Grims brothers,, Zodina wokszka, kami i det žiemajtiszkos kalbas daug naudos randasi“ (TŽ, III, 294). From the list of books drawn up by the representative of the tsarist authorities that persecuted M. Akelaitis it is clear that he had,,CiioBaps poccHHCKO-I10JIbCKHĖ“ and,,Dictionaire Francais-Polonais“ (Jan MA, 85, 87) with the manor owner Kudrevičius. One of M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts mentions Stender’s dictionary of Latvian language (F1—21, p. 4). In various etymological and other interpretations M. Akelaitis refers to or mentions the following dictionaries of other languages: 1) F. Nesselmann, „Die Sprache der alten Preussen“ -(1845) (F1—17, p. 3); 2) F. Bopp, “Glossarium sanseritum” (1847) (F1—17, p. 3); 3) Chavée, Lexiologie Indo-Européenne (F1—22, p. 13, 15, 16); 4) „The Bonaparte polyglott: being the parable of the sower, in 72 languages and dialects“ (F1—22, p. 20). 2? J. Kruopas, ibid., p. 184. 3 ‘Country’, 1893 m. No. 13, p. 12. 159 Probably, mostly M. Akelaitis used K. Širvydas ir G. Nesselmann's dictionaries, other o Indo-European languages, especially Sanskrit, equivalents taken iš F. Bopo ir Chaves's mentioned works. For lexicographical work M. Akelaitis was determined to use various literary sources and to jo acquire ir Lithuanian books. Iš 2008 M. There were only eleven 1856 m. Lithuanian books in Akelaitis’s library. They are listed M. Akelaičio 1856.1X.25 d. letter M. To Valančius, whom he asked to send him as many Lithuanian books as possible (TŽ, III, Printer bookseller 293). Zavadskis also ir provided M. Lithuanian Literature. In this way M. Akelaitis library in a few years appeared 42 (not as 37, reported) JanMA, p. 87) Lithuanian books. It shows even du jo lists of books in the manuscripts of the Lithuanian Language ir and Literature Institute (F1-2, p. 1—2; F1-27, p. 1-2). In the first, dedicated to M. Valančius, 41 books were written, and in the second —42 (a booklet „Žine kajp rejk atlikti spawiednę““, Since those lists are not 1852). published anywhere, and they show what Lithuanian books M. Akelaitis used, the second list of books is published here in full: LIST BOOK LITEWSKICH Dowcont 1) Prasma Latin katbos. 1837. > 2) Buddha in Ancient Lithuania, 1845. F3) Giwatas Didiuju Karwaidu. 1846. 5 4) Fairytale Phedro — 1846. i 5) Abeciela Letuwiū Kalnienu ir I'll learn the language. 1842. i, 6) Dajnes Ziamajtiu. —1846. 7) Bitiu Knygele —1848. 8) Knigele Wooden Siektu 1849. 9) Pamokstas Ape sodnus. 1849, 10) Siejamoses paszaro-žoles —1855. Epitome Historiae Sacrae, 1838. Wolonczewski Žemajtiū 12) Whiskey. 1848. 13) Lessons around the sacrament Dirmawones. 1850. 14) Zine kajp rejk perform spawiedną. 1852, 15) Tamoszius isz Kempis. 1852. 16) Ziwatas of Jesus Christ. 1853. 17) History of Szwent in the old town. 1855. Proniewski 18) Exposition of the Gospel. 1855. 19) Points Sakimu — 1845. 20) Ugnies Books. 1801. 21) Lietuviškas Ewangelias. 1806. 1822) 1854 – Szwent Izidor, Polish poet (b. W 23) Didesis Elementorius. 1855. 24) Kalwaria —1855. 25) Griesznik was forced to leave in 1854. Zieniewicz 26) Catholic Catechism 1854. Kitkiewicz 27) Lithuanian anthems. Mieleszka 28) Knigele ape žinias draugistes nuostiuriejimo. 1846. 29) Act is in power. 1856. 30) Mokslas skajtima raszta lietuviška 1856 (no Zadnej vrednostišči). 31) Swetas Giesmes —1855. 32) Razanczius. 1855. 160 33) Auksa Altorius. 1854. 34) Jesus Maria, 1854. 35) Garbie Gods — 1855, Ivinsky 36) Calendars zr. 1846.47.50.51.55.57. Giedroj 37) New Standing. 1816. 38) Stownik Szyrwida 1713. 39) Dictionary of Lithuanians Language v. Nesselmann. 1850. 40) Handbook of Lithuanian Language v. August Schiicher Prague. 1856. 41) Lithuanian Grammar pr. Kossakowski. 42) Rows — Songs. 1843. M. AkelaiCio left at The list of Kudrevičiai’s books also includes: 1) Daynos Map, collected yr yszdutos par Simona Stanewicze, 2) Wajkams Zemaitiu yr Lietuvos (JanMA, p. 85). Whereas: M. Akelaitis translated into Polish Donelaičio “A year”, he had to have a work. šį Be to, iš M. Akelaitis manuscripts show that he made extracts iš M. Daukšos Postillion (F1-41, p.), 1—39 1845 m. Koncyonolo (F1-41, p.), 43—48 1844 m. The New Testament (F1-41, p.). 49—52 The largest list of books in M. Akelaitis’s library was compiled by the Polish journalist L. Uziembla in 1891 and sent to the Polish ethnographer Žegota Pauli. This list was found in the University Library of Krakow by our bibliographer V. Žukas and published in the press*. ir jį It registers printed 77 materials (penki iš jų are Latvian books) and one manuscript of M. Akelaitis himself. Comparing this list with the list of 42 books compiled by M. Akelaitis himself and published in this article, it is clear that they differ not only in the number of printed editions, but also in the titles. In both lists, only 21 of the same books can be found, and the rest are different. The list published by V. Žukas contains a number of Protestant religious and other books printed in Karaliaučius, which are not mentioned in M. Akelaitis’s list, e.g. : The Tree of Life (1846), Augsburgiszkasis woddens iszpažinimas (1855), Paradise Nursery (1845), Fire Books (1801), Bibles (1853) and others. On the other hand, M. Akelaitis’s list mentions two dictionaries, three grammar books and 16 other books that are not in V. Žukas’s list. If you add all Lithuanian books in M. Akelaitis’ library mentioned in both lists and elsewhere, you will have about a hundred of them. It was a big bookstore in the eyes of those days. The Lithuanian books that were in the library of the Lithuanian Society “Želmuo” in Paris and which M. Akelaitis could use in Paris are not listed here. They were mentioned in the press*, and their full list is in the Manuscripts of the Central Library of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences (F64, vol. 110, I. 4—12). However, for the lexicographical work, which M. Akelaitis worked on until his escape from Lithuania at the end of 1861, this literature could not be used, so we will not list it here. A significant part of it consists of periodicals and brochures published mainly after M. Akelaitis’s death, several works of Lithuanian fiction, grammar and dictionaries. In total, there were 74 Lithuanian periodicals, brochures and books in the Zelmens library. ir © 4V. Žukas, From the history of libraries and bibliography, „Vilnius State V. Kapsuko University Scientific Library Yearbook (1958—1959- )“, Vilnius, 1961, p. 249—253, 5 V, Abramavičius, Lithuanian Society of Paris,,Zelmuo* and its library, „Works of Higher Schools of the Lithuanian SSR. Issues of Librarianship and Bibliography”, III, Vilnius, 1964, p. 153. 6 V. Abramavičius, ibid., p. 154. 11. From Lithuanian lexicology and lexicography 161 It is clear that M. Akelaitis paid great attention to reading Lithuanian books, making extracts, collecting material for grammar and vocabulary. He himself writes to M. Valančius about how he values the books he received from him and how he is preparing to dive into them in search of valuable material, precious pearls: “To nie są szmuece, jak Wasza Przewielebnoszcz się wyraża —to odnoga Bengalska, w ktėrej na dnie spoczywają kosztowne perly. I dive like a diver into the abyss of deep waters; They hunt for pearl shells, not forgetting that it is easy to lose life in this half, if the associates of this work, freely swimming on the surface of the sea, do not rush after the given sign to pull the diver out into the open air. But how can I not collect these pearls, so dear to my heart?” (T Z, III, 295). [It is not trifles, as you say, Sventenybé, it is the Gulf of Bengal, on the bottom of which lie the most precious pearls. I descend like a diver into the abyss of deep water; I caught the pearl shells, forgetting that this fishing can quickly die if the accomplices of this work, floating freely on the sea surface, when giving a sign, do not hurry to pull the diver out into the fresh air. But how can I not pick those pearls, so dear to my heart?) The third source of material on which M. Akelaitis could rely in his lexicographic work was the folk language. It was his native language, which he learned in his family, in the Lithuanian garden, which he always treated with great love and respect, and whose rights, use, expansion and education he took care of all his life. The circumstances did not allow M. Akelaitis to be constantly in the people and to collect treasures of their language. He lived in the countryside and rarely met people. However, at intervals, while travelling around the country and on other occasions, he recorded folklore and collected linguistic material. This is evidenced by the relatively large number of his folk tales and various linguistic notes in his manuscript legacy. The following are examples of the use of vowels and prepositions written for the purposes of syntax (some may be taken from writings- ): Per. Through the city to go. That was too much for me. "I was sick during the winter. "He worked overnight. —To climb through a building. "To go over the border. —Through one man a Greek came into the world and the death of a Greek. "He came through Martin. "He lives three miles away. "I think that's the truth. "He was too racist. "What is this?" (F137, p. 110). M. Akelaitis repeatedly speaks about the richness of the Lithuanian language vocabulary and illustrates this with examples taken mainly from the folk language. He points out that Lithuanians have many words with different nuances for the same thing, characteristic, action, etc., e.g.: kalba, szneka, tarme, byla, žadas; geltas, geltonas, geltokas, gelsvas, gelsvokas, geltonelis, geltonutelis, geltonužėlis; singing, singing, crying, weaving, weaving again (p. či6d60), niuniuoti, ryloti, soukti (F1—11, p. 4). Speaking about the use of the suffix -ėnas, he also gives a number of examples: Tylzenas, tetenas, brolenas, seserenas, Kuprenas, Wilkenas, Warnenas, Waszkenas, Rimkenas, Melenas, Masenas, Kredzdenas, Kiszkenas, Bylenas, Tylenas, Prastenas, Druktenas (F1—29, p. 12). In his poem,,Apej garus“ (Fl—31), looking for terms to name the details of the steam boiler and steam locomotive, M. Akelaitis takes the words of the folk language and applies them in the field of technology, expanding the sphere of use of words and giving them a special meaning. In this way, the following were introduced into the field of technique: stem, handle, beater, horse, hole, fireplace, Zibintuvé, cork, push, volé, hook, whistle, etc. Finally, the language of M. Akelaitis’ own writings has distinct folk-language features, which show that he always relied on the native language learned in his youth, that it was a great source of linguistic treasures for him. 162 M. Akelaitis had planned to prepare three dictionaries: a 1) comparative dictionaries of Lithuanian language; 2) Lithuanian-Pir 3) olish Polish-Lithuanian. This is seen iš jo letters M. To A. Valančiuir s, Kirkoras and others (TZ, III, IV, 292—321, 433—443), o as well as the iš feedback of other persons about M. Akelaitis- 's works. 1856.VI.27 (VII.9) letter J. Zavadzkie he faso: “I work on Lithuanian, I compare go z Languages Indo-Europeans —ukladam stownik jezyka Lithuanian, stownik all w the meaning of the word. It will be an to opus dignum laude et laurea — overcoming the dictionaries known so far, and... I was about to say something, when my pupil, repeating his Latin lesson, w said: ,,Propria laus sordet“ — zamalowat mi gebe; I must therefore stop working on o it in almost my own i w silence, there will come a time when az the printing press z Pana Will prosperity escape the na world? [I study Lithuanian language, I compare ją su Indo-European languages—I am creating a dictionary of Lithuanian in the true sense of the word. It will be a work worthy of a ir laurel crown of praise superior to all — dictionaries už known so far, and... I was about to say something, when my student, at that moment repeating his Latin lesson, said: "Drunk work is disgusting- ." It silenced me, so I can no longer speak about my dictionary, which I must prepare in silence until the time comes when, perhaps, it will be printed in the ir printer's shop of my jį benefactor.] Iš 2008 M. Akelaitis was responsible for compiling a comparative dictionary of the Lithuanian language, in which Lithuanian words were to be su compared with those of other Indo-European languages. (Slavic, Greek, Gothic, Latin, Sanskrit) words. 1856.1X.25 d. letter M. For the washing machine M. Akelaitis illustrates with examples how he intends to write the dictionary, namely*: Aswini, = Sanskrt. Asha, franc. cheval, kon. Nagas, = Sanskrit. Nagah, Ross. xozomo (nogeč, formerly) paznogieč. Black; = Greek. ioeidės, czarny. Roof, = Greek. steegee, roof; Hence the roofer stegius. Shepher- = d, Greek. poimén, shepherd. Dreams, = come on. Ypnos [hypnosis] sen. Sakiti, = niem. sagen, to say; Hence pasakos resembles the Norman word sagos, legends, klechdy, both in terms of sound and meaning. i Schniake- = ti, dmisk. [dunsk] snaken, talkative. Zardis, = Franc. jardin, agroėd, pastewnik, w in some areas they call it teletnikiem, so there usually only že calves are fed. Shuo, = Frank. dog, feet. Duris, = angel. Doors. Szilkas, = angel. Shilk, Ross. weaxs jedwab’. Amber, = Ross. s¥maps, amber, bernstein, electron; So the electricity could be thumaczyé by gintarumas. Wiras, = lacins. Vir, Wiraj pull the yoke — Sources trahite south. Jacket, = jecus, liver. August [Anxious], = (not anxious [anxiety] = lacn. augustus [angustus], German. eng., tight. Augment, = augmentum; augu augeo = avge = ir t. t. (TZ, III, 293 —294). Iš the examples given show that M. Akelaitis’s comparisons of words from different languages are mostly based on comparative historical ne phonetics, but also on random consonants, or similarities of borrowed words with originals, or ba naive etymologization, or lists of words from different į dictionaries that have nothing in common in terms of origin. mu iš Nors M. Akelaitis notes that he, when compiling the comparative dictionary, Make-up, Bopo ir de "A History of the Library of the Central Library of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences (F7, —536a)". * Greek examples are transcribed in Latin letters, 11* 163 In his letters, M. Akelaitis gives contradictory information about the progress of the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary. In the draft of his letter to A. Kirkoras of 3 May 1858, he wrote: “I am now finishing the Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary, I have found a man, a true Lithuanian, who has submitted my work for printing at his own expense (F1—10, p. 2). [I am now finishing a Polish-Lithuanian dictionary, and I have found a man, a true Lithuanian, who will give my work to the press at his own expense.] In view of M. Akelaitis’s easy and quick promises to do everything quickly, this message raises doubts. In fact, some time later, in a letter to J. Kraševskis, M. Akelaitis reported: „Stowniki: Polsko-Litewski i Litewski, porędwnawczy, postępują żółwim krokami. In the first, alongside Lithuanian, I will mix old-Prussian and Latvian words, which have already disappeared in Lithuanian. It is understood that there is no talk here of German words that have sneaked into Latvian. Furthermore, he explained Polish words that originated in Lithuanian, such as skrzydlo, oskard, kord, ogol, szczegol and so on. The third is a brief summary of names from Lithuanian mythology, included in Orgelbrand’s Dictionary, which (forgive me, editors) are described in the most ridiculous way” (F1— 11, p. 3). [Dictionaries —lenky-lietuviy, Lithuanian comparative —go at a turtle’s pace. In the first, in addition to Lithuanian, I will give non-Prussian and also Latvian words, which have already disappeared in Lithuanian. Of course, there is no question of German words that have invaded Latvian. Next I will explain Polish words that have their source in Lithuanian, such as skrzydlo, oskard, kord, ogėl, szczegėol, etc. Thirdly, I will briefly list Lithuanian mythological names included in Orgelbrand’s dictionary, where they are (may the authors forgive me) poorly described- .] From the excerpt of this letter it is clear that the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary is not being completed, but, it could be said, is beginning to be compiled. It is similar to a comparative dictionary in terms of non-Prussian and Latvian equivalents and mythological names. It is clear that M. Akelaitis did not have a strict attitude about where to put what, and in one place he indicates that mythological names will be put in the comparative dictionary, and in another — in the bilingual Polish-Lithuanian dictionary. This indicates its fluctuations, characteristic of the beginning of labor. As far as the archive and other material available in our republic allows us to conclude, M. Akelaitis does not mention the work on the Polish-Lithuanian dictionary anywhere else. Tik 1859.X1.26 laiške A. Kirkorui dar užsimena:,- ,Oprócz ksiazeczek dla ludu wydamy wkrótce Stownik Litewsko-- Polski i Polsko-Litewski, a gramatyke litewska (TZ, III, 318). [In addition to books for the people, we will soon publish Lithuanian-Polish and Polish-Lithuanian dictionaries, as well as a grammar of the Lithuanian language.] Bilingual dictionaries, which were not yet compiled at the time, had to follow the popular books, of which M. Akelaitis published 5 in 1860. Further publishing work stopped due to lack of funds and other work (see JanMA, 49). The Polish-Lithuanian dictionary is not mentioned in the press already cited (Kuryer Wilenski, Biblioteka Warszawska, Kraj), where M. Akelaitis’ lexicographic works were discussed. So, probably, the manuscript of such a dictionary was not prepared. This is probably M. Akelaitis's unrealized idea, as is the comparative dictionary. Having the Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary of K. Širvydas, M. Akelaitis could easily write a small Polish-Lithuanian dictionary. However, because of diversion, taking up new work, he could not devote himself to this dictionary, and it must be assumed that it remained uncompleted. There are no reliable data on the existence of such a manuscript. Only the third lexicographic work of M. Akelaitis — the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary — is clearly recorded as a real fact. M. Akelaitis himself wrote about it several times in his letters, which have already been quoted earlier. This dictionary was mentioned in the press, where it was also noted that the manuscript of M. Akelaitis’ Lithuanian-Polish dictionary was found in books and manuscripts left by the Vilnius painter Zenkevičius. 170 that it was unfinished and that it had about 300 pages (not arcs, as JanMA, p. 1 states, because M. Akelaitis, busy with other work, could not write such a large dictionary). After Zenkevičius’ death, M. Akelaitis’ Lithuanian-Polish dictionary fell into the hands of J. Karlovičius. Without the manuscript of the dictionary, it is impossible to describe it. It is difficult to say whether this dictionary is bilingual or multilingual. In the draft of the letter to A. Kirkoras, M. Akelaitis mentions the Lithuanian dictionary and gives an example of it: „Stędwnik litewski będzie wyloZony po-polsku, po-rossyjsku i po-niemiecku. Here's the probe. Kalpa, os f. stuga, participant; cayra, YyuacTHHKb; Servant and servantess, participants. Giltiniu kalpa, stuga, wspolnik śmierci, zbėj. Pordwnaj: Sanskrit. Klp. 1) causam fieri alcjs, rei, 2) facere, efficere, 3) dare, impertire. Latvian Kalps, parobek. Gothic hilpa, halp, German helfen, Polish chtop (F1-10, p. 8). It seems that this is an example of a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, not a comparative dictionary, which should also include Latin and Greek equivalents. It is clear that M. Akelaitis used words from various languages everywhere, so in the example of the Lithuanian-Polish dictionary he added Russian, German and Sanskrit equivalents. A little about M. Akelaitis’ Lithuanian-Polish dictionary could be judged from three draft lexicographic pages in M. Akelaitis’ legacy (F1—32, pp. 1—3), one of which we will present here in full: Saunėra = Sroucr. Aim = Lean. saigulis = OCTOPOXKHOCTb; drive with a safety guard where it falls, so that the car does not overturn., saudarbis = who only to work for himself, and not for another, that saudarbis = 3romucr. savaimei = dabravalnai; The door opened by itself, unlocked. characteristic, characteristic = 1) cBosiTcTBO; 2) wlasno$¢ —such a characteristic of that seed. savigyra = self-praise. grey-headed moth, € pounstny, pociagajoncy; whose cheerful pointed eyes [;] srddis skanul, pamaczius skane merga [;] kus [kurs] beautifully faced, that tasty tasty lakoč skarda blacha umbrella parasol biscuit = sucharek, fried on water, without milk without butter rakas cpoks. As the sperm comes, it splits out of the egg cell, ies 1) szczep, rod. It passes through the upper column = genus 2) species Potato column minikas 3arajįuHKb spéjikas OTrajyHuKs skyra vybor, réznyca. There's no divorce, everybody drinks. He's gonna take it without a gun. Old and young all without distinction lie in the same house, a distinction, a separation. He was a member of the 1960s punk rock band, The Shadows, and was a member of the 1970s punk rock band, The Shadows, but he was not a member of the Shadows. Floating nobody's liquid >xunkocts (KauecTBo), rzadkosé liquid —which does not resist, does not resist the debtor without the pressure of careless debt. Asz jį skolinu = I borrow it = I give it to borrow = žiczyti zadtužač się skomas = taste. lean beef without any taste [.] strova skanus skoma. uy, Žukas, From the history of libraries and bibliography, „Vilnius State V. Kapsuko University Scientific Library Chronicle“, 1858—1959, Vilnius, 1961, p. 249. 171 skometi = smakowač, mouth tastes, when you eat sweet. Ana nori skomedama paskometi medaus skradžia —przepašė —Tavę perkuns [?] in skradžią numusztu už tai. Flying, ia npua. = bottomless. To get you into the flying. uktvere fliidineja aple sava ukį. skrditas —tono, removal from clothing. The clothes fly away and become flying. fly, I'm flying, I'm flying. Draw a circle. The sorcerer flew around the world, so that no one would tell. a circle. Which one did you fly around with? kreis skrybele with scrapes good. spindle: stem. Flying meadow iszesta, quarterly KBajpaTHbii, skrodas = poses, fly with a fly and steal with a fly ends of the wall. skuba = haste. You won't be happy with hasty work. The work of haste is empty and worthless hasty —pospieszny, hasty work. skubus = urgent person, spieszny. skuisti —swawolič, skuitings —swawola, szal namietnošči Užeja skutinys [skuitinys] That skuitinys does not pass her. skūnda oszczędnošč. You need to complain about the scalloped. Poverty and misery. It's really poor over there. poverty Velunoj poverty to live poorly = žalosny. I'm sorry to hear you're in them. Skurdi szirdis skursna nędzarz skursnas,a nędzny —However, the handwriting of these pages and the illustrative examples given raise doubts as to whether this is a manuscript by M. Akelaitis. On the one hand, the sentences given at the end of the individual words quite correspond to the examples in the manuscript of A. Juška’s dictionary. M. Akelaitis could not take them out of A. Juška’s dictionary because it was not yet compiled. Secondly, the handwriting of the manuscript differs from that of M. Akelaitis. The use of the letter v also distinguishes the manuscript from M. Akelaitis’s manuscripts, in which the Polish w is written. Thus, it is concluded that these three lexicographic pages that have come into M. Akelaitis’s legacy do not belong to M. Akelaitis, M. Akelaitis’s lexicographic activity manifested itself not only in efforts to compile a comparative and two bilingual Zodyns, but also in the collection of various terminological material and the creation of new terms, the recording of Lithuanian terms in the Polish text of the Lithuanian language grammar, word interpretations and other small notes. When publishing Lithuanian books, translating from other languages, M. Akelaitis had to create Lithuanian terms, compile their lists and dictionaries. At the time, Lithuanian terminology in various branches was very scarce, varied or lacking at all. At that time there were no basic textbooks for mathematics, natural sciences, history, geography and other fields, so those who wrote or translated from other languages had to create the most necessary terms themselves. M. Akelaitis also followed this path. In the library of Vilnius State University V. Kapsuko is a 20-page manuscript by M. Akelaitis- ,,Rodykle wardų sawiszkųjų, kaip kores augimes wadina Žemajtiai“ (signature DI020), which contains about 580 plant names with Latin equivalents. The letter A contains 21 heading names of plants, namely: Agúnas darža Papaver somniferum (1), Gooseberries. Ribes, Uva crispa (1), Gooseberries d“, d“, Gooseberries in harvest. Ribes Grossularia (1), Gooseberries in a basket. d) reclinatum (1), Ajerai Acorus, calamus. Kalmusas (1), Blind. Galeopsis Tetrahit (1); Crafts. viscum album, amalis (1), Anyszys v. Anyžys. 172 Sison anisum (1), Apalis, populus nigra (1), Hops, Humulus lupulus. Aphids (1), Bumblebees, populus tremula (1), Asians, epuisetum hiemale (1), Ashes, ribes rubrum. Ashwort (1), Atgires, lycopodium, selago (1), Atkaksznis, evonimus europaeus (1), Atūdogiai, secale cereale vernum (1), Awétes, sanguisorba officinalis (1), Awétes, rubus, Idaeus, awéczios (1), Awizas, avena sativa. avižos tuszczios ave, fatua (flaves ser.), AwiZzu žole, bromus sterilis (1). There are also some smaller species in the forest, e.g. : Déwamedias (4), Erszketiai (4), Ferpartiai (11), Zaltia lunks (17) and others Sometimes parallel forms of Zemaitiska and aukstaitiSka plant names are given, e.g. : Klaus, platanvides steel. Maple (7), Warputai. Ariticum repens. Warpucziai, warputis (15) and others. M. Akelaitis extracted this plant index from the manuscript of the Samogitian botanist J. Pabrėža “Tayslės augimiu” (Taislius augymių), which begins on page 887 with,,Rodiikle Waarduu sawyszkuujuu kaap kėres augimes wadyn Žemaytee- ”. M. Akelaitis elevated the arrow and the names of the plants and only in some places the Žemaičių forms remained. The first page of the dictionary manuscript is marked by M. Akelaitis's hand: "Used for Staugaitis's dictionary and nauj. bot. dictionary. From Kriaučiūno archive (via Čiuta)." While translating and preparing for printing the work,,Apej garus“ (Fl—31), M. Akelaitis came across the details of a steam locomotive (in his words, a steam boiler and an iron carriage), and he had to find Lithuanian names for them. In this way, he became the first creator of technical terminology, providing in his work more than a hundred names of steam locomotive parts with explanations, e.g.: stirrup, cooler, boiler, heater, beating, floating, plump, providurys, mast, lever, push, whistle, spacer "lighter", trouba, roller, track "rails", horses, flashlight, etc. These are mainly folk words used for terms, and a few unsuccessful innovations (floater "float", cooler "condenser", etc.). This first set of technical terms is important for the history of terminology (see more in the journal „Mokslas ir technika“ 1969 m. Nr. 11). M. Akelaitis is also one of the creators of grammatical terminology. Although his Lithuanian grammar is written in Polish, in some places (introduction, etc.) there are also several Lithuanian equivalents in parentheses next to Polish terms. They are taken from predecessors (A. Baranauskas and others, e.g.: letter, spelling, dialect, folding, word height, saudžiai „fat“) or created by M. Akelaitis himself (e.g.: vowel, „sound science“, graphic, word origin, „etymology“, dialect, „syllable“, etc.). In general, M. Akelaitis had a tendency to compose terms, as can be seen from his first Lithuanian letter to M. Valančius (TŽ, III, 292—294), in which we find the following new creations: literacy (1. pismienictwo), monthly, or yearbook, “calendar- ”, “philologist”, “critic” and dictionary, to which the following note is added:,,Wadinu “Zodinas”, not Zodinis, kajp nor Walleniawicze and Iwinskis; because we say —karklis, karklinas, puszis, puszinas: uz tataj and žodis — žodinas (p. 293). In addition to the collections of terms, M. Akelaitis’ manuscripts contain various words, interpretations of events and other similar items. Most of them were added to the Polish translation of K. Donelaitis- ’s “Metų”, which is kept in the Central State Archive of the Lithuanian SSR (f. 378, PS, 1861, b. 16, d. 1, I. 145—198). At the end of the translation (I. 197—198) 18 numbered explanations—notes (,,Przypisy*) are given, which we present here, adding the translations and indicating which part and line of “Metų” they concern: 1) Litwini utrzymują że bocian odlatuje w odlegle kraju na sen zimowy. [Lithuanians believe that the eagles fly to distant lands for winter sleep (I, 43).] 2) Ten wiersz trudno oddač po polsku, bo wyrazy: 173 Jurgut! [Lithuanians believe that the eagles fly to distant countries for winter sleep (I, 43).] Jurgut! kinkyk, kinkyk, paplak, paplak —are the imitation of the stowe spie. [This word is difficult to translate into Polish, because the sayings: Jurgut! Jurgut! kinkyk, kinkyk, paplak, paplak—are an imitation of the singing of the laksztingala (I, 107).] 3) Stowik po litewsku laksztingala, rodzaju żenskiego. Lithuanian women in drodza usually spit their favorite dainos, so the poet compares stovika with a village girl, going to gėšcinė. [S/owik — lakštingalas, female genus. Lithuanian women usually sing their favorite songs on their journeys, which is why the poet compares the lakštingalas to a country lady (bure) going to visit (I, 116).] 4) Szupinis przethimaczylišmy przez grochdwke. It is a gesture peas cooked with poppy or pecan. Such a pechuwka will not do without stonina, head, legs and pig tail, which in the bowl is the whole decoration of this favorite dish of LitwinOw. [Siupini turns to Zirniene. It is peas cooked thickly with flour or semolina. In such a Zirnienė there must be bacon, pork heads and pig tail, which in the bowl constitutes the whole charm of this Lithuanian favorite dish (I, 151).] 5) In 1709 and 1710 Lithuania was plagued by a sea-borne disease. Mortality was high, villages became deserted. The Prussian government brought colonists from Germany, Switzerland, France and the United States. They eventually merged with the Lithuanians, adopted their language and customs. [In 1709—1710 plague ravaged Lithuania. Mortality was high, and the villages were desolate. The Prussian government brought colonists from Germany, Switzerland and France. They eventually merged with the Lithuanians, adopting their language and customs (I, 563).] 6) Giltinė — the mantis, goddess of death, so-called, With her Zadlem (geluo) sucks out deadly poison from the corpses and kills people with it. From then on, the dead man's foot was placed on Giltin's tongue, so that when the poison collector came, he could pick the poison out of him. [Giltine—the goddess of death, because she sucks deadly poison from the corpses with her beard and kills people with it. Therefore, scissors were placed near the dead to cut off the tongue of the lion when it came to suck from his poison (II, 37, 88).] 7) Poeta przedstawiąjąc Giltinę z kosą, odstapil od dotychczasowych podan ludu [The word guild is not translated, it is left in the Polish text and is written in capital letters.] (Read the preface, preceding- ). [In depicting Giltinę with a dagger, the poet distanced himself from the folk images of that time. (Read the previous note) (11, 90).] 8) Panszczyzna po litewsku baudzawa, co znaczy przymus, gwalt. [Puudžiava in Lithuanian means violence, violence (II, 99).] 9),,kaip būrą baūdžiawa baudžia“ means jak gvalt na chlopa (gaura) gwaltownie naciera. [, as the cage is punished” means, as the cage is punished (II, 148).] 10. Deiwes —widma, straszydla. [Goddess—- sorceress, scarecrow (II, 212).] [The word goddess is not translated into Polish and is written with a capital letter.] 11) Podkomorzy—Pakamėrė, pomocnik Sattysa. Duty of the post-martial oglaszač wlošcianm governmental regulations and collector taxes from them. Overseas- —the assistant of the elder. His duty is to proclaim the orders of the government to the villagers and to collect taxes from them (II, 437).] 12) Guardmaster, officer of the land police. 13) Niewlašciwie tu zasylišmy wyrazu dziewoslęb. [The watchman —a local police officer (II, 544).] Kwéslys —calling, inviting to a wedding: kwésté, kwécziu, I invite. Bridal veil in Lithuanian pirszlys: perszu, bridal veil, rają. [Unusually, we use the word dziewoslęb here. Kvieslys —asking, inviting to a wedding: kviestie, kviečiu —please. Dziewoslęb in Lithuanian piršlys: perszu (III, 83).] 14) Czepek, wylaczny stręj męžatek, po litewski rykas. With this term has a relationship rykis, rykūnas rare; Rykūne ochmistryni, hostess. Wienec allowed only to girls; A man can dress in flowers and ruffles until she gives birth to a daughter, that is, until she becomes a mother. If a girl becomes a mother (which happens very rarely in Lithuania), she loses the right to the čėlka (pakalkė) and the wreath. In that case, the miserable confesses her sins at confession, and with tears pleads with the priest to let her at least wear a robe and flowers, when she is not allowed to return to the insignia of virginity—- to the robe and wreath that she is weeping for today in the cold day. [Kykas exclusively iStekéjusiy women's garment, in Lithuanian called rykas. This word is related to ryki, ryvkina "lord", rykuna—hostess. Only girls are allowed to wear the wreath; a married woman can wear flowers and a robe until she gives birth to a daughter or becomes a bob. If a girl accidentally becomes a mother (this happens very rarely in Lithuania), she loses the right to the crown and crown. In such a case, the unfortunate confesses her guilt in confession and, in tears, asks the priest to allow her to wear at least a robe and flowers, when she cannot return to the insignia of virginity — the crown and wreath, which today is lamented in sad songs (III, 105).] 15) In the Lithuanian ižbe there is no floor, but only a 174 A clay-made whistle. [The Lithuanian hillside has no floor, but only a clay floor (III, 183).] 16) Kriwule laska zakrzywiona, zaywana przez soltysza. Soltys having to announce wloséianom siyta Kriwuła from cottage to cottage. Litwin, having received the cane, feeds it further, and he himself hurried to the soltysa. From there he says sig: eimi in kriwulę, ide na radę; pareimi isz kriwules, I'm back from the council. Kriwule, as well as Kriwis and Kriwiu-Kriwaitis (Kriwe-Kriwajto) together have died. Here soe finds its explanation that dzwinka —Litwin skurczypalka. [Krivulė — a bent stick, used by the elder. Šaltyšius, wanting to tell the peasants something, sewing a curve from cottage to cottage. The Lithuanian, having received the stick, sends it on, and he himself hurried to the elder, Therefore it is said: eimi in krivulę, pareimi iš krivulės. Both the Kriva and the Kriva-Krivajto have a common source. This is also the origin of the mockery saying: Lithuanians are like a rod (IV, 153).] 17) The author has in mind two fires that broke out in Krėlewce in 1764 and 1769 (IV, 184).] 18) In those times, the government ordered the Włochs to use the Polish to speak wréble and wrony. The peasant was obliged to provide twelve sparrow glows and several pairs of four crows annually. [At that time the government had ordered the peasants to kill the swirls and crows, and each year Biras had to deliver twelve heads of swirls and several pairs of crow legs (IV, 293).] The following language excerpts, notes and explanations (Zwroty językowe) are attached to the contents of G. Neselman’s collection of poems (FI — 26, p. 3): Who will save them? —who will help the searcher (p. 3); collected three years, Pavytusius lapelius (p. 4); Mamuž, mamuž, garbuZele (p. 6); Pridabotie — dispenser (p. 6); Zemynele — ziedekkele, does it not mean: ziemino, little potato dressed in flowers? (p. 7); Flowers of the Continent (p. 9); Kopinikas (p. 8); Nehrunger; You're not going to hell! Girl from the lowlands. Why are they so beautiful in the lemeneli (p. 9); Muma moczutes (p. 9); Velvet flag (p. 12); What's scaring you? (17); Palynelis, sling nets (18); Penkes baczkeliu (13); Don't let the bulls come to Vienna. Bearded wolf (14); O wilkelis linksmas esąs wedis oszka szokti (14); Pagan, shepherd. Most of the explanations are given for rarer words in Polish. In M. Akelaitis- ’s piece,,Moja chata“ (FI—14), written in Polish, there are also some short hints (,,Objašnienia“) about the use of the words /enkai, Lauma, Perkūnas, šiaurys, etc. The Lithuanian language dictionaries prepared by M. Akelaitis and small lexicographical works done while living in Lithuania were touched. In emigration he was concerned with the development of a new linguistic theory, writing grammar, and he could devote little attention to lexicography. Here he only occasionally mentions that he cares about Zodynai. In a letter to J. Kraševski from Paris in 1883 he wrote: Not long ago I read a newspaper w Warsh. I o mentioned, the holding of competitions by Academy of Skills in Krakow. Among them I find the Samuel Bogumił Linde competition: “work in the scope of Polish language”. —I want to stand up for the competition. I intend to write such a work: „List of Polish expressions, originating from Lithuanian or having a similar connection with it“. "Dearest, dearest Compatriot! but as a Member of the Cracow Academy, faskawie I stopped detailed information about the mentioned competition. On which day in the year is the deadline and who is responsible for submitting the transcript? The second work, about which I still dream, is the Wprowadzony słownik języka polskiego. Poles do not have a similar work. I think so about Polish-Lithuanian Stewnik, and Lithuanian Polish. But who will provide me with the means to do this work?... ' * [I recently read in a Warsaw newspaper about the competition schedule of the Krakow Academy of Sciences. Among jų them are ir S. B. Linde's name contest: "researches on the Polish language- ". I want to take part in the competition. I intend to write the following researches: "Word of the Polish language, iš originating in Lithuanian language or having a common source". ir Dear sweetie Compatriots! Teikis send me as Kraków The member of the Academy detailed information about the above mentioned competition, When is the deadline (year and day) and who should hand over the manuscript? The second work I'm constantly thinking about is Dictionary of the Polish Language. The Poles do not have a similar job so far. I think so too! about Polish-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Polish dictionaries. But who will provide me with the funds to do that work?...] 12 Vilniaus State V. University of Cape Town, Cape Town. M. 175 From this letter it is clear that even in emigration, while engaged in other work, M. Akelaitis dreamed about lexicographic work, about Polish-Lithuanian and Lithuanian- -Polish dictionaries, which, apparently, were not yet completed. This reminds us once again that the lexicographic legacy of M. Akelaitis (the comparative and two bilingual dictionaries) mentioned by the bibliographer should be viewed with great reserve. The enthusiast and dreamer M. Akelaitis agreed that he would soon be able to write as many as three Zodyns, began to collect material and made a name for himself that this or that dictionary was already being finished, although in reality he had not yet started the work properly. For lexicographical work M. Akelaitis was somewhat prepared. He studied languages, was interested in and collected Lithuanian dictionaries compiled before him, both printed and manuscript, some of which (Andruškevičius, anonymous oriental) were found in his legacy. Apparently, he was preparing to use them. In addition to his dictionaries, M. Akelaitis had collected a considerable amount of printed literature. However, his statements and examples show that he did not have clearer and stronger lexicographical principles. In particular, M. Akelaitis was hesitant about the inclusion of equivalents of other languages in bilingual dictionaries, and the examples of those dictionaries he provided give equivalents of four or more languages, although they are not necessary for bilingual dictionaries. Many things can also be said about M. Akelaitis’s comparative dictionary, the examples of which show that the established principles of the etymological dictionary are not followed and often arbitrarily words that have nothing in common with their origin are compared. The etymologies of the real names and words that were supposed to be included in the comparative dictionary show that M. Akelaitis was not able to master the principles of comparative historical linguistics, he sought and agreed to find new phonetic laws, on the basis of which he created even stranger etymologies. The lack of the necessary linguistic preparation, constant distraction, inability to concentrate on lexicographic work, lack of understanding of the difficulties of compiling dictionaries and difficult living conditions did not allow M. Akelaitis to achieve greater results in the field of lexicography. His lexicographical activities were broad but unrealistic ambitions, and most of them remained unfulfilled. Akelaitis' dictionaries remained unfinished and unprinted. Only the manuscript of the Lithuanian- -Polish dictionary fell into the hands of the Polish linguist J. Karlovičius and could be used for Lithuanian language research. However, M. Akelaitis as a lexicographer played a positive role in the development of Lithuanian lexicography. He continued the work of the writers and cultural and social figures of the first half of the 19th century in the field of the development of the Lithuanian literary language, contributed to the collection of Lithuanian word treasure and the compilation of a dictionary. He popularized and strengthened in the enlightenment the idea that a dictionary is necessary to maintain and develop the Lithuanian language, that without a dictionary further enrichment and standardization of the Lithuanian language is impossible. M. Akelaitis’s lexicographical works were published in the press and were known by his contemporaries. This encouraged other enlightened people to take care of the compilation and publication of a Lithuanian dictionary. M. Akelaitis also took care of the collection and creation of Lithuanian terminology. He also contributed to the collection and preservation of Lithuanian manuscript dictionaries. Thanks to him, we have preserved an oriental Lithuanian- -Polish dictionary of the second half of the 19th century, which is important for the history of lexicography. 176 This article was intended to look deeper į M. Akelaitis’s lexicographical activity, which has been briefly touched on so far, based on bibliographical and biographical data, indicating three M. Akelaitis' lexicographic works (comparatir du ive bilingual dictionaries). After reviewing the available ir archive printed M. The material concerning ir Akelaitis, specifically į looking at the ir lexicographical legacy attributed to him, was attempted to trace, ką iš actual M. Akelaitis has done in the field of Lithuanian lexicography what ideas remained unfulfilled. jo Clearly, these efforts are only M. The beginning of the search and research of Akelaitis’s lexicographical legacy, an introduction, which will have to be supplemented by further ir M. Akelaitis dictionaries (especially the most iš jų — realistic ir Lithuanian-- Polish dictionary) ir other material searches and broader researches. SOURCES ABBREVIATIONS 1. AkG = Grammar of the Lithuanian language. Voting room. Written by Mikolaj Akielewicz, Poznan. 1890, 2. Fl, 1...49 = Lietuvos TSR Academies of Sciences Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature M. Akelaitis' manuscript legacy (F1) consisting of iš 49 folders (they are indicated by a po dash). 3. JanMA = A. Janulaitis, Mikalojus Akelaitis, Vilnius, Lithuania 1969. 4. TZ = „Tauta ir Žodis“, Publication of the Faculty of Humanities, VII I— vol., Kaunas, M. AKSIJIJAUTHC 1923—1931, KAK JIEKCUKOTPA® HU. KPYOIIAC Pesiome B crarbe cienan oGumpubiii 0630p Jekcuxorpaduueckux pador M. Axsaaiituca (1829 — 1887), sunnoro jiesTeJis cepejinnbi XIX. B. B 06JiacTH AHTOBCKOI KYJIBTYDBI, NpOCBELIEHIS, JiKTeparypbi H HaykKH. M. AKajaliTHC MHTEPECOBAJICS H CpaBHHTEJIbHbIM S3bIKOBHAHHeEM, B KOTOPOM YIKTOBCKHĖ SI3BIK YK TOTAL/la 3aHHMAJI BaxHOe MECTO, H CTApaJICS1 BHECTH CBOI BKJIAJ B H3yueHHe JIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA, B CO3/laHHE €ro I'm sorry. H OH Hamepesajcs coCTABHTb JIHTOBCKO-HOJIbCKHĖ, TOJIbCKĖ-JIHTOBCKĖ H CpaBHHTeJIbHbIė CJIOBADpH JIHTOBCKOTO sabika. [las sToii uesm OH MHOTO Jiet COGMpaJ MaTepHaJI H3 pa3HbIX HCTOUHHKOB, OCOGeHHO H3 JIKTOBCKONR XY JIOxXecTBeHHONR JHTepaTyphl, H HANHCAJI GOMBIIVIO UaCTb JIKTOBCKO-I0JIbCKOTO CJIOBAps1. DTHM CJIOBAPEM NOJI530BAJIHCb NOJIbCKHE SIB3bCOOPERATIONi MPH HCCJIEeJIOBAHHH JHTOBCKOTO s3bikKa. AkTHBHOe yuacrne M. AxinaiTHCa B TARGET, TYPHOON KyJb H JHTEepaTypHOIl xH3HH JIuTebl, B BoccTannn 1863 r. npoTHB uapuaMA H nocienylomas SMETPANHS B IMapmx nocJsie NoJiaBJieHHs BOCCTaHHS He NaH Bo3mokHOCTH M. AKsinaiiTHCY 3aKOHUHTL CBOH JEKCHKorpaduueckue 3aMbicJibi. Bee-Taku OH CHIrpas NOJIOXHTEJIbHYJO POJb B PA3BHTHH JAHTOBCKOI JeKCHKOrpaHH H It's a 3-star hotel. 12. Iš Lithuanian lexicology ir lexicography