A. Kašarausko leksikografiniai darbai

LEXICON INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIA: TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY A. KAŠARAUSKO LEXICOLOGRAPHIC WORKS J. GROWLS A. Kašarauskas, who (1821 — 1882), signed himself Kossarzewski in Polish, was a man of very broad erudition and ambition, who manifested himself as a self-taught naturalist, a local ir historian, an archaeologist, a collector of folklore and language material, a press worker and a large-scale cultural worker in general. ir He was interested in the relations of Lithuanian language with su other Indo-European languages, wrote about the importance of Lithuanian language for comparative linguistics, urged to nurture and enrich Lithuanian literary language, collected words, place names, surnames and other linguistic material, was ir interested in Lithuanian lexicography. ir Exile po 1863 m. rebellion į In addition, A. Kašarauskas did not have the opportunity to study the Lithuanian language. However, his ir earlier efforts to collect lexical treasures, to compile a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary and to highlight the work of other dictionaries, he left significant traces in ir Lithuanian lexicography, which are worth paying attention to. To be familiar with Lithuanian language, to write about its significance for science, to create national į literature ir A. Kašarauskas was mainly encouraged by foreign linguists, who raised the importance of the Lithuanian language for comparative historical linguistics, who extensively used Lithuanian examples in their works and who ir themselves more or less ar studied the Lithuanian language. A. Kašarauskas followed foreign linguistic literature and was ir interested in the works of foreign linguists, in which they spoke about Lithuanian language or operated on its data. In his articles published in the Polish press ,, The meaning of the w Lithuanian language in scientific terms“ [,,Lietuviy kalbos reikšmė: mokslui“; it will continue to be labeled I. ]* ir ,,Rzecz o litewskich stownikach i ogolny poglad na kraje litewskie“ [,,Apie lietuvių kalbos žodynus bendras ir žvilgsnis lietuviškus į kraštus“; it will be marked II]z he quotes or mentions A. F. Pot, Grimm, J. Schleicher, A. Bugge, Chavee and other ir famous linguists of the time. Especially he admires A. Schleicher's journey į Lithuania, jo Lithuanian language iš learning of ordinary peasants ir Published in German in Prague “Grammar of the Lithuanian (1856), language” which was the main work for the whole linguistic world to know the Lithuanian language. Interest of foreign linguists in ir the Lithuanian language ja A. Kašarauskas wrote: "If every nation, even if it has little pretence to fame, is free to domesticate its language, using do literature as a part of go w od God mu given: c6z only mėwič tongue o Lithuania, where the w relationshdo ip of those not dwarf, but giant is true; Which stupid name is possible Sanskrit of all languages, as many as we know; ktéry then not only Lithuanian serve the nation, but I od think, irrevocably needed will be science for ma iz w ! Collective letter Vilnius na year 1859, Vilnius 1858, p. 163-175. * The same, all European, and 1862, p. 133-222. 189 even beyond European enlightened people? Strange thing is, language so important, one of the noblest languages iz w Europe, so little known by foreigners, so little appreciated is it!until now; even stranger, the first proclaimers of its advantages were not iz Lithuanians Poles, but Germany nassasiezi dzi, nimi za French, English, Italian, na the rest Stowage* (I, p. 164). [If it is possible for every nation, albeit having little ir claim to glory, to preserve its language, using į it in literature as a part given by God, then to speak of the Lithuanian language, which, ją compared with other languages, is a dwarf, but a true giant; which can be ką boldly called the Sanskrit of all languages known to us; which from now on will have to su serve only the Lithuanian ne nation, but, I think, will be necessary in science for all enlightened nations still within the borders of Europe. It is remarkable that such an important, honourable European language was so late to be recognized by foreigners, that so little ne has been appreciated here so far. ir už It is even more amazing that the first promoters were ne Lithuanian ir ne Poles, but our neighbors Germans, po jų — French, English, Italian and ir finally Slavs.] The attention of foreigners to the Lithuanian language raised A. Kašarauskas' patriotic feelings, cultivated love for the native language. He becomes the defender, exalter, and exaggeratedly striving to exalt the forgotten, ir despised, and persecuted language of the barons and nobility. ją į the most significant and ir honourable place among the other Indo-European languages. Here is another place in the article about the significance of Lithuanian language for science A. Kašarauskas exalts the Lithuanian language as follows: ‘...language Lithuanian, being one of the oldest and most z perfect, is the i closest to the original, the same as if sacred, ritual, essential for a later. It surpasses in on its antiquity and originality i not only all European but even old The Indian language, whose great number of roots is only a twist of the Lithuanian radens. Even the classical, so famous antiquities, so spoken today w languages, which sa Lacinski i Greek, less have value od Lithuanian* (I, p. 166). [Lithuanian language, being one of the iš oldest and ir most perfect, is the closest to o protolanguage, at the same time sacred, ritual, basic to other languages. Ji in its seniority ir precedes only ne European languages, but the old Indian ir language, whose large number of roots is' only a shortening of Lithuanian distortion. ir Even the most classical, well-known and famous languages ir of antiquity, such as Latin and ir Greek, are less valuable than Lithuanian.] Considering Lithuanian as a key to learning other languages (I, p. 167), to explain the origin of words, A. Kašarauskas sometimes linked unmentioned words boldly ir created unfounded, naive etymologies, although he himself wrote that “whoever undertakes to draw etymological conclusions must rely on the nature of the language, must know well the laws of changes that have affected ir languages over the centuries” (I, p. 170). In his opinion Lithuanian į language etymologies ir A. Kašarauskas is one iš He surpasses the unfounded ir etymologies of the Romantic worship of the language of “Aušra”. He will be an authority for other patriots who love the ir Lithuanian language (A. Baranauskui, Pr. Viksvai, K. Leiriui)®. Such excessive ir naive exaltation of the Lithuanian language did not please another Polish linguist, especially J. Karlovičiui, who in his study of the Lithuanian language „O języku litewskim” (1875) comments on the aforementioned A. Articles by Kašarauskas: „Unfortunately, neither criticism nor knowledge of the history of languages are seen in either p. 3 P, Ionikas, Lithuanian language ir its revival before "Aurora". — “Our antiquitt. y”, III, No 1 (10), Kaunas, 1940, p. 25. 190 Klašarausko] article’ (p. 200). “It is truly unthinkable how an author who quotes Schleicher, Pot, Grimm, special Berlin journals on linguistics, and many other celebrities, once publishing a completely ir true opinion, immediately falls into such a huge ne absurdity that not only a philosopher, but even the simplest mortal cannot dream of it” (p. 195)*, Kašarauskas emphasizes several times that the Lithuanian language is important only for comparative linguistics, A. but that it must be based on ne ja ir Researchers in other fields of Lithuanian history, archaeology, ir geography: ,,We Lithuanians should be most interested in the Lithuanian i language, which ranks already other even nationalities of languages occupy the most i important place. Today, without the Lithuanian language it is impossible to do, because we are strongly convinced that archaeology, history, ancient geography, and so on, will not have certain and explained principles of their terminology, until the whole vastness of the Lithuanian language will be accessible to us in our researches; because indeed in our scientific studies, namely the etymological ones, there is great confusion and uncertainty; Sometimes one gets a little angry, seeing how scholars with enormous erudition work hard, making thousands of guesses where the thing is the simplest and easy for our villager to guess“ (II, p. 148). [We, Lithuanians, should be mainly interested in Lithuanian ethnicity and language, which even among other ethnicities and languages occupy the most important place. Today it is impossible to do without Lithuanian language. We are firmly convinced that archaeology, history, and ancient geography will not have a solid foundation and their own justified terminology until all the treasures of the Lithuanian language are available to us in our research. Until now, in fact, our scientific etymological research has been dominated by great confusion and disorder; sometimes it is just a pity to watch how scientists of great erudition struggle, making a thousand assumptions where the matter is simple for our peasant easily jspéjaný.] ir A. Kašarauskas correctly emphasized that language is an important source for understanding the past and that it must be used skillfully in various researches. However, it is a pity that he himself often allowed ir unfounded etymologizations, deductions, not į strictly adhering to the laws of language history, very often guided by superficial similarity of words and real names in different o languages. A. Kašarauskas was ne concerned not only with raising the importance of Lithuanian language for science, but also with its revitalization, education, and the creation of Lithuanian literature. He speaks out against the contempt of the Lithuanian language, against shame and avoidance of its use and calls for the mother tongue to be nurtured ir and Lithuanian literature enriched: ,, Meanwhile, we would ask our compatriots to cast off all prejudice and superstition, and to i have children with good intentions, in order to do multiply our national literature, which so greatly promises the benefit of our nation. Sci for you. They are already preparing excellent talents in w literature even on the basis of this language, such as: e.g. Akielewicz, Mrs. Proniewska, Mr. Baranowski, Mr. Zagorski, Mr. Malinowski and many others, who are not mentioned. We have no reason to complain about the lack of writers and thinkers with higher education and knowledge. But we do not have x. bishop JW. Macieja Wolonczewskiego, the honored to us Mr. Symon Dowkont, x. Otton Proniewski, x. Hieronim Raczkowski, s. p. x. Ambroz Pabrez, who in huge works, although in part only printed, centuries after each other lay joints? * (I, p. 173). [In the meantime, please * P. Ionic, right there. 191 to their compatriots, that, having rejected various prejudices and attitudes, they should jointly enrich our national literature, which promises great benefit to our society. Already well-known talents of that language- ’s literature, even fiction, are preparing for this, e.g. : Akelaitis, Praniauskaitė, Baranauskas, Zagorskis, Malinauskas and many others I don't remember. We have no reason to blame the lack of writers and people with a high level of education and discernment. Do we not have Bishop Motiejus Valančius, Simonas Daukantas, Otto Praniauskas, Jeronimas Račkauskas, the bright memory of Ambrosius Pabrėža, whose great works, only partially printed, leave eternal glory behind them?] ® Interested in the Lithuanian language, writing about its significance for comparative linguistics and other sciences, A. Kašarauskas had to get acquainted with Lithuanian dictionaries, which could be important sources for him to know the Lithuanian language, to raise its importance for linguistics. What works in this field were known to A. Kašarauskas, how he looked at them and what he aimed to achieve with his collections of Lithuanian words, which are important for Lithuanian lexicography, can be clearly seen from the aforementioned article by A. Kašarauskas on Lithuanian language dictionaries. He indicates what dictionaries are needed and must be compiled:,,- Mysla nasza 1 gorączym życzeniem jest, żeby ludzie szlachetni, papierajacy sprawę nauki, przytożyli si¢ w jakibądz sposdzieb do napisania trzech wielkich i nadzwiczaj ważnych dziet, a te są: 1) Dykcjonarz pospolitych wyrażw litewskich; 2) Dictionary of personal and family names; 3) Dictionary of spring names of local geographical slopes* (II, p. 147). [It is our thought and fervent desire that the people who support teaching and science should take up the task of writing in some way three great and very important works, namely: 1) a dictionary of common Lithuanian words, 2) a dictionary of names and surnames, 3) a dictionary of actual places or geographical names.] First of all, A. Kašarauskas talks about the importance of the general Lithuanian language dictionary and the efforts to compile it. From the data he provided, it is clear who worked in the field of Lithuanian lexicography, what tasks he posed to the dictionary compilers and how much he himself could contribute to this work. These remarks of A. Kašarauskas are very important for the history of Lithuanian lexicography, so it is worthwhile to quote them in full: „„Nothing brings to life and raises the value of dead memories as when in a living stable we talk about their significance, when we remember their names, meet their first owners and get to know their language closely. The first and most proud wish of every literate here in Lithuania, who understands things well, is that the sword of the treasure of the folk language*, that is, the Lithuanian-- Polish dictionary on the model of Linde. Grimmoéw or in any taste badZ other completely worked out. There are many Lithuanians already writing and working in lexicography, |among others we must mention pp. Szymon Dowkont, Kajetan Niezabitowski, professors I. W. Juszkiewicz and Ugianiski, M. Akielewicz, W. Lwinski, K. Daukszg, Ks. Miezytowicz, S. Przyalgowski and Fr. Juszkiewicz, not to mention the former priest Syrvida and the recently deceased stownikarza, to the number of which belong before others: Szymon Staniewicz, Dyonizy Paszkiewicz, Fr. Sutkiewicz, a Dominican, and Fr. Paprez collector of botanical collections. Their works, however, are fragmentary, dis- * It should not include newly-created scientific terms (they should have their own separate stack/but themselves only from the mouth of Judas extracted stacks; For these alone constitute the wa authenticity of the nation. | 192 split, not drawn under the system of unity and timewise from them general complete set we cannot develop. We have some even better Lithuanian stewnikikés in German language, as e.g. Haacka, Ruhig’a, Mielckie’- go, but this is also only a compendium, of them the wealth of speech of imagination is unlikely. If, as we expect, the second edition of the Lithuanian-German dictionary by Nesselmann comes out soon, we will have a collection of terms that is somewhat more complete and quite significant, but still the Lithuanian dialect that is certainly not included in it. It would be good if this one was translated from German into Polish in the absence of a more extensive one. Contrary to Mr. Akielewicz, the greatest hope as a lexicographer gives us Mr. Stanislaw Mikucki, who, with his knowledge of erudition and Iron diligence, has a considerable stock of words and a great number of various phrases of speech, so that one, if not twice, then at least twice, is able to multiply Nesselmann’s set. Oh! if they were centralized, they would have been able to do their noble endeavours and work so honest! As for us, in our health and in our attention to many subjects, we did not want and do not intend to undertake such an enormous and exclusively urgent work: for this reason, the collections of our expressions, which we have accumulated in our free time, without organizing ourselves, we gave to friends and acquaintances. From everywhere converge in the present time the most thoughtful news about the stays overseas of scholars, already all gatherings in order to multiply linguistic- -statistical knowledge — everywhere movement in this regard and activity is manifesting itself — not only in European, but in all languages of the whole world scholars would speak, write and print. This need is triggered by comparing languages; there are many coming out every year in various volumes of dictionaries and materials for them, so that the present age some want to call the age of the stewniki. We have done so far in this field, and maybe we should think more honestly and start adding a little bit to make a big thing out of a small one" (II, pp. 135-136). [Nothing revives and elevates the value of dead monuments as stories, living words about their meaning, when we understand their names, fraternize with their first owners and get to know their language more closely. The first and most fervent desire of every writer here in Lithuania is to have a treasure of folk language- ,* i.e. Lithuanian-Polish dictionary, like Lindės, Grimų or any other, similarly detailed. There are already many Lithuanians working in the field of lexicography, among them we should note p.p. Simonas Daukantas, Kajetonas Nezabitauskas, professors I. V. Juškevičius and Uogianskis, M. Akelevičius, L. Ivinskis, K. K. Daukšas, Fr. Miežitavičius, S. Prialgauskas and Fr. Juškevičius, not to mention the earlier priest Širvydas and the recently deceased dictionaries, whose number primarily includes: Simanas Stanevičius, Dionizas Paškevičius, Fr. Sutkevičius, dominican and botanist word picker, Fr. Emphasis. Their works are however partial, scattered, systematically unorganized, and we cannot expect a complete set from them. We also have some better Lithuanian to German dictionaries, such as: Hako, Ruhig, Milka, but these are also only summaries, we cannot imagine the richness of the language according to them. If Neselman’s Lithuanian-German dictionary will be published soon, it will be a great help. The second edition of the dictionary, then we will have a slightly more complete and quite large set of words, * Do not have to enter here newly created scientific expressions (which should have a separate dictionary), but only words extracted from the people's mouth, because they are precisely the property of the people. t3. Research of lexicon 193 which will not contain half the wealth of the Lithuanian language. In the absence of another more comprehensive one, it would have been good to translate it from German into Polish. As a lexicographer, besides Mr. Akelevičius, the greatest hope is given to us by Mr. Stanislovas Mikuckis, who, in addition to his well-known erudition and iron diligence, has collected a remarkable stock of words and a multitude of various language turns, so that he alone can increase Neselman’s collection if not twice, then at least once and a half. O that it would be possible somehow to combine these so noble efforts, so virtuous ir works! As far as we are concerned, due to weak health, we were not ir prepared and are not prepared to undertake such a huge and demanding concentrated attention work, so we gave our collections of words, which we collected in our free time, without organizing them, to friends and acquaintances. At the present time, there are joyful news coming from everywhere about the efforts of foreign scientists to increase linguistic and lexical knowledge, and everywhere the excitement in this direction is manifested in the fact that scientists are willing to speak. write and print not only in Furopa, but in all the languages of the world. This need is encouraged by language comparison; As a result, every year there are a lot of dictionaries of different sizes and materials for them; so that some people want to call this age the age of dictionaries. We have done little in this area, and it is time to think honestly and start collecting little by little, so that from small it would be possible to do something big.] In addition to the general Lithuanian language dictionary, A. Kašarauskas was also concerned with the compilation of a dictionary of names and surnames. Jis rašo:,,Whoever wants to explain and interpret an ancient name, whether geographical or historical, must first search for the oldest personal names. And those earlier and original, we will certainly not find anywhere in such abundance as with our Lithuanians. Their language is an old monument—but their names are even older. Everyone who carefully thinks about ancient monuments, therefore, necessarily and unquestionably needs a general collection of names, Lithuanian, that is: a dictionary of national names, with all the nuances and synonyms_as historical as present times. The benefits of it will be important and great* (II, p. 137). [In order to clarify any ancient name, whether geographical or historical, one must first look for the oldest personal names. And we will find nowhere so many of the oldest and first-born as in Lithuania. Their language is an old monument, and their names are even older. Everyone who is mainly interested in ancient monuments necessarily needs a common set of Lithuanian names, i.e. a dictionary of folk real names with all variants and synonyms, both historical and current. The benefits from it will be important and great.] A Kašarauskas exaggerated that old Lithuanian real names play an important role in comparing names of places and persons all over the world (II, p. 136), and in many places unreasonably etymologically linked Lithuanian real names that have nothing in common with nouns of other languages that sound similar (e.g., Margis, Mylus, Rainis he associates with Icelandic and German Marger, Miiller, Rainer; 1I, p. 137—138). Who could take on the work of preparing a dictionary, as it should have been done, A. Kašarauskas does not write about it. He touches more broadly and specifically on the question of who and how should be compiled the third of the Dictionaries he mentioned — the geographical dictionary. 194 A. Kašarauskas notes that in Lithuanian language there are extremelymany geographical names. Every stream, mountain, pool, arch, forest, etc. ir has its popular name, Visa ši abundant ir important material must be collected, accurately recorded: ,,Not a single na iota is allowed to prekstalalcič name, nor zpolszezač, nor zruszezač, as to u us for some so-called ennobling metrics church parish records to often natykacz w gives; but zapisywacz so, i w as the people themselves siebe mutually potocznąj conversation calls“ w (II, p. 140). [The name does not need to be changed by a single iota: neither can lenkinti, nor rusinti, as is often done ma in our church metrics in parish lists because of supposed nobility; write it as the people themselves call it in everyday speech.] ir A. Kašarauskas shows with concrete examples (Girgžduta, Lukštas, Žemaičiai) how a geographical object should be described, what maps of individual geographical names should be as ir iš jų a geographical dictionary must be compiled (II, p. 147). He is well aware that this is a huge work that can only be accomplished by collective efforts. He therefoir re appeals į Lithuanian enlightenment, being convinced that „writers ir experts are not lacking in our region, we only need encouragement, support good example“. ir A. Kašarauskas even mentions the names of people he knows who are suitable for the job, namely: Kontrimas, Ivinskis, Akelaitis, Mikuckis, Griškevičius, Smigelskis, Knapskis ir Juzumavičius (II, p. 143). Some of the persons mentioned, among jų ir He collected local names, but did not ir leave larger collections. ir Significant is the very fact that In the mid-19th a. century, the idea of dictionaries of real names was raised and promoted. (geographical names of names and ir surnames). One of the pioneers of such dictionaries active advocates was ir A. Kašarauskas, dreaming of ir writing about the matter of compiling a large dictionary of Lithuanian folk language, which should not be added newly į completed scientific field Words (they need a separate dictionary; II, p. 135). A. Kašarauskas, not preparing himself to undertake the work of compiling a dictionary of Lithuanian folk language, spelled out, collected words from various sources and iš left us several significant ir collections of words. They are important for our lexicography ir for linguistics. Four jų announced K. The publication,,MedZiaga Lithuanian language dictionary for ir the study of spoken language“, except for the most ir significant collection of words — excerpts iš K. Lots of manuscript dictionary (his manuscript has not yet been found), the register of Ivinskis's words iš The Bible of King James ir A. Kašarauskas excerpts iš Hako dictionary (1730). All these word lists pages (37 in 8“) is A. Kašarauskas’s material in the Litvanica collection, which is now preserved Lietuvos TSR The National Library of Canada. (Signature RD59)., We have these word sets (excluding 1 č) review the ta order in which they go A. Kašarauskas manuscript, marked with page numbers in parentheses ir a, b letters jų pages, [1.] Wyrazy Lithuanize an collections P. Ivinsky. [Lithuanian words iš L. The Irving Collection. ]: [a] z Vekshn [from Viekšnių], In this collection (32 a—b) ne alphabetically written more than words 200 (K. In the above-mentioned publication they were presented in alphabetical ir 5 order) proverbs and proverbs. Lithuanian words explained in Polish, occasionally Russian or German * "The ir Word of God", cf. I, Kaunas, in 1923, p. 334—372 13* ? 195 equivalents; in some places in Polish briefly explained the meanings of words. Here is the beginning of this collection of words, presented unchanged (as in further ir illustrative examples) spelling. Isz mužyku iszbiega o bajorun nepawije. — Grabūs, agile, comfortable e.g. scratchy cat. — Ritina v. twig v. apauga e.g. retina opened. Pazičles is a paczium specialist. — pratremti preprzedzič pratraminti rozprzedzič e.g. A pustule. — Muskie, muskie. Die, die. — Bank, goods, couch, ir etc. Most of the words in the collection are familiar to everyone, e.g.: apeiti, aprajsztiti, Apsidrumzdes [dangus], apsikigtieti, atsiklausti, biauribe, bradinis, dajtus ir t. t. Part of the words dialectal, ŽemaitiškaL. s, written by Ivinskis iš In other ar places, e.g. : Apennines [‘,again, iš new’] (32b), Oral (23a), bucyne [‘,bucius, resistor’] (32a), Gomarine [‘kakarinė’] (32b), Graumines [= griaumenys] (32b), Jedimajtis [,,white*’] (32), For blacks [,.i8 bloody plain flour ir prepared meal“) (32a), Kissing [..column, laying*] (32b), Kraukszlaj (32b), Kliurmakas v. Wakartis (32b), Knife [,,now*] (32b), Sziurnus [,.rich’] (32b), Trémtuwas [,,triubica’] (32a), Wepenas [‘lip’] (32a) kt. ir In some cases, su references ir be ju are given alongside words from various dialects and sources (synonyms), e.g. : Retina [=ripe], v. [=look] twig v. covered (32a), Szunélej v. trajnine (trajnija) trejnine (32a), Uzkuris v. anczkuris (32a), Takiszis, tupta, persieda (32a), Pakala, backpack v. (32b) kt. ir Some words seem to be unreasonable, because they are not related in terms of meaning, as far as the library can be judged, e.g. : iš Ripsas v. Smog (32b), Straipsnis, v. Sziasztajnis, Pantas (32a) kt. ir Be own words, we find borrowiiš ngs from ir Germanic Slavic languages, e.g. : Ball bar v. (32b), Damascus (32a), Liambumas (32a), watchful (32a), Hookahs (32a), wecker (32a), Liweruoti (32a), Gowenas v. gdwedas (32a), ipsas (32b). One more word, there would be Latvian, for example. : Kiupelis, Kipelė (32a). Sometimes iš the borrowed į word refers to a Lithuanian word or vice versa, e.g. : Slip-tailv. ed roach (32b), Ūrkštas [German die sausage] v. wiedaras (32b) kt. ir There are iš words not yet confirmed by other sources ar jų values, e.g. : Bench, lowa, couch (32a), Motis ['son of baptism'] (32a), Mote [gospel daughter“) (32a), Magitas [‘daugus’] (36b), Pimpkus, pémpiis = tulowaty (32b), Prikiarsta [?] v. kalada=kloc do ciosania (32a), prikulinis, e=zwabiony, a (32a), swimmer [pet day?] (32a), Zewerna, Zewerila=gaweda (32b) kt. ir So in this iš L. Ivinski's list of words contains words of various origins, only ne iš The surrounding area is listed. Ar A. Kašarauskas everything in full iš L. Ivinskio deleted, ar when ką omitted and added, it is difficult to say, because a similar list of words šo L. In the manuscript legacy of Ivinskis, in the Lithuanian Language and ir Literature Institute (F, — 640, 641, 649), not found. Iš spelling, iš diacritics (A, |, —) marked only that A. Kašarauskas followed L. "Ivan's Letters". With the words of this list was enriched the great,,Lietuviy kalbos žodynas“, in which we find words that entered the dictionary į only of this collection, iš e.g. : Ižis [,,upés skardis’] (32b), Magician [‘long’] (36b) kt. ir [b] Z Zwingowskiej paraf. [from Žvingiai parish]. This kit (32b — 33a) very small, containing only words: 42 Krioshes = pear fruit. Pastumdelis leniwy. Krieklus [kréklis] tachmany w dressed, beggar t. t. ir Iš jdomesniy words can be mentioned: Giwalioti (32b), Iktotuwes [‘graves’) (33a), Plg. 6 J. Irving's L. Lexicographical Works. — ‘Lietuvos TSR Works of the Academy of Sciences", series A, 1(8), 1960, p. 193. 196 Maitas [,,food“] (33a), Paszwitas [,,Festive dress“] (33a), Wazma [= vazma?,,- transportation“] (33a), Zigowas (33a) and others. [c] Z Wiekszn (second) [from Viekšniai (second)]. This thread (33a—33b) begins with the words: Jminamas, magazy by¢ wycieranym (o Inie) (32a), apsikietieti zacierpie¢ sig (32a), Skajka, szakapa sucha schechia, chuda (32a), Daziwes wszelka kara farbujaca (32a) and so on. In total it contains, including 4 prepositions, 48 words. Most of them are familiar to everyone; part of Žemaitiškas, e.g. : Griaustine (33a) Grustine (33a), Juodwergis (33b) and others. Denktlietūwis [,,lietsargis“] (33a), as K. Būga pointed out, is L. Ivinskis's own novelty, which could not be used by the people of Viekšniai- ." Bistokles vel swirtes (33b) —the first word (bistoklis?) is unclear and only recorded in the manuscripts of A. Kašarauskas. [c] Words Zmujdzkie most z neighborhoods Wiekszn, podyktowane przez p. Wawrzynca Jwinskiego [mainly from the Viekšniai area, Žemaičių kalbos words dictated by L. Ivinskis]. This list of words (40a) goes extracts po iš Jumski's dictionary (36a—39b), but for the sake of consistency we will jį mention first, po other words iš Viekšniai. It contains 62 the words; iš beginning: Wotijnis, kielb'ryba. —pagajksztis ožog. The staircase is clumsy. Float, float, float. You're a fool. Aldija's Great Room w Szytelskiej parish i w Spanish. Waikata, 6 boys, ir etc. [d] Z Bibles Krélewskiej [from King's Bible®]. In this A. Kašarauskas’ transcript (33b—35a) contains information 300 about Polish equivalents of words and su compounds, which, presumably, were added by L. Ivinskis, who made the extracts iš The King's Bible. List K. Boogie unpublished, jo the beginning is as follows: Herod. 23. Sudagawimas collecting, suwaliti zebrač, Szirszlis, Szerszen'. Herod. 25. Aukawimas, aukawima afiera, gift. Ubshras [area] = Bears. Skidelis napiersnik, Kauszas, Czasza, Szele iszgesinanti, muzzle extinguishedo r. — Herod. 26. Lausti, haftowag. Sudawaditi's got a connection. — Ansele uszko antaba [ears?] ir t.t. Iš My lord... The Bible of Peace L. Ivinskis spelled out, tur but, rarer, unknown words, e.g. : Bingus (35a), Harm (34b), Measure (34b), Majsztas (34b), Nakwinas (34b), Nuobuoda (35a), Skrejste (35a), Skunda (35a), Swajnis (35b), Tarditi (34b) kt. ir Some words are unclear, perhaps even distorted, unknown from other iš sources, e.g. : Arbe sharancha (34a), Lausti, embroider (33b), Tana [=that one? ‘swelling’)] (35a) kt. ir [2.] Rare words of Polish-Lithuanian — dictionary Jumskiego [rare words iš Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary. This list of words (36a — 39b) interestir ing important in that iš jo It is possible to get acquainted with Jumski’s Polish-Lithuanian su dictionary, which has been found but which contains more than seven hundred words with Polish iš explanations: Gialžastis; metal. su Wiriszkis, Wiriszkasis male — Wired, Wired, Wired, Wired = Męstwo — Twirling, Twirling, twirling, twirling, twirling, twirling. — The wood is bleeding, torture. — Gurbas, mendelis, mędel. Gudroczius, wise man, Terszte Nerszte, Mazgač ir t. t. Jumskis will have been a Zemgaly, because it shows iš jo phonetic characteristics of dictionary-borrowed words, e.g. : Skrustai [= Cheeks], juice [=swedish], Likas [=remain] ir etc. About * "The ir Word of God", cf. I, p. 346. 8 Words written, most likely, iš L. Rhesium The Bible (1816), which contains most of these words. ' 19% pa, klumpinea, klumpuma, mielizna, btocko. Klumpu, baby. Klumpus, knobs. Klupuris v. Z'upsnis szczubiec, szczypta. Kl'urkseti, kreraé. gearvea klurk’sa, zuraw krera. "Klutea, Klutis 7.v. Kl'autis 7. obstacle, snare, obstacle. Kn'agas, wrzaskun. Knabbiti, dluba¢. Knabbimas, tubabanie. Knak(p)sojav otista¢. Knatas, knot —knaukseti, wrzeszcze¢. Kneazeti, gruchotaé si¢. Kneazinti, gruchota- ¢. Kneazejimas gruchotanie si¢; kneazinimas gruchotanie. Kneboti, peckac sig: knebojimas peckanie sig. Kn'auksejimas. Knekseti v. Kn'avkseti: Kne(i)binis, kunszt. 2. Books, two. Knibojimas dlubanie. Kniebti, kniembu, or, bstu, obwisnac, upadc (cnf. Nimbus). Kniebimas sagging, sagging. Knirkti, k'u(o) skwierczec. Knisti, knintu or knitu v. kniteti, tu(o), dokuczaé. Knitejimas, knitimas, dokuczanie. Atsiknoti (from knoti), stand, peel off. Kn'okti, scream, scream. Kn'okimas, screaming, shouting, screaming. Kn'oklis screams, screaming. Knob, grip at the horseshoe. Knopinti, knopineti, isdz’, chodzi¢ potykac, paknopstomis, potykajac. Buttocks, standing clumsily. Kn'ubti, kn'umbu, bav, falling openly, oblisna¢. Kn'ubsoti, I insist. Kn'ubs't'- as, lying on their faces. Sukn’ugzdav, I began to whine (from kn’ugzti kn’ungzdu). Kn'ugzdéti, a squeaker. Sukn'uzav, zgruchotalem si¢ od kn'uzti kn'unzu or Kn'uzstu,- ). Take the gruchotac, sir. Kn'uzinti, gruchotaé. Koloti, 1zyé, hanbic (skalowac) Komiti v. Kamuoti, dreczy¢, męczyč. Coming back to Torture. Climbing, v. climbing. Pe(a)rkoris, from korti, charred. Korinti, korineti, isdZ, chodzi¢ precharishy. March v. V'epta gawron. Krajgl'oti, mata¢, krajgl'ojimas, matanie. Krajtealea, the crook. That's a pretty face, girl. Kraitis 2. crops, expedition. Krajpintas v. Keasealis, mare, female, basket. Kras'a, the table. Beautiful, crunchy. Kr'avkutas, varlu kr'avkutaj aerates the mass like acid. Kravpas, rough, rough. Kr'avšis wybrzeże morskie i kravtis,... Kreajda, kreda, kreta Kreajwoksl(n)is, krzywak. Kreap''sea, box, kreapsis, basket. Creasnus, crests, creps. Kreaseti, krzepnaé. Creasnumas zsiadlo$¢, kręposzcz. Krias, Rondo. Krikti, the shouter (about a duck) Krikle, Cyranka. Kriluoti, waha¢ sig. Krilawimas, hesitating si¢. [47a] Krimslea, cartilage. Kr'ogas, hoarse. K'oguoti, krokti, kroksti, chrapa¢. Krogavimas krokimas krokstimas, chrapanie. Kr'oglis, snorkeling giant. A buck, a hammer. Kropti, okpié, okpiewaé. Krumas, shrub, bush, cypress, Im. krumaj, chrześciak, knieja, krzewina. Kruminas, chroécina, krzewina. Crimson, chrodcian; Kruminis duntis, stem-shaped zab. Knuckle, knee, finger joint. Knuckles, claws. Crumbs, shit. Crown, larynx, hoarseness. Crowned, nodding, coughing, breathing. Krunklis v. Varnas. —Krunksti, krunkstauti krztusic sig, krztunié, chrachaé. Kru(o)ntas, shore. Krupti, mpu, upav, koleé. You're too clumsy. Krusnis 7. truck, pile of stones. Krusinis cider 2. —Kubil'us v. Kubil'or''- us bednarz (cnf. wies’ Kubilunaj- ). 2nd runner-up in the 2nd round. Kudra, blocko, mul, slam. You mean it. Stulbis v. kujnas. Kiilimas, a grass that blooms in spring. Kulipka v. riduotea, kula. Kumpa, the cloud. Buddy, loser. Pakumpti podupasdz. Kun’aveajkti, insulted. Kundea mol Kunigena, Ksigdzowicz. Kunka, clamp. Kunkulas, wrzatek, babe(o)l, bank on water; knuckle, knuckle. Kuntas v. swaras, pound Kuntripclas, counterpal, front tin. Whatever it is. Kuoja, plo¢, plotka. Kukas, kregiel, butawa. Kuoksta, kosm. kuo, ku, im, czem; Kuo-tuo, czemtem Kuopa, gmin, pospolistwo, zgietk, natlok (state of Latin populus, state of the world Kupalo). A cooked pork, clean. Kuoras, tower, tower. Kuosa, kawka. Buy it, abundantly. Bulky, lush. Kuplus, buiny. Kupra garb (city name Kupris). Kupris, the maya hump. Take it, take it. Kesm, stack. To be proud, to rise up; Buying burzenie si¢. Curry, turkey; Curry, turkey; turkey curkitis; Kurkitur, somewhere sukustav, I began to whisper Kusteti, whispered. Kustinti, dogryzaé, dojada¢ bite. Kutuoti kutczerowaé, barwic szate. Kusti, sstu(o), stad Ziewe(a) kusta unt me‘d’u, the bark falls to the tree. Kutealoti, piggybacker, tickling. K'utinti, it's slow. Kutriti, kutriti dokuczacz. Kuweti v'u(o) vejav, wstydzi¢ sig, kojaé sig, penitence, repentance for sins (stad may lot. Kuwento monastery). You're ashamed. Kwekseti, you're crazy. Kunis 2.v. Sarmata, shame on you. [47b] Kwakseti, kwokaé. Quarasiti batozy¢. Kwarma v. adjuster, form. Kwarsinti v. Pikrintisi, scream. Kwatotisi, porska¢ I laugh, laugh unnecessarily. Quarkslea, Quarkslea. Kwepuoti, dyszeé, Kwieslis, summoner of invitees. [4.] Vocabularum Lithvanico-Germanicum et Germano —Lithvanicum... 1730. Halle. More than one thousand four hundred and seventy words have been written from F. W. Hak (60-67 b): Abbejeip, beyderley; Abbots, abbey; abbejey, beyderbey adv; 204 Akkies-Wokas, o, hymn; Akkies-Pattern, gi, augapfel; auklas may from auklas; So; Ankstybas i Ankstiwas, Annot as there; Antaj, torten adv. Monsters. ; Ap- «dangalas, to the clothes cnf. toga, lat., etc. Some words have been accompanied by various notes, e.g. ; Erytis, cio ein Lamm (Lammazwierz w Ameryce) (61a), Kammara ros Kammer, pro Kambala od kamba, kampas (61b), Prakartas, to, eine Krippe (u nas Prakartis) (63a) and others. [5.] Nektėre frazesa polsko-zmudzkie [some Polish-Zmudian phrases]. According to K. Būga, 34 phrases (88a—88b) were not written by A. Kašarauskas, but published by K. Būga after other iSrasy'®, e.g. : When stroks, immediately at God— ‘When you tremble, to God; There is this honour upon honour, to keep the tongue behind the tooth —It is virtue above virtues, keeping the tongue behind the teeth; Garbie ysz patjis mouth, surrender — Custom Free Sorts ir t. t. [6.] Wyrazy Zmudzko-Litewski [Samoyed-Lithuanian words]. In the opinion of K. Būga, these words were not written by A. Kašarauskas, but by someone else who had entered his manuscripts (89a — 95b) in different dialects (Žemaitijos and Aukštaičių). The number of members increased to 248 (in 1999). Here are some examples from the beginning (98a): Inumis —Kumpinikas, Gasznus —puykus, Pakažnas —walnias, Skanu —gardu, Wins szuka —wienas puncziosi, Pakojes sukabinti —abudu supunczioti, Saykint —wiest prisiegon, Preykszus —Užkuris and so on. Thus, A. Kašarauskas has made excerpts of words from various sources and some [5, 6] from others. It is assumed that at his initiative someone had written off the nomenclature of J. Pabrėža's work,,Taislius augminis", which he later had in his hands. A. Kašarauskas’s lists of words and his entire manuscript “Litvanica” are a rich and varied treasure of material, which it is worthwhile to review carefully once again and to write down everything that was omitted by inadvertence. A. Kašarauskas, as he himself says in the article about Lithuanian language dictionaries, did not intend to undertake lexicographic work, the preparation of a Lithuanian folk language dictionary, but was satisfied with spelling words from various sources, compiling vocabulary iš sets that could be useful to him when writing about Lithuanian language, which were available to friends and acquaintances. Nevertheless, the news ir has reached us that A. Kašarauskas jo appeared as the compiler of the Russian-Lithuanian dictionary. — About šį jo work was in the press. ma Antai "The Guardian of the Fatherland" (1896 m. 11 sąs., p. 21—22) Vaižgantas turned to the public, į seeking A. Russian-Lithuanian dictionary: [21] ,,Kamg yr „,Maskoliškai-Lietuviškas žodynas“ priest Ambr. Kossarzhevsky? Vyskupo The time of Matthew Žemaičiusė could be compared to Adomo Mickevičės laikas in Vilnius; as a great literary če movement te emerged. The ir students were hand-written by the ir spiritual leaders of Světlice. Many of his jų works have been 10 published, ir "Tauta žodis", kn. I, p. 367— 368. " Ibid. p. 368—371, '* This was reported by Lietuvos TSR State Republican Library of Lithuania S. Skrodenis, based on one of the manuscripts there, da much stays, (PR 136). 205 no matter what, and it is time for them to see the sunlight. Here I hear that a famous learned man, a member of the Archaeological Society, priest Ambražiejus Kossarzevskis or, as the Žemaičiai pronounce it —[22] Kašarauckas (1822 —1880), whose several volumes of manuscripts can be found in the Kaunas Seminary library, had written a Maskolian-Lithuanian dictionary like the word (the latter) “,ogonščiki- ”. After being exiled from Varniai, he was a moderator in Rokytos monastery, in 1863 he was sent to Siberia, his books were stolen by the tribes in Pavandenis parish; they kept it in the parish, where it had been since 1883 [?] and had been lost between 1872 and 1883. Whoever has it, please deliver it by hand or directly to the "Homeland Guard" redystry, which will get it for you." A little later, the Lithuanian American press asked about this and other dictionaries: “Where are the Lithuanian dictionaries? In the dictionaries of Lithuanian language only Nesselman, Kurszaiczis and Miežinis appeared; Juszkevycz's important dictionary is still printed in Peterborough. But where are the others? It is also known that Dionyzas Poszka left a Samogitian-Lithuanian dictionary, written up to the letters P. Pocker (dictionaries: lietuviszkai-lenkiszką and lenkiszkai-lietuviszką), Kajetonas Niezabitowskis (Lithuanian-Lenkiszką), Fr. Sutkeviczius, L. Ivinskas (samogitian-- Lithuanian), Simonas Staneviczius (samogitian-- Lenkiszką), Fr. Kosarzauckas and M. Akelaitis (the two: samogitian-Lithuanian and comparative Lithuanian). The Lithuanian dictionary was written by Mr. P. Kriaucziunas. Apart from those big dictionaries, how many small Zodynéliy will we discover, which every lover of Lithuanian language has read and reads for himself. But where are they...? Kosarzauckas Maskoliszkai- -Lietuviszkas dictionary was still in Pavandenio parish with relatives in 1883, but it has disappeared. In 1858, Vincas Bialozor had the dictionary of Dionysius Poska with him. Akelaiczio's dictionaries were lost in Paris. Maybe they're Zelmen's friends? Sutkevičius’ Lithuanian-Polish “Wodinįkas” lies starving in Vilnius’ universal library. Where are the others? We should search them all out.”“** Was A. Kašarauskas’s dictionary searched for in the press later on? *, but so far it has not been found. So it is difficult to say anything certain about him today. One can only guess for what purpose A. Kašarauskas compiled the Russian-- Lithuanian dictionary, when he himself wrote that a Lithuanian-Polish dictionary was needed first. In the first half of the 19th century, Polish-Lithuanian and vice versa dictionaries were in vogue, while Russian was still a new phenomenon in Lithuanian lexicography. A. Ugianskis (1816—1870- ), professor of classical languages at the University of Kazan, was one of the first to think about the introduction of Russian into the Lithuanian language dictionary being compiled. He stated that Lithuanians and Poles knew enough Russian, that Polish equivalents were foreign to Russians and that a Lithuanian-Russian dictionary could be published at government expense- **. It can be assumed that A. Kašarauskas, being a man of broad interests and erudition, participating in the work of the Russian Vilnius archaeological commission and Kaunas statistical committee, writing in the Russian press on botany and other issues, teaching Polish, German and —13 „Tėvynė“, 1898, p. 250. 14 See Žinyčia, 1901, No 1, p. 154. 15 "The People and the Word", kn. VII, Kaunas, 1931, p. 330. 206 French, had to learn Russian well. ir For this purpose, he had to ir provide other Lithuanian intelligentsia with a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary. The dictionary had to be a translation, because such a dictionary, based on any Russian dictionary, can be compiled most easily and quickly. In the absence of a manuscript or other data, it is ir impossible to even say about the source of the ir Russian part of the dictionary. ką Kad A. Kašarauskas was interested in dictionaries of other ir jų languages ieškojo, see iš one L. Ivinskii 1860. III. 15d. letter to an unknown person, who is asked to provide,,a brilliant researcher of the comparative Samogitian language“ A. Kašarauskas dictionaries of other languages." For the Lithuanian dictionary part A. Kašarauskas was able to use written iš words from various sources and words recorded in iš the folk language. The lists of Lithuaniiš an words ir probably jo served this purpose in part. Gal A. Kašarauskas, when preparing the Russian-Lithuanian dictionary, had in mind the interests of science. He ir wrote extensively in the Polish press about the significance of the Lithuanian language for comparative historical linguistics. iš S. Mikuckis, in į whom he placed great hopes as the compiler of the į Lithuanian language dictionary, must have known that Russian linguists ir I. Sereznevskiy, F. Fortunatov, J. Shakhmatov, ir etc. interested in the Lithuanian ir language is waiting iš for a dictionary that could su be familiarized with the Lithuanian language. Ir or A. Kašarauskas may have been encouraged to compile a dictionary of rusy-lithuanian language, the manuscript of which ended with a word „,ogonščiki“, the manuscript of the Russian-Lithuanian dictionary is the only known A. Kašarauskas began to compile a dictionary. As a dictionary he had the opportunity to express ir himself more because of Vilnius bookseller ir publisher Zavadski proposed to him to prepare a shortened tą The Latin-Polish dictionary. S. Kašarauskas, devoted to natural sciences, refused from profitable to work.! ? e Be the lexicographic works mentioned (word lists, Russian-Lithuanian dictionary), Kašarauskas appeared as a A. historian of Lithuanian lexicography, writing the article we quoted about Lithuanian language dictionaries, which very briefly mentions almost all our most important dictionaries from Early XVII a. to 19th a. century. Interested in linguistics, following the linguistic other press, ir communicating with philologists of su the time, actors of other enlightenment ir (M. Valančius, M. Akelaitis, Ivinskis, L. Daukša, Mikuckis K. and others) S. Kašarauskas had ir knowledge of what was done in Lithuanian lexicography. At the beginning of the article are ir listed Lithuanian lexicographers, namely: S. Daukantas, K. Nezabitauskas, J. Juška (Juškevičius), A. Ugianskis, M. Akelaitis (Akelevičius), L. Ivinskis, K. Daukša, M. Miežinis (Miežitavičius), S. Prialgauskas, A. Juška (Juškevičius); the very first dictionary K. Sirvydas ir recently deceased S. Stanevičius, D. Poška (Paškevičius), D. Sutkevičius ir J. Emphasis (as a botanical word picker). Iš of the characters mentioned and mentioned in our literature, who wanted and tried to work lexicographical work, nothing is said about A. Butkevičius, L. Uvainis, J. Plateris and others, whose ir lexicographical activities have been insignificant or have not caused a wider sound A. Kasharausk times. 16 "The ir Word of God", cf. VII, Kaunas, Lithuania 1931, p. 342. "* Prof. A. Dambrauskas, Kun. Ambrose Kašarauskas (1821 —1882). — "The i Word of God", cf. III, Kaunas, Lithuania 1925, p. 234. '* Plg. "The ir Word of God", cf. III, p. 234. 207 Iš East Prussian dictionaries A. Kašarauskas mentioned at the end of the article Haak, Ruig, Milk and Nesselmann. The first two have provided only a small part of the vocabulary, a summary, while Neselman has compiled a fairly large collection of words, but not encompassing half of the Lithuanian language's wealth. nė Nothing is said about East Prussian manuscript Lithuanian-German and vice versa dictionaries, especially about the wealth of folk language and folklore J. Bradowski's two-part dictionary, which is mentioned in the printed Milkaus ir Neselman's dictionary. Although A. Kašarauskas has published almost nothing new in comparison with other sources mentioning Lithuanian dictionaries, the very mention of our most famous lexicographers and the brief notes on some dictionaries are worthy of attention when studying the history of Lithuanian lexicography. e Susipažinus su A. Kašarauskas’s activities in the field of Lithuanian lexicography, the following conclusions can be drawn. A. Kašarauskas did not leave any major lexicographic works, dictionaries, which would be very important for Lithuanian lexicography. The most important works were mentioned as word lists, an attempt to compile a Lithuanian-Russian dictionary and notes on Lithuanian dictionaries. Nevertheless, considering the situation of Lithuanian lexicography at that time, the difficult working conditions of a small group of dictionaries, Kašarauskas. ir jų A. lexicographic activity becomes much more significant than it seems iš at the beginning. A. Kašarauskas į brought new ideas and ideas to Lithuanian lexicography, which, although they remained unrealized, supported and strengthened efforts to enrich Lithuanian lexicography with new works. This is the idea of promoting a folk language dictionary, raising the issue of compiling dictionaries of ir personal names and place names. A. Kašarauskas supported and deepened ir the lexicographic movement, which began to manifest itself in Lithuania from the beginning of the 19th century and whose main task was to prepare various Lithuanian language dictionaries, which were to serve the purpose of learning Lithuanian, improving the literary language and creating Lithuanian literature. He saw that the work of preparing dictionaries was going very slowly, that the dictionaries were scarce and scattered, so he tried to support the lexicographic work, to mobilize forces and to encourage others to prepare a large dictionary of the Lithuanian language with joint efforts. A. Kašarauskas collected a considerable amount of material from various sources, which enriched the archives of K. Buga, the great Lithuanian language dictionary and other archives and is now used for lexicographic purposes. Especially valuable are his excerpts from the dictionaries of K. Daukša and J. Jumskis and words written from the folk language, which can be found throughout the text of A. Kašarauskas- ’s Litvanika. The excerpts from these dictionaries are real and true witnesses, from which we can form at least a small picture of the missing and so far unfound dictionaries. | A. Kašarauskas enumerated and documented the Zodynininkai he knew, and thus contributed to the collection, recording and transmission of data on the history of Lithuanian lexicography to future generations. All this obliges A. Kašarauskas himself to be entered into the history of Lithuanian lexicography as one of the few 19th-century enlightened people who regarded the vocabulary and grammar of the native language as the cornerstones of the nation’s snake. 208