Kapsų–Zanavykų tarmių priesaginės vardažodžių darybos bruožai

THE STUDIES OF LEXIC LITHUANIA TSR AKADEMIJA OF SCIENCES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORMATION OF SUBJUNCTIVES IN THE DIALOGUES OF KAPSĖ-ZANAVYKĖS TO SENKUS | A. IVADINES The science of word formation is quite complex and ir extensive. Jo ir methods can be different, earlier in the Lithuanian Iš language word formation science was mainly known prepositional word formation analysis according to the alphabetical order of prepositions. This method is mainly based on A. Leskyno, P. Skardzio ir ir kitų darbų. The method šį has been established in Baltic J. "Englewood". Be this method is not possible in ir Soviet linguistics”. In this method, linguists examine the so-called consonant suffixes and the word formation with su them, as already mentioned, according to the alphabetical order of the adverb consonant. (It must be said that the ta order is relative in some cases.) This is the traditional way of studying the formation of adverbs. It is convenient only for ne the author to manage the abundant material, but for the ir reader to find the desired thing faster. This method is mainly based on the ir following features of adverbial noun formation in the Kaps-Zanavyk dialects. See. Chapter 10 B. "Adverbs by jų consonant". Another way of examining the formation of adverbial nouns is the division of nouns and jų adjectives according to their meaning, ar etc. This method, although not so far widely ir used in word formation science, has a number of advantages. ir However, this method is used only partially in this work, at the end of one place giving at iš least a short summary of the individual parts of speech and the noun su (in addition, also specially separately noun) overview of meanings. See. Chapter 10 C. "A summary overview of noun formation". The desire to use both methods inevitably led to the duplication of material in some subjects. Recurring things have been tried to be summarized very briefly. ar In both the first and the second ir method of reviewing the construction of adverbial nouns, it is ar necessary to touch more or less the various things of word formation, as much as possible, to indicate how and iš ko adverbs are made like that. ir We have to admit that these tasks in this work were not taken and were not ar consistently and fully fulfilled. This is usually done in the most necessary cases. The most ir important task of this thesis is to present more or less systematized — material itself. ar ! Plg. Formation of the Nomina im Lithuanian of August Leskien, Leipzig 1891; P. Skardzius, Lithuanian language word formation, Vilnius, 1941. * Plg. Latvian Grammar of J. Endzelin, Riga, Latvia 1922, ir other jo shops. * Plg. Abstract: In this work we try to review I, only the 1959. 143 prepositional construction of nouns, their consonant suffixes. The so-called vowel suffixes and the construction of nouns with them are not touched, because the prepositions are not widely understood here — they are considered in the usual sense only prepositions with consonants. Some aspects of the so-called vowel suffixes are touched on in the section of the monograph on the Kapsa-Zanavyk dialects. (In addition, the formation of compound words, verbs or other parts of speech and reduplicated structures in descriptive dialects is not yet specifically studied.)As the title itself indicates, this is only about the prepositional formation of nouns (mainly nouns and adjectives). Other parts of speech are only touched in more special cases, when they are particularly closely related to the prepositional formation of nouns; compare, for example, the suffixes -fas (inactive participants are also mentioned- ), -opas (adverbs are also mentioned- ). In the thesis, I had to deal with the concept of preposition. The preposition is understood here from the point of view of the current Lithuanian language, not historically, although in some places I had to follow the second approach; In addition, there was also confusion about the understanding of some individual prepositions, for example, let us compare the suffixes -ena and -mena. Often occurs next to the so-called continuous suffixes and the so-called compound suffixes; plg. -ėlis and -umélis, -utélis: white, white-faced. In addition, we have so-called extended suffixes, for example, next to -klis there is -iklis (young man). Both compound and extended suffixes are usually grouped together with continuous and simple suffixes. In addition, attempts have been made to group together suffixes that are closer in some other respects (e.g. -ynas, -ynė), but strict uniformity has not been achieved here. Some alphabetically different suffixes are more or less related to each other. Sometimes such suffixes are used to refer to each other for comparison and so on. Many of the adverbs mentioned here are familiar throughout the descriptive dialects and differ little or not at all from the Ik usage. However, there are also such adjectives that are used only in individual descriptive dialects, their dialects or dialects and are more or less different from Ik. As much as possible, they tried to draw more attention to such adjectives, to raise them more. The question is whether all noun suffixes of descriptive dialects and all cases of word formation with them are covered here. The answer to this is that we tried to give as much material as possible, but of course it was not possible to cover everything completely (this is shown by the title itself), and it would also be more difficult to do so. Some, for example, less known non-Lithuanian suffixes are deliberately omitted. The adverbs here are given with the extremities and usually, if any, both relatives. The feminine gender, as usual, is given next to the masculine gender, but the way of presentation, depending on the material itself or similar reasons, is not the same. The usual, well-known and self-evident feminine gender equivalents, especially in examples of adjectives, are sometimes not mentioned at all, but there is always an effort to indicate in one way or another the different feminine gender forms -uvienė, -iené or -é (driskiuvienė, puivė, Balanienė || Balūniuvienė), which occur especially in nouns. 144 Some examples are usually given to illustrate the adverbs; ar both verbal and word combinations, and phraseological examples are mostly taken from ir the sub-Sanavik Kaps dialect, especially iš from the northern part of the o Vilkaviškis iš district. Iš here are mainly taken examples ir of various imperfect adverbs. Iš the more precise location of the samples ar of word combinations taken here is often not indicated or is indicated only in nė more special cases. The exact location of phraseological examples is always indicated by abbreviations, which are mainly such as ,,Lietuviy kalbos žodyne“. Abbreviation kpl means ‘cauliflower I“ (northwest), kpII —,,cabbage II’ (southeast). Phraseological examples are usually given either where they are more needed to illustrate the meaning of the verbal example, or where they are available, etc. jų ir The meaning of the examples is explained where the author thought it was more necessary. Verbal examples are usually always pronounced. Be therefore, they are also pronounced in phraseological sentences in word ar combinations. Other words of phraseological examples are pronounced only in more special cases. In addition to su the above ar mentioned cases, the following are some of the more common cases. A clearer and stricter order was not able to be maintained here. Examples are written in literary ir language characters; as far as possible, at least the most pronounced phonetic similarities of the descriptive dialects are recorded; for example, let's ir compare the ar writing of velei, mefrkšė, gaditojas, etc. ir B. PRIESAGOS PAGAL JŲ NEED I. Adverbs su -bl. - Or. Su The singular of nouns formed with this suffix in dialects is not more productive iš than in earlier times and is — more common in newer words, e.g.: gynyba kpl| gynyba, sargyba, tikyba, žvejyba. In the language of older forms, only one is more known than the other, e.g., sodyba: senovė(je) kiti isikėlė kaimo, mano tėvukai liko sodybo gyvęt Da an o Ms. Words that are usually used in plural are more difficult for dialects, e.g. negotiations: Conducts negotiations “negotiate, negotiate' Vlkv., licking || bets: Let's go licking — and see who wins Gs., piršlybos, radybos: Ka you give discoveries, I will give Pjv., feeding: We gave the sheep feeds an Gs., mine: Young, o there's already a bunch of an women Vick. The derivatives of this suffix are usually of verb origin ir I-a accent. 2. -ybas, -a. Priesaga -pbas, mot. g. -or ||-yba, used in adjectives instead of suffixes Ik -yvas, -a. Su this suffix only known words: early, earlyIpbas: This year late bė spring, early winter Ms. Words used in the Padziūkio kapsų dialect for su both adverbs: ankstyvas, senyvas | ankstybas, senybas Klvr. Plg. XV 8b. ; Priesaga -ybas is pronounced firmly. The female genus only occasionally retains the ancient constant conjunction. 3. -ity, -enity. Priesaga -ity is quite alive. Su ja composed words, usually, are pronounced in the prefix and, unlike Ik, turi, especially in the Kapsas dialect, the strong-pronounced prefix is a second ir accent, except for these observed strong-pronounced prefixes. 10. Lexical research 145 will show ir examples of the first syllable: power, goodness, ir beauty, sometimes equality. The most common is the — pronunciation equality so most ne often pronounced only kapsai, ir but zanavykai. Su Appendix -ość is mostly used to form adjective nouns, e.g.: wysokość, strach strach, monster, w wielkiej ilości", obrzydliwość, ,,1. kosztowność, głębokość, 2. cierpliwość, równość, niegrzeczność, wielkość, ciężkość, próżność. Derivatives su -the number iš of nouns is small; more famous only are: nieksybé ",niekšiškas darbas", ponybé “many gentlemen”: The whole lady gathered Gs., hunniness "bad, harmful work": Hunniness shakes Vlkv. There is one more adverb made of a different iš action suffix ar su -ybė word, e.g.: daugybė, gausa. Suffixes of adjectives in some words -ybė meaning can be different, but usually means adjective abstracts, dalies is synonymous with iš suffixes -umas can sometimes ir be used in parallel to the meaning of -umas, e.g.: darkness darkness, | bitterness bitterness. || Ugly can have a specific ir meaning: Oh, shit! tu Throat. In place of or sometimes next to a suffix -igheid, especially in noun forms, Used as a suffix -ysté, e.g.: brotherhood brolpbé, || friendship, kinship, pigliness, foolishness fooilpbé. || Plg. XIV 20. Su with compound suffix -enybė occurs one another noun of adjective origin. Priesaga -unity is rarer than -ness. In individual examples, its meaning sometimes ji corresponds to -ybę, sometimes has a certain meaning of specificity; composed su ja words are more often used in singular, only words with a specific meaning are more often in plural, e.g.: brafigenybė, suiikenybé: The terrible — brotherhood can't buy Ms. Purchased a lot of precious "precious things" Ms. That kid is a real suffolk ma "war" Plv. Words su with suffix -enity can be pronounced at the root prefix. ir II. 1998-1999 Adverbs su -¢- 1. - It's in there. It is usually used in hybrids. It is usually a place where people are gathered. For example: drūskinyčia „druskinė“, kiaūlinyčia „,kiaūlinė, kiaulidė“ | kiaulinpéia kur nešvara, ,, nėtvarka“, sūrinyčia „sūrinė“, sviestinyčia „Ssviestinė“, vilkinyčia „very cold buys“: To the truck can get everything ‘frozen’ Plv. Su This suffix is still preserved in some foreign words, e.g.: ir abrūsinyčia abrūsinyčia „abrūsinė, device for hanging an || abrūs (towel)“, cigdrnyčia (cigariny¢ia ?) ‘,candil’. 2. -in&ius, -indiuviené. Su Appendix -incius occurs only in one other Word, e.g. galiūčius "who can do much, is capable", ismifičius "what of great wisdom, great. science’. Suffix of su derivatives -inčius feminine gender counterparts are the words suffix su -inčiuvienė: galiūčiuvienė, ismifi¢iuviené: where is such 13 a izminčiuvienė? tu Grs. 3. -o&ius, -o&iuvéné. Priesaga -očius denotes su persons with certain characteristics, e.g. bearded ,,man with a big beard“: I(š) used to only see bearded men in the footnotes 146 Plv., galvécius "smart, good-headed man", belly ,,who has a big belly”, mustache “man with big moustache”. Next to some masculine suffixes su -očius corresponding meanings are feminine gender with suffix -očiuvienė, e.g.: galvėčiuvienė, pilvociuviené: That pilvėčiuvienė is only ugly Gs. 4. -uočius, -uočiuvienė. This is rare. Its meaning is partly similar to the meaning of the adverb -očius. For example, "I'm a good man," "I'm a good man," "I'm a good man," "I'm a good man," etc. From maZenc already bo worshipers Plv., guzikudcius, "man with many or large buttons in clothes", pinigudčius "who has a lot of money". Sometimes the female gender is also mentioned: garbiniudčiuvienė || garbiniuété, guzikudciuviené, pinigudciuviené. 5. Other adverbs with -č. 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) 1996: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1996) b) -enycia: Raudenycia upl. Klvr. c) -učė: mergūčė "girl": Those girls who give dralą (fornication), even the floors are pissing Br. Don't start with those girls, Boobl. The mouth is a little longer than the body, and the mouthpiece is almost unrecognizable. III. Suffixes with -d1. - Yeah. Before the consonant d, usually, there is still some group of sounds il, in, el, an… For example: kibilda and klibinda „Slubby, squeaky“: Eina kap klibinda Zal., švebėlda „who doesn’t understand, who speaks with a whisper, a whisperer“, balanda,,bot. Chenopodium“, pabdlda "who begs, restless man". 2. -das. Here we have words of various origins and constructions, such as, for example: klodas „row, layer“, paklėodai „straw is laid on the ground when loading grain“. 3. -odas, -a. With this suffix is only equal, -a: Brolei, o nevienédo būdo Vikv. Plg. kitų tarmių kitodas, -a, latvių vienads, citads. 4. - the horse; -ozdas. The words mentioned with these prepositions are: gremėzdas "what is invictus": Ale i gremėzdas —kur eina, tą i griūva Gs., gramozdas "1. old thing“: Full corners of all kinds gramdzdy Plv.,,2. who is clumsy, clumsy’. IV. Suffixes with -g1. Here are some words, made with the root -ei and some preposition, e.g.: išeiga „exit, departure“, péreiga,,1. 2nd ed. pp. 12. "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". "About Us". „access, preparation- “, sūeiga „Meeting, gathering“, in addition, newly appeared in the dialect words: dpeigos,,ceremonijos“, pareiga „priedermė“. 2. -gas. This is the case with the words "tool", "creature", and "creature": Full angles of all kinds of tools Plv. Perhaps, here is to be attributed and zidgas: Straksi kab žiėgas Vick. 3. -gys, -ė. There are two words with Sia suffix used to speak about the year of the animal: dveigjs, -ė "two years old", treigjs, -ė "three years old": Sokinéja, laksto, kap dveigd treigė kumelaitė a Ms. He kept only one twig for himself Alk. 10* 147 4. -ingas, -a. This is a widely used adjective suffix in dialects. Mostly there are noun adjectives, which show the possession of the properties of the thing from which the name is made, e.g.: grateful, mot. g. grateful, joyful, merciful, kdulingas "with many and large bones", patient, "patient- ": Patient man DkS., lašiningas, "fat, with good bacon": Lašininga pig —there will be something to eat Nm., lytingas || lytingas kpl || rainy* kpll: Rainy day Vikv., miltingas: Milting condition, "good, tasty, shocking" Gs., monetary "having a lot of money", smalingas: Ot, sharp wood it burns well Plv., vėjingas "windy": Windy day —well dried wood Plv., na Vlkv. Similar meanings are also such adjectives as correct, tidy. In addition to the above-mentioned basic meaning, these kinds of derivatives can also express more special characteristics, e.g.: eloquent "speaking- ", false "false, false": False squeaks quickly spread Vlkv., nagingas, "capable of everything, capable of handwork- ": Naginga vyrą gau Gs., petingas, "wide shoulders- ": Petingas vyras, tai i drūc Nm. "There's a good thing about being a good man," he said, "but I'm not a good man, I'm just a good man." Some adjectives of this suffix can be made not only from nouns, but also from adjectives, e.g.: garsingas —gatsas, garsus: Tai garsūs vyrai —visi juos žino Vlkv., meilingas —meilė, meilus, malonus —malonus, malonus. A more well-known example made from an adjective is only astute — sumanus, and from a verb — dėdinga (višta). In the case of the "unnecessary" adjective, the prefix is used to indicate the unnecessary: What of that — only work is needed. 5. Various suffixes with -g-. It is used to distinguish between sounds that have the same or similar frequency. For example, with the vowel a before the consonant -g, the following words are more common: medžiaga „canvas, fabric; tai iš ko kas daroma, statoma“, mandagūs, -i, melagis, -ė || melūgius, mot. g. melūgiuvienė: Ką tu klausai tos melagiuvienės Alk. With an e before -gte, we can say: wedega || vedega "a certain axe, a kind of axe": It is the best suited for lovidm iškapot Gs., vuodega. Perhaps, here we can include, for example, and: vertėlga- ,,verteiva, speculantas: A poor worker from such a value Žal. There is also only one other example of some derivatives of the consonant group ng (with the vowel in front of it), e.g. : Zabdngai || žabangos „traps pinklés®, burliunigis, mot. g. burliufigė,,fat-faced man“, mėšlungis || mėšluiigis,,muscle or tendons pulling disease“ When there is a discharge —cannot go Gs., riebuiigé „fat“ Vink, V. Priežodžiai su -j1. -you-. In the descriptive dialects, the noun derivatives of the subsequent noun -ju-* are widely used. In their meaning they are close to words with the suffix -inykas || -ininkas * Like this, as well as some other adjectives with the suffix -ingas)| are pronounced in the root mostly by the old people. * Although this suffix is not consonant in the current language, it is included here. as an exception, because with it derivatives are very characteristic of descriptive dialects; besides, at the same time here is meant to mark their feminine genus. 148 the main value. For example: blpnius, mot. g. blfniuvienė,.kas megsta blynus“: Our children are all big blynei Vikv., bulvius, bulvė „potato lover“, blūsius,kuris turi daug flesų“: That their Suva is a real blūsius Alvt., draskius „who likes to eat cheese“, kailius „fur worker“, kiaiilius „mešvarus, apsileidėlis, kas gneizija“: Well, you'll see what that kiaūliuvienė will get by the nails Gs., keidZius kpl || skefdžius kpll: Skerdžius slæbte pigulintę, sistatęs boraitę Dkš., piénius,,milko mylėtojas“, pyrūgius,,- pieago mylėtojas“, puodžius „pot maker“, pufvius „who is dirty, dirty; lauko darbininkas“: Noko būtum mergina, ale ka tokia puivé Gs., racius „wheel worker; carpenter", saliva, who is sick, snot,,1. 2. vaikagalys“, skarmalius „what has been torn, has been torn“: Šoko driskius su skarmalium Plv., skrafidžius,,kas su skranda apsivilkęs- “, skuduflius.,1. who is impoverished, 2. rags buyer®, skufdZius,.who is impoverished, poor, who lives poorly“, spifgius,,1. spirgy amateur, 2. small man". The first is the stirring of the stirrups with the stirrups (or stirrups) of the first stirrup. There is only one such adjective, for example, nudgius "mnuogalis". Such constructs as, for example, sūkčius (see suffixes with -č-) can also be formed from passive past participles with the suffix -ta-(suktas). It is often used in the form of adjectives and adverbs, such as: "I'm a good man," "I'm a good man," "I'm a good man," and "I'm a good man." tą Alk. Most of the derivatives of this suffix are composedand from verbs. It is possible that there have been more in the past. Their meaning is keleriopa. For example: volatile ret.,,spiečius“, persistently,,mediuriy hardening —disease- “, numerlius || numerys, skyrius, spiėčius. Some examples of the nominative agentis and their closely related meanings are: aušlius,,plepys": Aušliau, ko oši kas nereik? Grš., driskius „apdriskėlis“: Sarmata drauge eit su tai driskiuviene Gs., driūlius „kas nerangus, drimba“ Gūiš., knisius „kas linkęs knistis, raustis“, knipčius „kas linkęs knibinėti ar knibinėja“, smilius,,1. 2. the second finger after the thumb", snūdžius "snaudalius, apsnūdėlis": Ka tie snūdžei turės vis kitų tyko Žal. — iš | 2. -ejs, -eja. The suffix -ėja (mot. g.) has been more common in the past only in some mot. g. words, e.g.: audėja || audėja, milžėja, rovéja (of linen), spinpėja. The suffix -ėjas, -a (cutter, seamstress, dancer, sweeper, conductor, etc.) is usually a newer one, derived from writings. Today, the suffix -ėjas is more common in some words, and -ikas in others. In addition, there are examples where these adverbs have different meanings, e.g.: gynėjas —in court, gynikas —in a fight, etc., kūrėjas —world, kūrikas —pečiaus, etc. The -ėjas, -a derivatives are usually nomina agentis and are formed from the past participle stems of the verbs. There may be another, especially newer, example made of the current time trunk, ir iš e.g. Defender: Defender of the Fatherland Ms. The word ravėja ret. Gs., Vlkv. can be analogous form under the ravétoja. 3. - I. Su this suffix is used primarily for collective nouns of similar meaning, e.g. ar kareivija “soldiers, army” Gs., Brt., KzR., pony "many pony, gentlemen": In the past, the lady would swallow everything Alk., punija ,,1. many Suny, bad 2. companion, devil ",devil's business," slavery "slavery," slavery "a group of men". 149 "There's one more word ir su with other meanings, e.g.: thunderstorm, (v)in-law "life of the in-law": I was in the (v)in-law's house, and I fell in love (privaišino) Šn., žarija, Orija "left-wing influence of Gazda" Klvr. Based on these common words the ir names of nations and countries (Belarus, Gudija || Gūdija, Poland || Poland, Russia, Germany) suffix -it is usually used newly for individuals ir Lietuvos For example, in the TSR. : Aukštaitija, Dzūkija, Kaunas, Vilnius, Zanavykia, Žemaitija. 4. - Yeah. Ši the suffix is not popular in descriptive dialects. Su ja only these words are better known: ir galvijas || trainijas trainija ,,part of the carriage, train“. 5. - That's it. Su Appendix -Toas, mot. g. -toja, used nomina agentis derivatives. In addition to ją the primary stem of the verbs, there is probably only one principal in descriptive dialects. g. the word artdjas : near. Iš secondary verbs with su this suffix word formation is quite lively, e.g.: ardytojas ardy-ti, gaditojas, gryir feminine gender. : Some words in each other, e.g. vns. kilm., verb has ir u trunk limbs, e.g. artojaus artėjo, | lygitojaus: We are listening Blind "Tado, lygitojaus mūsų vado (d., nj.) Vilkv. 6. - A new one. Su the following words are du known with this suffix: A lot of ,,1. dogs get killed, a few bad 2. people” (plg. šunija): Ne God bless such a dog su Mr., I'm wearing... ja „1. place, where many wolves, 2. cold place, cold room, shelter, Šeimenos influences 3. near Vilkaviškis”. 7. - Oh, yeah. Some of su the most commonly used are: du The cold weather, ir the low rainfall, the low temperatures, the low humidity. — Vlkv. The last word next to its trunk is ju ir ja stem:| spring || spring, spring || springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs, spring springs || Summer. Dgs. caud. only summer(s). VI. Suffixes with -k1. -Ka. A well-known derivative of the Lithuanian -ka prefix is oškd. The origin of the word kiska (e.g.: Ilgas harškos „pėdos“ Gs. Kėlinių kiška) is unclear. The word mergička, "teenage girl", which can also be used with the suffix -ička, is worth mentioning separately: Ištekėjau būdama tik mergička Vlkv. With the non-Lithuanian suffix -ka in descriptive dialects there are several dozen hybrid derivatives of the compound suffix.| E.g.: kaimynka || kaiminka "neighbor", motka: The father is planted on one side, and mdtka — on the other Ig., bobėlka ",bobšė, unsuitable boba", kumėlka, "poor mare", vagilka "thief", mergélka "young, but unsuitable girl and girl". As can be seen, this suffix has a certain demeaning and derogatory meaning. 2. -kas. This suffix, perhaps, occurs only in one other more well-known noun, e.g.: sliekas, laiškas,,cibulio lapas“ ||laiškas,,gromata®. With the suffix -kas is also made the rare word Zélkas,,diegas, daigas: She gathers the herbs of the bushes Grl. Among the more special forms are: pridėčkas,,- priedas“, adverb „,added at the bottom part of the shirt or part of the skirt“; Already quite big, and da still stuck on mom's pridutka adjective Ms. 150 3. «kis, -ė. Su -kis (more precisely -sheet ar - ski, mot. g. -kė) these words are characteristic of the dialect (noun ar adjectives): dičkis, -ė, drūčkis, „fat guy“, judčkis, -ė „dark-haired, dark-faced -ė man; black animal, black’: ar To be a nobody girl, just such a bitch KzR. B6 us du Dogs one — marfgis, another such a joke Ms. An milk joke good cow From., raiickis,,,kas -ė raudonas, rausvas“, rūpkis,,,rupuziokas®, suskis,,,nusu- -ė sėlis“. Separately -ė mentioned is the word striūpkis (Sighs) ‘apškritas, ppr. small manure ar ko another piece“ || jacket,,,wh- -ė at is low, not high“: children all Jų such jacket Ms. 4. -(s)kus, -(s)kuviené. Priesaga - Kiss, courage. g. -(s)kuvienė, is quite characteristic of descriptive dialects. Ji have certain į ką though the wish ar pejorative meaning. For example: : éskus, mot. g. ėskuvienė, „who eats a lot, ir ėdūnas“: You can't beat — Ėskuvienė! ir Ms. plepkus „,plepys“, pirckus | piFskus „,pirdžius“, šlapkus „,sušlapėlis“: Well, when tu ir You were, pee, pee? "Pluto, the "Spider-- Man"". Iš Of the above mentioned formations, the word meičkus, „average girl“, which iš does not form the feminine gender, stands out. 5. - Time. It is a rather lively suffix, sometimes used in ir parallel su with the suffix -ėjas, but it is much less ši common and is more common in newer nomina agentis words. Su Appendix -ikas are mainly formed by derivatives iš of primary verbs nomina agentis, whose mot. g. has suffix - I did. For example: : bridic acid : Bridick bream Snt., eater: Human eater "a complainant, a murderer" Gs., skater, gyrikas : Ji was a good people's gyrika Kps., rake, kasik, kėlikas : Gives a home to those little ones Snt., kulik klulikas, mėžikas, || ravikas, skundikas, šokikas. Jų some, e.g.: striker: Rye harvesters Ms. He's already near the to hitch (who cut the tree) gone "There's a man, a woman, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy, a boy". As we can see, they are mostly made in the past iš tense, but one another is made in the present tense: minikas ir iš Grl., kulikas Man, who Vlkv. Among the occurring parallel words suffix su -ee ir -iks still is sometimes some more difficult to explain nuance difference, e.g., about Bublelius -¢jas réiskias a person who is able to perform the work, ar -iks now o performi- — ng the work, e.g. : The harvest- — ers come, they are the ones who plough, but it does not mean that they do that one job. Plg, V 2. Iš secondary verbs! su Appendix -ikas, mot. g. -ike, is: kratikos ‘Shaker’ means: Acirddo, mat, kratkė (manure) Gs., statics ‘boiler of harvested rye ar wheat’: a stallion "such a dog, raised" (mot. g. not stated). Be to, plg. would iš probably write a well-known riddle: Kat hanger not hang — ir tupik not hang (hang droplet cat) ir Vlkv. 6. -iki,*-iki. Su Appendix -known are: groom "the young man", catch catch won item, win "; to, || last name „1. 2. be Eidikis || The name is ir sometimes translated as "Red Man". There are words with unclear verb -ė forms, e.g. gabikis ir ,evil, devil; a devil-like i man”: Scary as a bug Ms. Give the horns to that guy Plv. Give that guy a thumbs up, don't let him fall ka Ms. KplIr is a commonly used diminutive noun prepositionga -iké, e.g.: kitty, loviké mouse, , scarf, dress, chicken; Grandma baked a banjo151 7. -elis, -elė, -vienintelis, -ė; - Ellis. Suffix -elis, mot. g. -elė, used to form mainly minor and pleasing nouns; The masculine gender (with -elis) is usually made up of non-major masculine bi-syllabic words, and the feminine gender (with -e/ė) of feminine words. For example: brother, little boy, piglet, grandpa, dad; head, girl, pine, cherry. It has a smaller size than the smaller-known S. aegyptiacus, and is thought to be closely related to S. aegyptiacus. Some words with suffixes -elis, -elė are no longer true minors — they have acquired a certain, special meaning, e.g.: biržėlis "Sixth month of the year, June", rookėlis "cock". Plantago media": The Gaillardia grows mainly on poor grassland. nė gyvvulei nėda Šn., bunch of "specially tied straw for roofing"; avėlė, bobėlė, „a device for beating the dagger“, skarėlė. The same is true for names, e.g. : Tree, standing. It is no longer of minor importance. With the suffix -elis there are also non-adjective words of derogatory meaning, e.g.: govelis, „goželis, žioplys“, goželis, kas gožinėja; žioplys“: That little fellow is wandering around the fields Nm. Where will you put such a little girl Gs., child,,childhood*: All kinds of children gathered in the dance Gs., weevil "fool, weevil": What are you listening to that weevil Plb., Ziopelis "weevil". The difference between these forms and the words with a minor suffix is shown by the place of the accent — it is pronounced outside the suffix. The compound suffix -entilis, -ė, which occurs, indicates a certain degree of adjectives, e.g. : Baltiūitelis (baltutis) kap sniegelis Gs. The young woman is a witch. The only child Nm. The new Ziponas Gs. Sometimes the suffix -elys is used, e.g., šalia vaikas uses with the same meaning and vaikljs: Nesusidėk su tais vaikeleis Plv. 8. -ėlis, -ėlė; -liežuvis, -ė; - You're a fool. The suffix -ėlis, mot. g. -ėlė, like the suffix -elis, -ė, has mostly a minor and gracious meaning, only it is added to the stems of polysyllabic nouns, e.g.: aržuolėlis, klobelėlis, dolerėlis: Davė aukso cidabrėlį, muštą dolerėlį (d.) Alvt., sėmenėlis, vainikėlis; daughter, lilly, sister. The adjectives with the suffix -utis, -ė (baltūtis) are made of the compound suffix -utėlis, -ė adjectives. With the suffix -utėlis, -ė are used, mostly in folklore, such minor and gracious adjectives as: baltutélis, -ė, gražutėlis, -ė, lygutėlis, -ė Grl., mažutėlis, -ė, naujutėlis, -ė. In addition, there are adjectives such as: girtutėlis, -ė, greitutėlis, -ė. In their meaning, adjectives of this suffix are equivalent to a certain higher or highest degree. There are also minor and gracious meanings in nouns with the compound suffix -umėlis, such as: baltumėlis, brangumėlis, gražumėlis, blondumėlis, tolimėlis. In addition, the verbs "to be" and "to come" are often used to indicate the presence of a person (or a group of persons) in the present tense, such as "to come to you" and "to go to you". „never been, long been“ Gs., dead man, helper, joke-maker „someone with a black face, blackened“, mad man, tired man „poor man, beggar“, ripped-up man, stupid man „,half-stupid“. As can be seen, these derivatives take on the meaning of the prepositional verb from which they are made 158 and pronounced at the root. It is also known as the "Sweet" or "Sweetness", "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness" or "Sweetness". I don't even want to be friends with such an idiot Zvr. Who will take such a shiny dish Ig., isilūpėlis,kas išsilupęs“: This shiny dish (a dish with a shiny glaze) can be put on the fire —it is not afraid of heat Kps., isižiojėlis,,plepys; crying, screaming; žiopištvirkėlis, pasiléidélis, susiraiikélis, usimėrkėlis. Their female form is with the suffix -ėlė. There are also various forms of the exclusively feminine genus (with the suffix -ėlė) of words that mean mainly living beings or sometimes plants, e.g.: neršgėlė, kirmėlė, siurbėlė „dėlė“, antrūdėlė, lisėlė, vėgėlė. 9. -¢lius, -ėliuvienė, -ėlė. In the case of the suffix -ėlius, mot. g. -ėliuvienė || -ėlė, there is only one other word of derogatory meaning, e.g.: smirdėlius ",pasmirdėlis", mot. g. smirdėliuvienė || smirdėlė | smirdėlė, utėlius, kas turi erškėčių- ", mot. g. utėliuvienė | utėlė. 10. -ila, -yla. It is a very rare species, and is rarely mentioned in the literature. „,,beards“, vaidila, Dabrila pvd. With the suffix -y/a, one more word of the general genus should be mentioned, e.g.: pliauškyla "pliauškalius", staugyla "who roars, screams- ". 11. -ilas; -ylas, -a. With the suffix -ilas there are several masculine nouns, e.g.: birbilas "bad beer" Plb., brizgilas, "apinasris with a blade, pounded- ", clover, efžilas, spragilas. The suffix -ylas || -ylas, mot. g. -yla, is known only in the following adjectives: akylas || akylas, -a (next to akylūs, -i) and ausylas, -a ret. 12. -olius, -olivienė; - Olé. With the suffix -olius, mot. g. -oliuvienė, known only gurgélius, gurgėliuvienė,,apsileidélis, apskretélis, nėvala: Such gurgdliy I only da not seen, kap tu Alk. How dare that gourmet sit at the table? Alk. "Gurgel" is used with -olė: When gurgdlés usitraukia. (gets drunk), then pales (falls) Gs. The origin of these words, perhaps, should be linked to the words gufgulas, gurgėti, etc. 13. -Ula, -ula. The only word to be mentioned with the suffix -ula is viesula || väsula ‘Viesulas’ means: Turns cap whirlwind Sorry. There was a terrible chill Ms. The suffix -ulas occurs in several nouns of different meanings, e.g.: bumbulas "circle, ball (tower)", buffalo: Disappeared cap soap buffalo Gs., gédulas || gédulas nj., gniūtulas "piece", gufgulas | guiguolas "shaken or wrinkled piece of material- ", viesulas nj. 14. -ulis, -ulė; -Ulys. Su Appendix -ulis, mot. g. -ulė, one another adjective of a certain noun meaning is used, e.g.: didžiūlis, -ė, gražūlis, ret., mažiūlis, -ė. -ė A little different (a certain graceful) meaning nouns (male feminine gender) ar mentionable as: dėdūlis, dievūlis, tėvūlis, pačiūlė: Where's your shirt, sweetie? Alvt., Svočiule: The Rose on the Road Plv. Move, baby, there'll be a few sitting here Miss, busty. Also mentioned are nouns such ir as: brūzgūlis ,,a certain stick®, canvas „tam tikras stalvirštė“: A certain tablecloth Vlkv. Su Appendix -ulis known ir one other surname, e.g. : Good, bad, bad. 159 With the suffix -ulys the nomina actionis derivatives are first mentioned, e.g.: drebulys, dusulys, godulps „greed“, nudulps „laziness, sleepiness“: Popiet toks nudulys ima Grl., riaugulys „snoring, squealing- “, snaudulys- ,,snaudimas, snudas®, troškulys. There are various constructive words with concrete and sometimes abstract meanings, e.g. gyvulys, juodulys "black spot, black dot, blackness- ", kraustulys, "small movable object", krušulys: Spoiled milk goes in a grušuleis or becomes pink Būbl., nuodégulps "burnt stick", skaudulps: Pain came into the leg Gs. Nepakantrus skaūdulio Grl., skritulps „apskritimas“, triuskulys „trupinys“ Grš., uškandulys „užkandis- “: Ne girtuoklis —vis ūžkandulį turėdavo Būbl. Section 15. A rare attribute. It occurs in common nouns and proper names, e.g.: krapdila "who walks while scratching": Matyt, girtas —eina kap krapaila Gs., sapdila "sword-speaker, sword-shaper" Nm., strapdila "who scratches, scratches", Sipdila pvd. Throat. This suffix, perhaps, has equivalents in Slavic languages, cf. sl. -Ailo. 16. -aulė. With this suffix, the only word known from the descriptive dialects is gagalė „head; viršugalvis“ (nothing): For small your mouth for those sciences Gs. He was shot in the head with a knife. In other dialects, such as Žemaičių, and lk this word is pronounced tvirtagaliSkai'®. 17. -uolius, -uolė; - Rocks. The word is often used as adjective, for example: drąsuolis, -ė, gudrudlis, -ė, pavydudlis, -ė: Skūpudlis —pavydudlis ėdė pelę kap kumelę (from the shepherds' language) Gs., stipruolis, -ė, šykštuėlis, -ė, skendudlis, -ė, varguėlis, -ė "poor man". Separately mentioned is the flowering- ,,beetroot or other vegetable (swoogūnas, sietinis)“, hornwort- ,,blue-flowering flower growing in wheat“, sparniguolé bot.,,Oxycoccus quadripetalus, spalgena“. -uolys is not a very constructive noun suffix. Only the words are widely known: kernel, ball, apple. 18. -(y)kla. Of the primary verbs, only the word seed is known to be formed with the suffix -kla. The addition of the suffix -kla to the conjugation of secondary y-root verbs gave rise to the suffix -ykla. The derivatives of this suffix mainly indicate the place where something is done. There are no older words in abundance. For example, "There's a place for a pig to lie down," "There's a place for a pig to lie down," "There's a place for a pig to lie down," "There's a place for a pig to lie down," "There's a place for a pig to lie down," and so on. Both in literary language and in descriptive dialects, the suffix -ykla is now very active and alive. E.g.: ice rink, hairdresser, school; canteen. There are also other names for the game, such as "Spider-- Man" or "Spider-- Man 2". It is also commonly known as the "Battle of the Big Bang" because of the huge amount of dust that it contains. With this flying it kap some scarecrow OŽB. 19th grade. With the suffix -klas there are words that mainly mean tools and are usually made up of verbs, e.g. gifiklas, saw. Also worth mentioning here: 12 Pig, Zodynas of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (edited by J. Kruopas), Kaunas, 1954; P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, p. 191. 160 canvas, cannon: Shoots iš full-length cannons Vikv., pallet || pallet "something helped by something po to kick", diapers. 20. -kle, -kli, -kli. Su piesaga -klé is used for nouns with different meanings, e.g. throat, traps, snares. Before the oath -klė can be any consonant sound (vowel ar diphthong), ir then we have somehow differently ar formed so-called extended suffixes -sleeve (composed ja words usually mean tools), -oklė, -uoklė, e.g.: baidyklė „,monster- “, grumdyklė, „wooden iron device for ar washing, grumdyti“ Grl., throw "a device for throwing something, e.g. pebbles", /drake, arrow (e.g., knee, clock), stirrup "swing", shooter "a device where the sheaf is inserted during weaving"; hunting; drinker, "like a blue į forest berry", ghost: I'll tell you such a ghost, "a tale about ghosts playing" Ul., žibuoklė ar "Žibutė" Vikv., Nm. Before the oath -klis can also be some adverbial vowel diphthong, e.g. : ar i, 0, uo. In this way there are suffixes -iklis, -oklis, -uoklis. For example: -ė jauniklis, "who is quite young", Kirtiklis pvd. Dks., vagabond, -ė, drunkard, -ė, rogue, -ė, ghost. Su Appendix -Klythe is only known as a horse. VIII. Adverbs su -m1. -(s)mas. Su Appendix -mas is another noun with a specific meaning, e.g. jiėšmas, kėlmas: Abžėlęs kap kėlmas Ms. Suffix to be su marked -mas, mot. g. -ma, numeral success, -a ret. One other older representative of descriptive dialects still knows the numeral ir ašmas ,-d. The ir second blade more frequently used happened to hear about The New Uta. Su Appendix -smas is several verb abstracts and nomina actionis derivatives, e.g.: griaiismas: tave griatismas! O ka Gs., feeling, clicking,.crying, crying“, crying,,surring, rékimas®, looking, Saitksmas, trefixmas, noise (after k here -smas >-§mas), crying. ; 2. - (s)m. Su Appendix -me is used, e.g.: humidity, depth ‘,gylė, deep place’: Nelisk — te same depth Plv., linkmé ‘direction’ means: & This is the direction Gs., strain ,.giming, variety”, density “density”. Su Appendix -Me More well-known are the words: punishment, discipline, song, crushing,.spustis, crushing“: So many people came that a bo great crowd VIkv., source "spin, swirl". 3. -Is. Priesaga -im is quite widely used. Su ja mainly formed past tense verb nouns of iš abstract meaning, e.g.: bėgimas, ėjimas, gdilojimas: weeping, piilingimas neit graudu pasidarė O o — ma Gs., gurgling ‘buzz’ means: All night long we heard the cars gurgling driving Etc., cutting, throwing, sewing, parking: slug Po passes by, it starts parking Ig. Standing — itself is healthy Ig. In standing it beautifully crowns the finger Ig., buzz. Some of the above-mentioned derivatives have acquired ir a specific meaning, e.g. arimas pprdgs. ‘Clogged field’, laying: We've already got a few slabs out Gs., swallowing ..becauseIt. Lexical researches 161 moji nuo breada riekta riekė“, creation: But this creature is i a nobody's child! Plv., transportation ‘wheels’. In some words of this form, when a new meaning appears, the place of the accent changes, ir usually instead of the suffix -is pronounced -ing, e.g. : feeding action || support ,,podélis*: Ta bulviné a good side dish for everything Žal., drink "action" || drink ‘beverage’. Plg. suffix -ym. There's one more hint su -imas noun made of an adjective, iš e.g.: jaunimas, minkštimas, tirštimai. Suffix of adjectives su -imas, mot. g. -imd, to be mentioned: svetimas, -d, aitimas, -a, tolimas, -a; The latter two are often referred to as aftymas, télymas. 4. -ym. Priesaga -ymas is a compound of: -y-mas, e.g. spin-y-mas. Su This suffix refers primarily to verb nouns of the y-trunk, e.g. : ūdymas, gūnymas, matymas, klaisymas, sūkymas. These are mostly words with an abstract meaning. This type of ambiguous derivatives occurs in — verbs mo ir a specific meaning, e.g.: mixing action, ,,1. bread 2. dough mixed”, rotting action, „1. waste, 2. rotting field”. Su Appendix -ymas are constructed nouns of primary verbs ir iš have usually a specific meaning, e.g.: ir drink: Prisitarė visų rūšių gėrimų Gs., gréndymas || threatening "laying pad", gurgling "groin": pierced the Jį gurgling itself with a į knife Kps., kldusymas: to ask: What a listening, what an ir acting. Vlkv.||barking to : listen, bending „the opposite side of the elbow of the knee of ar the arm“, bending: Already started building Vick. Plg. also: drink drink, ,,1. what is drunk drink": 2. accustomed to į tą drink, this kap disease Zal., listening action, ,,1. Bonpoc 2. “ ir question ‘action’. For the place of killing, see plg. -Is. Iš suffix of su adjectives -ymas noun formation is not widely known. This work can be assigned to: protein "eye, egg... white part", defecation "most sensitive side place, hideout, hideout": whispered a į whisper, ir dead Gs... two-word, (: two-word),,- intercostal, intercostal- ®. Suffix of su adjectives -ymas, mot. g. -yma, only: aftymas, -a || artėjimas subst. „friend”, closeness, -a; less often near, distant. 5. - One. Su Appendix -uma has different meanings (possibly, mainly to indicate a place) derivatives, e.g.: altitudine "high place": Climb the į highest Vikv., gailuma ‘sensitivity’ means: I've drunk up the top, o what's left is for you Depth, mm "deep place", youth "youth" : No youth I don't eat bacon Gs., shallowness ‘shallow place (e.g., river)", lowland ""Low place. Be to, it is said: most „many“, heat, emptinessmd: Mid-spring emptiness itself; idle time little is only food — Ms. 6. -um. It is a frequent adjective. Su ja mainly adjective abstracts, sometimes with specific meanings, ir e.g.: clarity, whiteness, goodness, depth, bitterness, greasiness (and fatness “fat”), ļautums: Evil. ‘angry’ takes i ji viewing Darkness, lightness, lightness, lightness, lightness, lightness, lightness. As the iš examples show, these words are formed ne only by iš u of the trunk, but ir iš a, ja stem adjectives. Be to, sometimes near Zalim, enlargement is said ir greenness Gs., Plv. : green, big big „many, most“: BigWinter || has already dug up the potatoes, o jų Yeah. hundred Nm. 162 There is another -umas derivative from a noun or some other part of the language, e.g.: tingintmas: Ima mane tinginūmas no tos šilumos Gs., netikūmas: Ale ir netikūmas ‘apsileidimas’ jo P.g., the multiplication of "many". It is remarkable that some of the suffixes -um of the noun of the derivatives are conjugated, adverbially used, and have the accent in the root, e.g.: pohárom, szépséggel, gonoszsággal. 7. Other adverbs with the consonant -m. a) -amas: a word for "part of a machine" ret. Ms. (b) -ymä. With this suffix only the word hole „hole“ is known: Oh, what a hollow Ms. c) -imis, -ė. Only the word penimis, penimė "what is pened ppr. piglet, pig”: We cut a good dick Plv. Ta We can sell the penny Ms. d) - Um. Su only the word minority is known with this suffix „,,childhoodIš “: minors (more often little ones) used to vokt Plv. IX. Adverbs su with consonant -n1. -(s)na, -(s)nas. Su Appendix -na first mentioned mainly nouns of specific meaning, e.g. briauna border, border, frost, silence ",hot, humid air," cold. Su Appendix -na is a nominative ir agent of the general genus, e.g. gleina (4) „kas gleinija, gleboja, terlioja““: Ot who gleins cannot, — having taken a knife, cut meat See, piston: Such klipna, o boast, it's no end Cylinder, nozzle "who gets angry quickly ir starts spraying", skretna "who is su unclean, with a rounded mouth, a rounded-mouthed": That childish scary skretna Ms. There are different types of ar words with different meanings, for example: ,,1. trizna tryda, laisvi viduriai, 2. karšto būdo žmogus, karštuolis." Su Appendix -sna-composed words (nouns) mean mainly persons with a specific meaning, e.g.: dusna ar „padusėlis“, džiūsna „sudžiūvėlis“, rukšna (after k s >š) „smurf, poor man, poor man, poor ,,1. man, poor 2. man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man, poor man ‘ynis’. Priesaga -nas used for adjectives (mot. g. -na) to form, e.g.: moist, wet "lazy", sad, full, thin, weak, handsome (more often handsome) "excellent, good" Ps. Su Appendix -nas is a number of nouns with a specific meaning, e.g.: dūgnas, kalnas, klūonas „laying“, sparnas, tvarnas Kluge, Gerrit. Adverbs - Dreams are just remnants. Beside the more common word Serksna ir is said šerkšnas (kg) > 100 ml/ min). Be 100 mg/ day. (ret.) adverb for slurry (: slurry) Dks., Vick. „skurdžiai“: Skurnai lived, it seems ir Ms. 2. -(s)nis, -(s)nys. Su Appendix -nis (v.s. kilm. -No, word. (g) are specific. meaningful nouns, e.g.: pear: Įskilo (knife) one pear Vikv., kulnis, plénis (ppr. dgs. Plenary) “the ir extinguishing fire turning into ashes”, skébnis “cover, low barrel”: į Fill the barrel with water Br., root, thigh „kulšis“, trūknys „rotted straw“: straw left Iš tų only one triknys Ms. Priesaga -snis (v.s. kilm. -snow) are rare. Su ja commemorative half ir furnace „1. pile of stones Klvr., 2. pečius’ Alk. 11* 163 The root suffix -snis || -snys is more common, e.g.: alksnis || elksnis zan., in addition, cf. Alksnė || Elksnė upl. 1999. (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) « Крёстный отец » (in Russian) 3. -(s)nus, -nius. With the suffix -nus are mostly formed adjectives (mot. g. -ni), e.g.: lipnūs,Jimpamas*: NO medaus pasidaro lipnios rankos Gs., sraunūs upelis, šaunūs „puikus, gražus“: Tas Jonc šaunūs vyruks Nm., švelnūs, tepnūs, „greit susiteršiantis, susitepantis“ Žal., Nm. The adjectives with the suffix -snus ||-šnus are skursnus, „uzskurdes, skurdus“ ret., lipšnūs „pleasing, gentle“: Prė vyrų visų jos (merginos) lipšnios Gs. With the suffix -nius, mot. g. -niuv.21.¢ || -né, two words are known: mižnius, mot. g. mižniuvienė | mižnė, "1. who urinates while lying down, 2. unserious Man“, triznius, mot. g. trizniuvienė,,1. who triedzia, 2, a hot-tempered or unserious person”. 4. -ana; -anas, -a. The suffix -anu is used to form nouns, e.g.: dovana || dovana, drūpana „clothes“, gdrbana „,honour“, liekana, kūmanos „,the skin of the horse“, palūkanos „percentages“, pléiskana (ppr. dgs. plėiskanos), traiškana (ppr. dgs.): Tik acikėlė tai akys pilnos traiškanų Gs., ūkana „the wind blowing air“, With the suffix -anas, mot. g. -ana, there are two adjectives: dlkanas, rūškanas, „blue-haired“; "Autumn, Winter, Spring, Summer: Autumn, Winter, Summer". Didn't something happen to your sour face? Vlkv. The adverb for gift is also included here: *dovanas. 5. -ena, -mena. The suffix -ena is widely used to denote a nominative agent of the general genus with a derogatory meaning, e.g.: dušena,,uzausélis, pusvailis: A pasisieji kur tokį aušeną? Ms. dvėsena „padvėselis“, gaišena „kas įgaišęs—uZskurdesTM: That mare is already a real gaišena Vlkv. No meal will please that gaishena Grl. Are you going to go with that kind of shit? Ig., geltena,,pageltes nuo ligos žmogus": Probably long he lived that geltena Bgt. To be a girl, you have to be a cap, that's da da, and here's such a yellow Alk., gožena,,vépla": Where is that gēžena going now? "There's a little bit of it, a little bit of it, a little bit of it, a little bit of it, a little bit of it, a little bit of it." What is this kiūtena, probably he knows what Bgt., kuitena „Susikuitėlis, susivėlėlis- “, kvaišena „pakvaišėlis“, kvaitena „apkvaitėlis, pakvaišėlis- “, lapena „Ssudžiūvėlis“, raūkena,,susiraukélis- ®, rūkena „whose wrinkled or wrinkled face, surukėlis“, rūpena „ropūžė (kuring, despising)“, skurdena „užskurdėlis, suskurdėlis, skurdžius“, stipena,sustipélis, pastipėlis“, ditena,,visu ujamasis“, véltena „,susivėlėlis“. Some of the listed words have another meaning, e.g.: dvėsena, „meat of a dead animal, dvėseliena- “, gaišena, „meat of a dead rabbit“, kvaitena „a fool“, stipena, „meat of a dead animal“. Other words worth mentioning are: aiūsenos „ausinės“: Javus Cystina, this remains aūsenos Grl., muilenos, „soapy water“, pūvenos „rotting“, rafikena, bran, „grain husk“, skūtena, „shaved potato peel, lupyna“ Grl., sviltenos „,svilėsiai“, Bambena, „Dovinės aukštupis“ Dkš. With the suffix -mena there are several nouns, e.g.: smulkmena "small thing or thing", stambmena, "big thing", fragmentmena nj. ‘trūpmena’. It may also refer to: The family of witch-hunters. 6. -year(s). The most common examples of this are: eisena „way of walking“, kvėpsena „who barely breathes, barely alive“: Nedaug jau gyvęs tas kvépsena (about a goose) Plv., baišena (s> š),,nusibaigélis, nusigyvenélis®. 164 7. =enė, -uomenė. The words with the suffix -ené can be assigned to derivatives: piemėnė, pabaigėnė „,pražūtis“ Vlkv., Alk., priemenė || priemenia,- ,priebutis- ®. There is also a number of more recent words, such as: didūomenė „,didikai, didžiūnai, ponai“, jauntiiomené, karitiomené || karūomenė, višūomenė. 8. -ėna, -ėnas. It is only known in the word velėna. -ėnas is not a common suffix either. To be mentioned su ja words peony ret. ,,peliy vanagas“ Plv., teténas „aunt’s husband“, trakėnas, -ė,,horse or mare of such breed“, varnėnas „squat“. 9th ed. The suffix -inas, mot. g. -ina, is used in some adjectives made from nouns, denoting a superficial characteristic, e.g.: dulkinas "dusty", dumblinas "mud-filled", krūvinas, dirvinas. There are only verb adjectives: būtinas, rūkinas, mūrinas, „sumures, susitepęs- “, tėkinas. In the case of nouns with the suffix -inas, the first to be mentioned are those denoting the male sex of animals, e.g.: avinys, bitynas, katinas, kuikinas, mėškinas, ožsinas, besides, gulbinas ret. Gs., Plv. and Gulbinas "left influence of Šešupe (Plv.) and Sūduva (Ldvn.)". Su Appendix -inas is a noun with various meanings, e.g.: dkstinas, „auotas“, duksinas „some kind of money in ancient times“, kirminas „big worm“, giedžinas, paršinas „pig“, pentinas: Gaidys kap raitelis —su pentinais Vlkv., slibinas „smoke“, Slibinai k. Nm., boy. 10. -inis, -inė; -outside, -e. Su Appendix -inis, mot. g. -inė, consists mainly of noun adjectives"?. They denote: a a) substaniš ce which ar su which is made and produced, e.g. : The oatmeal is good for stink Gs., potato || potato porridge Grl., it seems, to bury amber carnation Alvt. Linen shirts are best washed at Nm. ; property dependence of the object on the species, e.g. : b) ar Duck Egg Poor Ms. New single sprocket, kic rear wheel Plv. ; the c) superficial similarity of the object, e.g. : Arms kab iron ‘solid’ Ms. The eyes are icy, like a dead man's "Cold, dead" Zal. : a goal d) or assignment to someone, e.g.: bubble Su (dobilams piuti) mašina i mevas pjauja Gs. ; a place e) from iš which someone comes or where someone is and lives, e.g.: kdimineis žmonėm lengviau rast Su rodą, kai su miestinieis Alk. Such to the collective farms and to the self-sufficient life ,,the people living near Šešupe“ Ms. -inis, used -ė instead of ir next to ar suffixes -ietis, -iškis: calvarial man Graž., a teacher from Pilviškiai Vlkv., šilavotinė marti “from Šilavota” Pasl. ; a f) certain tense with su which something is associated, e.g.: paištinis, -ė: Rising Star Klvr. Gifts at ( the wedding gifted to the bride) money had Klvr. Ceriausia deda mofčinės chickens ,,peered in March” Ms. g) the distinctive mark of the object, e.g. : Not mus akinés yr penile ir kazyros Ms. Kriiminei dafitys jau kiauri Vlkv. * Jų some may have been made-up. ir Plg. : Mouse, mouse, te you've got a fuck, give ma me an iron (ps.) Klvr. 165 Adjectives with the suffix -inis are also formed from adjectives, e.g. : Says, terrible “arrows here grew Ut. The mountain cow is nothing, poor Gs. There are also adjectives formed from numerals with the suffix -inis, e.g. : Sixteen (sixteen years) girl the mikliausias Alk. There are also adjectives made from passive participles of the past tense with the suffix -inis, e.g. : Such a dreptiné (stulė) girl —kap maišas Gs. For the Leistines kulaiče (from liquid dough) the best is Vlkv. There is one more adjective with the suffix -ic, made from an adverb, e.g. : For everyday clothing, and everywhere fits Nm. In addition, some adjectives with the compound suffix -utinis, mot. g. -utinė, e.g.: aukštutinis, viršutinis, galutinis, kraštutinis, paskutinis, paviršutinis, pirminis, vidutinis, žemutinis: A tai jau galutinis žodis? Vlkv. I have to be the first and the last everywhere, the first to start and the longest to work. There are also nouns with the suffix -inis. These are adjectives with the suffix -inis, which are composed of nouns or perform noun functions, and therefore their construction is the same as that of adjectives: they are composed of nouns and some other parts of the language, e.g. : a) steamy “shoulder part”: There is no steam — full of smoke buys Alk. Įsitaisyk garinj —ceilings are already rotting Gs., clamp "strike with clamp": Kirskim (let's negotiate) from deSimc clamp Kt. ; (b) a,,poor, from the heaps cloth”, a presumptive,,penis piglet”; "Vilkaviškio gyventojas: Vilkaviškinei su mums nedraugavo Ms. ; c) upper case “Jubose hole for smoke to come out”, lateral: Kat acirastų nuošalinių kokių (lateral people), that is better Klvr., bludinis “loose, loose jacket”, source; d) girly "girl", rolling "such a dance"; e) monastic, etc. : A single-year-old to come in the "eleven o'clock train"? KzR. The feminine suffix -inė is used primarily in nouns that denote mainly a place or object, where something is or is placed, e.g. alinė „beer, bar“: Žiūrėk, i suka į alinę Vlkv., drūskinė, gimtinė, „native place, hometown“, rūkinės mėsinė, pintinė, statinė, šalinė (krūne): Full side load Gs. There are many nouns with the suffix -inė with other meanings, for example: aušrinė "dawn star", bergZdiné "futile cow": Kas mums iš tos befgzdinés? Žal., giltinė, krūtinė, kūlinė „machine with which the hammers are made when burning“, naginé, rdutinė „10 fists“: Per dieną (linų) ninety rautinių prirauni Grl., sėtinė „sown forest“ Alk., šiltinė „such a disease“, vėjinė „wind arrow; "There's no place for me in the world where I'm not going to be a witch," says the witch, "I'm not going to be a witch," says the witch, "I'm not going to be a witch." With suffixes -inis, -inė there are also names of rivers and streams, e.g. : Asinis Ss., Eglinis Brt., Ig., Kermušinis Kps., Dovinė Dkš., Kastinė nj. Alvt., Meškinė Vv., Plaušinė Vv., Savinė || Sabiné Jnk., Vilktinis Krb. As the examples show, the pronunciation of adjectives and especially nouns with suffixes -inis, „inė varies greatly. However, this pronunciation is at least partly determined by the root and ending pronunciation of the main word. 166 11. -inys. Su Appendix -inys are constructed nouns. They can be made of verbs iš (or at least su related to them), adjectives ir sometimes iš other parts of speech. Verb root suffix su -inys words have different meanings. Some of them, the result, be have an active ir meaning, e.g.: atlaidinjs,,- atdrákis, atlydis“: Pab6 discount, i snow fell Vlkv., palaidinjs „atlydis, polaidis“, laiginys, „tingéjimas, laisvumas“: I'm lazy in this weather Ms. Is a ir nomina agent (jos mot. g. -inė), e.g. student, lazy: Don't go ma her last — lazy Ms. Other verb construction and root suffixes su -inys nouns have specific meanings, e.g. grindinys ,which is grounded; “Grounded”: — Griffin go less dirt Vikv., kraitnium ‘hay ir straw mixture’, knitting “what is knitted”, milinjs „girnoms sukti lazda“, mutinys,,saldinto vandens su jtrupinta duona toks valgis“: The Prussians' stuff will pass, the Poles' mouth will fix it Alvt., pakulinjs || pakulinis, purkinys "purchased object", find, "found object", collection "other broken wall ar of the well", pond "dam". Note that for the same purpose, a suffix can sometimes be used -inis ir -inys, e.g.: puukinis puukinys || „iš pašukų audeklas“: It used to be, we wear some kind of puppet, i well Ms. 12. -yna, -ynas, -umynas, -ynė. Su Appendix -yna is several nouns. Jų some mean living beings, usually, in a pejorative sense, others or the same are different meanings, e.g.: sponge,,sudziuvélis, ir džiūsna“: Suvytes kap koks sponge Žal., peeling potatoes peel, what dried up „1. 2. (human animal), ar derogatory 3. word“, shelf, family. There are also other analogous foreign nouns, such as dvėselyna "wedding", krikštynos, ar vakarynos "wedding eve, bachelorette party". Priesaga -ynas, usually used in collective nouns, part of which sometimes denotes a certain place, e.g. iš briklynas ir ‘karklynas’ means: In our meadow there is a large grey forest Lkš., alder oak zan., || spruce, fir, woodland „giria, forest“: Near the woods live Snt., pusnynas ,,where a lot of snow has been broken down”, shavings "a lot, a pile of chips", gravel "where there is much gravel, su the earth is gravel". Su -ynas occurs in ir real names, e.g. : Jurkynas pvd. Brt., Barsukyno river KzR., Kermušynas upl. Šil., Rūškynas upl. Young man. The composite suffix -umynas is used, usually denoting specific objects related to the property of the main words, or an enhanced su abstract property, e.g.: gardumynas ppr. dgs. „gardus dalykas“, gražumynas ,,1. gražus dalykas, 2. didelis grožis“, saldumynas „1. saldus dalykas“: Purchased whole-grain sweets Vick. +52. high sweetness’: Ale candy i can swallow — the tongue Gs., Density ,,tank". Suffix of su adjectives -ynas, against. g. -yna, only blue, blue blue. || Su Appendix -ynė is a noun with different meanings. Often the ši suffix is used to denote members of a common family, su usually with some negative meaning, e.g.: hronyně „handsome man“: But he's waving like a i threat Bub., laying "who speaks ugly — barks", splash „kuris pliauškia, tauzija“: for such a splash, it seems, you would give it a zap, kat apsijukdty Gs., sprayer „who is quick to get angry gets — splashed“, staugy)nė,,staugalius“, tarskiné „tarškalius“: Those boobies are all such crap. Mr. 167 Po k priesaga -stas, mot. g. -sta> -§tas, -šta, pvz.: lūkštas: Ledas plonytis — kap kiaušinio lūkštas Žal., minkštas, -a. 2. -(š)tė. With the suffix -tė there are several nouns, e.g.: gniūštė, „pinched fingers”; "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" "Snow on the road" After the cab dried, Gs. squeezed it, returned “a specially twisted and tied linen fiber”, kipped, “a girl with cut hair”: Oh, what a spit ma ta kifpté Alk., pasdsté “carriage seat”, apron. The words with the suffix -Štė are only: bėpštė || bopsé,,boba (minor), bobelka", rėkštė "rek stė, rekštė" Klvr., Laikštė "right tributary of the Šešupė" Kps. 3. -(s)tis. The suffix -tis is used mainly to form abstracts of the female gender, e.g.: gaištis "delay, demise", grauštis, "grauzimasis, širdgėla- ": When the grief comes, I have nowhere to put it Bgt., grūstis, "grudimasis®", įtartis "suspicion": An jo krito suspicion Gs., kliūtis, kliuvimas, kliuvinys- ", klotis ",pasisekimas": Palinkėjo geros klotiés Vlkv., mirtis, papjūtis "trouble- ", paspirtis "support, help", pažintis, pragaištis "care, destruction": Tik pragaištis su tomi vištom Žal. There are also feminine nouns of specific meaning with the suffix -tis, e.g. gniduštis || gniūštis: Suspaudé su gniauštim (gniūštim- ), kap su plienėmis Plv. Toki trumpučei—tik per gniauštūtę Gs., kartis, klėtis, nytis (ppr. dgs. nytys), padėtis „padėjimas“: Tų daiktų dauk, o nėr geros padėtiės Gs., pėntis, skiltis, svirtis, židtys nasrai, staklėse audimo dalis“. With the suffix -tis the nouns of the masculine „1. gender (in 2. the singular -čio) are mentioned: daiiktis, korštis, keltis "the high place on the top of the foot", languktis "a device for bending threads", raikštis (<raištis), ramstis, "with which one rests", sdmtis. There are only a few feminine nouns with the suffix -stis (-štis), e.g. nuotarstis | nuotarstis Plv. „suspicion, slander“, rūkštis, sprūstis,- ,„grūdimosis, spaudimasis“: Many of those people —it’s scary to fight AZB. Sometimes, this type of diagnosis is also used for other types of cardiac diseases, such as heart failure. 4. -(š)tus. The suffix -tus is only in one other noun or adjective, e.g.: lytūs || lietūs Brt., glitūs, -i "sticky, slippery": Tie grybai toki glitūs PIv. With the added pre--fus consonant š, which after K, g, p is derived from s, i.e. with the suffix -štus (<-stus), we can mention: baikštūs „bailus“, baukštūs,,bailus, baugus“, dūrštūs „darbus“, grakštūs,lankstus®, kruopštūs, rūkštūs, šmaikštūs: Šmaikštūs ka botagas Gs. 5. -Father. With the suffix -ata is more the nominative agent of the general genus, usually, derogatory meanings, e.g.: pliaūškata,,plepys, niektauza“, rizata „who rizena, laughs, rizentojas*: Nustoti tu, rizata! "There's a little bit of shit going on," he says, "but I like it." In addition, with the suffix -ata there is one more feminine noun of various origins and works of concrete and abstract meaning, e.g.: data, pluūkata "dirty": Negali ižbrist —baisi pliūkata Alvt., sveikata, sarmata. 6. -atis. With the suffix -atis (in the singular -ies) there are verb nouns of feminine gender, e.g. gaišatis, „,gaišamas“, maišatis „,summing up, confusion, mixing“: War's over, mess, I'm i still here Vlkv. 174 Atskirai paminėtinas pilnatis, -ies (-čio) || pilnatjs,,- pilnoji mėnulio fazė“: Jau pac pilnatys Gs. | 7. - And, and, and. With the suffix -efa, the nouns of specific meaning are first mentioned, e.g.: kūpeta “small hay cone”: Boba kap kūpeta “thick” Gs., skėpeta, “scarf”, „§érpeta, „atplaisélé, skin flaking“: No to vėjo rankos vienų šėrpetų Nm. The suffix -eta is also found in the plural numerals dvéjeta, tréjeta, kėtverta, penketa.- .. and kéleta, whose masculine gender is: dvėjetas, kėtvertas, tréjetas, peiiketas..., kėletas. 8. -ėtas, -a. suffix -ėfas, mot. g. -éta, used to form adjectives. This is the most commonly used adjective with this suffix, which is formed from nouns of the ė root and indicates the possession of the characteristics of the main word, e.g.: duobėras "with holes": Duobėtas kelias —kap tu ir išvažiuosi? Gž., porridge pot Grš., crumbly || crumbly meat Gs., puffy palms Gs., wrinkled face, muddy day, hat-clad || hat-clad girls Nm., grassy,,- with grasses- “: This year the flax will be very grassy —there will be nothing to hurt Plv. There is also an adjective with the suffix -ėtas, made from nouns of other stems, e.g.: debesėtas || dažn. cloudy || cloudy sky Vikv., kdu- “«“ X slow meat Grš., molėta,,- klolinga* žemė, vasaréta „šilta, graži““ day Gs. 9, -otas, -ota. With the suffix -otas, mot. g. -ota, adjectives are mostly formed from nouns of the o stem, e.g.: barzdotas, „su didele barzda“: Dabar vėl į mada atė barzdėti vyrai Gs., galvétas „gerai galvos“ žmonės Gs., gyslotos || gyslotos (ret.) rankos Gs., huprotas vaikas, miglota diena, putotas: Smaikei važiavom, tai net putėtas „,labai sušilęs“ arklys VIkv., rasédtas langas, iikanota diena. They are formed with the suffix -otas and from nouns of other stems, e.g. dievotas, "pious, god-fearing", pilvotas "with a big belly": Kai pagirdai, tai pilvėtas kalviuks Žal. It is a very large, fast-growing plant with a long, thick stem. It is also known as the "Silver Line" in the United States. The suffix -ota occurs in names, e.g. : Aisrota, Būlota. With the foreign suffix -avotas, mot. g. -avota, there is another loanword or hybrid, e.g.: durnavotas „pusvailis, apykvailis“, kiaul(i)avotas „,piuliškas“: Na, ir kiauKi)avėtas tu! Ms. In the latter example, there may also be a composed suffix of the Lithuanian verb. "About - Ava". Similar origins and uses are also the local name Šilavotas Prn., KzR. 10th ed. "There's a little bit of a squeeze in the middle of it," says the girl, "and it's a little bit of a squeeze in the middle of it," says the girl. „middle-- aged girl“, carried „children’s nanny — carrier“: I was with them for carrying Vlkv. In verbs, the suffix -tė, 11, might be more accurate. -uotas, -a. With the suffix -uofas, mot. g. -uota, adjectives are first formed from nouns of the a stem, e.g.: kalnuotas: Apė Vištytį kalnūoti laukai Vlkv., languotas vežimas, mangled legs, floured bag, buttered knife. 175 It is also used in the creation of adjectives with the suffix -uotas and nouns of other roots, e.g. debesuotas Grš. || cloudy sky, dedervinuotas face, oZitotas ",capricious" child, hat,,with hat" girl, feathered,,feathered" bag, painful,,painful" hands, embroidered: In the past, embroidered (embroidered) walked Vlkv. 12, -ytis, -ytė. In the descriptive dialects, this suffix usually has a different prefix than in the literary language — tvirtagalė, except for the town name Vištytis. The suffix -ytis, usually, is used to name very small and young living creatures or small things, e.g.: dutytis (often duckling), bliūdytis, brolytis, plaukytis, Sunptis, goąsytis, The suffix -ytis has and emphasizes pleasant meanings. This is particularly true in the case of smaller particles. It occurs with the suffix -ytis, mot. g. -ytė, one another and an adjective, e.g. mažytis, mažutytis: Plaukyčei toki mažutyčei Alvt. (There is also a compound suffix -utytis.) The suffix -ytė is used to form feminine nouns of minor and gracious meaning, e.g.: akjté, mamytė, mamulpté (here the suffix -ulytė), mergytė, žuvytė. Other meanings and verbs are mazgjté, lazdelé, to which threads are tied before weaving“, vaZyté ret.,,veZimas (action)“ Vilkv. The suffix -ytė is sometimes used in proper names, especially in female names, e.g. : Marytė, Onytė. In the past, the suffix -ytė was not used in the people's language, but the suffix -ūtė was used. In some cases, the name is used in conjunction with other names, e.g. : Kuraitytė Grš., Rimosaitjté ib., Žiūraitjté Zvr., used to name daughters officially, seriously, publicly. 13. -aitis, -aitė. The masculine suffix -aitis to form minor nouns is not very popular —it is used, for example: aržuolaitis, grįžuolaitis: Aržuolaitis, grįžuolaitis, viršuj mėnuo teka (linas žydi) Ss., gaspadoraitis (psn.), kepalaitis, veZimaitis. The feminine genitive minor suffix -aite is used more frequently, e.g. eglaite, kiaulė, kumelaitė, mergaitė, niekotaitė Būbl., obelaitė, pušaitė. As can be seen from the examples, in these kinds of constructs the suffixes -aitis, -aitė are pronounced with a strong-vowel suffix and thus differ from literary language. It is now partly covered with grass and partly with shrubs. The old pronunciation in the descriptive dialects is still preserved in the names of men (see below) and in one other place name, e.g. Keklaitis, „Jiesios intakas“ Iš. : Kekljs,‘- Rudés intakas’ Vv. The following words with the suffix -aitis, mot. g. -aitė, of dependent or other meaning, are to be mentioned: aukštaitis, giminaitis, jaunikaitis (mot. g. does not have), karaliūnaitis (in tales), vasaras, žemaitis. The suffix -aitis is used, especially in the Zanavyks, and in male names, e.g. : Jokūbaitis, Kalvaitis || Kalvaitis, Kuraitis, Vaičiulaitis. It should be noted that some names with the suffix -aitis tend to be shortened in dialect, e.g. : Brazaitis —Brazys, Meksraitis —Mėkšras, or replace with another suffix, e.g. : Parsditis —Piggy, Mergaitis —Virgin. In the case of girls and unmarried women, the suffix -aitė is not usual in the folk language — for this purpose, it is usually said with the suffix -ūtė. It is now used in other applications, e.g. : Bartkaité (: Bartkus) Grš., Jablonckaité Vikv., Jus. kaitė Nm., Kazlauckaitė Grš., used seriously, in public. Plg. XIV 12. 176 Su Appendix -aitė separately mentioned words savditė nj. ir tarndité psn., having no minor or gracious meaning. 14. -ietis, mot. g. -ieté, although ir not very common, but su ja is said, e.g.: kuminietis, kaimiétis. For the origin, the place of residence, among other suffixes of that meaning, the Zanavyks ir use kapsai ir -ietis, -ietė, e.g.: kauniėtis, šakiėtis, vilkaviškiėtis, vilnietis ,,Inhabitant of Kaunas, Šakiai, Vilkaviškis, ar Vilnius city district”, 44 suffix Su -ietis, -ietė mentionair ble words aviété, german || often German: I call it: ‘,vokietys’ i ‘Prussian’ Ms. 15. -Utas. Su Appendix -utas are some nouns with a specific meaning, e.g. : @Sutas ‘horsetail bitter ar hair’, tar ‘oil obtained by burning birch bark’: Smirda kab tar Br., turkey, walnut: Hard cap nut Vick. Su adverbial long -is the name of the village Opstreams = Obšrūtai Plv. 16. -utis, -utė. Su Appendix -utis is formed by some, usually common-genus, nominative agent, e.g.: barškūtis,,,- barskalius, barškalas“: Stop, stop you, barškūti! Plv., jieškūtis „seeker“: Ar have you seen them, theyshkūti? Gs., plush toy ,,fluff, frivolous man ar child", spray „who is quick to get angry sprays“, ir tauškūtis,,plepys, tauškalius“, traukūtis „convulsion“. Su Appendix -utis are words with ir other specific meaning, e.g.: barškūtis "barskalas, barškynė": Vaikam tai bile tik koks barškūtis Žal., likūtis ‘Lekana’, twine ‘branches (pinučių) fence pole“ for || pinūtė "branch fence", donut: opened the eyelashes, o vė donut, pus is Bubble, twisted "tool for twisting straps", light ,,blinking thing and toy”, traukūtis bot. "tract, thread". Also referred to as: Kridukutis “A clogged solid thing”, a runny nose "sleep-depressing sluggishness", for summer, "summer wheat". Priesaga -out, courage. g. -utė, is widely used in a minor graceful meaning (in noun adjectives), e.g.: alūtis, kampūtis, ir lytūtis lietus ir || Ss., whippet, rabbit; mother, daughter Grl., galvūtė, girūtė, karvūtė, lapūtė, rankūtė, šakūtė; didūtis, -ė: Be great, be fast (said to a child) Gs., breast, -ė, speed, -ė: Speed runs. (about the mouse) Alvt., jaunūtis, -ė, mažūtis, -ė, silpnūtis, -ė, žemūtis, -ė. Plg. but: Sweetie, sweetie, beautiful your hat (d.) Alvt. He was a little boy. ir (ps.) Alvt. Let's dance. KzR. No boxes (outside) ait girl Vick. Priesaga -utis, -uté is used by boys ir ‘or nevedusiy male girls ir girl names, ar usually when the father’s name is -a, -o, stem stem -u consonant su k, g, e.g. : Marcinkūtis Kbr., Mickūtis Dkš., Paplauckūtis Kps., Ramanauckūtis Vlkv., Tarnauckūtis Throat. (: "Marciūkas, Mickus, Paplauckas, Ramanauckas, Tarnauckas" (in Lithuanian). So are called children familiarly ir adult unmarried men. -lute used more only kpllr (Pašlavantis, Garliava, Išlaužas) in speaking: Juocnukūtė, Mickūtė, Mikalauckuté, Peckūtē, Repečkūtē, Striupkūtē'?. It is used for e.g. : ir Bartkūtē Building, Ground floor, Jablonckūtė Plb., Kazlauckūtė Throat. '1 In the cemetery there is a 1957 m. memorial to Mickiewicz. i2, Lexical research Here the 177 suffix -utė (and -ukė) is used mainly to refer to young daughters, but is also used to refer to adult girls. With the suffix -utė it ir is mentioned separately: béduté || béda "carriage with two wheels": We'll ride with bėdutė Br., imkūtė "taking while sewing": Imkutės had to be sewed, they would have stood better Front, light ‘lightning bolt’. 17th ed. The suffix -ūtė with a soft consonant in front of it is typical of the descriptive dialects in girls' and unmarried women's names composed of the male names of all tribes, e.g. : Blažiūtė, Eidikiūtė, Glyčiūtė, Jakubauckiūtė, Luišiūtė, Šilingiūtė, Šniečkiūtė, Viltrakiūtė, Žieviūtė, Žukauckiūtė: Blažys, Eidikys, Glytas, Jakubauckas, Lūišis, Šilingas, Šniččkus, Viltrakis, Žievys, Žukauckas. In some cases, such as in the case of Daukšiai and others, it is the only suffix of the names of girls and girls. In the case of girls and unmarried women, the suffixes -aitė, -ytė are not common and popular in the descriptive dialects, they are more or less known from the writings of documents and are used for public, official names. Common words with the suffix -ūtė, -aičiūtė (compound suffix) have only been heard from ar fairy tales: karalaičiūtė „,karalaičio duktė“: Karalaičiūtė once got sick Kps., karaliūtė „karalaitė“: karaliūtė says to him Ta i Kbr. 18. -astis, -astas. The following examples are commonly used with the suffix -astis: gyvastis "beast": Neither regrets his life nor his health VIkv., nérimastis,,neramumas, nėrimas- ": When I am alone, nėrimastis takes Gs., pykastis "angry, wicked". Su Appendix -the above mentioned animal,,health“: That's a living thing jo Ms. 19. -estis, -estys. The suffix -estis (vs. origin -ties || -čio) is used in few words (noun), e.g.: pity, expectation "comfort, hope, longing", charge, worry. In some places old people say the same words ir su Appendix -estys, e.g. : Taxes bo were high. Unnecessary only ripestys Pasl. Sometimes the forms that occur in the descriptive dialects are new. 20. -ysta, -ystė. Next to the suffix -ystė somewhat less frequently in descriptive dialects, usually, in the same meaning ta used by older people suffix ir -ysfa'". Words (nouns) this su suffix is formed by adjectives of iš nouns. ir Iš noun suffix su -ysta words to mention: gaspadorysta (sl.): Wide gaspadorysta "big kolkhoz" VIkv., martysta,,martavimas®, mergysta,,mergavimas®, naslysta,naslavimas®, Selmysta (sv.) ,,evil, beastlike work,” serves “service,” humanizes “human form”: Sleep Zmangysta "wolf, transformed into a — man in disguise" (ps.) VšR. Acirado Zmogysta, "a small man" Vick. Composed noun suffixes su -ysta iš adjectives, for example, are: dumnysta (sl.), jaunystė, šūdysta, maZysta „minority, smallness- “, senystd „old age“: Ka nor an senystos ramei pagyvėčia Ms. 15 About Griškabūdį ir etc., as far as we have noticed, both prepositions are used almost in parallel, only separate words are distinguished, e.g., girdėta tik Zmogysta 'Snake, poor man'. About It is called youth, friendship, but old age. 178 Expand už the suffix -ysta used in dialect suffix - A friend. The nouns of this suffix usually have an abstract meaning. They denote a mainly abstract feature of the main word. Adjectives of iš nouns are ir formed. Nouns suffix su -ystė are formed mainly by nouns, e.g. iš draugfstė,,draugavimas®, galvazudysté,,- uzmušimas, nužudymas“: During the war, there were all kinds of murders. ir E.g., godulfstė „greedyness“, kaiminystė, kiaulystė, „pig work“, melagjsté „liarship, lying“, moterirysté: Supported the women's stone ‘married’ VIkv., tinginjsté,,tingin'*, childhood ‘age of the child’. : Occasional noun suffixes su -ystė made adjectives, ir iš e.g.: jaunystė „youth“, puikybė „perfection, excellence“. Iš adjectives with suffix -ingas, made su with suffix -ystė nouns are sometimes used only milaširdingystė mielaširdingystė „,mercifulness, || mercy“: Have no mercy Plv. 21. Various su consonant -tprepositions. There are also several different consonant su suffixes that occur in # one word after another, e.g. : a) -atė: gyvaré: A true gyvite ta anniversary Kt. b) -etė: aketé kp. || eketé zan., raukėtė,susiraukélis, pikčiurna”: Don't go near those fucking "angry bitches" Alk. c) -ätis: thorn || arskétis kpll. d) -etys: raketjs ‘a certain device for threshing rye’ Ms. e) -surface: cut ‘slapstick’: It's going to be a broken heart. f) -itas: a place name Alvitas || Elvitas: Iš Elvito parsirito, iš Virbalio parsirido Ms. g) -uotė: vaZiuoté: Grazi vaziudté ,,vežimas ir pakinklai“ Vlkv. h) -enta: serbenta: One red, the other black Alvt. i) -inta: Širvinta "left influence of Šešupe" Nm. y) -ykštis, -ė||-aukštas, -a: praėjusiais metais, -é | ret. pernykscias, yesterday, yesterday**, -a, rainbow,,Jaumés juosta“. J) -iščias ||-ištis, -ė || -ištys; - looking for: childish || childishP || childish Grš., Vikv. "Childhood", mefgishtia Grš., Ms. ,,teenage girl". (k) -uistas: liguistas, -a, ‘slightly ill’, mieguistas, -a, ‘snoring, bleeding’”. . I) -high: disgusting Dks., vaikiiikstis ret. Vlkv., var. DkS., devil's mouth Ms. XV. Adverbs su with consonant -v1. -(s)vas, -(s)va. With the suffix -vas there are a few nouns, e.g.: nafvas, pilvas, plovai,,plova* Ūt., pūrvas kpl (often dirt), stdvai "sides of machines- ": Stukstuk stovai —nivintdvai, viršuj gaidžei gieda (organs) Gs. A little more with suffix -vas, mot. g. -va, there are adjectives, e.g.: blaivas || blaivi, gyvas, kreivas, lerigvas, palvas, šleivas „kleivas, klišas“: Gražus, tik šleivas, kreivas kuprotas i (iron.) Plv. The suffix -va is used to form feminine nouns, e.g. dirva, džiova "1. džiūvimas“: Nė džiovos, nė pagados nėr Būbl.,,2. tbc disease", head, 16 About Griškabūdis and somewhere else more common is last year, but yesterday. 12* 179 krūva, meeva, plova „liūnas, klampynė“: Plovom those (fiancees) to the lake called Ut., sparva. Here is to be mentioned and gréva scom.,,nerangus dramblotas žmogus“: Where Sic gréva will go, it will not be good Ms. I haven't seen such grévas alive. Kt. The suffix is still used to form adjectives ir -svas, mot. g. -sva, which here denotes a certain degree, corresponding to the meaning of the prefix, e.g. gelsvas, -a „apygelsvis“: Put a crown on yellowish cassettes (d.) ĄžB., juosvas „apjuodis“, melsvas „apygelznis“, raiisvas „a little red, apyraudonis“, rėsvas „apyretis“: Šiemet resvi rugučei Plv., rusty "a little brown ar red", greenish "currant". 2. -(s)we. Su Appendix -vė nouns: gėrvė, plėvė: When you boil the milk, there is a film, a smell, a rope. Su Appendix -Sweet is just a word Idis: Some say „Jaisvė“, others — ‘Jliuosybė’ "Left-handed, left-handed, left-handed". Ms. Plv. 3. -Vis. Priesaga - not so common. It occurs in ji some older and newer nouns, e.g. ar kdlvis, kirvis, besides, ateivis, -ė || frequently. ateivy's. -e: It's full of aliens, Soldier. 4. - open, open. Su Appendix -avas, mot. g. -ava, there is only one other adjective, e.g.: lindvas, "flax -a blossom-colored, blue-blue", which may have come from foreign words ruZavas, -a, vyšniavas- "", -a "cherry-colored", in addition, Liubdvas mstl. Klvr. More is a suffix su -ava derived feminine — nouns, e.g.: baūdžiava, gūniava “grazing”; panykla“: Sheep give elsewhere an giniavos Ms. "There's a bad thing here in that meadow," he says, "a pig's work," "a plough's work," "a devil's work," "a devil's business." In addition, the local names Sasnava, Garliava should be mentioned here. Also mentioned here is the su adverb -/- before -ava (with appendix -liava) a couple of words: rinkliava, mėzliava “giving money when there is a collection, for example, in the past during weddings”. 5. -ov, -eva. Su Appendix -ovas, mot. g. -ovė, there are some nouns that mean persons, e.g. gėrdvas “who drinks a lot; drinker’: Drink, drink, sweetie (d.) Alk., satellite, "satellite, companion- ", sugulov "illegal husband", leader, ruler, Zinévas. Priesaga -ové, in the above be mentioned common words, also has various meanings in some other nouns, e.g.: zelenina, ruky, old, strong ‘fortress’ means: The old great bė here strong Out. 6. -tub, -tub. Su Appendix -tuvas are several nouns for a tool and a tool, e.g.: grieptūvas ‘grain gripper’ means: Mare, why didn't you catch the flu? would be better gripet? Wlkv., hot-stuffed "wool hot-stuffed machine", minted "flax minting apparatus- ", sprayer n., splitter ‘innagis ar titnagas ugniai įskelti’: In the past, men carried chippers Bgt., stut. The su suffix occurs -fuvas one another of the general genus nomina agéntis, e.g.: grauštūvas "rodent, rodent": Eik eik tu, grauštūve! Plv., nepaitivas || nepaeitūvas "whoever is very awkward — does not go", shit "which still pollutes". Su feminine suffix -you're just -The only known sietuvd "wide ir deep river location; swirl": Fucked up sietuvdn i drowned Nm. ‘"Y Plg. P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word formation, p. 379. 180 7. -Tube, -Tube. Priesaga -tuvis occurs in nouns denoting the names of tool vessels, e.g.: grūstūvis ar ,,hardener’’ means: Piestos nėra, tik grūstūvis Alk, koštūvis,- ,su kuo kas, pavyzdžiui, pienas košiama“, muštūvis | muštūvas Klvr. ‘butter beater’. | Much more widely used feminine suffix - Fuvé. Su This suffix contains words that mean household items, e.g. ar bruktuvė, milštuvė melštuvė, sėtuvė, „wicker | for sowing grain“. One other word has different meanings, e.g.: stack ,,a high row of something, like firewood” Alk. Priesaga -tubs (plural) widely used for celebrations, festivals or ar other ceremonies, e.g.: įkurtūvės, išleistūvės, keltūvės: Anryt būna keltūvės (per wedding) Ig. The young man gives candy, schnapps, it reads like the IG of those hippies. After the feast, the Ig., waittivés "waiting or receiving gifts for it", pabaitiivés, skerstūvés, jubilktūves, soon departed home. 8. Various adverbs with the consonant -v. In addition to these, there are some other consonant -v adverbs, e.g. : su a) -atvė: eternity ‘eternity’ means: Now few believe in eternity į VK, senatve. b) -yvas, -a: senyvas, -a Bubl., VIkv., nevaljvas, -a „dirty, untidy“ Bibl, Zal., ankstyvas, -a || ankstybas, -a Pasl., vėlyvas, -a || vėlybas, -a Pal. Plg. 12. (c) -uva': sesuva kp II, Suva, Valciuva,- left tributary of Sasna’ Ss., Igl. d) -uvis: liezuvis, lietuvis, -é nj., ret. — common lietuvjs, -ė. e) -lyvas, -a: this is a Slavic suffix, e.g.: gédljvas, -a ret. | common sarmatlivas, -a, supratlyvas,,,- supratingas®. XVI. In addition, there is another apyret suffix with a more or less derogatory -a meaning, e.g.: l. -erza: kevėrza,kas žemas, nevikrus“ (word of the riddle): Kiūrza kevėrza apskverzavo visą lauką Vikv., plepėrza „,plepys“ Gs. 2. -ėzas: vaikėzas,,vaikezas, vaikpalaikis": Prepares such vaikėzas —tuoj i pešasi Plv. 3. -ozas: vaikiswas,,vaikezas“, valkijozas Gs., Vilkv. || Valkiezas Grš. „who goes everywhere, walks, walks“. 4. -ūzas: pilviizas, -ė "someone with a big belly, pilvazas- ". The word is derived from the Greek ῥαιγάς (raigás), meaning "unserious, restless, strong girl" or "unserious, restless, strong girl" and is derived from ῥαιγάς (raigás), meaning "unserious, restless, strong girl" or "unserious, restless, strong girl". Alk. With the consonant -žyra suffix -užis, mot. g. -užė, sometimes used to form minor and pleasing nouns, e.g. brolūžis, tėtūžis || tėtūšis, mergūžė ret. || common a little girl. Mostly with the suffix -užis occurs in the folklore of words, e.g. : I am the skylight Kbr. Let me give you a good year, God will give you a good year, I'll buy you a good year. to 18 For the formation of this suffix, see P. Skardžius, Lithuanian word formation, p. 381. 181 Other (non-minuscule) words with the suffix -užis are only the clothing "drapana". Also worth mentioning here are the words „protestant church“, „priest“, „protestant priest“, which are also not minor, but almost a certain derogative meaning? ?, C. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF PRONOUN CONSTRUCTION: Having examined the noun construction of the kapsuy-zanavyky dialects with suffixes according to their consonant, we will also briefly consider some suffixes of individual parts of the language and the noun construction with them, while giving a short functional classification of some suffixes. This overview, |can be said,| is] a sort of summary of the previous chapter. Here are just some of the more widely known suffixes in the descriptive dialects. Many of them do not differ in anything from the prepositions used in literary language. At the very end we will list some of the adverbs used in descriptive dialects or in their individual conversations, but not characteristic of literary language, and at the same time give some conclusions. I. Some noun suffixes I. Adverbs of nouns made from nouns a) -ukas, -ukė, -elis, -elė, -élis, -ėlė, -ytis, -ytė, -utis, -utė, -ūtė, -aitis, aitė, -užis, -užė r These prefixes are used to make other nouns from nouns, so-called minor and gracious nouns, e.g. namūkas, poršiūkas, mokytojūkė Grl., viščiukė Vikv. || chicken Grl., boy, clover, poppy, puppy, bread girl, child, leaf, carriage, pine, brooder, cow. There are also compound suffixes, e.g. -eliukas, -eliukė, -užėlis, -užėlė: aukseliūkas Grl., grybeliūkas Grl., brolužėlis, mergužėlė. In addition, the suffixes -ukė, -ūtė (after the soft consonant) and, perhaps, in this case, the newly-appeared -aitė, -ytė are used in female surnames, e.g. : Šliumpūkė Grl., Trumpūkė Šil., Biliūtė, Luišiūtė, Senkiūtė, Bartkaitė ret.,nauj., Ziiraitjté (: Šliūmpa, Trūmpa, Bilius, Lūišis, Senkus, Baftkus, Žiūraitis). b) -iškis, -iškė, -ietis, -ietė, -inis, -inė, -okas, -okė Nouns with these suffixes are made from place names and usually denote persons who come from or live somewhere, e.g.: alytiškis, -ė, kauniskis, -ė, vilniškis, -ė; kauniėtis, -ė, vilkaviškiėtis, -ė; vilniétis, -ė; alksnėninis, -ė, didvyžinis, -ė, pilviškinis, -ė; Sometimes two, three or even four of the above mentioned suffixes are used without any clear difference in meaning. For example, about Pasvalys (Prienai region) it is said: Kauniškis and kaunidkas, prieniškis and prieniokas, šilavotiškis and Silavotinis. In the case of Vygreliūs (Kalvarijos raj.) four suffixes have been heard in separate words with the same meaning, e.g.: gražiškiėčei, kalvarijinei || kalvarijiėčei, virbališkei, vištyčio- '* Both of the last words were used earlier, speaking of the Protestant religion. 182 Kai. However, it should be noted that the suffix iš su - out- (Pilviškiai, Plūtiškės, Vilkaviškis) cannot be made nouns suffix su -iškis, -ė, these above Su mentioned prefixes are used for one noun after another with other meanings, e.g.: vyriškis, ir moteriškė, tėviškė, aviété, berniukas. c) -ūkštis, -ūkštė, -ėzas, -ozas, -ūzas one another noun of nouns Su made with these suffixes, iš which denotes the denigration and humiliation of certain persons of objects, e.g.: vaikiūkštis, varliūkštė, ar velniūkštis, vaikėzas, vaikiswas, valkijozas „valkata“, pilviizas ,,who has su a big belly“. d) -inė, -ydė, -udė; -ynas, -ynė with Su prepositions -inė, -ydė, -udė nouns, made from other nouns, usually denote the place where something is kept, put, etc., e.g.: drūskinė, mėsinė, arklyde, alūdė alinė, pelūdė. ar || Su prefixes -ynas, -ynė nouns, made of nouns, usually mean the name iš of a place where there is an abundance of one kind of things. For example: aržuolynas, pusynas, čidrynas, negėljnė, kelmynė, moljne. e) -ienė, -uvienė Suffix of nouns -ienė usually has two meanings. Su with or without a strongly accentuated suffix -ienė denotes wives or females of animals, strong-vowel names of o su food and dishes, e.g.: — brolienė, dėdienė, Jonienė, Paulduckienė, vilkienė (ps.); potato, egg, leaf, apple, chard. Nouns made by suffix su -iené iš u stem of bi-syllabic nouns, takes the form -in, which usually denotes,. whose wife is, e.g.: kailiuviené, puodžiuvienė, Būtkuvienė, Senikuvienė. Of course, there are exceptions, e.g.: darkūčiuvienė: her small shell ir is a real darkačiuvienė Iš — Ms. 2. Adverbs of nouns made of adjectives iš a) -ybė, -enybė, -umas, -uma, -ysta, -ystė, -atvė in Su some of these adverbs (-ybė, -ysté) nouns (galia, draugysté) can be made of nouns, but are mostly made of adjectives. ir iš iš The nouns with su these prefixes denote abstract objects, e.g.: sweetness, darkness, rarity, sweetness, darkness darkness, old age, youth || youth, old age. || b) -imas, -uomenė Recurring nouns, made of adjective suffixes iš su -imas, -uomené, denotes a group of persons and a group, a certain collective etc., e.g.: jaunimas, jaunūomenė, Priesaga of ar nouns made of verbs There are many prepositions in the 3. descriptive dialect that are used to iš make nouns of verbs. The meaning of nouns made of verbs is usually associated su with the action of the verb by which it is made. iš iš su iš 183