Iš baltų kalbų gyvulininkystės terminologijos istorijos

IŠ LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY IR LEXICOGRAFIES LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY IŠ BALTIC LANGUAGES LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY STORIES* A. SABALIAUSKAS ANIMALS BŪRIO DESIGNATIONS A group of grazing domestic animals ide. languages do not have a common ar name that is at least slightly more common. Most of the time, individual language groups have distinct names, which have been derived in different ways, and sometimes the names o differ ir between closely related languages. There is no common name for the group of animals ir in the Baltic languages. Liet. band The most commonly used animal name in Lithuanian is bantė. This is a very interesting word in livestock terminology. Jo meaning, it can be said, in a way reflecting various stages of the history of livestock farming are good semantic parallels, ir interpreting other ide. the origin of words with similar meanings in different languages. In the Lithuanian academic dictionary there are seven meanings of this word: the 1) younger brother of a hired 2) worker, farmer's son ar (flax); crops; the 3) land on which the herd is sown; a 4) salary supplement in kind is given to the employee; wages 5) previously paid to the employer (in kind); 6) benefit, property, ownership, share; money; nedidokas 7) galvas, kepaliukas (LKŽd., I, 519—20; in the second I edition of the dictionary the meanings are divided slightly differently). In this į case, it is important to note that the initial value is the initial value. band meaning should have been “animal, cattle’, because only then is the development of the above-mentioned meanings possible. That's it. the meaning of banda can still be seen in old Lithuanian writings, e.g.: ir giwen kaip banda bei neischmintingoses kiaules (1579 m. W2,), iaucziamus ir assitamus ir kitai būndai (1599 m. DP 3403), Many young as a herd very cheaply became soldta (Br P, II, 346) ir kt * Iš these values have arisen ‘animal cage’ ir “benefit, money, property’ meaning, the o iš latter 'pasėti javai' and “The land in which the grain is sown’. Among all these meanings, the meaning of ‘loaf’ stands out. This significance, apparently, should be linked to su the meaning of ‘in-kind supplement to wages paid to an employee’. Probably *Plg. previously published works by the author in this field: Ha3Banus 6e3poroBoro ckora,,,ITpo6JieMbl HHAOEBpOMNEHCKOoro S513LIKO3HaHHSs“, Mocksa, 1964, p. 59—65; 101 —190. „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, X, Vilnius, 1968, p. 101 —190. 1 K. Būga, Selected Writings, III, Vilnius, 1961, p. 664. try at first and was not just a loaf, but given among other things a loaf of bread or a loaf of bread. Lithuanian has long written traditions — this Word was recorded even before the first written monuments of the Lithuanian language appeared. The word "banda" in the meaning of property can be found as early as 1468 in Kazimierz- 's laws: "A KojiH uiH napoObKbl YyKpajĮyTb ITO VY KOro, a (naKt) y CeMb JIKCTY Bepxy nHcCaHO, Kakb 3a KOTOPYI0 TaTOy Ka3HHTH: KOJIH IIepBOe YKpajeTb, WHO ero He BEIlIaTH, a 3aMJaTHTH OOH/IOIO ero; a He GyjieTb GOHJbI, HHO OCNOJAaph ero 3a Hero 3anJaTHTh, © Napo6Ka CKasHHTH H NnpoOuTH- ...““?. In this sense, it is also used in the First Statute of Lithuania (1529):,,Jeżeli hge parobki kradut’ w okolicy a z licom ich pojmajut- ’, w której lico będzie stojati poitiny gorszej: tohdy majet’ karan byci jako zlodej; a jestliz poltiny lico stojati ne budet’: tohdy majet’ z bondy jeho szkoda placzona byti (=tunc debet solvi damnum ex rebus eius) abo lice wernuti, a z naviazku puhami biti...*3, Lietuv. banda with the meanings of ‘wealth’ and ‘salary nature’ is often found in other Lithuanian documents written in later foreign languages- *. A number of other words, whose meaning is closely related to the meaning of this word, originated from lit. banda: bandykštis "herd animal, cattle" (both in the old writings — M. Mažvydas, J. Bretkūnas, M. Daukša —, and in dialects —Akmenė, Barstyčiai, Betygala —the word is found; LKŽd., I(2), 640), tryst (in the Zhivate published in 1787; LKŽd., I(2), 641), bandinga “veršinga' (LKŽd., 1(2), 640), bandduti “serving (cattle herding) (LKŽd., 1(2), 639), bandinė "fence for keeping herds; pasture farther away from the holding; shepherds' feast on Pentecost; sampūriai' (LKŽd., 1(2), 640), bandinifikas 'herd, cattle barn' (LK Žd., I(2), 640), bandinifikas 'herd shepherd, shepherd; farmer’s servant’ (LKZd., I(2), 640), bandisius ‘example’ (LKZd., 1(2), 641), bafidiškas ‘typical of the herd, animal’ (LKZd., 1(2), 641), bandétis ‘sétis herd’; have advantage of what’ (LKZd., 1(2), 642), bandiotis “to gain profit from the crop, to profit from the herd’ (LKZd., I(2), 643), bandinis ‘own’ (LKZd., 1(2), 641), liūosbandė ‘in the stable of young cattle, cattle’ (LKZd., VII, 620). From the words mentioned here, the word ‘own’ (used in Dusetos) seems to be somewhat distant in its meaning from the others. The meaning ‘own’, apparently, originated from ‘bandy, i.e. sown in a herd’, cf. Gaspadarnus linus pabaigém braukt, remained only samples (Dusetos- ). Next to flax and rye, there was also a sample pot and a sample whip ir t. t. In some cases, it has also entered into the neighbouring languages (not only written, but also spoken) in some senses. Lat. bafida ‘the piece of land assigned to the servant by the landlord as wages or the sowing thereon; the secondary trade, secondary income; Gewinn, Geschift, Profit’, bafids (EM, I, 261 —2; EH, I, 204) is used in Latvian folk songs, occurs when 2 K. Jablonskis, Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje, I, Kaunas, 1941, p. 15. ? K. Jablonskis, Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje, I, p. 15—17; J. Jurginis, Baudžiavos įsigalėjimas Lietuvoje, Vilnius, 1962, p. 135—136. 4 K. Jablonskis, Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos rašytinių kalboje, I, p. 307—308, 330, which in other language monuments and dialects337-341. 8 ®. The word bafida may have also entered into Latvian through the Curons. However, since there are no more pronounced traces of this word among the remains of the Curonian language (unless we associate the place name Bandowe® with it), it would be more appropriate to consider Latin basida as Lithuanianism. Finally, it is even possible that some Latvians could have become acquainted with this word through Lithuanians, and some through Curonians. In Latvian there are more words that are inseparable from Latin barida, cf. baiidinieks ‘a servant to whom the landlord gave a piece of land as a wage’, baridenieks, moter. g. bandniece, bafiduétiés ‘fiir to work, to earn by secondary earnings’ (EM, I, 262), bandatiés ‘to occupy themselves with the cultivation of the wage fields (bandas)’, band?uét “to seek food, to earn by secondary earnings’, bandzéris “who uses to drown his bandas’ (EH, I, 204). Lat. bafida has also left quite marked traces in Latvian toponymy, cf. "Baidaskalns, Baridas-plava, Baridu-mārvs, Bandu lauks, Bandu-sils, Bandlauks, Bandainis, Baridene, Bandenes, Barfidenicas, Barfidenieki, Banidnieki, Bandenieku-véjsudmalas, Bandeni" (in Latvian). In Latvia, there are place names that might indicate that the Latvians once had their own phonetically exactly corresponding forms of the Lithuanian banda *buoda or *buode. These are the localities. Buddes, Buūodel-purys, Buodite, Buodnieki. In other words, these words tend to be associated with the Latin buéde ‘the hut’ (< Middle German bode), buodnieks ‘the merchant, the criminal’, but sometimes they may also contain the old Latin *buoda or *buode, corresponding to lit. banda®. In Belarusian, the word is also used in the meaning of "bear". 6o0nda ‘bread, croissants, buns; a head, a head of beef; slaughterhouse gift (which is carried to relatives or acquaintances after the animal has been slaughtered)'- **. In some Belarusian dialects (in Brest region, in the triangle between Kobrin, Ivacevichi, Luninets) the word 6oxda is used in the meaning of "cows given to the bride for the bridal gown". This word is also used in adjacent Ukrainian dialects in this sense." In Prussian texts, we do not find a word corresponding to lit. banda. However, there are several Prussian place names and personal names that would testify that the word could have been in that language, cf. the place names Bandadis, Bandeynen, Bandeln, Banduken“, personal names Bandeyke, Bandiko, Banduke, Bandupe, Bandus**?. In the Prussian language there is another word recorded, which probably should be associated with the Baltic name of the animal or herd of animals of this root — it is for example nienbanden ‘uselessly (=unniitzlich)’ (II Catechism word), ni enbandan "in vain (=vergeblich)* (III Catechism Zodis)'®. The Prussian context would indicate that the literal meaning is pr. 5 K, Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, III, p. 665; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., 34; V. Urbutis, LKK, VI, p. 297. 6 K. Bouga, Selected Writings, III, p. 168. 7 J. Endzelins, Placenames of the Latvian SSR, I, 1, Riga, 1956, p. 84. 8 J. Endzelins, ibid. p. 152—153. ® K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, III, p. 665; V. Urbutis, Baltistica, V(1), p. 50—51. 10 JI. C. Tenenriok, [Hianekronoriunnii GioJierenb, Bari. IV, Kuis, 1953, pp. 58-59; A. II. 1998-1999 Henokynunii, Mosos3nascrso, 1968, 6, p. 35. 11 G, Gerullis, The Old Prussian Place Names, Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, p. 16. 12 R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Names of people, Gottingen, 1925, p. 16, 17. 13 R, Trautmann, The Old Prussians Sprachdenkmiler, Gottingen, Germany 1910. p. 11, 23; Prussian language monuments, prepared by V. Mažiulis, Vilnius, 1966, pp. 101, 139, enbandan ni meaning could be ‘me į benefit’, cf. Tou tur ni sten emmen twayse deywas nienbendan westwey solt den (= Du namen God's not insignificant fūren); Tou turri stan Emnan twaisei Deiwas ni enbūndan westwei (= Du solt den Name of the Lords of your God's not celebrate in vain). This etymology of the Prussian word is supported by many scholars'*, for semantics see plg. let. nauda, lat. nauda "money": sen. isl. naut "Stuck Vieh', sen. English. nothing "Stuck Rindvieh, Tier'**, Toliau liet. The gang is going. su *band- "to bind" root words, cf. skr. badhndti "he rises," av. bandai-ti, skr. bound "giminaitis", got. bindan "rišti", gr. retopa ‘virve’, song. beridras ir kt**. Liet. banda nuo šių ide. words seem to differ in their meaning. The original lit. herd meaning should have been ‘risami ar garde laikomi (‘aprišti’) gyvuliai’. Phonotype. band associatsu ion of this group ZodZiais is not in doubt, but semantics makes a little doubt because of the lack of historical data on this way of grazing animals. They're ideas. *bhendh root words (cf. gr. @dvvy ‘édZios’, celtic benne ‘Wagenkorb') are very closely related to the meaning of cattle enclosure. Thus, the primary meaning of lit. banda could be ‘enclosure for livestock (in the field or on the pasture)’, and from this meaning the meaning of ‘herd of animals’ could already have been derived. An analogous change of meaning we see in lit. gaidas "enclosure in the field or pasture', which in our ancient writings, as we will see, is used in the meaning of "herd of animals'. There is also another possible interpretation of the primary meaning of lit. banda, namely, this word could have meant “common, commonly grazed animals”. Such assumption would also not contradict ide. *bhendhroot words meaning. In addition, the origin of the Lithuanian word kaimenė would partly support this interpretation of the primary meaning of lit. banda. In addition, he attempted to explain the origin of the Lithuanian band by J. Endzelynas. He associated the Baltic *banda with Lithuanian bandyti ‘versuchen, probieren’ and pr. perbūnda ‘versucht’, indicating a semantic parallel to got. kiusan "to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try, to try". B. Jéger, agreeing with this idea of J. Endzelynas, further connects lit. banda with id. *bhen- ‘to be struck, wounded'. According to B. Jäger, the meaning of the word "band" in Lithuanian has evolved in this way:'schlagen' (Latin beride 'der Henker', literally "guūlen, grausam behandeln- ') > "versuchen' (pronounced perbanda'- versucht', literally "try") > "kosten" (Latin band dzit). According to B. Jäger, from the meaning ‘schlagen’ could directly arise the meaning “Stück Land” (literally herd, Latin: barida) (*das ausgehauene (Stiick Land), from ‘Stiick Land (das als Lohn iibergebene)’ could arise the meaning “Nutzen” (e.g. ni enbandan, lit. banda, Latin: bafida), from the meaning “Nutzen” through the meaning “*Nutzvieh” could arise the meaning “Herde” (literally herd)**. 14 R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmaūler, p. 384; K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, III, p. 665; J. Endzelins, Senprūšu valoda, Riga, 1943, p. 215; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 34, from J, Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 768. 16 J, Pokorny, et. Wb., p. 127; M. Mayrhofer, Et. Wb., II, p. 406; the first Lit. band origin explained, it seems, Grynbergeris (Grienberger), Sbb. Vienna No. 142, VIII (1900), p. 43, plg. B. Jégers, KZ, 80, p. 125. 17 EM, I, p. 262; Izglitibas Ministrijas MéneSraksts, 1921, Nr. 2, p. 194-195 (signed by Peteris Liepina, cf. J. Endzelyno darby bibliografiją, Rakstu krdjums..., Rigd, 1959, p. 672). 18 B, Jégers, KZ, 80, pp. 128-129, beside the relation ide. 10 Mums B. Jäger's explanation seems hard to believe. First, very unclear lat. su *ben- ‘to strike’: lat. beside probably is some debt. Much more plausible, however, is the semantic development in the opposite direction: ‘gyvulys’ > ‘nauda’ > 'Zemé', Liet. herd Liet. herd “a herd of animals; banda' (LKŽd., V, 55) a word that is widely used in both literary language and dialects. It is mainly used in western highland dialects. Very widely this word was spread in ir the former Eastern In Lithuanian dialects of Prussia. We find the word kaimenė in ir the ancient monuments of the Lithuanian language, mainly in those whose authors are related to the dialects su we mentioned — J. Bretkūno Bible translatM. ion, Daukšos In 1999, the 1653 Bible was translated into the Welsh by the Bible S. Translation Society. In addition to the form kaimenė, in dialects ir the form kaiminė (Kapsukas, Bartininkai) is used. In Lithuanian dialects, the usage area of the words kaimenė, kaiminė seems to coincide with the usage area su of the words kdimas (Kalvarija, Kapsukas, Kazlų Rūda). Rūda, Šakiai, Vilkaviškis), kdima (Eržvilkas, Jurbarkas, Raseiniai, Vilkija), kdimė (Dotnuva, Gudžiūnai, Kėdainiai, Krekenava) consumption area? ?, Liet. The neighbouring origin jį leaves no doubt: it su must be linked to liet. kdimas®. The original lit. kaimenė meaning probably has been "village cattle, commonly grazed cattle', Liet. mo The rural geography of the Lithuanian language o itself, as well as the absence of traces of this word in other Baltic languages, would indicate that it is a relatively recent word. Su let. neighbor should be linked ir A. The word written by Juška is accompanied by "krūva, salys’ (I grew up among the children of the herd, LKŽd., V, 55). Liet. guotas In Lithuanian, the word gudtas 'flock, band, gang' is used in the meaning of ir 'group of animals'; small group of trees, mushrooms, shrubs, cereals; kuokstas’ (LKŽd., III, Next to the form gudtas, the Lithuanian academic dictionary 740). records the forms guotas and guostas "kuokštas, guotas’ (LKZd., III, The word guotas is used mainly ir in the southern part of Lithuania (Alytus, Aukštadvaris, Birštonas, Daukšiai, Leipalingis, 739). Liškiava, Rumšiškės). Well it is attested in the old ir Lithuanian language monuments found — J. Bretkūno Postilėje, M. Daukšos In B. Postilėje, Vilento Enchiridion, S. in Bitner's Bible translation, 1653 year In the book Nobažnystės ir kt. K. Buga liet. Goddess connects su with the old idea. the name of the bovine animal (plg. lat. two ‘karve’, skr. gduh ‘galvijas’, sen. vok. height. chuo "cow" etc.), ir explaining that the original meaning of the word was "herd of cows, cowshed'? !, Used 19 E. Grinaveckienės prepared manuscript map (Lithuania TSR MA Institute of Linguisticsir ). * E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 251; P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word formation, Vilnius, 1941, p. 236. * K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, Vilnius, 1959, p. 353. 11 E. Frenkel associates lit. guétas not just with ide. the name of the cattle, but with the Greek words of this root Béoxew ‘to pasture’, Bothp "flock", Potév "cattle'- *?. But by doing so, we hardly win anything; it seems to us that the connection of K. Buga is more possible, especially because in the Baltic languages the old ide is preserved. the name of the bovine animal (cf. lat. guovs). In the case of a broken bridge, it is most likely to be necessary to repair the bridge. *ol5(u)-to-m "herd of cattle", the latter simply associated with ide. *g¥ou-‘cattle’**, A very difficult question is the lit. gudtas connection with lit. gauja "heap, band, heat; a crowd, a herd; 'a large number' (LK Žd., III, 168), gévéda 'herd, flock, crowd', géveda, goveda, govena, govezda, govija, govija (cf. p. e. the solitary Govija), gova, gdvada (LK Žd., 111, 487). Liet. gova, of course, originated from lit. gdvada. A very similar thing we find in one Belarusian dialect, where from baltr. eayxOda "herd of animals" appeared in the form eas (Staryja Darogi, between Sluck and Babruisk- )®. Some scholars consider lit. godvėda, and at the same time, of course, other variants of this word, Slavisms; in their opinion, lit. gévéda "flock, herd, crowd, flock' came from pol. gawied?- ®. But K. Būga*? *, and agreeing with him, and P. Skardžius*? ", E. Frenkelis?8, F. Slavskis- ?® lit. govėda as a word of Lithuanian origin, linking it with lit. gauja. Whether it is a loan word or its own word, it is difficult to answer. For example, the form govezda (recorded in the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis, but unknown to Kuršaitis himself) would seem to indicate that it is a loan from Polish, but then it would be very difficult to explain the origin of the forms gdvija, govena, gova. Therefore, perhaps, both the word gdveda and govija and its other forms should be considered as own words, and the form govezda —borrowed from Polish or, due to the influence of Polish language gawiedz, processed from Lithuanian govėda. It is highly hypothetical, but still possible, that these words are related to lit. gudtas®. If this association were correct, then both lit. gauja and govéda would have had the original meaning of 'cattle herd'. Liet. kėltuva The main meaning of kéltuva in Lithuanian is ‘cattle, animal’, but this Word (singular form) is also widely used in the meaning of "cattle herd, herd". In this sense, lit. kéltuva is used in the living language in the very eastern part of Lithuania (Adutiškis, Dysna, Tverečius), as well as in the Lithuanian-speaking islands in Belarus. Also, the word mentioned in the meaning of "cattle herd" is found in our old writings (M. Mažvydas, J. Bretkūnas). 1999. pp. 433. "+ Jobui kialtuwa atymta", MZ, 433. 22 R, Fraenkel, Et. Wb, p. 177. 22 J. Pokorny, et al. Wb., p. 483. 4 Įlsiganiekrajiariukbi atyiac Gesapyckait mobi, Minck, 1963, map No. 293. 25 LKŽd., III, p. 487; J. Otrebski, LP, 4, p. 39; J. Otrembskis claims that liet. gauja might have come from liet. govia. 26 K, Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, compiled by Z. Zinkevičius, Vilnius, 1958, p. 328. 27 P, Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 82, 231. *2 E. Fraenkel, et al. Wb., p. 140. 29 F, Stawski, SL et., I, p. 262. 20 K, Būga, Selected Writings, III, p. 867; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 483. 1 12 "+ dr near me, wb, you and tawa waikai,... tawa maBas and great Pękūs (in the footnote: keltuwa)", BrB 1 Moz 45, 10 (LKŽd., V, 551). Liet. kéltuva sietinas su liet. kėlti3?, Lietuvių pėkus, pr. pecku In the meaning of "animal herd" is used and lit. pėkus, whose original meaning, as the ir word kėltuva, being ‘galvijas, gyvulys'. The word pėkus is very often used in our ancient writings (M. Mažvydas, J. Bretkūnas, M. Daukša, S. Chilinskis) in the meaning of "group of animals". Sometimes it is simply used there as a synonym for bandē, kēltuva “herd of animals”, Plg. : „++.was very rich Pekūmi (Band)“, BrB 1 Moz 13, 2. „+++. nūtėkeiens Pekat[pi (in common: bando|[pi)“, BrB 1 Gen 18, 7. "Four... many stones“, BrP, II, »++.piemenimus 194. Peku ganantiemus", MZ, 193. "+,,,,pekaus jo buvo [eptyni tuk[tanciey awiu®, Job Ch I 3. Similarly, lit. pėkus is used in the 1642 edition of Kęstutis Širvydas' dictionary: "Bydle, bydto, skot. Pecus, udis, et pecus, oris. Pekus, kieltuwa- ." ,,Bydlecy. Pecuarius, Pecorinus. Pekaus, kiettawu* (Dec., 26). "Take your place, Pascerebene. Priginit, pripenet peku" (Dic., 192). “I feed the cattle, Pasco, bubulcitor, feruo pecudes. "The 286" (PDF). In modern Lithuanian, the word pėkus with the meaning of "group of animals" is recorded only in the Zietela dialect. Examples from the Prussian Catechism III suggest that the word pecku (in the Prussian language) was also used in the meaning of "herd of animals": "+ Preistan rūkans bhe kurpins ist bhe pūton buttan bhe burwalkan Gannan bhe Malnijkans Laukan Pecku bhe wissans labbans...- ...Dazu Kleider und Schuch Essen unnd Trincken Haus unnd Hoff Weyb und Kind Acker und Viehe und alle Giiter... Wissan ka prei kermenes maitasitan prewe risnan perlankei kaigi stwi ast Ist Poūt Rūkai Kurpi Buttan Burwalkan Laukan Pecku Penningans... Alles was zur Leybs narung unnd nottursst gehort als Essen Trinken Kleyder Schuch Hausz Hoff Acker Vihe Gelt......kas wismu mensen landen dast kas stesmu Pecku swaian pérdin dast......Der allem Fleisch speise gibet Der dem Vihe sein Futter gibet... "32 In Latvian there is no equivalent of lit. pékus, pr. pecku. There are two opinions about the origin of lit. pėkus: some consider this word an old Germanic loanword, others an old Baltic word, The latter opinion seems more acceptable**, Liet. gyvuliai, gyvis, etc. In Lithuanian the plural form gyvulys form gyvuliai is also used in the meaning of "beast herd", cf. similar forms gyvulis, gyvulis, gyvuolis (LK Žd., 111, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 429). 385, 387)%. 3 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 238; A. Sabaliauskas, LKK, X, p. 136-137. # R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmdler, p. 28, 29, 36, 37, 52, 53; Monuments of the Prussian language, p. 152, 153, 164, 165, 196, 197. 3 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 564—565; A. Sabaliauskas; LKK, X, p. 136. 3 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 122—123, 13 In the very southeastern dialects of the Lithuanian language another word of this root, gyvis, is used in the meaning of "group of animals", cf. Pro where drives life, brewery called (Lazūnai); Everyone is mocking jo that the child is already living (Dieveniškės); LKŽd., III, “Living 383). thing, living being' with other similar meanings ir the word gyvis is widely used in various dialects of Lithuanian language in ancient written monuments, but ir It is recorded only in the aforementioned dialects in the meaning of ‘herd of animals’. This root (ide. *gui-, let. gy-, slave. zi-) “animals’ bird’ names we find in ir Slavic languages: baltr. scoi6ė1a, ocowsina, polk. žywina, žywizna, žywiota, senrus. orcusomuna, serb. acueo, slov. Zivina®. Obviously, both in Lithuanian and in ir individual Slavic languages such a meaning of the words of this root could have arisen independently (plg. serb.-chorv. 9xueuxa "domestic birds', ukr. Scusuna), but in individual cases there may be ir borrowing, for example, baltr. acesina, which, according to the Belarusian dialectological atlas, is used more widely only In the surroundibe ngs of Grodno, there is iš doubtless a debt to the Poles. A particularly interesting phenomensu on is the names of the formant -I-, which form a completely compact area, encompassing Lithuanian language, almost all Belarusian dialects, part of ir Polish dialects, directly connecting with Lithuanian su language area**. Intense rain. gyvulys, gyvuliai use would indicate that baltr. acueéra, left. žywiota may have been influenced by the Lithuanian language. In Dieveniškės, Lazūnai used "gyvulių biirio' meaning "living", apparently, is not some new development of these dialects, old lit. o vivid relic of usage, because this Word in the ancient scriptures is quite widely used in the meaning of ‘animal’, cf. A sheep is a romus, . innocent creature DP 209; Ta hand penned all the creatures, to every one a real penny is given SP 1 242; That suffering... ir the nebyly creatures could be moved by pity DP 176; The creature, having gone out of the groves, with howling, whining, babbing, will be terrible DP 7 (LK Zd., III, On the use of the 383). singular form of the word gyvis in the meaning of “animal bird” cf. let. cooler, after use. u gles) ba Neither in Prussian nor in Latvian it is id. *root words "animal bulk' meaning we do not find. In the Latvian language, however, we find the words dzīvnieks "a living Wesen, ein Tier’, dzivuonis, dzivite ‘one Haustier’ (EM, I, 560), but they seem to have appeared relatively recently with no ir tendency to consume them The meaning of “animal nursery” does not exist. In the Latvian language, it is pronounced. *gui root animal name živats ‘one Animals; one Pet; ‘sikluops’ (one Schaf, Schwein)’. However, it is a loan from the iš Russian language (EM, IV, Lat. 814). loopi Liet. animal in its meaning ir use approximately corresponds to lat. /uéps. The plural form of this word ludpi is used in Latvian ir ‘animal kennels’, cf. Laid aside ara! ; Jadzen loopi pastures; Renunciation of rights (EM, II, Lat. 528). ludps is a completely isolated word in the Baltic ir Slavic languages, which should probably be related to alb. su lopé ‘karvéTM. % O. H. TpyGaues, Ilponcxoxjienne Haspanuii JJOMAINHHX JKHBOTHHIX B CJABSIHCKHX SI3biKax, Mocksa, 1960, p. 100; Jlstasiekraniunbi atyiac GesapycKait Mobi, map No. 293. % O. H. TpyGaues, IIpoucxox enue HasBaHuil JOMAINHHX JKHBOTHBIX B CJIABAHCKHX SI3biKax, p. 100-101. % J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 654; A. Sabaliauskas, LKK, X, p. 137. 14 Lat. bars The word bars is widely used in Latvian for the meaning of "group of animals", the diminutive form of this word is barinš, as well as the compounds /udpu bars, loopu barinš. The word bars is used in Latvian with different meanings. Here, in the dictionary of K. Mühlenbach, there are not less than six meanings of this word (in fact, there could be even more): 1) die Schwade; 2) a certain line of field at the flax ridge; 3) the mast; 4) the heap, the crowd, the flock, the herd, 5) the sand masses in the river estuaries that make the water shallower; 6) atberis (the given feed court is called beriem, baru, more often atberiem); plg. atberes “Reproduction of the grain borrowed from the community magazine; the grain, which in the reproduction is as it were given away as a percentage more’) (EM, I, 150, 264—5). In Lithuanian, the word baras, corresponding to Latin bars, is also used with similar meanings: “a stretch of field occupied at one time by working (ploughing grain, threshing flax, shearing; a group of people (in this sense found only in the writings of S. Gimžauskas (Linkmenys) and in the dictionary of A. Juška)' (LKZd., I(2) 651—2). In contemporary Lithuanian language, the word "baras" has been used extensively in the sense of "some area of activity, area". As we can see, the meaning of the Lithuanian word būras, especially the Latin bars, varies considerably. This gave J. Endzelyn an impetus to suspect that the Latin bars were of several origins. In the 1930–31 season, he played 1–1 with the New York Mets. berraim ‘schere’, av. tiži-būra ‘with a sharp knife’, lat. ferire ‘to cut’, forus ‘walk around a bed’, old german. height. bara ‘enclosed land’, rus. 3abop ‘fence’, gr. qapoc ‘a stick of land, furrows- ’. 4-5, 1995, pp. 14–15. "A. J. Barker's 100th Anniversary". *bher-‘- to carry’, and only in the sixth meaning he associates lat. bars with lat. bert, lit. befti, agreeing that with these verbs, perhaps, it is possible to associate the fourth meaning of lat. bars. However, J. Endzelynas was hardly right when he thought that bars was a word of three origins. It seems to us that all the meanings of both lit. būras and lat. bars can be explained by connecting these Words with the verbs lit. befti, lat. bert. The name of the village, "Bars", is derived from the name of the river Bars (Lat. This interpretation has been supported by many later scholars. K. Būga stated that “a field is an area of soil as much as can be covered by sowing in one march”*- ?, the same opinion was P. Skardžius*!, E. Frenkelis*? ?, J. Otrembskis*?. J. Endzelynas doubted this etymology mainly because of the fact that in the Baltic languages another old word, Lithuanian biFžė, Latin birze, which is associated with the ancient sl., is used for the meaning of ‘area of soil used for cultivation'. brazda ‘vaga’, rus. 60po3d0a, lenk. brézda** (in fact, this etymology seems rather dubious). However, the original meanings of these words (lit. bifžė, lit. būras) could have been different — their similarity is already the result of later development. 38 EM, I, p. 265. 3 A. Leskien, Der Ablaut der Wurzelsilben im Litauischen, Leipzig, 1884, p. 321; Bildung der Nomina im Litauischen, Leipzig, 1891, p. 40 K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 294. 4 P. Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 26. 2 E, Fraenkel, Et. Wb., pp. 34-35. 42 J, Otrebski, Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, II, Warsaw, 1965, p. 33. 4 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., pp. 44-45; EM, I, p. 299. 15 yes ‘ganyti’, est. paimendama "to guard, to guard," Karel. shepherd "example- ", lyv. Shepherd *piemuo", shepherd "to shepherd, to guard," veps. shepherd "piemuo", pajmenta "to pasture, protect, etc."1° Į In the Baltic Finnish languages the Baltic name of the shepherd entered together with other words su related to livestock ir farming probably in the last centuries before our era. In the soil of Finnish languages iš jo appeared a ir verb meaning “to herd, to guard', o as well as other related words, cf. suom. pastoralism ‘ganymas, ganaava’, paimenkoira "shepherd dog*, paimenpilli "shepherd's flute', shepherd's boy ‘piemenélis’, paimentolainen "klajoklis" etc. ir " It is a rather interesting question why this shepherd's name did not survive in Latvian. It seems to us that the preposition pie may have played a role here. For in Latvian, pie izvirtus pie, Latvian words beginning with the compound piecould be understood as prepositional compound words. The words whose lexical connection su with the prefix pie was not felt, in a way did not fit into the mentioned compound word system began to gradually ir disappear or the phonetics was jų changed due to the influence of other words. For this reason, for example, lat. The pJava could displace the old lat. meadow (EH, II, for this reason, 278), perhaps, we do not find lit in Latvian. a sharp phonetic correspondence. Ši our hypothesis, of course, cannot touch Latvian words where ie < en, as well as o words that, by shortening the ending, became monosyllables. Lat. gans, lit. goats, etc. In the Latvian language, the name of the shepherd of another root, cf. lat. gans "shepherd", has taken hold. formos ganinš, ganelis, ganéns, gane ‘piemené’, ganene, gana, ganiene, ganikis ‘ein Hirt (ein kleiner, nichtsagender Hirt)’, ganitajs ‘der Hiiter’ (EM, I, 599, 600; EH, I, 382). These words are related to the Latin words ganit, lit. ganyti. Names of shepherds derived from the latter verb are also used in Lithuanian, cf. lit. ganas “shepherd, herdsman”, ganytojas, ganikas, ganūkas, ganė “shepherdess, shepherdess” (LKŽd., III, 96, 100, 107, 108). There is also a number of compound names of the shepherd, the second component of which is the word of this root. Plg. : Lietu. ančiūgonis "duck shepherd" (LKŽd., I(2), 131) < liet. dntis + ganyti. Lit. arklūganis ‘who passes the horses’, arkliūganis, arkliaganys, arkliūgonis, arkliganas, arkliūganis (LKZd., 1(2), 301, 303, 305, 307) < lit. arkljs + ganyti. Liet. aviganis ‘avian shepherd, sheep shepherd’, avigonis, aviūgonis, avėliaganis (Ibid., pp. 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556). Liet. galvijagonis "example, bandaganis’, galvijagonis (LKŽd., III, 83) < lit. cattle + grazing. Liet. jautaganys “oxen shepherd; 1997. pp. 295, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359. Liet. karvūganis "cow shepherd' (LKŽd., V, 352) < lit. ksoil + grazing. 10 Y, H. Toivonen, E. Itkonen, A. J. Joki, Etymological Dictionary of the Finnish Language, II, Helsinki, 1958, p. 459; J. Kalima, Baltic Loanwords of the Itūmere Finnish Languages, Helsinki, 1936, p. 145; V. Thomsen, Berdringer mellem de finske og de baltiske (litauisk-- lettiske) Sprog, Kobenhavn, 1890, p. 11 A, Sabaliauskas, LKK, VI, p. 130. 22 Liet. kiaulūganis "kiaulių piemuo", kiauldgonis, kiaiilganis, kiauliūganis, kiauliagonis (LKŽd., V, 687, 691, 693) < let. pig + grazing. Liet. oZkaganys "goat shepherd', goat! ? < let. goat + grazing. Liet. goose "Goose shepher- < d" lit. geese + grazing. Liet. 'cattle shepherd, cattle shepherd', cattle shepherd (LK Žd., I(2), 639) < let. trying to + graze. Liet. diénaganis “who feeds only by day, a poor shepherd’ (LKŽd., II, 346) < let. day to -+ graze. Liet. Nightingale ‘who feeds livestock at night (ppr. arklius)’ < liet. night + grazing. Liet. Ryugogonus ‘who feeds animals in the < morning' liet. morning + grazing. The name of the village is quite commonly used in Latvian. ir Plg. : Lat. diktanone ‘the Schafhirt' (EH, I, 5) < lat. dictionary 'avis' + whole ‘piemuo’. Lat. Pigeon ‘the Sauhirt’, pigeon (EM, I, 398; EH, I, 280) < lat. reader “pig* shepher- + d. Lat. giovgans ‘the Kuhhirt’ (EM, I, 692; EH, I, 424) < lat. Gooow ‘karvé’ + entirely. Lat. luépgans ‘the Viehhirt’ (EM, II, 527) < lat. ludps ‘galvijas, gyvulys’ + herder. Lat. zifggans ‘the Pferdehirt’ (EM, IV, EH, II, 726; 808) < lat. zifgs 'arklys' + whole. ; Lat. zūosgan ‘the Goose hert (EM, IV, 759) < lat. zūoss Zasis + goose. Lat. diZgans “der grosse (dltere) Hirt, Oberhirt’ (EH, I, 324) < lat. Digestive “great, majestic, noble’ + shepherd. Liet. ganymede, lat. ganit are further linked to su liet. gifiti "to chase, to drive; "Grass, Livestock, į Farming" (PDF). dzit, rus. exams "varyti, raginti, persekioti, guiti’, polk. gonic, air. gonim ‘to kill, to kill, to kill’, skr. hanti ‘he kills, ¥udo’, arm. by ‘musimas, plakimas’, gr. @évos "murder" ir etc.1® For these words the ide is restored. Prolet *guhen -(2)-, whose original meaning was probably ‘to beat’. In the Baltic languages there are also words of this root, whose meaning is not yet so far from the original meaning, cf. let. pruning "weave branches; to cut bushes), lat. zenet, liet. genys, lat. ginger, pr. genix. In Slavic languages, ran- (is used in words with this root, which are closely related to lit. ganymede, lat. get it, let it. gifiti, lat. dzit values, cf. Russian. 6620 "grazing, pasture, pasture; ‘izginimas’, Polish. Expulsion. In the Lithuanian language, there are shepherd names that originated simply from iš the verb to defend, plg. let. Genuline 'shepherd' (LKZd., III, gin. 239), “kas gena (gyvulius)’ LKZd., III, gintdjas 319), (LKZd., III, Liet. 327). horseman, sheep-breir eder, etc. There are also shepherd names derived simply from the iš names of the corresponding animals. Plg. : Liet. horse-keeper 'night watchman, caretaker of horses; horse lover, Zinov’, horseman (LK Žd., I (2), 305), arklinis “naktigonis, arkliaganis, $érikas’ (LKŽd., '2 Lithuanian language examples, to which the source is not indicated, are usually taken from the academic iš “Lithuanian language dictionary” catalog. 13 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 152—153; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 293; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 491—493. 23 I(2), equine 306), distemper ‘piemuo nenaudelis’ (LKZd., I (2), 305; on semantics plg. let. equine "Spider-Man" (feat. let. horses. Liet. avinific ‘shepherd of sheep; sheep caretaker, breeder, keeper’, avinjkas (LKŽd., I(2), lambs 528), "shepherd of sheep" (with Slavic suffix, LKZd., I(2), cf. 529), let. opinions. Liet. bovine "cattle shepherd" (LKZd., III, galviniiikas 83), (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, 84), VIII, IX, X). let. cattle. Liet. jdutnik "cattle shepherd; man who works with bulls", jdutinis "cattle beater, shepherd, merchant; beef' (LKŽd., IV, jdučius 324), ‘cattle shepherd; 'herdžius- ', 'jaūčius' (LKZd., 1V, beef 295), "cattle caretaker" (Ibid., pp. 4.) 325), let. jdutis. Liet. kdrvnieks 'cow shepherd, caretaker, breeder' (LKŽd., V, 357), Cows "menk. ‘karvių pastorius’, karviskus (LK Žd., V, 358), plg. let. kdrvė. Liet. Pigeon "kiaulių piemuo, kiauliaganis, kiaulių šėrikas, prižiūrėtojas", kiauliniūkas (LKZd., V, 696), Pork "shepherd of pigs; who deals with pigs", pig (LK Žd., V, 697), Pigs ‘piggy, pig shepherd’, piglet (LKZd., V, 699), plg. let. Pig. Liet. Goat's-eyed goose ‘who deals with goats, goat-breeder', Goat-breeder, cf. let. narrow. Lithuanian avinvedes “shepherd of sheep” (LKZd., 1(2), 529), avinvedys < Lithuanian avinas + vėsti. Liet. Pork tenderloin 'shepherd of pigs' (LKŽd., V, 694), Pigeon (LKZd., V, 700) < let. I'm sorry, + I'm sorry. Liet. akėčpiemenis, berniukas, gelčius, etc. There is one or another name of a shepherd of different ir origin in Lithuanian language, usually used with a specific meaning or having some emotional connotation. Plg.: | Liet. Akémilkenis 'fit for the harrow shepherd, half-boy' 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 51), 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90. Liet. boy ‘piemenukas, jaunesnis bernas (samdinys)’ (LKŽd., I(2), plg. 770), let. A boy. Lit. gelčius "child, shepherd' (LKŽd., III, 213), cf. lit. geltonas, geltas, for semantics cf. lit. geltonsndpis 'nesubrendélis, pienburnis, vaikézas- '. Lit. naktiniūkas ‘night watchman’, nocturnal, cf. lit. naktis. Lit. naktigulis ‘night watchman’ < lit. naktis + gulėti Liet. Sheep Liet. aveorius ‘avininkas, ovių pastorius’ (LKŽd., I(2), 520) < left. Owezarz. However, in the Lithuanian word, the lexical connection of this word is felt in lit. su opinions. That this word was borrowed from the iš Polish language, perhaps, would indicate jo the source — J. Brodsky's Dictionary. Lat. sheperd, Seruks Lat. Shaper ‘one Hirt, der Shepherd on a Good; der Slate on a Gut’ (EH, II, 626) —word of German origin, cf. Schdfer, plg. t. p. lat. $éperi ‘Schaferhund’, sheepdog (EM, IV, 1st 17)**. J. Sehwers, Linguistic and Cultural History Untersuchungen, Leipzig, kerdZius 1936, p. 130. 24 Lat. Seruks “ein (verheirateter) Viehpfleger und Hirt (namentl. auf Giitern)’ (EM, IV, 17) is found in Latvian dialects on the Lithuanian border, and in J. Endzelynas’ opinion, it could have been borrowed from Lithuanian, cf. liet. šerti, lat. šėrt < liet. < I understand. Liet. There are even several special names for the elder shepherd in Lithuanian. The most common name is kefdZius, which is also used in literary language. In addition to the form kefdžius in dialects and various language monuments, we find other forms of the name of this root kerdze, cf. kerdeninkas (kerdenykas),. krydis, kerdžys (LKŽd., V, 600). Iš from this name also came a number of other words related to the pastoral work of su grazing cattle in ar general, cf. kerdystė ‘kerdžiaus darbas’, kerdžysta, kerdbuvis "kas yra kerdžiumi buves’, kerdūkas ‘piemenukas’, kerdžiūnka "moteris, gananti gyvulius’, kerdžiduti ‘kerdziaus pareigas eiti, kerdžiumi būti', kefdZiné "piemenų pokylis’, kerdžinyčia ‘kerdZiaus troba’, kefdžiuvienė "kerdžiaus žmona' (LKŽd., V, 600), piūlkerdis 'piulių kerdZius', piūiilkerdžius (LKŽd., V, 699). In Lithuanian dialects, as well as in o literary language, the ir form skefdžius and its derivative words (skerdžiduti, skerdystė, ir skerdžiuvienė) are widely used. The form iš skefdZius is newer and was created by adding the consonant sto the form kefdZius. — ji Similar addition of consonants in Lithuanian is a fairly common phenomenon (it is not foreign to Latvian), cf. ir let. ketera : sketera, swallow : swallow, cartilage : cartilage, etc.’ * The sappearance of the adjective in kefd%ius is interpreted differently. E. Frankie warns him that he's going to die. slaughtered animals do su not need to be tied. skefsti "saw the pig", the sappearance explains the words guard, guard influence!". In the meantime J. Otrembskis liet. skef“the origin of dzjus is explained by the influence of the word skefsti, since the elder shepherd was also a slaughterer of ir animals", the more Iš plausible of these two explanations would be J. Otrembski- 's interpretation. However, it seems to us sthat the name of the elder shepherd may have been ir be influenced by a specific word. After all, all ar adjectives in both Lithuanian and Latvian languages cannot be explained by the etymological influence of a word alone. spriding in kefdZius is an old phenomenon. Z. Zinkevičius associates hydronyms with the word skefdžius ir Sláddžius, Skérdzia'®. However, these hydronyms may also be associated with Lithuanian skardis, skardžius group words, cf. lit. "SkeFdupis netoli Skardupis ir kitų labai paplitusių hidronimų- *?". The latter possibility seems to us to be more likely, especially since there are no hydronyms that could be associated with lit. kefdžius. 15 J. Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, I, Warsaw, 1958, pp. 376-378; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Riga, 1951, pp. 238-239; Z. Zinkevičius, Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius, 1966, pp. 190-191. 18 R. Fraenkel, et. Wb., p. 242. 17 J. Otrebski, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, I, p. 378. 8 Lietuvos SSR River Lakes ir Names, Vilnius, 1963, p. 148; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 190. 19 Lithuanian TSR Rivers and Lakes Directory, p. 147—148. It has a relatively reliable etymology, and is associated with ide. *kerdhoprolytés words whose original meaning was "row; herd, herd'. The semantic development of this prolet word is very well reflected in Slavic and partly in Baltic languages, cf. Russian sepeda “eilé, time, time; banda’, ukr. «epeda ‘flock, herd, crowd; eilė", baltr. «apada "row, row; a crowd, a group; banda’, left. trzoda ‘herd, cattle’, in Czech. tFida "order, queue, class, change; street, boulevard", slovk. črieda ‘band, kaimené’, aukšt. Puddle. ėrjoda "heap" and others. * 4, pp. 144. "About Us". rsssf.com. *kerdho, some doubt raises the consonantism of the beginning of the word in Baltic and Slavic languages —guturalis instead of the expected palatalis, cf. sardha-'- flock, herd', av. sarada. However, in the Baltic languages such an “unrighteous” gutural is quite often found, and probably this name of the Baltic and Slavic languages should not be considered a loan from some western ide. dialects. B. Jäger attempts to associate these Baltic and Slavic words with ide. *(s)ger-“- schneiden’, From the Baltic languages of this ide. root words were preserved in Lithuanian and Prussian languages. In Lithuanian, as we have seen, the word of this root is the name of the elder shepherd, while the Prussian word kėrdan vnsk. gal. (three times in the third catechism), kerdan (once in the same catechism) retained the meaning of time, cf. prei swaian kerdan (=zu seiner zeit), en kėrdan (=bey zeit), Enstan kérdan (= Zu der zeit)®. Therefore, the Baltic languages have preserved as much as two ide. *value fields. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that in the Baltic languages, before the meaning of the elder or shepherd in general, the word of the same root had to be used in the meaning of “flock, herd”. Galėtume net spėti, jog 1573 metų Volfenbiutelio Postilės rankraštyje užfiksuotas vyresniojo piemens pavadinimas kerdenykas savotiškai atspindi senąją liet. *kerda "banda, kaimené’ reikšmę, plg. banda: bandiniūkas ‘piemuo’, bandūlis "vyresnysis piemuo; shepherds". The meaning of shepherd ide. *a word with a root used in Germanic languages, e.g. got. hairdeis, sen. vok. height. Hirti, wok. Hirt, (shep)herd, which comes from the Germanic name of the herd, plg. got. Hey, Sen. Vok. height. Hărta, vok. Herd, engl. herd, etc. ** That you went earlier. *the word from the cryptosaic root was used not only in Prussian, but also in other Baltic languages in the meaning of ‘order, time’, as shown by the entry of this word into the Baltic Finnish languages, cf. crosses "layer, row; once' (see such word combinations or compounds as ainoa kerta ‘once’, vaatekerta ‘change of clothes’, eldmdkerta ‘biography’, vuosikerta ‘annual publication’, derivative words as kerros ‘layer’, kertoa ‘to tell’; multiplice (in mathematics)’ and others), est. One more time, Karel. - Hey, Liv. chard, etc. ** True, recently some researchers (J. Ka20 M. Vasmer, Et. Wb, III, p. 320; R. Trautmann, B.-sl. Wb., pp. 127-128; O. H. TpyGauės, Ilponcxox/- tenne Ha3BaHmii JĮJOMAINIHHX JKHBOTHBIX B CJIABSHCKHX s3bikax, p. 105. #1 B. Jėgers, KZ, 80, pp. 46-48. 22 R, Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmiler, pp. 53, 61, 63, 69, 356; Monuments of the Prussian language, pp. 195, 209, 211, 223. 23 F, Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 304, 310; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 579; E. Klein, et al. Dic, I, p. 722. # Y, H. Toivonen, Etymological Dictionary of the Finnish Language, I, p. 184—185; V. Thomsen, Beroringer mellem de finske og de baltiske (litauisk-lettiske) Sprog, p. 26 lima, L. Hakulinenas) doubted the Baltic origin of these words. But their doubts are hardly justified. Both the meaning of the words and their phonetics would suggest that they were actually borrowed from the Balts. In Latvian ide. *there are no traces. However, in Latvian dialects (Rucava) the form ķrdzis "zirgu puisis muiža' (EM, Il, 375) is recorded. However, it is believed that it was, as suggested by J. Endzelynas, probably derived from lit. kefdžius. The Lithuanian words kefdžius, skerdžius have also entered into documents concerning Lithuania written in Belarusian, Russian and Polish, cf. baltr. xepO6, ckepdo, rus. KepOb, turn left. skierdž??. H. Hirtas completely unreasonably tried to consider kefdZius as a word of Germanic (Gothic) origin?ė, | Liet. dieninis Liet. dieninis ‘kerdzius’ (LKZd., II, 347), cf. lit. diena. As we can see, the semantics of this Lithuanian name of the elder shepherd is very similar to ide. *the evolution of values. Lietuvių dieninis is used in a relatively small area of dialects (Bagaslaviškis, Gelvonai, Pabaiskas, Paberžė). The name is also found in eastern Lithuania as Dieninis, which initially meant the profession of the person who marked it. Liet. Liet. viršininkas ‘kerdZius, the elder shepherd", cf. lietuv. viršūs. The Lithuanian chief with the meaning of the senior shepherd is most commonly found in the northern central part of Lithuania (Akmenė, Ėriškiai, Gruzdžiai, Grūžiai, Klykoliai, Linkuva, Papilė, Pušalotas, Rozalimas, Skaistgirys, Šeduva, Upytė, Žagarė). The meaning of the elder shepherd of Lit. vifšininkas also entered the documents written in the Polish language of Šiauliai and Žagarė districts in the middle of the 18th century. Beside the word "overynik" in these documents even the term "overynikostvo" 'the job of the keeper, his duties'* is found. The further fate of this word is interesting. Already at the end of the 19th century, J. Jablonski introduced it into literary language, but not in the meaning of "the elder shepherd", but in the meaning of "a person who has some superiority over other people (Vorsteher, Vorgesetzter, HauaJibHHK)"*. It was mainly thanks to the efforts of J. Jablonskis that this Word with its new meaning firmly established itself in the Lithuanian literary language. From lit. viršininkas "senior shepherd' came some other Words related to livestock farming, cf. lit. viršininkė "superintendent's own, kerdZiuviené', vifšininkai "day when the senior shepherd, i.e. the shepherd, comes to the shepherd's farm to eat and the shepherd does not have to graze' (Lauksodis, Linkuva). # K. Jablonskis, Lithuanian words in the written language of ancient Lithuania, p. 212, 323, 358; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 242. 26 K, Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 92. #7 K. Jablonskis, Lithuanian words in the written language of ancient Lithuania, p. VIII-IX, 356 — 358. *8 Jablonskio raštai, IV, Kaunas, 1935, p. 17; P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word making, p. 601. 27 Liet. bandūlis and others. Lietuvių bandūlis ‘herdZius’ (LKZd., I(2), 643), bafidžius (LK Žd., 1(2), 644), bandinis (LK Žd., 1(2), 641), cf. t. p. bandiniūikas ‘herd shepherd, shepherd' (LKZd., I(2), 640), bandišius “piemuo, šerikas* (LK Žd., I(2), 641), cf. lietuvių banda ‘kaimené’. In the linguistic literature since the time of A. Becenberger the word ordlas* used in J. Bretkūnas' Bible translation is mentioned with the meaning of shepherd." In later translations of the Lithuanian Bible in East Prussia, the word ordlas used by J. Bretkūnas corresponds to shepherds (.... and as a flock without a shepherd, Isaiah 13, 14)*®, therefore, it could be assumed that the word ordlas is also used in the Bible of J. Bretkūnas in the meaning of a shepherd. Unfortunately, this word entered into linguistic literature in the meaning of shepherd through confusion. We mentioned that in the recent East Prussian Lithuanian Bible translations of J. Bretkūnas the word ordlas corresponds to shepherds in that phrase. In the newer German translations the phrase is translated:... und wie eine Herde ohne Hirten (Is., 13, 14)*1. However, in Luther's 1549 translation of the Bible, the phrase looks like this:...und wie ein Herd on hiirten*?. This is the phrase. hiirten does not mean ‘herd’ or ‘shepherd’, but "fence", as clearly shown by another phrase from the same bible passage:- ...die Hirten keine hurten da auffschlahen (Iz., 13, 20), which J. Bretkūnas translates as:...Shepherd's... Thus, both in the first phrase (which J. Bretkūnas translates as:... and as Gūtas without Twarkli), and in the second, J. Bretkūnas' ordlas means "fence (=German Hiirde, Middle German high German hurt, German high German hiirte)', not "shepherd'. Liet. pastyrius, pulkaunykas, ustovas Liet. pastjrius "senior shepherd, slaughterer' (Daugėliškis, Dūkštas, Ignalina, * Mielagėnai, Rimšė, Tverečius), cf. rus. nacmoipo "shepherd, priest, shepherd', baltr. Nacmewp, ukr. nacmup. The word came into the Lithuanian language from the Russian language. A word common to all Slavic languages, probably related to rus. nacmu "shepherd" and others. However, due to the unusual suffix for Slavic languages, it has even been tried to be considered a loanword**. "The 100 Greatest Rock Bands of All Time" (in Russian) "The 100 Greatest Rock Bands of All Time" (in Russian) "The 100 Greatest Rock Bands of All Time" (in Russian) "The 100 Greatest Rock Bands of All Time" (in Russian) "The 100 Greatest Rock Bands of All Time" (in Russian) Liet. ustovas (uZstovas) "senior shepherd, keeper; superintendent* (Anykščiai, Balninkai, Daugailiai, Kupiškis, Kupreliškis, Pandėlys, Pasvalys, Rokiškis, Salakas, Sudeikiai, Svėdasai, Tauragnai, Ukmergė, Utena, Užpaliai, Vyžuonai, Zarasai) origin raises some doubts. E. Frenkelis, probably correctly reconstructing the form wuZstevevas, associates this name of the elder shepherd with lit. zastoti "to defend, to support; be an obstacle, 29 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1150; A. Bezzenberger, Beitrige zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1877, p. 333. % Biblia, This is: Wissas Szwentas Rafptas... Karalauczuje, 1816; Bible, This is All the Holy Findings, Berlin, 1931. # The Bible or the Whole Holy Scripture, Berlin, 1907. # Biblia: This is: the whole Holy Scripture: Deudsch. Auffs new prepared. D. Mart. Luth., Wittenberg, 3 M. Vasmer, et al. Wb,, II, p. 322. 1549. 28 Xx w detain what; begin', ūžstojis "protection, cover', užstolis "salvator' (M. Dauksšos writings word) and others. *4 However, it seems to us that such a connection is greatly complicated by differences in meaning. Thus, would it not be more correct to consider lit. ustiñas (uZstiñas) as a kind of lit. pristdvas'supervisor, guardian' (< rus. npucmas, belarus. npeicmay or pol. przystaw) reprocessing. Liet. paganikas, paganas and others. In Lithuanian we also find names of special shepherds – assistants of the herd. Plg. : Lietuvių kalba paganikas ‘padéjéjas of a shepherd’ (Girdiškė, Karklėnai, Laukuva, Nemakščiai, Šilalė, Švėkšna, Upyna, Žarėnai). The form paganikis is also quite often found in East Prussian Lithuanian dictionaries: „Hirten= Knabe Paganikkis, -io“, C, I, 952. „Paganikkis, -io, m. a helping boy for the shepherds (Niederung, Prokuls)’, G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., 256. The minor form paganikėlis is found in Lithuanian folk songs recorded by F. Neselman:,,Birbin wamzdelį Paganikelis“***, the origin of paganikis has been attempted to explain by A. Leskynas, in whose opinion,,paganikis oder pagunikis Hūlfsjunge fūr den Viehhirten, ist wohl sicher das nach paganyti lituanisierte ru. pogonok Viehtreiber, obwohl man sich fiir die Form mit u auf pr. guntwei inf., gunnimai 1. plur. treiben berufen konnte““$, Kategoriškai paneigti šio A. Leskyno aiškinimą, turbūt, negalima. However, there is sufficient reason to doubt it. "Noeowox 'Siidrussl. 1. the impeller of the plough oxen; der Viehtreiber* (H. ST. TlaBnioBckuit P.-n. ca. 1082) has a very different meaning than lit. paganikas. Secondly, in Lithuanian dialects we find the Lithuanian synonym paganikas, which is completely different from Russian noeoHuKx, but is related to Lithuanian ganyti. Plg. : Lietuv. pūganas "herdžios padéjéjas' (Kretinga, Palanga, Salantai, Šateikiai), paganaitis "piemenukas' (Palanga), cf. lietuv. paganyti). P. Skardžius** and J. Otrembskis® consider the word lietuviškas paganikas to be their own word, linking it with lietuviškas paganyti. Liet. pavadninkas, pirmininkas, Saliniiikas Liet. pavdrninkas ‘shepherd, at the end of the herd, at the end of the herd’ (Akmenė), pavarinis (Žemaitkiemis), pavarinys (Lyduokiai), cf. lit. varyti. 34 R. Fraenkel, et al. Wb., p. 1175. 35 Lithuanian folk songs, collected, critically edited and translated by G. H. F. Nesselmann, Berlin, 1853, p. 20; cf. also V. Kalvaitis, Lithuanian Songs of Prussia, Tilžė, 1905, p. 341. 3 A. Leskien, The Formation of Nomina in Lithuanian, p. 510. 37 P, Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 444. 3 P, Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 128. 4 J, Otrębski, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, II, p. 277. 29 Liet. president (most commonly used plural) "at the sheepfold, the shepherd standing at the head of the flock (behind the eye)* (Akmenė), plg. let. first. Liet. chairman in the academic “Lithuanian language dictionary” is recorded once with the general meaning of shepherd (Lazūnai, ir wrote J. Senkus)**, noting that it was heard once by an old man. iš Liet. sidewinder (most commonly used plural) "by the sheep grazing, shepherd, standing flock iš Sono' (Akmenė), plg. let. country. In Lithuanian dialects, the senior shepherd is sometimes referred to by other, ir more commonly used words to indicate seniority, authority: piemenij kardlius, galva, tėvas, vyresnybė!". However, these names usually have a certain emotional connotation. * * * After reviewing the names of shepherds in Baltic languages, we can conclude that the old ide. The name of the shepherd was retained only in Lithuanian (liet. piemud). However, there is reason to believe that this name was also used in other Baltic languages. The name is derived from the Baltic Finnish language. In Lithuanian we also find a very old name of the elder shepherd (lit. keFdžius). There are a number of narrowly used names of shepherds or elder shepherds of various origins in the Baltic languages, especially many such names are found in Lithuanian. NAME(S) OF THE SUBSTANCE(S) FOR HOUSING IDENTIFICATION languages shall not have the tendency to treat animals as a generic name. There is no common name and many ideas. branches of language. The name of the term in individual languages usually originated independently, and there are many cases of borrowing. There is no common name for this hut in the Baltic languages. However, in Lithuanian and Latvian, as we will see, there is a different and common name for this concept. Historical knowledge about the ancient Baltic huts for keeping livestock is very lacking. From the brief hints in the historical documents, it is not possible to reconstruct the more detailed development of this hut image. Both in Lithuania and Latvia there were different types of trobesi for keeping livestock!. More detailed information about Lithuanian peasants’ stables is found in 16th century documents. For example, in the record of Jakubas LaSkauskis, the auditor of the Žemaitija villages, dated October 31, 1562 The inventory of Karšuva parish says: "For manure, cattle must be kept at home, but equipped ne with day and well fenced, as ir Undercover. O the steward, as an example, must place one near him in some vaitysté, if he has not seen it every time, then it is o necessary to do so. nė 0 Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 29. “! Ethnographical Studies, red. A. Vyšniauskaitė, Vilnius, Lithuania 1964, p. 93. * Ethnographical Studies, red. A. Vyšniauskaitė, Vilnius, Lithuania 1964, p. 262— 269; Iz. Butkevičius, Lithuanian peasant farm — Iš buildings, Lithuanian culture history, II, Vilnius, 1959, p. 237-256; K. Čerbulėnas, House („numas“) primary Lithuanian residential building type, — Iš Lithuanian culture I, history, Vilnius, 1958, p. 104—145; Latvian Conversion Verb 10, Dictionary, 1933—1934, Riga, skit. 19235—43; A. Bielenstein, Die Wooden constructions and Wood grade of Latvian, I-II, St. Petersburg, 1907—1918; Latvian Ethnography, red. College: A. Birons, S. Cimermanis, A. Krastina, I. Leinasare, H. Strods (abt. red. ), Rigi, 1969, p. 134; S. Cimermanis, Latviešu tautas dzives pieminek]i, Celtnes un to iekarta, Rigi, ryti: to 1969, p. 81—88. 30 choose such a place that water does not flow from it, later on the south side to build a gate with a not very high fence, on the east side to build a barn, or a garden house, not high covered from the wind, and well protected by building at least two walls, ploughing the earth between the walls and thus building, at the end of the day and night on the north side to build a second one, also from the west — a third, and in the middle to leave an empty place so that the livestock can freely come out of the barns and enter the barns; besides, to lay straw and what else in the middle, so that the cattle will mow, so there will be enough manure to fertilize the land..."? One of the first descriptions of smaller Lithuanian stables has been given by S. Daukantas." The most common name for a shed for keeping animals in Lithuanian is tvartas. Today this Word is used in literary language and in a large area of Lithuanian dialects (southern, central and eastern part of Lithuania: Ariogala, Daugai, Dūkštas, Ignalina, Jurbarkas, Kapsukas, Kėdainiai, Lazdijai, Raseiniai, Simnas, Švenčionys, Varėna, Veisiejai, Vilkaviškis, Vilkija; Lithuanian-- speaking islands in the Belarusian SSR: Lazūnai, Zietela)®. This word is already found in our ancient writings. For example, in S. B. Chilinski's translation of the Bible we find: "Pabudawosim cia awiu twartus pekuy musu...", Numbers 32, 16. “+++ And he made the earth a place of evil for himself...”, Genesis 33:17. J. Bretkūnas translates these biblical passages as follows: "We only Awiu Twartas schicze darisim delei must Bandos..., 4 Mos 32, 16. s„,, and saw the house and made pękui sawam Way...“, 1 Gen. 33, 17. However, both S. B. Chilinskis and J. Bretkūnas seem to use the form barn (?) here not in the current meaning of "shed for keeping livestock", but in the meaning of 'fence'. Especially boldly this can be said about J. Bretkūnas. This assumption would also be confirmed by the German text of the Bible, cf. Luther’s 1549 edition of the Bible: „Wir wollen nur Schafhiirten hie bawen fiir unser Vieh...“, Numbers 32, 16. “+ and build him a house, and make a shelter for his cattle...*, 1 Mos. 33, 175. i The word tvdrtas is used in the Lithuanian dictionaries of East Prussia only in the meaning of "enclosure": "Twartas, to, m. ein abgezūunetes Stüllchen", P. Ruhig, Lex., I, 166. „Stall, Staldas, do, m. only refers to Twartas, to, m.“, R. Ruhig, Lex, II, 336. „Twartas, to, m. a stable, a shed. PennukBlū Twartas, a mast stable, which is closed off“, Chr. Mielcke, Wb., I, 303. 2 Sources of the History of the Lithuanian SSR, I, edited by K. Jablonskis (editor), J. Jurginis, J. Žiugžda (editor), Vilnius, 1955, pp. 178—179. 3 Budą Senowęs —Lėtuwiu Kalnienū and Žamajtiū iszraszę- ... Jokub's Laukys, Petropilie, 1845, p. 22-23. 4 In pointing out the prevalence of various barn names in Lithuanian dialects, the author mainly relies on the manuscript map prepared by B. Vanagiene for the Lithuanian Language Atlas. For examples of Latvian dialects he thanks fil. m. kand. E. Schmidt. 5 Biblia: This is: the whole holy scripture: Deudsch. Auffs new prepared. D. Mart. Luth., Wittenberg, 1549. 31 As we have mentioned, in Lithuanian dialects the word kiité is used ir "an old, poor hut." Since in this meaning the word barn is found in another In the part of Lithuania, than the discussed name of the barn, it seems to us, it should be distinguished from lit. kiité "The Animals of the World: ir The Animals of the World: iš The Animals of the World". Kote ‘the Hiitte'. In the southern part of Žemaitija and in some western Highland dialects closer to the former East Prussia, the name staldas (Kelmė, Pagėgiai, Rietavas, Skaudvilė, Slavikai, Sudargas, Šilalė, Tauragė, Užventis, Vainutas, Varniai) is used for holding livestock in a stall, and the form staldis (Endriejavas, Judrėnai, Juodkrantė, Nida, Sakūčiai, Šilutė, Veiviržėnai) is also used. This word is already found in our ancient writings. We find the form staldoie even in M. Daukša’s “Postila” (,,Kaip iūsu ne pažčidže dargūs giwėnimas staldoie ir grinas guleimas prakarte”, DP, 425), whose author comes from those places where the word staldas is no longer used today. In this way, lit. staldas is mainly used in East Prussian Lithuanian writings: J. Bretkūno „Postilėje“ (II, 23, 101), D. Kleino „Giesmyne“ (32), in the 17th-century manuscript dictionary „Lexicon Lithuanicum“ („Stale Staldas, Twartas- “, 82 a), it can be said, in all later works of East Prussian Lithuanian lexicography (in the dictionaries of P. Ruigis, K. Milkas, G. H. F. Neselmanas, F. Kuršaitis and others), it is quite often found in the Lithuanian folklore of this region**. In addition to the forms staldas, staldis, in Lithuanian dialects there are also the forms stalnė (Padvarėliai, Tirkšliai), stalnis (Zastaučiai, Mažeikių raj.). However, the latter forms are used, it seems, only in reference to large horse stables, usually of the manor. Iš The adjective stalninis ir (horse) derived from these forms (Šatės, Viekšniai). Such names of horse stables, especially in the diminutive form, are quite often found in the texts of ir the Žemaičių folklore: „Isz —ejn ir brolelis Isz new desktop Beer the horse westing Going to the nurse“, Daukantas, S. Z., D. „Neijszkoki 1234, berneli Sawo beer horse, Tawa is Zirgélis Mano tiewo stalnelie®, Daukantas, S. Z., „Bene D. buwaj 27. stalnelie ? Bene 1ankéj bernelj? Well, maybe a tao wajnikélis? Stalnie ant gembele?“, Daukantas, S. Z., D. 89. * Lithuanian Folklore XVII - 18th century, prepared by J. Lebedys, Vilnius, Lithuania 1956, p. 418, 426, 472. % Dajnes Žiamajtiū by Word Dajninikū iszraszytas, Petrapilies, 1846. 38 "Let's put a i table on the wine, i Second a a a garden, dza dza dza Second i garden“, S. Daukantas, Z., D. Cited 91. S. In the verses of the Žemaičių folk songs recorded by Daukanto, the words stalnėlė, stalnė are used where elsewhere in these variants of the songs stainéle, stainė, stainia are used. Therefore, it seems to us that E. Frenkelis®, only iš S. Daukanto knowing the form su -In-, need be these words connects liet. su staldas: forms stalnelė, stalnė have appeared instead of forms stainė, stainė. Jų change could have been affected by the ir sometimes shaped stall. It should be noted that S. In the 1829 Žemaičių liaudies dainos published in Stanevičiaus years, only the form stainé®® is found. The form stalnė, stalnis as we will see later, occurs in the present Žemaičių dialects, which are ir just near S. Daoud's birthplace. A similar case where the second vowel is replaced by a consonant i is liet. /, ir kulnas "bad horse" (Giedraičiai, Videniškiai, LKŽd., VI, next to the 844) form kuinas. Liet. stall source is vid. vok. Jam. stall? ?, for II > Id plg. lat. melder < vok. Jam. Moller, east. molder ‘Miiller’, cellar ‘Keller’ ir kt. *9 As in ir lietuviy language, su formantu -/d this name of the barn is used in Danish, cf. and. stald 'vartas'. In general, this name of the barn is used in many Germanic languages, o iš Germanic jį borrowed ir some other European Languages. The original meaning of this word "place to park' it — relates to pr. su stallit ‘stovéti’, gr. orėMAew ‘pataisyti’, skr. sthalate "he's standing ir there. Similarly, there are many different semantics. language barn names, plg. skr. gosthanam 'cow barn', av. Goostané, dream. vok. height. ewi-st "sheep barn", lat. stabulum (the last word is fr. ėtable, isp. Stable, rum. staul, gr. n. otdfBhoc, angl. stable, air. trees kt. ir source): ide. *stū- “to stand, to build'?2, In the Prussian language we also find a name of Germanic origin for a shed for keeping animals, corresponding in its phonetics to lit. staldis, cf. Elbing vocabula226 ry word ‘Table Stal", Pr. staldis, as liet. ir staldas, originated iš from German, probably iš vid. vok. Jam. stall*4, In Latvian there are several forms of this barn name, cf. lat. stallis ‘the Stable, preferably the Pferdestall’, stalis, stale ‘der Stall’ (EM, III, EH, II, 1042; stalle, stellis. 569), ¥ E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 894. * S. Stanevičius, Songs of Samogitian, prepared J. Lebedys, Vilnius, Lithuania 1954, p. 14, 78, 122. * K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 591; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 894. 40 J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, p. 247—248. “ F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 737; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 1019—1020. ** C. D. Buck, Dec., p. 150—151; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 1004— 1010; M. Mayrhofer, et al. Wb., I, p. 350. * Monuments of the Prussian language, 63; R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 85. “ W. Prellwitz, The Germans Components in the Latvian Languages, Göttingen, Germany 1891, p. 49; R. Trautmann, The Old Prussians Language memory milestones, p. 435; J. Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 254. 39 Lat. stallis ‘housing for livestock’ in the present Latvian In the territory of the TSR forms du specific areas. First he next to the barn names kits (resp. shed), the laid is used in the very western Part of Latvia — In the Kurzeme ir dialects in some Zemgalian dialects (Aizpūtė, Alsunga, Barta, Blydienė, Dunika, Gruobinia, Kuldyga, Nygranda, Piltenė, Saldus, Talsiai). The second area of this name, which has no direct boundaries with the su first one, is ir quite distant from the latter, is the southern part of the so-called Lietuvos Territories of the Soviet Union (Abeliai, Asarė, Biržai, Lyvanai, Sauka, Subata, Zalva). In this area the form stable is also not the only name of the barn: ji Used here next to the names kis (resp. kite) ir maple (in the eastern part of the area). Form stellis occurs In Kurzeme (Piltenė, Ugalė, Užava, Varvė, Zlekos, Zūros). Form on the table recorded only once (Virbai, į north of Sabilés). The word stall is found already G. In the English (1638 language, the word is used in the context of the phrase. Alongside other barn names, the stall is found in the manuscript of the year ir 1685 J. In the English dictionary: ‘Stallis (.Kuhts, Klahws) in Still. Sirgo= Stal lis, a = horse stall. Gohwo=st. one Livestock = pcs. Zuhko =stable, one Pig stable," J. Langija Vrd., It 286. should be noted that ir H. In the 1637 Estonian dictionary published in 1999, this Germanism is found, pg. is. tall**, Different phonetics of the word in Latvian might indicate that Latvians šį borrowed the word at a different time than Lithuanians and Prussians. Anyway, its source, like est. tall, is vid. vok. Jam. stall, stal**, Liet. stall, lat. stall The Lithuanian word pūnė It is used in a relatively small area of eastern Highland dialects (Gelvonai, Neveronys, Pabaiskas, Siesikai, Šašuoliai, Širvintos, Ukmergė, Vepriai). This name is also used in the Lithuanian-- speaking islands of the Belarusian SSR (Gėliūnai, Gervėčiai). This meaning of lit. pūnė is already found in the 1642 edition of the dictionary of K. Širvydas: ,,Chlew. Stabulum, caulae. pune, gurbas“, C. Szyrwid, Dec., 29. “Basket, Caprile, caprilis casa, haedile. OBkine pune“, C. Szyrwid, Dec., 126. ,,Obara, aliter: Claustrum, septum, dimitere pecus ė claustris. Pune, namas“, Szyrwid, C. Dic., Liet. piinia in 233. the meaning of “a shelter to keep animals” is also found in old Lithuanian documents, written in non-Lithuanian language. For example:,- ,JIBOpell, TJie PHUKYHHUS MEIIKaeT: y JBOPIbI PPUAHS C NPHCEHKOMB H KY TOMY KJeTka, myHsa Ha Obiuio...* PanevéZiukas Vilkijos v. (1563 document)¥. 45 Introduction to the Estonian Language... by M. Henrico Stahlen, Revall, M.DC., XXXVII, plg. D. Zemzare, Latvian Pronouns, Riga, 1961, p. 49-50. 4 J. Sehwers, Sprachlich-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen, p. 118; EM, III, p. 1042. 47 K. Jablonskis, Lithuanian Words in the Old Lithuanian Written Language, p. 40 „Niedaleko tego domu punia drzewiana dla bydta, slomą kryta, wrota z deszczek na polegunach“, inventory of Kėdainiai manor and town in 1604**. In Lithuanian language the word pūnė (and other forms of it) is used also with other meanings, e.g. pūnė "pellet, part of the laying to shovel the pellets" (Kupiškis, Naujamiestis, Vabalninkas), pūnis, -ies,msaxkununa“ (K. Siannc IloneBexckHe roBOpbI II 27), punia ‘cottage for loading grain, barn’ (Dubingiai, Rimšė), pūnė (Viekšniai, Kossarzewski Lituanica 117 a)? ?, in the writings of M. Valančius and S. Daukanta this word is used in the meaning of "type, tent". E.g.: “Peter first dug a hole in the spring, covered it with trees, left a hole in the cave to enter and settled”- *?,,s-+.15Z mauknū patagus, punes and lapines for himself worked, apyniū wirksztiemis and ptauszomis bej aviles siutoię and rajszioje”®. This word is also found with a similar meaning in a manuscript of Lithuanian hymns dating from the beginning of the 18th century, cf. „Isztirt to noredami, sakima negindami, renkdamies ing Bethleem Tokieja punioy (?) Jezu uszspeia, Jozefa i Marya““- **?, in the writings of M. Mažvydas and J. Bretkūnas we find this word with the meaning of "urvo, olos'. E.g.: "++"As the lute is like a red and the flesh like a red when you pull the net like a red" (Gesmes Chriksczoniskas, II, Psalm X.)%. "As a Lion Pugnates..." (BrB, Ps. X, 9). „++.anis... appears in Skileie (in footnote corrected: hole Olaie (puneie), BrB, Job, 38, 40; in J. Bretkūno manuscript 39 (the very beginning). See Luther's German Bible text of 1549: "+ Wwie ein Lew in der hiile..." (Psal., X). "++.sie... und rugen in der Hėle...." (Job., 39 (pati pradžia). See the Latin text of the Bible: "+ ąuasi leo in spelunca sua" (Psal., X, 9). "Ouando cubant in antris..." (Hiob., 38, 40). In the old Lithuanian inventories and other documents written in non-Lithuanian language, the word "punia" is most often used in the meaning of "hold grain, hay, straw in the shed". Plg. : „Zyta w puni dersowatego y brootliastego kop pięeętnascie...“, 1600 m. Kraukėnai, Upytės p. »++„a puny made of grain with a chalk stoma, a straight door made of boards, a spindle and a lock in it; The second punishment is not placed...“, 1598 m. Breslau. „+++ a HAMD JIaBaJIH JIBE KONE rpoiied 3a Tyo nyo‘, 1516 m. Mstislavlis? 48 Lithuanian inventories of the 17th century, compiled by K. Jablonskis and M. Jučas, Vilnius, 1962, p. 19. 4 K. Būga, Selected Writings, II, p. 525. 50 M. Valančius, Paauglių žmonių knygelė, Tilžė, 1902, p. 102; Valančiaus raštai, red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas, 1931, p. 244. 51 Budą Senowęs —Lėtuwiu Kalnienū and Žamajtiū iszrasze- ... by Jokub's Laukys, Petropilie, 1845, p. 16. 52 V. Biržiška, Tauta ir žodis, VII, p. 259. 88 Mažvydas the oldest monuments of Lithuanian language up to 1570, printed by J. Gerullis Kaunas, 1922, p. 524. 41 "Pun four for the placement of hay built swiren for the spreading of chaff chaff, y body built..." y 1756 m. Tradesmen, Polotsk vaiv. „Punia long seven-sided constriction na straw, pine, without w door....“, 1775 m. Letcas, Vitebsko p.** „W koncu tey odryny punia wielka nowa girwion z dlia zdawania zboza, stoma kryta, garota niey do polech na (z) whispering y s try... ta They punish all ka ma w the seven walls, each wall is a pig. po S They're going straight, the do second door is new, the rubber barriers stand, the right side po is covered with poles. na S these gates are made of beams z covered with a stoma, at the heart of we both sides of z the gates there are sections for the assembly of the shed and a channel y for the turning of the shed, along the side of the shed na there are thirty, along the side of the shed there are seven, the gates at the ends are two on wooden poles, the number of the gates is eighties., Šiaulėnai, Viduklės 1619 m. p. .,Dalei idac gumno stare opadle y punia zla wielka®, 1645 Zalava, Ašmenos p. „Gumien dwa, jedne z osiecią, trzecia punia na stome“, 1651 Palūšė, Drevininkai, Vilnius vaiv. „Przy tey odrynie punia drewniana|| dla zlozenia żyta...“, 1700 m. Papalčiai- **", in Latvian language —both in dialects and in various writing monuments —we find lit. used with similar meanings. a bunch of matches. Lat. piine ‘a barn; a Heuod. straw barn (which is also built as an annex); an annex to the k/éts od. on the kits for storing hay, on the row (for storing coffee and straw); an Anbau od. a small barn for storing chaff’, pune ‘cine barn’, punis, pinis, punis, pinis ‘a coffee barn; a small, barn-like building on the seaside. lake shore for storing fishing tools; a small barn for hay, straw and coffee (as an annex to the rija); Hay barn in the forest; a small barn for fishing gear; a farmer’s cottage’, pūna ‘a barn by the cattle stable’; Net building at the fishermen’, pūnite ‘a barn’, pinitis, punelis ‘a (pejorative) demin. zu punis’, punite ‘a little thing’ (EM, III, 413, 447; EH, II, 342). The word is mentioned in the 1638 dictionary of G. Manceli. : “a barn, Schkunis, Wallh. Puhnis“, G. Mancelis, Lettus, 34156, Dėl liet. There are two opinions about the origin of the name. Some scholars believe that the word came into Lithuanian and Latvian from Slavic languages. The first to raise this idea was A. Briukner, pointing out that puné ‘stall, verschlag fūrs vieh' is found in K. Širvydas- ’s dictionary, while “bei Ragnit unbek.” (here he probably relies on the dictionary of G. H. F. Neselman), he lit. punė as a source considers Russian or Belarusian - Yeah? ", J. Endzelynas (...nach Briickner.... aus r. nynsa)**, P. Skardžius (Wegen der Bedeutung wohl aus wr. nyrsa...)5*- ?, the author of the etymological dictionary of the Lithuanian language E. Frenkelis$- ?, ** K. Jablonskis, Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje, p. 65, 83, 90, 225, 236, % Lietuvos inventoriai XVII a., p. 86, 141, 170, 436. % D. Zemzare, Latvian verbs, p. 440. ¥ A. Briickner. The Slavic foreign words in Lithuanian, p. 123. 58 EM, III, p. 447. % P, Skardžius, The Slavic Borrowing words im Old Lithuanian, p. 183. ®“ E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 667. 42 Iš in fact in all neighbouring Slavic languages we find a word used šį with almost the same meanings. Plg.: Rus. NYHA ‘NOJIOBHS, IIeJIEeBHA, MSIKHHHILA; IIOBETb, CEHOBAJI, Capal; OTJIEJIbHbIM uyJiaH, IVIETHEBAsA KJIETb, TJĮe CKJaJbIBAIOT BCSYHHY, H JIETOM CIHT XO35IHH; The 3rd. XJIeB', nykoka, B. ans, Chn., III, (V. 538. In the testimony of Part, this word is used: Novgorod, Tver (Kaliningrad, Ryazan, Oriol, Tambov, Kaluga, Smolensk neighborhoods.) Russian. nyna ‘Xnew; capah aus cena', Įlo6poBojiseckuū, Cji., baltr. B. 749. ny “XJIeB; capai ans cena wan CcOJIOMbI, H. H. HocosBnu, Ca., left. 538. punia “mat wooden barn be; na shed, hay shed, shed, na Karlowicz, Krynsky J. A. i W. Niedzwiedzky, St., V, 433, 435. According to the data of the dialectological atlas of Belarusian language, baltr. nYyH ‘trobesium Sienui (sometimes ir for straw, grain) to load’ used throughout Narrow East ir In Belarus, in the western part of this area occurs the form nyroKa, south ir of į "Mogil'ov's recorded ir form nyxima!". Western In Belarus, the word nyna is used ir ‘owiec staje' reik¥me®2, Polk. punia is used very rarely, it is doubtless ir borrowed be from Russian or iš Belarusian languages. Be of the direct ir Lithuanian-Latvian neighbors, other Slavic languages do not have this word. As we mentioned, A. Bruukneris, J. Endzelynas, P. Skardžius, E. Frenkelis lit. Punica granatum, lat. pine time Slavism. Some researchers believe that it is a subspecies. Punica granatum, lat. in the pun are their own words, o, on the contrarį y, in the Slavic languages they iš entered the Baltic languages. Russian. nyna, baltr. nona baltizmu laikė A. Potebnia”*, E. Karskis®, A. Re- "Zenskis®, K. Būga". Based mainly on the geography of the Slavic word, the jį author of the best ir etymological dictionary of the Russian language considers Baltism M. Fasmeris® Which side is right is iš really very difficult to say. In solving this problem, the question of the etymology, the primary meaning of this word is very jo important. Languages that speak. Punica granatum, lat. pūne Slavisms, Slavic word origin, it seems, so far did not try to explain. There are two possible etymologies for this word. First of all, let. puff trying to tie skr. su pounds "purity, purity, purity", pdvanah "wind (gods)’, sen. vok. height. fowen ‘sijoti’. The original lit. the meaning would be "place where the grains are cleaned'®®, of course, ši the etymology is hard to prove. Hardly the ancient Belarusians could have had a house that was specifically designed for cleaning grain. K. Buga liet. Punica granatum, lat. Pune origin tried to explain, based on the material of the Baltic languages. It is lit. puņ siejo liet. su Puff "empty end of egg (nyxkKa, Russian sina), Jlprsinekrasiariunbi $1 amiac Gesiapyckail MOBBI, Map 236; Ipissiektasariyesl atjac GeJlapycKaii MOBbI, YCTYIHBISl MEDICINAL PRODUCTS i KameHTapei Aa KapT, Minck, 1963, p. 794-797. ® Ibid., map 231. A. A. Ilore6na, K ncropun 3BykoB pycckoro sismika, III, DTHMONOTHUECKHE H JApyrHe 3aMeTKH, Bapmaga, 1881, p. 90. * E. O. Kapcknii, Benopycewi, I, Bapmasa, 1903, p. 135. % A. llpeoGpaxenckuii, Dr. ca, II, p. 153. ** K. 1996. Selected Writings. I, p. 582, II, p. 524 — 526. 47 M. Vasmer. And one. Wb., II, p. 464—465, ** A. llpeoGpaxencknil, Dr. ca, II, p. 153; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 465. 43 lat. patina ‘skull, macaule, muzzle’, lat. puns 'gum, protrusion, votive'. The original lit. putne meaning, K. according to Boge, was “a heap, pile of straw, ash, manure". Similar semantic parallels he indicates: lat. gubenis “garzinė (for straw, hay); subdivision of a hill, gubens, gubene, gubezis lat. : Toxoplasma gondii ‘kriiva, kupeta (Sieno)’, lit. goba, gūbė; let. conic "gate": lit. cone 'kaugé, kupa, krūva'; let. gui bas ‘vartas’: slov. grb ‘kauburélis, kalvelė, kupra, rauksle’®. If the third K. The semantic parallels suggested by Boge may be doubtful, but the first two are absolutely reliable. In general, the etymology of the word K. Bog is more reliable in the first lit. už The etymology of skt. (: pandti). Semantics. paūna, lat. puns, let. Puff ‘empty egg end’ connection su "heap" meaning is quite possible, cf. Russian. xy4a 'pile, heap': lit. kaikas “auglys, votis', kaūkaras "kalnelis, kalva, kauburys’, got. hauhs ‘aukstasTM; let. tuber "the brow of a tree (plant), thickening in some place; skaudulys, votis, guzas', lit. gumburas "rise, bump': lat. gurmba "bump; rise, heap", and from the meaning of *krūvos', as the parallels above show (konginys: cone; gubenis: guba), the meaning of ‘frame’ can arise. However, the etymology of K. Buga may raise some doubts because in the Baltic languages we do not find words that can be linked to lit. pūnė "gate", lat. pūne, used in the meaning of 'curvature', and from the meaning of 'gate, rise' to the meaning of "gate" is perhaps too big semantic leap. Only this circumstance, in our opinion, does not allow the etymology of K. Buga to be considered completely acceptable. It is a very difficult and complicated question. If the meaning of the words “būdas, palapinés” used by M. Valančius and S. Daukanto could easily have arisen from the meaning of “tvarto, darZinés”, then the emergence of the meaning of “olos, urvo” in the writings of M. Mažvydas and J. Bretkūnas is not so clear. Of course, the meaning of ‘cave, cave’, as the meaning of ‘lion’s bite’, could have arisen from the meaning of ‘animal’s bite’ of the barn. Perhaps this diversity of the meanings of Baltic Words would be a certain argument that lietuvių pūnė, lat. pūne have their own words of Baltic origin. However, there is more evidence that the Slavs borrowed the word from the Balts than the Balts borrowed it from the Slavs. However, categorically affirm so far is not possible. In a certain area of central Lithuania (Dotnuva, Ėriškiai, Krakės, Kulva, Surviliškis, Šlapaberžė, Vadaktai) the word „ndmas“ is used with the meaning of a ‘house to keep livestock'. This is also the meaning of lit. nūmas in the 1642 edition of K. Širvydas's dictionary, cf. : "Obora, aliter: Claustrum, septum dimitere pecus ė claustris. Pune, namas“, C. Szyrwid, Dec. 233. The word namas (various forms of it) is often found in ancient Lithuanian written documents written in Lithuanian. ne Plg. : „For the cattle to conceive, it is necessary to keep them not in namachs, but in stables and to secure them well around the underpass...“, 1562 m. Karšuva. ** K. Bouga, Selected Writings, II, p. 525— 526. 70 M. Vasmer, et. Wb, I, 708; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 311; E. Fraenkel, Ft. Wb., p. 229-230. 44 "3 ABOpa WAYubl JI0 ryMHa Bea HOMb Asi Obi1a COJIOMOIO KDpHTbI, H TIO KOHEIlb TOE BEeXbl OJIpHHA 3 XBOpOCTY ypobJieHa, 1oJi oAHbIM Jaxom..." *, 1597 m. Biliūnai, Raseinių valsč. | "House for building a shed of beams built, stoma naked...", 1599 Žarėnai. "Nom dlia bydta...", 1600 Dubiniai, Beržėnų valsč. »Wieza, po litewsku nams, drzewa iedlowego na trzy sciany...“, 1619 Jokūbiškiai prie Šiaulėnų, Viduklės valsč. "Nam, to iest wieža dlia bydta ze wszytkim....", 1639 Sokmedžiai Višutaičiai, Tendžiogalos valsč. „„Num for cattle breeding- ....“, 1650 m. Kretkampis, Vilkijos valsč. „Numa or raczey wieza zmuydzka for keeping cattle...“, 1675 m. Plungė. “A small barn for cattle;... in this yard numa for cattle; gumno za numa slomg kryte, fence enclosed old...“, 1676 m. Laukuva. ,,Stable for cattle new stoma covered with numa pospoto, shelter for swine added stoma covered.- ..”, 1676 m. Smilgiai. ,,Stable with houses for cattle, to which the door is on the poles...“, 1678 Diktariskis, Viduklės valsč. "Stabulum et in extremis ejus cellasuaria de lignis recentissime erectum, stramine contectum. Aedes pro pecoribus dictae numa de parietibus parata, ab extremo de sepibus adiecta, stramine tectae...- “, 1705 m. “Numbers two. Obora dla bydta, po koniec teyze druga dla owiec, naprzeciw dla swini...“, 1667 m. Birzénai’- 2, From the examples given it is clear that the word namas is used in these documents mostly in the meaning of ‘a certain shed for keeping livestock’. There is also the meaning of ‘a hut to load grain’. In the opinion of ethnographers, the house mentioned in these documents, like the vieža, “probably was one of the earlier ones, i.e. of an extended quadrangular plan, built with several rooms for horses, cows and smaller livestock. At one end of them sometimes people lived, of course, only the poor, because at that time (XVI century A.S.) the wealthy peasants already lived in cottages”**, In the documents mentioned, the lit. ndm is often found in compound words, which mean special,,house* parts. For example: „..BeXka 3b OepBeHbs 30Yj10OBaHasi Is ObijiJia,..- .060pa 3 GepbBen- 's 30yJIOBaHasi, 10 KOHBLBI C NMPbIHOMBKOMB JJisi CBHuHenu...“, 1602 (1603) Mimainiai, Ukmergės p. „Bexy Cc INpbiMHOMb H 3 HAMAKrajJloMb, KOTOpasi KONITOBAJIA OCMb KOINMb TpOmen..- .“, 1584 Padubysys, Raseinių valsč. yy-..BEKA C NPHMHOM 3 ĮĮOXKUOK H 3 HYMOKIMaJIOM, 3b XBOPOCTY IIJIEMEHbIM...“, 1603 m. Karklėnai Bukantai, Karklėnų valsč,“ "1 K. Jablonskis, Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje, p. 129, 130, 131, 132, there are more examples. 72 Lithuanian inventories XVII century, p. 266. "3 Features of Lithuanian Ethnography, p. 262; cf. t.p. Iz. Butkevičius, From the History of Lithuanian Culture, II, p. 243; K. Čerbulėnas, From the History of Lithuanian Culture, I, p. 7* K. Jablonskis, Lithuanian Words in the Old Lithuanian Written Language, p. 134, 135. 45 Lat. nams is not used in the sense of 'house to keep livestock', but some meanings of the word are indeed very close to that meaning. iš Plg. : Lat. house ‘one of straight Stangen (also from the two aids of a cross-seated, no longer sea-tight boat), assembled, conical summer keys: a summer kiiche; a small Gebédude, in which during the Summers everything is cooked (in Winter only zu festive periods); a small Wooden in building, which fiirs Livestock (formerly also for people) is cooked with a Stove and Kessel in der Not; the middle Part of the residential building, the Kiiche; ‘place of the room “where the crater was in found”; some Areas is the middle Space of the House by a Wall in Kiiche and Hallway shared; one Anteroom; one Stem without Overlay before the Bathroom with a large Kessel zum boiling of water; ,,in front of the sauna“,,,in front of the sauna room, where fromgérbjas®,,,in front of the sauna, where velėjas“; one Hiitte zum Smoking Streams; one of the two Aid of a cross-sifted, no longer seaworthy boat assembled net fence; a small Building: das Haus der in Stadt" (EM, II, EH, II, 692-3; 4). | Having looked at these meanings, it is probably possible to conclude that the oldest meaning of the Latin word nams was ‘a cottage, in which there is equipment for heating the room, cooking food, etc.’ It was probably used in the same sense as lit. „ūmas“. Of course, it is not possible to say that the Lithuanians and Latvians used this word to refer to identical huts: their construction and purpose could vary to a certain extent even in the individual territories of Lithuania and LatviaTM. In old Latvian writings, lat. nams is often used with the meaning of lat. domus (‘house, dwelling place, family, Seimas’), cf. The word "domus" is used in the following context: "Vnd te egaia ekszan to nammu, vnd attradda to baernu a Maria sauwa mata..., Elger, "Et intrantes domum, invenerunt puerum cum Maria matre eius..., G. Mat. 2, 17. 11.,...vid qeldia wyssu to nammu..., G. Elger, 86.,...et replevit totam domum...- ," Acts D, 2, 3. „+, that my house is destroyed...“, G. Elger, 92. “ut impleatur domus mea...”, Luke 14:23, “....vziaem ekzan sauwems namams- ”, G. Elger, 98. „„,„recipiant me in domos suas“, Luk., 16, 4.,,Mans nams ir wens ludzamu nams...“, G. Elger, 99.,, Quia domus mea domus orationis est...“, Luk., 19, 46.,...wena auksta Pharisaera namma...- “, G. Elger, 106.,5.-.1n domum cuius dum Pharisaeorum...“, Luk., 14, 1.,.vnd tas tyccaeia ar wyssu sauwu nammu saimu“, G. Elger, 111.,»...ct credidit ipse et domus eius tota®, Jon., 4, 53. Even the Latin paterfamilias G. Elger translates as Nammukungs (G. Elger, 92; Luk., Liet. house is also used in both the old writings and in the present language in the meaning of Latin domus. "5 For Latvian houses purpose plg. Latvian Conversion Wordbook, 14, Riga, 1936, skit. 28400-6. 76 Gospels and Epistles translated into Latvian by Georg Elger, together with a register of his spiritual songs from the period 14,21). around 1640, ed. K. Dravinš, Lund, 1961. 46 There are two opinions about the origin of lit. namas, lat. nams. Some scholars associate it with the Slavs. dome ‘house’, rus. dom, skr. ddmah, gr. 86p.oc, lot. domus, arm. tun, explaining the change in consonantism of Baltic words by dissimilation hunger?. Other lit. nimas, lat. nams tend to associate with gr. vopėc "pasture; residence, home', gr. vėuo, ‘inhabit, work, rule', gr. vopsis "shepherd'"?., J. Endzelynas initially also supported the latter etymology'®, but later he was inclined to support the association of lit. ndmas, lat. nams with Old Slavic. dom and others.- %° It is still difficult to prove which opinion is correct. It seems to us that it is more possible to associate lit. nūmas with the old ide. the name of the house. Changing the beginning of a word is anyway quite a common idea. language phenomenon, cf. lit. nivyni, lat. devini, sen. slav. ninth: mr. newints, skr. nava, lot. novem, got. niun; lit. debesis, lat. debess "sky": old Slavic. No, dgs. ward. nebesa, skr. ndbhah'mist, fog, sky', gr. vėgogc 'cloud', etc. Lat. laidars, lit. laidaras Lat. laidars, lit. laidaras, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars, lit. laidars). This name is not the only one in the mentioned area: it is used there most often alongside other Latvian barn names (kits, kite, stallis, stellis). Sometimes the word laidars refers only to a large barn (Kandava, Laidzē, Upēsgryva). Sometimes the dialect representatives feel a laid-back archaicism (Kazdanga, Skaistkalne). Lat. laidars, in addition to the meaning of “a stable to keep livestock- ”, has other meanings, cf. “ein eingefriedigter Platz vor dem Viehstalle, wo das Vieh hineingelassen wird; the place of yours within the stable carriage; the square formed by cattle stables built around it; a shepherd for cattle in the field’ (EM, II, 402; EH, I, 711). In addition to the form laidars, the forms laidaris, laiders, laideris, laideris, laideris, leidars, leideris (EM, 111, 402, 403, 446; EH, I, 711, 712) also occur in Latvian dialects. We even find the forms laidarzs, leidarzs, which were created by the folk etymology by linking these words with the Latin darzs “garden, garden”* (EM, II, 402). There are also compound forms: drlaidars ‘Hiirde fiir das Vieh auf dem Felde' (EM, I, 243; EH, I, 195), laūklaidars (EM, II, 426; EH, I, 722). The name "Laidarus" is already found in the writings of G. Manceli. The term "cattle farming" is not used in this context. But otherwise its use is very close to the use of lat. laidars, cf. lit. laidaras "fence at the barns to keep the livestock together, diendaržis; ‘enclosed place in pasture for burning livestock’, laidaris, laidarys, laideris (LK Žd., VII, 15, 16). The form of the caterpillar is also recorded “pits for manure; manure, sludge' meaning (A. Bezzenberger, Lit. Forsch., 132; LKZd., VII, 16). The form laideris is recorded with a similar meaning (G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., 351; LKŽd., VII, 16). "7 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 483; V. Mažiulis, LKK, II, p. 14; J. Pokorny, Et. Wb., p. 199, J. Pokorno- ’s opinion on the question of the origin of lit. nūmas, lat. nams is rather unclear: in one place of the dictionary he states that „it. ndmas... ist aus *damas dissimiliert" (p. 199), and in another it is associated with gr. vépw (p. 763—764). "and R, Trautmann, B-sl. Wb., p. 193; P. Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 31; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 361. "9 EM, II, p. 693. 8 J. Endzelins, Philosophical Studies, 12, p. 175—176. 47 in those areas sometimes occurs ir the form migjs; Mistletoe (Gelvonai, Pociūnėliai, Pašušvys, Siesikai): lit. sleep, cf. migis ‘gyvulio guolis’. Iš the latter value appeared ir the pig shed value. Liet. house (Let's go). : ndmas. Liet. house, as we have seen, is used in the meaning ir of barn. Liet. Springer (Sklėriai, Vievis, Zietela) < baltr. céinapHix, plg. t.p. Russian. COUHAPHUK :ceunos "pig." Liet. Pigeon (Alanta, Anykščiai, Dusetos, Gražiškiai, Karsakiškis, Krakės, Krekenava, Musninkai, Pabaiskas, Panevėžys, Pociūnėliai, Raguva, Siesikai, Sodeliai, Šašuoliai, Želva), used in the forms kiaūliamigis, kiaūlamigis, kiaūmigis ir (LK Žd., V, 688, 693, 701) < Kiiilé + migis. Liet. Pigeon shark (LKZd., V, 688), Pigeon wing (LK Žd., V, 691), Pigeon wing (LKŽd., V, 695), Piggyback (LKŽd., V, 701), road sign (LKŽd., V, 532) < pig barn. + Liet. Piglet (Šatės, LKZd., V, 688) < Kiité pig + Liet. Porcupine (Dusetos, LKŽd., V, 693) < I know it. + Liet. pig stall (LKŽd., V, 700) < pig shed. + Lat. Pork (EM, I, 398; EH, I, 281) <pig ‘kiaulé’ + kilts. 1, 281) <pigeon + clover. 281) <pigeon + stable>. The name of the pig barn is also recorded in ancient Prussian monuments: Seweynis Sewstal (229 Elbing dictionary word)"*- ?. Pr. seweynis, it is not clear how much this notation corresponds to the real Prussian word form, it must be linked to the corresponding Baltic language names of the pig, cf. pr. swintian, lat. suvęns, sivens, Avių tvartai Lietuvių avidė (Derveliai, Gadūnavas, Gaižūnai, Kėdainiai, Kietaviškės, Kupiškis, Raginėnai, Surviliškis, Svobiškis, from literary language this word has also entered into other dialects, finally and in the ¢here indicated localities avidė may not always be an old language fact), aviniūkas (Alsėdžiai, Barčiai, Drobūkščiai, Dubičiai, Girdžiai, Lauko Soda, Laužai, Pakražantis, Rekščiai, Sintautai, Skirpsčiai, Slavikai, Šiauduva, Varduva), avinjkas (Dailidės, Mauručiai, Miežionys, Onuškis, Palomenė, Pavinkšniai, Rimšė, Sekonys, Tverečius), avinjké (Birštonas, Butrimonys, Čiobiškis, Darsūniškis, Daukšiai, Igliauka, Kalvarija, Kapčiamiestis, Kruonis, Liškiava, Marijampolis, Nauja Ūta, Paparčiai, Pašlavantis, Simnas, Vievis), sheep (Armališkes, Kaniava, Širvintos), sheep farm (Giedraičiai, Minkūnai, Musninkai, Naujamiestis, Pagriai, Šašuoliai, Vaiskūnai, Žeimis), sheep farm (Radžiūnai, Raguva), shepherd (Darsiškiai, Kableliai, Lukštai), aveline (Dūkštas, Turva), avinjéia (Alksnėnai, Dotnuva, Juknaičiai, Smalininkai), plg. t.p. LKŽd., I (2), 523, 525, 527, 528) + let. opinions. Liet. 100% (Lazūnai, LKŽd., IV, 299) : let. 100% ‘houses for drying flax. ir "2 Monuments of the Prussian language, p. 63. 2 A. Sabaliauskas, LKK, X, p. 171-172. 54 Liet. avitvartis (Kaniava, LKŽd., I(2), 530) < aves + tvdrtas. Lat. aitstallis (EH, 1, 5) <aita ‘avis’ +stallis. Lat. avikats (EH, I, 190) <avs ‘avis’ + kits. Karviy tvartai Lietuv. karvidé (Gaižūnai, Kapčiūnai, Lieporiai, Lukošaičiai, Nairiai, Noriūnai, Rūdupiai, Salamiestis, Sodeliai, Telšiai, from literary language this word has also entered into various other dialects of the Lithuanian language. In addition, in the localities mentioned here, karvidė may sometimes be a very recent word), karviniūikas (Alsėdžiai, Eidžiotai, Salantai, Skripsčiai, Varduva), karvinykas (Biržiniškė, Mauručiai, Medeišiai, Rimšė, Sekonys, Tverečius, Vištytis), karviniūkė (Ratnyčia, LKŽd., V, 357), karvinis (Kazitiškis, Luodžiai), karvinys (Molėtai, LKZd., V, 358), etc. LKŽd., V, 357—8): let. kdrvė. 2000) 2001 – Bandiniuikas (Drobūkščiai, plg. t.p. LKŽd., I(2), 640: lit. banda. Liet. galvijinė (Joniškis- ), galviniukas "galvijų tvartas' (LKŽd., III, 84): lit. cattle. Liet. gyvuliniūikas (Šakiai): liet. gyvulys. The meaning of the word "carved" is used. ir Amphipods (Silver, Gold, Bronze, and Copper). Lietuvių jautidė "bull stable' (LKŽd., IV, 323), jautiniuokis "cattle stable; jautidė' (LKŽd., IV, 324), jdutinyčia (LKŽd., IV, 324): liet. jdutis. Lit. veršidė "calf stable" (Laukuva, Utena, probably a new word), veršiniūkas (Kurtuvėnai, Skripsčiai): lit. vefšis. Liet. kdrviatvartis (Ratnyčia, LKŽd., V, 357) Bloody + asshole. 693) < gūovs ‘karvé’ +kūts. Lat. guovstallis (EH, I, 424) < gūovs +stallis. When comparing the Lithuanian names of special barns with the corresponding Latvian names, the eye catches a great variety of Lithuanian names. In Latvian, we su do not find the name of such an action as in Lithuanian į -ide, owner - type names. The most common compound names in Latvian are: aitu kilts, guovju kilts, telu kūts, cūkkūts, zirgu kūts (next to the stable). However, in the English language, the term is used much less frequently. In the dialects of the Lithuanian language recently very widespread -ide type names. They, the iš literary language that came along with the su collective farming system, ir displace the previously used names of different kinds of production. * * * In general, in ir Lithuanian and Latvian we find a lot of names for shelter animals. Some of these names are used in both Lithuanian and ir Latvian. In addition to its own words, there are borrowinir gs from iš neighboring Slavic o languages, as well as Germanic languages. ANIMALS COOKING TOOLS DESIGNATIONS In the Baltic language livestock terminology as an independent semantic group can be distinguished the names of animal drive beating tools. ar These inagi, no doubt, are be very old they appeared along with more intensive — livestock farming, when man began to su graze animals to use them for various jobs. ir However, the special names of animal driving tools in the Baltic languages are relatively not very old words of origin, moreover, they are usually be borrowed from neighboring peoples, iš where they have also į often come from farther, more intensively cattle-raising iš countries. Of course, there are ir more narrowly used ar words of their own origin, but they are ir derivatives of relatively recent times. The Indo-European languages do not have a more general terminology for this area. It is commonly emphasized that the Slavic languages have a particularly rich terminology in this field. A considerable number of animal driving tools names iš Slavs came ir į the Baltic languages. Liet. botougas, lat. pataga ir kt. It is believed that the ancient Indo-Europeaiš ns at first hunted animals with special sticks, later o The Eastern peoples su knew the whip*. The su Whites came to know this insight through the Slavs. Linguistic data clearly show this. Liet. Botougas "a driveway for animals; rimbas (viena virvelė; virvelė su koto)’ (LKZd., I(2), 976 — 7) found in the very first monuments of Lithuanian language — M. Mažvydo, M. K. Daukšos, ir Širvydo et al. in the writings. Plg. : "Botagais ghi ifch plake...", Mž, "dir plaka kaip' whips, pafmirdujeis 443. lieguwieis... ij Néffa's whips are io nowdesm's whip...“, DP, „„terp buwo 105. wirwes, tu lynciugay, botagay, rikBtes...“, SP, II, „nahayka, scutica, flagellum, 163. mastix. botagas“, C. Szyrwid, Dec. (1629 m. edition), 86. "Jr made a whip and a whip...", Ch 1, II, 150. In addition to the form whip, in the old writings there is a form whip. Plg.: "korbacz, scutica. flagrum, flagellum, mastic. batagas“, C. Szyrwid, Dec. (1629 edition), 60. ....jmarki batagai“, WP, 21. In Lithuanian dialects and in various writing monuments there are other forms of the name of this stick: botėgas (LKŽd., 1(2), 978), botaga (LKŽd., 1(2), 976; recorded in,,Clavis Germanico-Lithvana“, D. Sutkevičius dictionary), botas (LKŽd., I(2), 978; F. Neselmano reconstructed word from the form botkotis, considering botkotis < botas + kotas). In Žemaičių dialektai this name is widely used with the word beginning v-, cf. votūgas (Kuršėnai, Pagėgiai, Raudėnai, Viekšniai, Žarėnai, Židikai), votėgas (Girdiškė, Kalnalis, Salantai, Smilgiai, Šilalė; M. Valančiaus, S. Daukanto writings- ). The forms with the verb are newer, and have already appeared in the Lithuanian language. Sometimes such forms are found in older monuments of our writing: * O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, II, Berlin, 1929, p. 154. * O, Schrader, ibid., II, p. 154. "Daug ir wotagu ant jmoniu grieBnuju...", KN, 36° For v: b plg. lit. bėbras: vėbras, byskupas: episkopas, vélybas: vėlyvas and others. Probably it is not necessary to associate lit. botdgas with lit. botarainis "long whip" (LKŽd., I(2), 978; recorded in Žemaitės writings- ), cf. botarainis "creva, gumbuotas, grublėtas, susisukęs" (Skuodas; LKŽd., I(2), 978). Such an example as: Tavo lazda tikra botarainė, perhaps, would show that in Žemaitės writings botarainis is also used not in the meaning of 'botago', but in the meaning of "some sort of stick" (cf. Žemaitės sentence quoted in the dictionary: O aš —akloji švaistau botarainiu šuni, net barking to the countries spread). Plg. t.p. žem. bėoteris "big, large’, boterinis, boterainas, boterainis (LKŽd., I(2), 978), with which the above mentioned words could be related. Liet. bataska "whip, whip, whip; such a whip; 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. small luggage. form from batog "bottas" (J. Karlowicz, A. Krynskii W. Niedzwiedzki, St, I, 105), plg. t.p. polk. batozkowaé "bič batozkami', from which probably came lit. bataškūoti "to beat, to tvoti with a bataška'. The source of lit. botūgas is the Belarusian Gamoe*. This name is also used in some other Slavic languages. Gamie "botagas', 6amye, left. batog'short whip', Czech. baroh “potagas”, rus. 6amoe “lazda”, tarm. nomoe, sen. rus. batogs®. How this word originated in Slavic languages is quite unclear. Some scholars consider it to be borrowed, citing as a source the Turkish budak ‘Saka’, Kazan tot. borak, it is Italian batacchio ‘stick’, others consider it a word of Slavic origin, linking it to Slav. bat ‘rod, oak rod’, batati ‘to strike, to beat’ (cf. Russian 6omams)’. The first hypothesis (borrowing from the Turko-Tatar languages) is more difficult for phonetic reasons, although, in general, the history of livestock breeding would support it. From the Slavic languages, the name of the whip entered into the Latvian language: Lat. pataga "die Peitsche- ', patēga, patega (EM, III, 190, 191; EH, II, 217), patags (EH, II, 217), partaga (EM, III, 182; EH, II, 214). As we can see, the Latvian examples differ from the Lithuanian ones in the consonantism of the word beginning. J. Enzdelynas® was inclined to believe that Slav. batogo so replaced by melted Estonians or Livonians. In fact, the b:p alternation is very characteristic of Latvian. The reasons for this are explained by the influence of the Baltic Finnish languages." The form pdrtaga is already a modernization of the Latvian language. Such insertion of the consonant -rtarp of the long vowel (or of the diftongs ie, uo) and the consonant is quite common in Latvian dialects, especially in borrowed ones, cf. lat. kūrkis: kūkis "der Haken' (EM, II, 196), lat. mėrtelis: mėtelis ‘der Mantel’ (EM, II, 620), lat. pėrlis: pélis “der Pfihl’ (EM, III, 209), lat. stérkis: stėkis ‘der Stachelfisch’ (EM, III, 1063) and others. " * P, Skardžius, The Slavic feudal lords in Old Lithuanian, p. 240. 4 J. Otrębski, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, I, p. 326. 5 P, Skardžius, Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen, p. 45; E. Fraenkel, Et, Wb., p. 53. 14 Mr. Vasmer, et. Wb, I, p. 62. "F. Stawski, St. Et., I, p. 28; A. Briickner, St. et., p. 18; H. M. Illaxcxnii, Dr. ca, I, p. 56, EM, III, S p. 190. * V. Kiparsky, Scando-slavica, 14, p. 73-97. 10 J, Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, p. 237—238; M. Rudzite, Latvian dialectology, Riga, 1964, p. 100—101, 194, 313—314. Liet. bison, lat. bizine Liet. bizine ‘short-handled rope, twisted iš from straps or cords; stirnojis' (LKŽd., I(2), bison 871), is also of Slavic origin (E. Frenkelium (Et. Wb., 45) mentioned form bisūnas, beziinas are not reliable Lithuanian facts). Jo The source should be considered polk. bizun or baltr. Gisyn". How such a word appeared in these Slavic languages is not yet definitively clarified. A. Bruckner!2 claimed that lenk. bizun (referring to it ir form bison) came iš from rų vengbizony "oh, of course, surely', yes, you hear, yelling beaten beater. ar Į Polish kų such a word entered through Hungarian Slovaks who served XVII — XVIII a. Lietuvos ir The Polish Lords. A semantic parallel to this is lenk. bizun kilmei A. Bruckner indicates lenk. Mouthpiece (plg. let. the origin. Other researchers tend to believe that Lenk. bizun source is vid. lot. bison 'bison' (gr. Broowv), plg. lot. taurus ‘jautis’: lot. taurus 'Odyssey Belt'. It has also been suggested that the source of the Polish word is the Turkish word biston, with which begging Muslim monks beat themselves in order to — provoke 'compassion'?, all etymologies are questionable. Still, perhaps the most likely is A. Brucker's interpretation. Jo followed in ir the new academic dictionary of Polish**. Lat. Bison ‘der Schligel, stick to Schlagen’, bizuns ‘lunkans sitams riks’, bison The source of ‘Kniittel, Zigeunerpeitsche’ is also Polish Belarusian, perhaps even neighboring ar Russian dialects o ir (EM, I, 303). The form bizuls is found in Latvian ir folk songs ‘metamais, sitamais’ (EH, I, 222), which is probably recycled bizuns. iš Su lat. bizuns, bizuls should probably be linked ir to lat. bizuns "one who without Arbeit umhertreibt, andere dabei zur Arbeit antreibend' (nasūjas kai bizuns aplik, nika nestrada, EH, 1, 222), or perhaps bit, and Latin bizulis ‘a swarming man’ (EM, I, 302; EH, 222), the latter being distinguished from Latin bizulis ‘biesen (namentlich vom Vieh), umherschwirmen, laufen’. For semantics, see lit. biziinas meanings (Walks like biziinas, work not enduring, LKZd., Liet. dandaras, lat. dandala Liet. dafidaras 1(2), 871). ‘bottomed (with many knots)’ (LKZd., II, 171) geography (Joniskis, Šakyna) would show that it came into Lithuanian from Latvian. It is true that the phonetics of the word would indicate that it is more Lithuanian than Latvian, but in Lithuanian it is completely solitary, while in Latvian there are several variants of it and more words of the same root. Lat. dafidala ‘a gypsy whip', danda, dandara ‘a gypsy whip, the whip’ (EM, I, 437), dafidele ‘the gypsy whip’ (EH, I, 306), plg. t. p. lat. dandaldties ‘to beat with a whip’, dandaluét ‘to beat with the gypsy whip’ (EM, I, 437), dafidelét (EH, I, 306). 11 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 45; A. Briickner, The Slavic Foreign Words in Lithuanian, p. 72. 12 A. Briickner, Si. et., p. 28. '* J. Kartowicz, A. Krynski i W. Niedzwiedzki, Sk, I, p. 160; Lithuanian Encyclopedia, III, Kaunas, 1935, sket. 1361. "“ W. Doroszewski (red.), The Polish Language, Warszawa, I, 1958, p. 539. These Latvian words should also be linked to the Latin dafidala ‘a long, quite thick, smooth hair; a mischievous, restless child (rarely used by adults), also such an animal’, daiidalėties ‘to argue in the exchange of horses; when buying horses lirmen’ (EH, I, 306), dandars ‘an angular, plump man’, dandariski “in a hurry, iiber neck and head’ (EM, I, 437). For the semantics of the latter words, see plg. let. bizfinas and other meanings, cf. t. p. lat.: iet ka dafidala kuzu kuzam (EM, 1, 437). The name of this Latvian botago is probably of the famousZodine origin. Lit. kančiūkas, lat. kaiičuka Lit. kančiūkas "odyssey, bison, deer', kančukas (LKŽd., V, 200), P. Skardžiaus, E. Frenkelis' opinion, came from baltr. kanuyx'®, However, it is not less likely that the source of lit. kančiūkas could also be the Polish form kariczuk, which is used in dialects alongside the otherwise more common form kariczug. The form kanczuk is also found in the writings of Polish writers A. Mickevičius and I. Chodzka, who are related to Lithuania! *, In addition to the forms kančiūkas, kančūkas, the forms kaiičius, kaiičas, kančas are also used in Lithuanian (LK Žd., V, 200). These forms are interpreted in two ways. M. Nydermanas argued that these forms originated in the Lithuanian language itself, abstracting from the pronounced minors, e.g., Lithuanian bafsas next to barsūkas (<Polish borsuk or Belarusian Gapcyx), Lithuanian kūpšas next to kapšiūkas (<Polish kapczuk or Belarusian kanuyr) and others. "" Skardžius suggested that lit. kaiičius could have come from the Polish language, as there are also the forms kariczuk, kariczug and karicz. ** However, F. Slavskis objects to such a possibility, since the Polish. karicz is used in Polish dialects far from Lithuania. In his opinion, both lit. kavos, as well. left. karicz in both languages appeared independently? ?, In Slavic languages (Russian: xamuyk, kamuye, Ukrainian: Kak4uyK, Bulgarian: Kamuwux) this name of the tree came from the east, cf. Turkish. Kamchy, Krimo tot. Kamchy, Karaim. kamču*??. The word is also widely used in other European languages (Greek, Hungarian). The Slavs came from the Balkans. ir Kantschuk, Kantschuk. The Latin kaiičuka ‘die dicke, lederne Kosakenpeitsche', kaiicuks, kančaka, kaiičuklis (EM, II, 154; EH, I, 583), kančiklite (EH, I, 583) is also a Slavic, probably Russian or Belarusian source. Shorter forms of these words are also found in Latvian —kaiice ‘eine Peitsche’ (EH, I, 583) and kaiika ‘die Zigeunerpeitsche’ (EM, II, 154). A. Zumentas The form of the carriage was a carriage. iš Karic? !. However, for the same reasons as Lithuanian kadicius, Latin kafice could hardly have originated simply from Polish. Both the forms karice and kaiika ir probably originated in Latvian soil. '* P, Skardžius, The Slavic Borrowing words im Old Lithuanian, p. 95; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 215. M W, Doroszewski (red.), Stownik języka polskiego, III, p. 525. 17 M. Niedermann, StB, III, p. 108—110. 18 P, Skardžius, APh, III, p. 50. 19 F. Stawski, Sh et., II, p. 48. * M, Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, p. 515—516; A. Briickner, Si. et., p. 217; K. Lokotsch, Et, Wb., p. 84. * A. Summent, Unrecognized Slavic loanwords im Latvian, Gottingen, Germany 1950, p. 143 (typewriting), cf. E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 215. 59 Liet. Carob, lat. kai bača Liet. "such a whip, bison" (LKZd., V, 266), Swallow (LKŽd., V, 267) mainly detected Eastern In the Lithuanian folklore of o Prussia, as well as in the monuments se of Lithuanian language of other regions: K. In the translatiL. on of the Bible, Neselman, Kuršaitis F. dictionariF. es. A. 2, 2000. pp. 2. E. "These are the names of the 2000s" (PDF). carbach, korbacz (A. Briukneris ir baltr. xap6au). However, with liet in mind. karbūčius, karbūčius geography, especially taking into account the į fact that in other Lithuanian dialects such a name of the botago is not found, it can be assumed that the Lithuanians received the German language, cf. jį iš Eastern Prussia. Karbatsch(e) "Whip, leather whip made of Straps braided', karbatschen "with the Karbatsch peitschen, priūgeln'**, Such a name of the beating is found already XVII in the a. German Language Monuments®. Left. korbacz already logged XVI in Polish a. monuments. There he pako iš Turkish, plg. Turkish. Fucker. In fact, this word could į have come into Polish ir through Hungarians, cf. Hungarian. korbdcs. This name of Turkish origin is used in many European languages*- *. Lat. kaibaca ‘one Art Whip Karbatsche', mn. carbazine (EH, I, 588), carpacine (EH, 1, 589), Carbacha (EH, I, 602), Karpaca (EH, I, 603), plg. t. p. lat. carbacuet ‘to beat with a karbača’. This name of the Latvian botago is most often found in Latvian folk songs, Janševski's writings in some J. dictionaries. For the ir first time he seems to be found J. Langley (1685 m.) in the dictionary manuscript: 'Karbatsch'. one ‘Carbatfch’, J. Langija In the 18th 41. century a. Latvian dictionaries, the word is already found in German. Karbatsche (G. F. Stender, Lex., II (1789), 349), but there is not yet a Latvian form of this word. It appears only in the dictionaries of the second half of the 19th century (K. Valdemar, K. Ulmanis)*?". It is quite difficult to say by what way this name of the bat came into the Latvian language. J. Endzelynas only remarks: "Entlehnt gleich li. "D, Zemzare considers it Slavic.?? However, the Latvians may have also taken this word from German. Lithuanian knūtas, lat. knute Lithuanian knūtas "bottleneck, rimbas" is found in some of our dialects and in 19th-century language monuments —M. "V. Kudirka" (in Lithuanian). LKŽd., VI, 279. It is also known as the 272 (or 272a). The name of the town comes from the Polish or Russian language. It is also commonly used in other Slavic languages, such as Belarusian. kuym,?2 A. Briickner, The Slavic foreign words in Lithuanian, p. 90. ? *2 E. Fraenkel, et al. Wb., p. 220. ? *4 F, Frischbier, Preußisches Worterbuch, I, Berlin, 1882, p. 337, 25 F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 351. * A. Brūckner, St. et., p. 256; F. Stawski, Sk et., II, p. 474—475; K. Lokotsch, Et. Wb., p. 102; V. Machek, Et. sl., p. 192—193, * D, Zemzare, Latviešu vardnicas, p. 88—89. 28 EH, I, p. 588. ?** D, Zemzare, Latvian vūrdnicas, p. 88. 60 ukr. xxym (used already in the first half of the 17th century), polk. knut (found in 16th-17th-- century monuments), Czech. knuta, knut, slovk. knuta, bulg. knym, serb.chorv. kupma, kuym, slov. knuta, knut, high. light. knut, knut. The name of the city is probably derived from the Greek word for the island, Ios. knūtr 'knot, knob, node', Old Swedish knuter®. Initially, such a word was called a special whip with knots. In general, this name of the bat is used in many European languages, cf. Knute (some of the Slavic forms we have already mentioned may have come from this form), French knout, English knout. The Latin knute ‘eine Peitsche' (EH, I, 634) in this sense, according to J. Endzelynas, is borrowed from Russian. In the Latvian language we also find the form knuote ‘Peitsche’, cf. lat. uzknūotet "mit einer knuote Schlage verabfolgen" (EH, II, 725). Next to Latin knute ‘a whip’, knuote, we find the words knuta “ein Kniittel’, knutka, knute ‘a knife to beat’ (EH, I, 637), knute “a diinne rod, used to fix the straw on the roof’, knutele, knutina (EM, II, 250), knuta, knute, knutele (EM, 11, 253; EH, I, 637). The Latin knuta ‘ein Kniittel', as J. Endzelynas*! suggests, may have arisen by abstraction from the pronoun minor knutele, which in turn would have been borrowed from the German language. It seems to us that in the aforementioned Latvian examples (knute, knute, knutele, knutele, etc.) there are two words mixed together, one of which is from German. "Knittel 'Stab', und anderer Rus. xxym 'Stab' oder Deutsch. Knute ‘botagas’. Anyway, I'm a German. Both Kniittel ‘stick’ and the aforementioned names of the whip are words of the same root, the meaning of one of which was ‘noduled stick’ (=Knotenstock), and the other, as we mentioned, “whip with knots” (cf. German Knottpeitzsche)*- ?. Lit. matūras, lat. matara Lit. matdras "beating tool (stick, rope, whip, rod)', mataras, mataras, matarinis, matarys (LK Žd., VII, 907) The question of the origin is very complicated. First of all, the word matdras in Lithuanian language is used with several meanings: "device for winding ropes, twisting ropes, twist, twist', "device for twisting threads, racket, twist', "long end of the thread, reach', 'end of the net', "plepy, twist', 'quick-talking', 'whoever moves; nenuorama', cf. t. p. matarūkas "a device to thread threads into strands; bender; who quickly, jokingly speaks; 'unserious, chatter-- loving man', matarėlis "stick for pressing straw, when covering a roof', matardila "what is very alive, makas; plepys, tauškalas', matarūoti "waving, mowing', waving. The original meaning of lit. matdras was probably "a device to chase or spin someone- ', and it is related to lit. mėti"*. From the word matūras came the verb matarūoti, and from the latter verb (cf. e.g. the sound words matardi, mūtar, matary) came the verb matūras "beating instrumenté'. % F, Stawski, St. et., II, p. 290—291; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., I, pp. 580-581; A. Briickner, St. et., p. 240; F. Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 385; E. Klein, Et. Dic., I, p. 850. EM, UI, p. 250. 2 F, Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 385. 3 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, I, p. 465; P. Skardžius, Lithuanian word making, p. 302, 489; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 414. 61 A similar word is used in Latvian, ir but there it is used much more narrowly. Lat. matara ‘one (slim) Rute, Gerte; a dūn Stange’ (EM, II, EH, 566; I, 784), killers ‘ein Kniittel' (EM, II, kills 566), "krietns tėvinš' (EH, I, 784). As we see, in Latvian this word is not used "a device to spin somebody to chase', which, in our ar opinion, is the oldest that allows the word to be associated with the verb meésti. ir šį su The word matar ‘thicker Stock, Kniittel' is found in ir Estonian. Therefore, perhaps, mainly the latter circumstance A. Zumentui** gave an impetus to claim that Latvians like Estonians ir could have borrowed such a word from Russian, cf. iš Russian. Momop , aAyOuHKa'* (B. ans, Ca, II, It seems to us 351). that A. Zument's opinion is quite convincing. Just late. ir mataras the meaning of ‘column, vowel’ could iš sometimes come from the Russian language. Russian. 40mop is used in ir other meanings, which sometimes remind of ir lit. Matures meanings, cf. rus. smomop "gewandter Mensch’, momopa “Verschwender’, MOmopHblii "flink, gewant'. These Russian words M. Fasmer tends to associate with Rus. AMtomarmo "to wrap, bend (thread), shake, shake", Memamo "to throw", indicating semantic parallel to them in the lit. matdras: lit. mésti®, Liet. nagaika, lat. naika Liet. nagaika "short-handled woven innagis to beat; bizūnas, rimbas’, ndika (Laižuva, Mažeikiai, Palanga, Viekšniai, Veiviržėnai; G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., 416, F. Kurschat, Wb., 266), naikas (G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., 416), niaika (F. Kurschat, Wb., 266) —words of Slavic origin. The form nagdika originated from the Russian form xazaitika, while the form ndika, which is probably older, originated from the Belarusian. xaezatra, cf. lit. paibelis < baltr. "NoeuGenb, liet. bloviėščius < baltr. 06aacosewie®. In addition to Russian and Belarusian, some other Slavic languages have this name for the beating instrument. xaeatl, nHaealika, left. Look, look, check. There is. The word came from the Slavic language, from the Tatars. It's a crime. noyoi 'name of a Tatar tribe’, Kyrgyz tot. noyai, which in turn derived from the name of the Tatar leader®,. Lat. place ‘ein Belt, one Tail, a supple Rute’ (I, II, III, IV). 112), nikas ‘Priigel’ (EM, II, probably 689) originated from iš Lithuanian, it liudyty lat. naika geography (Dunika, Nyca). J. Endzelynas lat. nikas (word geography not specified) was inclined (su?) kildinti iš baltr. xaeatika. However, ir ši form could have been borrowed from iš Lithuanian language, of course, without knowing exactly the word geography this cannot be categorically stated. When to rain. ika, ika was used only ne "short-handed beating knob' meaning, would testify F. I don't know how to say it. meaning interpretation: ‘one Gypsy whip, a short Whip breeding, including the Riding whip, joke also im used by a willow rod, with which one Threats zu to beat someone” (G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., 416). *1 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 414. #% M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 165. % E, Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 478. * K. Book, Selected Writings, I, p. 348-349; P. Skardžius, The Slavic Old Lithuanian im words, p. 137; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 478. ** M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., II, p. 192; A. Briickner, SI. et., p. 353—354; V. Machek, Et sk, p. 317. 62 With Latin naikas, perhaps, we should also relate Latin naiceklis ‘das minnliche Geschlechtsglied’ (EH, I, 2), for semantics cf. Latin stute ‘eine Rute zum Priigeln’: Latin stute ‘das minnliche Glied' (EH, I, 596), Polish studa ‘a rod to hook’. pyta'short whip': polk. asks ‘penis’ (J. Karlowicz, Si, IV, 460). Lietu. pastardinka, Lat. pastrunkis Lietu. pastardnka "a thick whip twisted from several strings" (Gudeliai) is a Slavic source. In Lithuanian language this word is used quite widely in other meanings: "rope, connecting a whip with a whip, virZis' (Bagotoji, Krekenava, Kruonis, Pabaiskas, Pušalotas, Skaudvilė, Ukmergė, Upninkai), "wire, with which the whip is tied to the whip' (Užventis). There are also forms pastrangas (G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb., 506 (Ragnit) ‘eine Peitschenschnur', F. Kurschat, Wb., 297), pastrdnka (Švenčionys). The forms with -gatsirasti may have influenced lit. straiigas < vok. Strang ‘the rope, a strand’. This Slavism could have come into Lithuanian language in two ways: the forms are pastrdngas, the pastranka source is probably Polish. postronek, and the form pastardnka —rus. NOCMOPOHKA ‘PeMeHHasi HJIH BODpBSAHAS INpHCTAXKb, B KOHCKOK YVNpsSxH: HJET OT BaJbKa HJIKH OT BarH K TFY2XKY, B OrJIOOeJibHOK YVNps>KH TOJIbKO V TMpHCTSXKHEIX, a B JbMmIJIOBOA y Beex Jgomaneii’ (B. Ilans, Ca., III, 346). In other Slavic languages, this word is used quite widely, e.g. Russian nocmpoMKa, nocmporKa, Ukrainian nocmpoMKa, nocmporKa. noCMOPOHOK, nocmopoMoK, baltr. NocmpoxKa, nocmpoHoK, check. postranek, postranék, lenk. postronek, high. Puddle. Postronk, land. Puddle. Postronk, what. Poestronk. There is a wide variety of opinions about the origin of the word. However, the most acceptable interpretation is that the original meaning of this Word was "an der Seite' (= *after the stony)*?, Lat. pastrunkis 'a whip, with which in some places the peasants are punished; a punishment on the butt with the whip; ein halberwachsener Knabe' is found in the dictionaries of G. F. Stender (1789) and K. Ulman (1872) (EM, III, 109). | J. Endzelynas did not express his opinion on the origin of the Latin word pastrunkis, but was satisfied by citing the opinion of A. Briukner (Nach Briickner... aus hwic. nocmporoks ‘Strang’, EM, III, 109). It is true that A. Brūkneris also mentions Russian and Polish word forms** after the Belarusian form, so it can be understood that, in his opinion, such a word could have entered into the Latvian language both from Belarusian and from Russian and Polish languages. However, it seems to us that because of the -un in the Latvian word, it is possible to guess that the Latvians borrowed this word from the Lithuanian eastern, where an> un. Liet. pitka, lat. pitka Lit. pitka "short whip, bizon* (Kalvarija, Kapsukas, Karklėnai, Kupiškis, Punskas) is a loanword from Polish, plg. polk pytka, pyta ‘powrdz, rzemien, szmata skręcone na ksztalt sznura, jako narzędzie do bicia; more specifically: whip, strap, back. * K. Alminauskis, The Germanisms of Lithuanian, p. 120. 40 M. Vasmer, et. Wb., II, pp. 416-417; A. Briickner, Si et., p. 432. A. Briickner, The Slavic foreign words in Lithuanian, p. 179. Lat. answered ‘cine zurückgeflochtene whip cord; one Cossack whip’ (EH, I, 181), plg. lat. atvit ‘losflechten, trennen’. Lat. batch ‘a short, thick Whip, whip (EM, 1, 249), J. In Endzelynas' opinion, it is probably a reworked WoK. Whip (probably one Conversion of d. Whip). In the beginning of the pg. bir plat. bruxism ‘der Prussak', lat. buckwheat: lat. pa(k)is, lat. bek lat. : peka, lat. bires lat. : pires, lat. blats, liet. Blake : Late. Placks, ir etc. ** Vok. Peitsche in turn is a loan from the Slavic iš (already found) 14th German a. Language Monuments)*!. Lat. both ‘one Whip, namely the Whip of the Gods Gypsies' (EM, I, 278), bėmbele ‘one Kniittel (to Schlagen)' (EH, I, 212), plg. lat. Bumblebee ‘one Slang word (in Reference to People (from small, hissliche, fat-bodied children), animals (of thick-bodied Kilbern and horses) and crippled trees, bembere ‘ein Little girl, bemberis “a knotter Tree; a crooked, poorly grown Birke", plg. t. p. let. bimbilas. Lat. biktala ‘the Gypsy whip (EM, I, 295), biktinsh ‘Priigel’, nūobiktalat ‘durchpriigeln’ may be words of phonological origin, cf. lat. twin, twins *Interj., one pushing, striking, denoting', bikat kajas ‘mit den Ficken on the Hit the ground’ (EH, I, 218). Lat. Pigeon ‘one Whip Schweinenhiiten’ (EH, I, 280), plg. lat. Pig ‘the "Schwein". Lat. cuficurs ‘eine zu kurze Peitsche’ (EM, I, 421), plg. lat. éuncurs ‘etwas Verwickeltes, Zotteliges der Kniuel, der Lumps; one who dresses very warmly’, cuncuris ‘jem, dem die work is not done, čunčuriski ‘gekriimmt’. Lat. end ‘eine kurze Whips, their stem from one Ziegenoder Bunny feet consists of setting; a big one Whip, one Gypsy whip’ (EM, I, 458), J. In the opinion of Endzelynas (with?), iš originally meaning leather boot, cf. let. belt. Lat. dimba "Oschsenziemer' (EM, I, 467) probably should be linked to su lat. timba ‘make something slow’ (nu timba, timba! say a lazy and weak um horse to drive); with Miihe tragen’, timba ‘ein Fabric that is thicker than usual’. Lat. diukene ‘one Riding whip made of a Ochsenziemer’, dipkavnica, dinkenice ‘ein Ox seams; one Riding whip made of a Ochsenziemer’ (EH, I, 321), plg. lat. fixed ‘das minnliche Progenitor (including one Ochsen)’ < vid. vok. Earth. think ‘penis’. Lat. Dratka ‘one Whip; the Riige’ (EM, I, 491) probably should be linked to su lat. wires ‘the Draht' < vid. vok. Jam. drat, plg. lat. drathete ‘schelten’, dratit “beating, pricking, dratéjiens ‘the Riige=bdriens’ (EH, I, 331), plg. t. p. let. dratinis. Lat. fragrances ‘a thick, sharp riding whip; one Priigeln’ (EM, I, 520): lat. powder ‘stechen, stossen’, song. Durti. Lat. dzenamais “e.g., with which one drives, a Floor, one Whip a.” u. (EM, I, 544): lat. dzit ‘drive, chase’. 60 J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, p. 251-252; V. Kiparsky, Scando-slavica, 14, p. 713-97. 61 F, Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 537. 70 Lat. dZala “" (chigūnam brenga džala BW. 33554, 6, EH, I, 365) probably < lat. džaridžala. Lat. dZafidZala ‘die Zigeunerpeitsche', džandala (EM, I, 563), džandželi (EH, I, 365), džendžala (EM, I, 563), džendžele (EH, 1, 365), džiūdžala (EM, I, 564; EH, I, 365), džindžauska (EM, I, 564), džiūdža ‘eine Weidenod. Birkengerte oder eine Witsche’ (EH, 1, 365), cf. p. p. džandžūt ‘to strike’, džafidžalėt, džendžalat, džindželėt, džindžuot, džindžalūt, džindžalėt, džindžinat ‘to swing the whip’, džindžalnieks ‘a gypsy’. Probably phonological words, džiūdžulis “a bad Bell; one Pocket watch’, plg. t. p. let. dZendZiéras. Lat. elvete ‘a shepherd’s stick, rod for pricking’ (EM, I, 569), plg. let. elvjitos ‘berZiné sūpynės kartis', alvyta "susukta vytis (karklas)’, lat. elvede “a young, arm-thick fir tree, the thick end of which is turned into a klūga, to fix the Flosser am Ufer dient', maybe, pr. ir aloade ‘Haspe=Tiirband, by means of which the Tūr is hooked into the hooks’ (Elbingo Zodynélio 541 Zodis)®2. Lat. ganecyl ‘the Hirtenrute’ (EM, I, 599), Ganenica (EM, 1, 600) : lat. all ‘der Hirt’, ganit ‘hiiten, graze’. Lat. grifidZa ‘one Gypsy whip’ (EH, I, 406) may sometimes have originated from the Latin dZifidza by dissimulation. Lat. kaltine "the thick, leathery Cossack whip’ (EM, II, 145) : lat. cold “forging; beating; besloten- ’. Lat. Pig ‘one Gypsy whip’ (EM, II, lat. 173): kaukt ‘huiling’, plg. t. p. lat. Kaiika “the Howl, der storm wind; der Schreihals, der Howling, one Weinerlicher "Mensch- ". Lat. kazūcene ‘the Cossack whip’ (EM, II, 183): lat. kazdks ‘the Cossack’. Lat. licence ‘the Peitsche’ (EM, II, 476) — J. Endzelynas ties years. su equals ‘bend, become crooked, sink, bend’. Lat. liétene ‘eine kurze Peitsche’ (EM, II, 507) — J. "Engelmann hält sich in Zweifeln". su liėt “giessen; hauen, schlagen’. The binding is very reliable, plg. put something on the head; Liét kam riksti ar pakaJu pa (EH, I, 757). Lat. luite ‘the Peitsche’, lūntaga (EM, II, 514) — loan iš from German, cf. vok. the Lunte ‘dagtis, knatas; tail (in the hunter’s language)’. The form lintaga probably originated from the form pataga. Lat. Luotęga ‘one Whip; one Rod, one Stick, a big Rute’ (EH, I, 768), luétaga ‘the tail, something to Schlagen (one Knit, one Peitsche)’ (EM, II, EH, 528-9, I, 768), with (?) ‘a flexible, supple Rute’ (EM, II, 520) : lat. /ootat ‘schlagen’. It can sometimes be kind of ir ,,sulatvintos* lat. /antaga forms. Lat. miscel ‘one Gypsy whip’ (EH, I, 818), perhaps, should be linked to lat. su shell ‘the Urnréhre’, mizeknis ‘das minnliche Genital organ (of Stallions, bulls, goats)’, mislis ‘das minnliche member, namely the Pferde', plg. let. a muzzle. Iš the other side, is possible lat. miseklis sieti lat. su mizuet ‘hauen, schlagen, priigeln’, the main meaning of which is ‘abrinden, abschielen’ (plg. lat. misuot (?) =mizudt). For lat. mizuét change of meaning plg. let. ** K. Bouga, Selected Writings, III, p. 429; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 120—121; J. Endzelin, Old Prussian language, p. 140. J. Sehwers, Linguistic and - cultural-historical investigations, p. 74. 71 Lips "take the bark, husk, shell'—>*beat, give the skin’. į However, the first interpretation seems more likely. Lat. Peizer ‘the Peitsche’ (EM, III, EH, 193; I, 219), plg. lat. pėizėt ‘vergeuden’, peizét ‘mock, mock materially’, peiza ‘diennes Bier’, peizeris ‘a reckless, stupid Mensch’, peizums ‘one who lirmt, Radau makes’. Lat. pink ‘eine kurze Peitsche’ (EM, III, plg. 199), lat. pink ‘der kurze Tail of the Pigs, Stumptail of Horses’, pempele ‘a small, thick Midchen; one Man of subordinate Kérperbau' (EH, II, pempis 222), ‘the Belly, a thick Mensch', pimpis ‘minnliches Member’. These words are related su to lat. pempt, pampt, lie. pampti. Lat. spades ‘cine Whip; a smooth Spades, spades (EM, III, 230) — in the ancient monuments of the Latvian language (G. In the G. scripts of J. Manceli, Elger, and o Langui, the word is ir quite often found in dialects. Jo Source: WWE. Jam. pietske Whip. Iš vok. Jam. pietske kilo est. ir Whip. Lat. pikene "one Instrument to beating; a short (tarred) Peitsche’ (EM, III, the 214), latter value would indicate that iš pikene originally meant resin iStepta (,,pikiuota®, lat. picas, lit. piks, est. long vid. < vok. Jam. 100 pp. Botaga, P.G. t. p. lat. pikenėt ‘mit der Whip schlagen'. Lat. pipe ‘the Peitsche’ (EM, III, pipka 221), ‘the Whip; a twisted Cloth so you can beat’ (EM, III, probably 222) related to lat. su pipis ‘the Ecke, der Spike of one Grain bags; the monthly Glied’, pipinš ‘cine deminutivische Name of the friendly Gliedes*, pipes ‘one Cow with short Schwanz', plg. t. p. lat. pipe “whip”, lat. peek ‘ein Séufer, Trunkenbold'. Lat. diaper ‘a flat Lederpeitsche’, diaper, diapers (EM, III, pleni336), ča ‘peramais riks vergu laikuos’ (EH, II, 291) < Russian. niexuya ‘NJETEHHIE : rus. naecmu (B. Hans, Ca., III, Lat. 123). ring-tailed ‘one Art Whip with short Stiel’ (EM, III, plg. 528), lat. rifigalts ‘der Sattel-, Ringngurt', < ringuts vok. Ringnut®s, Lat. sipsna ‘eine starke Tail, also a — Strap for Priigeln (=siksna)’ (EM, III, 842) K. The bridge su connected to Lit. šipulys, $ipti®®, J. Endzelynas was inclined to associate su skr. Shiphu "dūnne Wurzel, Rute’ or s$ėpah ‘penis’. It seems to us that, considering the word sipsna in the meaning ‘ein Strap for Priigeln’, it would be jį possible to explain iš the rising strap (=lit. shit). Lat. sislis ‘ein Stock, one at all Instrument to Schlagen' (EM, III, lat. sist 849): ‘to strike’. Lat. sitamais ‘something, so that you sling, a Kniippel’ (EM, III, 849, 850): lat. sist “to strike”. Lat. skabene ‘what serves to beat=sitamais’ (EM, III, 863) J. Endzelynas linkes sieti su lat. skabit ‘to cut off branches, (to) cut’, plg. lat. atskabene ‘a worn bath tassel’ (EM, I, 191). Lat. striipene ‘eine Hirtenrute’, strūpene (EM, III, 1098) J. Endzelynas tends to associate with Lat. strupj§ ‘kurz abgestutzt, kurz angebunden’. 4“ J. Sehwers, Linguistic and Cultural Historical Investigations, p. 89. % Ibid., p. 101. % K, Būga, Selected Writings, I, p. 600, II, p. 316, 618. 72 Lat. škęste ‘a (long) rod; a shepherd's rod (with slender branches); eine Strodhachrute’ (EM, IV, 29) is tried to be linked to lit. sketera "beef back, kibrys; kūbrio Seriai’, rus. wemuna ‘Seriai’- %. Lat. kina ‘a rod, a shepherd’s rod, a thick and long rod, a fishing rod, a straw rod’, skinaga ‘a shepherd’s rod, a long rod for whistling or basket-- weaving, a fishing rod’ (EM, IV, 41; EH, II, 636) J. Endzelynas left sieti su lat. Skit ‘to peel off, to strip off, to peel off’. "Steel Roads". Whip’ (EH, II, 649): lat. §mikstét “pop, clap, whistle, whistle” (plg. riding a pataga through the air (by the ear only Smiksteja), šmikšėt. Lat. $vaka ‘a rod, a flexible stick to beat’ (EM, IV, 113) — probably of garsaZodinés origin, cf. lat. ice sack: brika braka; $vika Svaka (BW. 31971 var., EM, IV, 113). Lat. vebikis ‘sitamais’ (EM, IV, 514), plg. lat. vebe “a finger-wide band woven from strings”. Lat. vembele “a rod; a thick tail; a short, thick rod for beating; eine Hirtenrute’, vembelis (EM, IV, 536), vembele ‘ein kiirzer Kniippel’ (EH, II, 770) —borrowed from the Baltic Finns, cf. est. Vemmal (kilm. vemble) "Priigel, Kaniitel', suom. vempele- ®s, Lat. zeliga ‘a mallet; Peitsche mit einem eisernen Kolben’ (EM, IV, 704) should probably be linked to Latin zelét ‘to chew, to pinch’. Lat. zipsna (written also with -b-) ‘a strong rope; der Riemen, ein Ledergiirtel=siksna’ (EM, IV, 725), plg. t.p. lat. zipat “to strike’, zipene ‘cine rod’, zipsnat cschlagen’. Perhaps the Latin zipsna should be derived from the Latin sipsna, and the latter should be linked to the Latin siksna. Lat. Zebenica ‘a long shepherd’s rod’ (EM, IV, 799), plg. lat. Zebeklis ‘a branched wood, a dstiger stick’, Zabeklis “the stick od. the thorns, with which a young animal’s mouth is closed so that it cannot suck’, kurie toliau sietini su liet. Zabas, Zaboti®®. ; One name for the geysers is found in the Prussian language monuments — it is the 315th word in the Elbing dictionary —Brusgis Geysel. This word is written after the rope names and probably means ‘botaga’. Pr. brusgis origin is rather unclear, probably, as does R. TrautmanasTM and J. EndzelynasTM, it should be associated with lit. briizgai "dense, weak bushes', briizgas "jabaras, virbas, šakalys', bruzgėtas "pagalys, Sakalys', brūzgulys "pagalys; a loop with a hook to tighten the pig's muzzle; straw bundles, etc. Thus, the original meaning of pr. brusgis would be ‘stick’, for semantics cf. German. the scourge "botagas': sen. skand. geisli "lazda'*- ?. 8 K. Būga, Selected Writings, I, p. 599, II, 315, 617; E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 803—804; M. Vasmer, Et. Wb., III, pp. 450-451. 68 V. Thomsen, Berdringer mellem de finske og de baltiske (litauisk-- latviske) Sprog, p. 286. 4 E. Fraenkel, Et. Wb., p. 1282—1283, "? R. Trautmann, The Old Prussian Language Thinking Milestones, p. 314. "1 J. Endzelins, Old Prussian language, p. 154. 72 F., Kluge, Et. Wb., p. 242. 73 * * * As we see, the white (Lithuanian ir Latvian) languages there are a lot of narrower more ir widely used names of animal drive ar beating tools. A large number of these names in į the Baltic languages came from iš the Slavic languages (lit. arrowroot, lat. pataga, lit. bison, lat. bizon, lit. Cantharellus cibarius, lat. kaiičuka, lit. knūtas, lat. knute, let. nagaika, lat. naika, liet. pastaranka, lat. pastrunkis, liet. pitka, lat. pitka, liet. pletnia, lat. pletne, liet. Barbara, let. kiestenius, liet. Plantago, lat. diaper). Į into the Latvian language one another Slavism of this kind could have ir entered through the Lithuanian language. Among the Latvian names of the beating instrument we find German ir borrowings iš (Lat. baice, lunte, picka, ringuotne). They are almost not found in Lithuanian (lit. 100 mg/ day) In the Baltic languages there are a number of phonetic names for beating instruments (Lithuanian bimbilas, Lithuanian bindza, Lithuanian bričius, Lithuanian džendžioras, Lithuanian dZiungaras, Latin biktala, Latin daridala, Latin džandžala, Latin šmikšenica, Latin švaka). There is a close semantic connection between the names of the beating incisors and the membrum virile. Some of the names of beatings are used with the meaning of ‘unfit, unserious Man, a fool’. ABBREVIATIONS I APh -— Archivum Philologicum, I— VIII, Kaunas, B —Lexikon 1930—1939. Germanico-- Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-- Germanicum, darinnen... von Jacobo Brodowskij (early 18th century manuscript, two volumes). BB — Beitrūge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen, published by A. Bezzenberger, XXX, I— Gottingen, Germany 1877 — 1906. E. Berneker, et al. Wb. —Slavisches etymologisches Worterbuch, Heidelberg, 1908 —1913. BrB —Biblia tatai esti Wissas Schwentas Raschtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Jana Bretkuna Lietuwos Plebona Karaliaucziuie (manuscript of 1590). BrP —Postilla tatai esti Short and Bad Ischguldimas Euangeliu- ... Per Jana Bretkuna... Karaliaucziue... 1591. A. Briickner, SL et. —Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Kraków, 1927. Bt. - S. Bythner, New Testament...King James Version MDCCI. C. D. Buck, Dic. —A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, Chicago, 1949. G —Clavis Germanico-Lithuana, a manuscript written between 1673—1701. B. Chilinski, Biblie su didžiu dabojimu perguldita Lietuwos žmonėms..., printed in London in 1660. Shh! —Lithuanian Bible of Chylinski. The New Testament. Tom II —Tekst, Poznan, 1958. B. lane, Cn. —Toskoewiii cJiosapb JKHBOTO BeJHKOpycckoro sisbika, I—IV, Mocksa, 1955. B. lo6posoabckuii, Cn. —Cwmosencknii obsactHoii caosapb, Cvmonenck, 1914. DP —Postilla Catholicka... By Ktiniga Mikaloiv Davksza.- .. to Vilnius... 1599. EH — J. Endzelins and E. Hauzenberga, Addendums and corrections to K. Miilenbach's Latvian language dictionary, I—1II, Riga, 1934—1946. EM — K. Miilenbacha Latvian language dictionary, edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelins, I-IV, Riga, 1923-1932. E. Fraenkel, et al. Wb. —Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Heidelbe1955 — 1966. rg—Gottingen, B. I. Tpunuuenxro, Ci. —CjioBapb ykpauuckoro si3bika, I1—1V, Kies, 1907 —1909. J. Karlowicz, St. —Stownik gwar polskich, I—VI, Krakéw, 1900-1911. J. Kartowicz, A. Krynski and W. Niedzwiedzki, St. —Słownik języka polskiego, I—VIII, Warsaw, 1900-1927. 74 E. Klein, et al. Dec. —A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, I—II, Amsterdam —London —New Jork, 1966—1967. F. Kluge, et al. Wb. —Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, edited by W. Mitzka with the help of A. Schirmer, Berlin, 1957. KN —Kniga Nobaznistes Krikščioniszkos... ąntra karta redrukawota... Kiedaynise- ... 1653. F. Kurschat, Wb. —Lithuanian-German Dictionary, Halle a. S., 1883. F. Kurschat, Wb., I, II —German-Lithuanian Dictionary, [—1II, Halle a. S., 1870—1874. KZ —Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research in the Field of Indo-European Languages, edited by A. Kuhn, I—XXVIII, Berlin, 1852-1885; XXVIII—XL, Giitersloh, 1887-1907; XLI tt., Gottingen, 1907 t. t. J. Langer. - E. Blese, Nicas and Bartas macitaja Jana Langija 1685. gada latviski —vaciska vardnica ar isu latviešu gramatiku, Riga, 1936. LKK ~—Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, Vilnius, 1957 etc. LKZd. —Dictionary of the English Language, I, red. J. Balčikonis, Vilnius, 1941; II, red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas, 1947; I11-V, answer. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius, 1956—1959; VI—VII, answer. red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius, 1962-1966; I, 2nd ed., rep. red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius, K. Lokotsch, Wb. —Etymological Dictionary of European (Germanic, Romance and Slavic) Words of Oriental Origin, Heidelberg, 1927. LP —Lingua Posnaniensis, Poznan, 1949 tt. V. Machek, Et. sl. —Etymologicky slovnik jazyka českého a slovenského, Prague, 1957. M. Mayrhofer, et al. Wb. —A Dictionary of the English Language, I—II, Cambridge, tt. 1968. 1956 G. Mancelis, Lettus —Lettus, That is a dictionary, together with the daily use of the Latvian language- ... first part, Riga... M.DC.XXXVIII. Chr. Mielcke, Wb. —Lithuanian-German and German-- Lithuanian Waérter- -Book..., Konigsberg, 1800. MP —Postilla Lietvwiszka... Wilnivy via Jokuba Morkuna- ... Metuose- ... 1600. MZ — Mažvydas. The oldest monuments of Lithuanian language up to 1570, provided by J. Gerullis, Kaunas, 1922. G. H. F. Nesselmann, Wb. —Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Kėnigsberg, 1851. H. H. Hocosuu, Can. —CnoBapsb Gesopycckoro napeuns, CankrnerepGypr, 1870. HU. Yes. [Tasnosckuii, P.-u. ca. —Pyccko-- HemMetikHū caosaps, Pura, 1900. J. Pokorny, et al. Wb. —Indogermanisches etymologisches Wérbuch, I, Bern and Miinchen, A. 1959. [lpeo6GpaxeHncKuii, Dr. CI. —DTHMOJOTHUECKHH CJOBaph pyccKoro s3bika, Mocksa, 1910 — 1914. P. Ruhig, Lex. —Lithuanian-German and German-- Lithuanian Lexicon, Königsberg, 1747. F. Stawski, SL et. —Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, I—1I, Kraków, 1952—1965. SP —Syrwids Punktay sakimu... Part I: 1629. Part II: 1644... herausgeg. von F, Specht, Göttingen, 1929. StB —Studi Baltici, Rome, 1931 et seq. C. Szirwyd —Dictionarium trium lingvarum... Quinta editio... Vilnae... M.DCC.XIII. H. M. illanckuii, Dr. coi. —ITHMOJNOrHYECKHIT CJIOBaph pyccKoro sisbika, I, Mocksa, 1963 —1968. M. Vasmer, Et. Wb. —Russian etymological wordbook, I-III, Heidelberg, 1953 — 1958. A. Walde, et al. Wb. —Lateinisches etymologisches Wénzerbuch, I-11, Heidelberg, 1938 —1954 air. —airių av. "Avestos 11 afgan." —Afghan baltr. —Belarusian alb. —Albanian bulg. —Bulgarian angl, —English chorv. —Croatian arm. —Armenian ček, —Czech hoch. —aukštaitijos dial. —dialectical 75 is. —Estonian French —French German —germany rus. —rusy got. —Gothic old —Ancient Greek —Greek Serbian —Serbian het. —Hittite serb.-chorv. —Serbo-Croatian id. —Indo-European skand —Scandinavian isl. —Icelandic skr. —Sanskrit isp. —Spanish Slav. —Slavic Karel. —Karelian slov. —Slovenian kaš. —Kashubian slovk. —Slovak lat. —Latvian suomi —finnish polk. —Polish i dialect. —Lithuanian tot. —tatar lyv. —Livonian ukr. —Ukrainian latin. —Latin veps. —wepsų luž. —Lužičėnų vid. —vidurio n. —new german —German pers. —Persian land. —žemaičių pr. H3 UCTOPUH TEPMHHOJIOTHH)XKHBOTHOBOJĮCTBA B BAJITHACKHMX SI3bIKAX A. CABAJIIYCKAC Pestome Haspanusa craja. B GaaTHiicKHX s3biKax, 0COOGHHO B JIATOBCKOM, CYIIECTBYET OYEHb MHOTO Ha3BaHHH craja: JHTOBCKHe —banda, kaimené, guotas, kéltuva, pékus, gyvuliai, gyvis, goniava, gona, gardas, stodas, armué, gaibjé, pulkas, tabiinas, nateiuckue —luopi, bars, ganeklis, pulis x pp. Uame Bcero 310 crapbie cJioBa 6GaJTHIICKOTO NPOHCXOXK ICHHS. OcoGenupiit HETEpeC npe/icTaBJISeT JHTOBCK. banda, KoTopoe B roBopax JHTOBCKOTO $3bIKa H B MHCbMEHHBIX NMaMATHHKAX VIIOTpeGJISIeTCA B cJeyIOIHX 3HAUeHHAX: ‘cTano’, “x JIeGa (Takke J€H), nocesiHHble Js CeGsi 6GaTpakoM, CBIHOM HJIH MJIAJŪNHM GpaToM KpecTbsiHHHA®, “3eMJIS, re nocesina banda’, ‘Hatypanbnasi npu6aBKa K JKaJoBaHblo GaTpaka’, ‘HaTypaJibHOE JKaJIOBAHLE Garpaka’, ‘noJb3a, HMyIIECTBO, JOCTOsiIHHE, COGCTBEHHOCTh, JieHbTH', ‘Oyxanka’. IlepBotauajJibHO JIHTOBCK. band no Bceil BEPOATHOCTH 03HAYAJI0 “JKHBOTHOE', a H3 TOTO 3HAYEHHS MMOCTEMNEHHO pa3BHBaJIHCb Jpyrue GoJee HOBbIe 3HaueHHs. JINTOBCK. banda 3adUKCHPOBAHHO B JIOKYMeHTAX, HaNHCaHHBIX He HA JIHTOBCKOM SI3bIKE, elle JIO NMOSBJEHHA TIHCbMEHHbIX NMaMATHHKOB JIHTOBCKOIO A3biKa. B pasnbiX 3HaueHHAX 3TO CJIOBO MOMNAJIO B JIATHIMICKHII, A TaKXKe B CJAABIHCKHE A3bIKH. B caaBsiHCKHX A3bIKaX STO CJIOBO BCTpeuaeTCA H B 3HAYEHHAX, HEH3BECTHBIX JIS JIHTOBCKOTO si3biKa, Tak, HaNpHMep, B roBopax OeJIOpyCCKOTO H YKPaHHCKOTO f13bIKOB CJIOBO Gowda ymorpeGasieTcsl B 3HaUeHHWH ‘KOpOBa, Npe/iHa3HaueHHas B NpHaaHoe HeBecte’. Hekotopsie JipeBHenpycCKHE TONOHHMbI H aHTPOTIOHHMbI KaK GY ATO CBHJIETEJIbCTBYIOT, YTO H B JIPEBHENPYCCKOM SI3bIKE CYHIECTBOBAJIO KOTa-TO CJIOBO, COOTBETCTBYIOLLee JIHTOBCKOMY banda. JlutoBck. The walls of the house are covered with a wall of stone. Ho cemantHueckasi cropona sToil STHMOJIOTHH BbI3bIBAET HEKOTOPbIE COMHEHHS. JlaroBer. kaimené "crano"' ciiejlyer CBA3bIBaTh C JHTOBCK. kdimas ‘price, not paid’. HurepecHO OTMETHTb, UTO JlaXke reorpaus JAaHHLIX CJIOB B OOInHX UepTaX COBMANAET. OueHb HesICHOTO NMPOMCXOXK IHU SBJASIETCS JHUTOBCK. "crajio". JinToBCK. gauja "Gauja, maiika, copa', gévéda 'c6poji, TOANA', TAK H C H.-e. *gUou-'CKOTHHA; CKOT® ETO CBA3bL OYeHb THMOTETHYeCKas. JlutoBck. kéltuva ‘ckoTHHa; CKOT’ B BOCTOUHBIX TOBOpaX JHTOBCKOTO fi3blKa ynoTpebasercs H B 3HauenHH ‘crano’. Thank you for your kind words. Jintosck. from: JniuTOBCK. kėlti ‘noanamars’. 76 JluroBek. pėkus nepBonauaJibuo TOXKe o3HauaJio “CkoTHHA; CKOT®, HO B JipeBHelt NHCbMEHHOCTH, a HHOTJIa H B TOBOpPAX, JIaHHOE CJIOBO YrioTpeG/IseTCSA H B 3HaueHHH ‘cTalo’. OcoGriit HHTepec npe/tcTaBJISeT TOT (acT, ATO JHTOBCK. Livestock ‘ckor, crano’ ofpass JOBOJILHO COMMUNICATIONS APP C Gesopycck. wewéara, noasck. Life. He HeckJiioueHa BO3MOXHOCTb, YTO GeNOPYCCK. HUBEAQ B TAKOM 3HaueHHH BO3HHKJIO MOJ BJHSHHEM JHTOBCK. livestock. B Monkeys MACbMEHHOCTH, a TaKXKe B JIHTOBCKHX OCTpOBAX Ha GeJiOpyCcCKOH TEppPHTOPHH B 3HaueHHH ‘cTajio’ ynorpeGasiercst c/oBo gyvis. O6a 9TH HA3BAHHS CTAJIa HEOTJEJIH May OT H.-e. *gui-* (JIHKTOBCK. gy-, chaas. 100 mg/dL (100 mg/dL = 100 mg/dL) JluroBex. Goniava ‘crane’, gona : MMTOBCK. ginti "TuaTb". JinToBCK. gaidas B 3nauenuu 'cTazo' ynoTpeGJiseTCHA TOJIbKO B JipeBHeili MHChMEHHOCTH. IlepBoHauaJibHoe 3HaueHHe sTOTO CJIoBa — ‘3aropojika, OropoxeHHoe Mec1o; croftJio". Us Jiankoro 3Ha4UeHHS1 BO3HHKJIO H 3HaueHHe ‘cTajo’. Jlutosck. shelter, tabun, herd (narsunex. regiment) SBASIOTCS 3aHMCTBOBAHHSAMH H3 CJIABSIHCKHX SI3bIKOB. JluroBer. armuo crane’ saįukcnpoBano You're B not a boy. GHOJHH, cJieJiannoM A. Father... HaycKacOM, laughs OHO BO3HHK/IO TOJ| BJHSIHHEM JIATHHCK. armentum "KkpyMnbili CKOT; cTajo, TaGyn'. JIaToBCK. gaibjé BnepBbie 3aHKCHPOBAEO B OJIHOM pykonucbHomM chaosape XVII Beka. Orry aa OHO MoNaJio B pyKONHCbHbIK caoBapt 51. BpojioBeroro, a orciojia — B caosaps O. Hecceasmanna. Ho cTpyKTyp JiakKoro CJI0BA YKa3kIBaeT Ha TO, UTO OHO HE SBJAAETCH JlocTOBepHBIM (haKTOM JIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA. Jlarsnucx. ludpi ‘crane’: Jrarbnuek. [ups ‘ckotnua, xusotHoe® (cp. anbanck. lopé ‘kopoBa’). Jlatbiuck. bars ‘crane, TaGys, cup’: JiaTbimeK. bért "cChinaTb', AMTOBCK. Befti, MATOBCK. bars ‘yuactok, mnoJsoca’. Jlateiuick. ganecyl ‘ctano’: aatbinck. with you ‘nacti’, JHTOBCK. grazing. Jlarsimick. Cop. B 3nauennun ‘cTaflo’ BO3HHK/JIO M3 3HAUCHUS ‘Kyua, MHOXKECTBO, ToJna’. Boo6mee B GanTHiiCKHX HA3BaHHSX CTaja JIOBOJALHO YACTO BCTPEUAETCS pasBHTHE 3HAYEHHII: ‘MHOXKeCTBO, TOJINa'->"cTaji0", “JKHBOTHOE; CKOT'—'cTano'. Haspauns nacrtyxos. B JMTOBCKOM S3bIKE COXpaHHJIOCH NpeBHee H.-e. Ha3BaHHe MacTyXa — piemué (: Ap.-rped. wowwdv u 1p. ). Ilannoe We are looking for nactyx no Beeil BEPOSITHOCTH ynorpe6JISJiocb Take B JPEBHENPYCCKOM H B JATHIICKOM Si35IKAX. BaaTuiickoe Ha3BaHne macTyXa NpOHHKJIO B NIpHGAaJITHIŪCKO-OHHCKHE S3bIKH, cp. OHucK. shepherd "nacrTyx" H app. B JHTOBCKOM H JaTHIICKOM SI3BIKAX VNnOTpeOJISIIOTCA Ha3BaHHS NacTyxa, MPOHCXOs He OT JIHTOBCK. pastures ‘nacTu’, NaTbLILICK. with you. Jlanee sth CJIoBa HAO CBA3aTh C JIHTOBCK. giiiti ‘rHaTh’, JIaThINICK. PYCCK. 2Hamb K Ip. B JinTOBCKOM Si3bIKE HAXOJIHM I'm sorry, I'm sorry. HA3BAHMII, TIpOHCXOJISNIHX OT COOTBETCTB VIOUHX Ha3BaHHH JOMALIHEX XKHBOTHBIX, cp. arclinifikas ‘konenac’: autoBck. horsehair ‘nowans’, aviniikas ‘oBuap’: JIHTOBCK. opinions ‘oBua’, jdutininkas ‘nactyx OBIKOB’: JIHTOBCK. jdutis ‘Obik, Boa’, karvisius "nacryx Kopow’, kdrvininkas : IuToBCK. cow *kopoBa’ H Jp. JlaToBCK. aether “oBuap’ < moJAbCK. Shepherd. Jlatpunck. Shaper ‘oBuap’ < mewmeux. Schiffer. B JiKTOBCKOM S13bIKE HAXOJIKHM HECKOJIBKO HasBaumii cTapmuero mactyxa. Yame scero ynoTpe6ASIOTCA HasBanus shepherds nm. skeFdZius (C 06aBOUHBIM §, CP. JNTOBCK. Swallow ‘nactouxa’: starfish ‘weiinbiii rpeGenn’: skate e.g. nm ). Ilamnoe Ha3BaHHe CTaplIero rnacryxa mmeer HaJIEXKHYIO STHMOJIOTHIO: OHO CBSI3HIBAETCH C H.-e. *kerdho- * uepenb, CTO; crano’. B It's awful. NPYCCKOM fA3bIKE COXPAHHJIOCH CJIOBO STOCK KOpHS query (BuHuT. m. el. 4.) ‘Bpems’. B JipeBHocTH JIAHHOE CJIOBO B 3HaueHHH 'Ouepeib, CJIOl' NI0-BHAHMOMY YTOTPeGASIOCh BO BCeX I'm going to go. O6 stom cBH/leTeJiLCTBYeT DHHCK. once ‘coil, naacr: pas, OIHAXK IB’, NO3aHMCTBOBAH - How H3 GaJITHHCKHX A3LIKOB. JIATOBCK. keFdzius, skedžius NOBOMBLHO uacTO BCTpeyaeTcs B PYCCKHX, GeJIopy CCKHX, MOJLCKHX AOKYMeHTaX, OTHOCAIMHXCA K Jintse. I'm wondering. OUeHb GJH3KO K JMTOBCKOMY keFdZius, skeFdZius cTOHT H JIHTOBCK. daily ‘crapmmit nactyx’ (: JmTOBeK. day "none"). Jlanuoe Ha3Banne ynorpeGasiercs JIHUIL B He's a good guy. BOCTOUHO-JIHTOBCKHX TOBOPOB. 77 JlutoBek. chief ‘crapumii nactyx’: Jin TOBeK. tops ‘sepx’. B kKonue XIX Beka Jin ToBcknii s3bLikoBejį MH. Sl6aonckuce (1860—1930) Bes aT0 cnoBo B JWTepaTypHBIl S35IK, NPHAABast eMy HOBOE 3HaueHHe —‘HauaJbHHK’. Jlutosck. bandalis ‘crapumii nacryx’, bafidzius, bandinis: naToBcK. ‘crane’ band. If JinTeparype knows what BpeméH A. Benuenčeprepa B 3HaueHHH mactyxa BCTpeuaeTcs JHTOBCK. fvarklas. Jlannoe cJioBo B TAKOM 3HaueHHH JlaeTCsl Take H B STHMOJIOTHUeCKOM cJioBape JIHTOBCKOTO sidbika D. ®Ppenkensi. A. BeuuenGeprep cJioBo tvarklas B3sin u3 pykonucH BperkyHacckoro nepesoja GnOJiax. Ho, kak HaM yJanoch BbISCHHTb, B JIHHTBHCTHuecKyto Jinreparypy fvarklas B 3naueHMH ‘mactyx’ momaJ mo HejlopasymeHuio. Kak BHIHO H3 HemeunKkoro u3janus OHOJIHH 1549 roja, HeripaBHJIbHO GbiJia MCTOJIKOBaHA (pasa:,,and like a fire they hiirten““. I'm not going to tell you. I'm not going to tell you. ChnenoBaTeJibHo H BperkyHacckoe tvarklas B januoii (pase ynorpebasieTcsi He B 3HAUEHHH ‘nacTyX’, a B 3HaueHHH ‘3aroH’. JlutoBck. pastyrius ‘crapumii nacryx’, colonel, a ckopee Bcero H ustovas SiBJASIOTCH 3aHMCTBOBAHHAMH H3 CJIABSHCKHX S3bIKOB. B / HTOBCKOM S13bIKE HAXOJIHM H PSII Ha3BaHHH CIenHAJIbHbIX IOMOIIHHKOB CTapluero mnacryxa —paganikas, pdganas: JATOBCK. grazing ‘nactw’, runner, driver: JATOBCK. drive ‘THAT’, chair: nuTOBCK. first ‘nepsuiit’, Salinific: natoBcK. Salis ‘ctpana’. Has3Banns xzaesa. B GanTuiickHX A3bIKAX HAXOJIHM JIOBOJILHO MHOTO Ha3BaHHH XJieBa pasHOTO TPOHCXOXK IEHHS. B JinToBecKoM si3pike HamGoJiee pacrpocTpaHeHHoe Ha3BaHHe fvdrtas. TlepsoHauaJibHoe 3HAueHKHe TOTO CJIOBa 'OoropoxeHHoe MecTo’. B TaKOM 3HaueHHH JaHHOE CJIOBO BCTpeuaeTCA B JpeBHeil JIHTOBCKOH NMHCbMEHHOCTH, a TaKXKe B CJIOBADSX JIHTOBCKOTO S13bIKA ObiBieit Boctouwoii Ilpycenn. JluroBex. Barn "XJieB'": JiMTOBCK. tvėrti ‘oropaxkuBats’. C JiHuTOBCK. fvdrtas TIO-BHJIHMOMY HAaJIO CBABbIBATb H JP.-NPYCCK. coaris (toaris). JIutoBcK. "xJieB" YyrIOTpeOJISeTCS B 4aCTH BOCTOUHBIX TOBOPOB JIHTOBCKOTO si3bika. B Thanks to 3HaueHHH JHTOBCK. 1629. Boofme nannoe ¢JIOBO B roBOpax JHTOBCKOTO Si3biKa SIBJISIETCA OUeHb MHOTO3HAYHBIM —"KOp3HHA, TJeTeHKa’', ‘BepX NMOBO3KH, IIJIeTEHHbIH U3 NpyTher’, ‘scan (Aas ckora)’, "KJIeTKa Aaa JOMallHHX NTH’, ‘rHe3fio’, ‘KoHypa’, ‘oThesbHAs UacTb XJieBa (AJs oBell, MOPOCsT)’, ‘CKOTHBIN ABOp; 3aron', 'KJIeTKA Aas 3sepeii', 'ocolbiil BHJI yJbSl, MOKPLITOrO COJIOMON® H Ip. Ilponcxox]JieHHe JHTOBCK. gui bas OKOHUATENILHO He BhisicHeHo. Ham Kaxkercs, uTo JIJIS! I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. JINTOBcK. gufbas ‘xnes’, ynotpebasiemoe B Bocrounoh JInTee, siBafieTcss HCKOHHBIM GaJITHHCKHM CJOBOM, a gufbas “KopauHa, nJjeteska’, ynorpe6asemoe value Bcero B 3ananuoii JIutee, a Takxke Jpyrue c gurbas ‘Kopauna, niJIeTeHKa' TeCHO CB3aHHbIE 3HAYEHHS B JIHTOBCKHH SI3bIK NMPOHHKJH H3 HeMelUKoro s3bika. JlaTHICK. It's a good idea. He HeKJIOUeHA BO3MOMKHOCTE, UTO B JIATbILICKHŪ A3BIK JIAHHO@ CJIOBO TIOITAJIO H3 JIATOBCKOTO S13bIKA. JluroBek. It is a very important issue. Popma kiifs mWHPOKO ynoTpebJsieTcsl B JIATbINICKOM A3biKe. Boripoc NMpOHCX0XKIeHHS 3TOTO CJIOBA OUeHb CJAOKHBI. Ccopy Bcero npas 51. 3H A3esHH, NpenoJaraslini, UTO JATOBCK. 3aHMCTBOBaHHEM H3 JIaTHILICKOTO si3bika. Ha Takyio BO3MOXKHOCTb yKa3biBaeT H reorpagus JHTOBCKOTO CJIOBA. Bojiee mpesuss dopma JiaTbiurekoro kits moraia ObiTb *kunt-, a Torjia 370 Ha3BaHHe XJIeBa 10 Bceli BEPOSITHOCTH MOXKHO GkiJIO 6bl CBSI3aTh C PYCCK. Kym "YTOJI, 3ayTOJOK; BEPUIHHA HJIH KOHeIl IJyXOTO 3aX0/1a; 2nd K.D.T.L.H.C.K.O- .N.G., TIDH/IBEpHbIH VYTOJI*, YKp. Kym “yroJi, CBHHOI XJIEB' H Jip. Jlurorck. staldas, natwimuck. stable, e.g.-npycck. staldis SBASIOTCS 3aHMCTBOBAHHAMH H3 HeMeIlKoTo s3bika (cp. Hx.-HeM. stall). C sruMH Ha3BaHMsIMH XJeBa D. PpeHkesnb CBA3bIBAJI H JIUTOBCKOE KemaiicTkoe stalné, stalnélé. Ho nam Kaxercs, uto JHTOBCK. steel, steel nano cBa3bIBATh He C JIHTORCK. staldas, a c TATOBCK. stainé ‘Kowioums’®, stainélé (oTHOCHTebHO (DOHETHKH Cp. JHTOBCK. kuinas ‘knsiua’: JinTOBeK. kulnas ‘kasiua’). 10JTBEPKJIAIOT TEKCTH JHTOBCKHX HAPOJHBIX TeceHb, rie ynorpebaenne dopm stalné un stainé noun abCcoJIIOTHO COBIMAJNAET. JluroBex. Punė 'xneB' ynortpe6asiercs: B HeGoJibiuofi uactn Bocrounoii Jutsu. 1642) 1642 – B Takom 3naUeHHH JIaHHOe CJIOBO ye Bcrpeuaercsi B cJIoBape K. Illupeupaca (b. Jiutonck. "Kopa, Iemepa; najarka, waaam, 6yaka’. B JIATOBCKHX 78 HHBeHTADpS1IX, HATIHCAHHbIX HA PYCCKOM, NOJIbCKOM, GeJiOpyCCKOM fA3bIKaX, JHTOBCK. I'll punish you if you don't do it. B -TiOJIOGHBIX 3HaueHHSX yrnoTpebasieTcss H JIATbILICK. pine, pine. Jlarbunuck. pūnis KaxojiAM Yy¥Ke B cJIOBape T. Maunana (1638 r.). It's a good idea. UacTb HCccJIejioBaTeJIel CYHTAIOT, YTO 3TO CJIOBO MO3aHMCTBOBAHO ČaJiTAMH H3 CJaBAHCKHX #A3BIKOB, a Jipyras —Hao0G60OPOT: NPHAEPKHUBAETCSH MHEHHS, UTO B CJIABSHCKHE $3bIKH OHO MOMNAJIO H3 S3LIKOB GaJITHHCKHX. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. JIuTOBCK. The name of the company is ‘xJieB’ ynorpeG/isieTcss Ha HeOOJILILOH TEPPHTOPHH B cpenjini uacTH JInteel. B Takom 3HaueHHH CJIOBO ndmas naxoaum H B cJIoBape K. IllupBnquiti (u3nauue 1642 r.). B nojio6HoM 3HaueHHH OHO YNOTPEGsAET Ss TaKXKE B JHTOBCKHX HHBEeHTADSIX, HATHCAHHbIX HA TIOJIbCKOM, ČOeJIODpYCCKOM, JIATHHCKOM S13bikax. JIaThillicK. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. IlepBOHAYAJIbHOE 3HaueHHe JiaTbInICKOTO CJIOBa nams —‘TOCTPOIiKa, B KOTOPOH GbiJIO COOpyxeHHe JUISI OTOTIJIEHHS, JIS Bapku’. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. ndmas, thank you H JIATbINICK. nams GoJibllle BCero YynoTpeOJISIOTCA B 3HaueHHH “JIOM". Jlarsmiek. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. laidars, JimmTOBeK. GbhiJio's "3aron" ladder. H3 3TOro 3HaUeHHS BO3HHKJo 3HaueHHe “xJIeB'. JluToBeK. laidaras, naTbimex. laidars: nuroBek. [écoute "nycTHTL, TryckaTb' JiaTbinICcK. Coward. JlurosBex. "XJieB" is the European version of "XJieB". B TaKOM 3HaueHHH ĮĮAaHHOR CJIOBO HAXOJIHM H B HEKOTOPBIX IIa MATHHKAX- ,1peBHefli TIHCbMeHHOCTH. OcHoBHOe 3HaueHHe JIHTOBCKOTO dafigtis —‘KphillIka, MOKpbIKa; Kpbrura*. H3 nociejiiero 3HAUeHHSA BO3HHKJIO 3HaueHHe "xJIeB'. JluTOBcK. dafigtis: JmMTOBCK. defigti "KpbiTb, NOKpbIBATb, HAKpbIBATb". JlaroBek. cone B 3nauenun ‘XJieB’ ynioTpeOJISeTCSA JIHIIb B HEMHOTOUHCJEHHOIl TpyTrIIIe BOCTOUHBIX TOBOpoB. B 3HaueHHH ‘XJieB’ JlaHHOE CJIOBO HAXOJIHM ye B CounuHeKHsx M. Jlaykum. JluroBex. cone ‘XneB’: nuToBek. cone "cror; Korina", OTHOCHTEJIbHO CEeMAHTHKH CP. JaTHILICK. gubenis "ceHoii capaii, nyHs"': JiaTbinIcK. guba ‘KonHa; Kyua"', JiATOBCK. guba ‘Konua’. JIuToBCcK. abdrés B 3nauennn ‘xJeB’ ynorpebJsieTcs Ha oueHb HeGOABILOM y4acTKe cpepHeil JIaTBBI. DTO CJIOBO 3aHMCTBOBAHO M3 NOJILCKOTO H3bIKa, CP. NMOJLCK. obora. Jlatenuck. klėvs ‘xnes’ ynorpe6asiercsi B Boctounoii uacti Jlarauu. Ono BeTpeuaercs yxe B JIpeBHEH JaTHIIICKOH NMHCbMEHHOCTH. B JiaTbINICKHĖ S3bIK TO COBO MPOHHKJIO H3 CJIABSAHCKHX SI3LIKOB, CP. PYCCK. X1e8, GeJlopyccK. xaey, noJibek. pig. B GaaruiickuxX S3biKaX HaX0JMM JOBOJILHO MHOTO Ha3BaHHH XJIEBOB, NpejHA3HAYEHHBIX JIS OT/Ie/IbHBIX COPTOB KHBOTHBIX. Jlurosck. Horse stable "kontomus? ", arklinis, arkliné, arkliniiikas, arklinykas, arklinypké: naroBex, arklys ‘noma’. g JIATOBCK. stainia "KoHioumsa)", stainé, stainis, staininė < noJibck. the stable; nuTOBCK. stonia < nNOJIbCK. standing. JINTOBCK. strdjé "koHuioums"* < HeMenK. Streu "nojicTHJIKA, COJIOMA". JluroBek. 1998. 1998. GeJIOpyCCK. KQHIOWHA KN. Ap. JlaroBek. piglet ‘ceunapuux’, piglet, piglet, piglet, piglet, piglet, piglet: nutosck. kiaiilé "eaunba". JlutoBek. migis ‘cBuHapuuK’, migélis, cp. NMMTOBCK. Migis "noroBume': JHTOBCK. miegdti ‘cnath’. JlaroBek. svindrnykas < Genopycek ceinaprik. Jp.-npycck. seweynis ‘CBHHAPHHK’: JAp.-TIPYCCK swintian ‘CBHHBLS’, NATBILICK. Siwens. JlaroBex. avidé ‘osuapus’, aviniiikas, avinjkas, avinyké, aviné, avikiné, avikinis, aviké, avinyéia: NTATOBCK. opinion ‘oBua’. JlaroBexr. karvidé ‘kopouux’, karvinifikas, karvinykas, karviniiiké, karvinis, karvinjs: maTOBCK. Blood 'Koposa'. Ha3spanua opyams, cayXamero AAs TNOHYKAHHS XHBOTHLbIX, B GaarmiicKux AI3LIKAX HAXOJIHM OYeHb MHOTO HA3BaHWA KHYTa, NJeTH, HaralikH. MHorHe Ha3BaHHS THX Opy79