Mituvos upyno tarmės veiksmažodis

2.0 D KNOW FORMS IR Jil) VARTOSENA LI ETUVU V OS . TSR SCIENCE A K A D E. M I*J A E. GRINAVECKIENĖ MEASURES UPYNO THE WORDS OF THE WORLD! The verbs of verbs | How ir Ik, non-prepositional verbs are usually of the course (čirf*?, grčėbi, imt, eat), prepositions of the — event (atidiiof, eat, sunészt, isgrébf). Exceptions are the same as in lk. Momentary verbs, always used with a prefix, are be event verbs, e.g. ciptelét, riktelėt, lyžtelėt, stabteléf. O verbs whose prepositions have grown su into one į lexical meaning unit, in the dialect there is a course verb (understanNe d: everything broken; Shame on you: You would have been frightened; žįti: I Ji know well). The su prepositions ir be jų of verbs are the most prominent in the sentence. Let's say, sentences: I'm gonna get you a glove; I'm in a hurry to get the cow in the shed; i į 10:10 Let the proud sit down, let the learned sit down; Lunch is over; Skūbinu to climb no the stee; Fiigiū pavdlgyt gūlsiuos verb i forms have a clear meaning of a course verb, sentences: o Trouble is over, be time is over; By two, by three, by four, by five, by six, by seven, by Jų eight. mother young died the same verbs are event verbs. Transitive ir intransitive verbs In dialect, as ir 1k, there are transitive intransitive ir verbs. However, it has been observed that a certain number of intransitive verbs can sometimes be transitive, e.g.: nuvažiavdu horses; Normas čit broiiku; Already windows $l; thumb, Mą door side: Bobas tursūo “excavates” structures; He's got money; The hen hugged; He's eating out of the wet. ! The article tries to present as complete as possible ,,Mituvas upland dialect“ personified non-personified verbs forms ir change, part of the image of use. iš ir It is a larger manuscript ,,Mituvas upland dialect“, written in 1952—1955 1999, only II significantly supplemented with new dialect material, collected by the author until 2000. 1973 m. * Dialectal examples used in the article are given Ik (=literary language) characters, in dialect pronounced in the article is j written in all cases. Dialectal suffocation of consonants, seemingly no different from iš Go, little one. At the same time, it tries to reflect the phonetics of the dialect more accurately. In addition, the acute mark is added to mark the softness of posterior consonants, written upright to the right of the sound mark. Adjacent verbally different forms are presented in po parallels, for example, mičgam || mičgtam, phonetically different ar su with different — endings in parentheses: bėg(a), nėštum(ei). In the case where the variant occurs in parenthesee s, the final be e, consonant is always soft. For a strong-ended consonant, supposedly in diphthongs over both tongues, its sign is written on both tongues separately. For the descriptive dialect phonetics, see. E. Grinaveckienė, Phonetics of the Mituva river dialect, Lithuanian Linguistics I, Issues, Vilnius, 2006 1957, p. 119-180. 19. 520 289 The particle of return in the trejopa dialect: -si, -s, -se. At the end of the word, all three occur. The particle -s is common here and is most commonly used by the middle generation and youth (sūkas, pūčes, riēčes). -si is much rarer, newer, usually derived from Ik and occurs alongside the -s dialect in the language of the youth and local intelligentsia (sükosi, sėkasi, sūkasi). However, it has been observed that in this case it is perhaps more frequent in the 1st and 2nd person singular forms (prausiuosi, prausiesi). Among the older and middle generations, the particle -se (< *sčn, enclitic final form) is widely used, for example: sūkase, rditose, pykstase, pėšase. However, it is used only in the I, III person singular of verbs, and the plural and diphthong forms have -s. Between the prefix and the root is usually used a whole particle -si-(parsineše, nusišėre, pasikabina), except in those cases where, when the particle of the return and the root i-, e-, ėbalsiai collide, due to elisition or contraction one of them is omitted or contracted (apsčinam ~ apsieiname, atsčin ~ atsieina, pasilgau ~ pasiilgau, suséjéi susiėjai, susémei susiémei)®, Most dialect verbs (except almost all self-employed, jstangos, palengvos and minor repetitive and some others) can have returning and non-returning forms, e.g.: nupirkdu® and nusipirkau, mūšam and mūšamės, pykstam and pykstamės. There are, however, in the dialect, conjugated verbs that do not have the corresponding non-conjugated forms, e.g.: tyčiotis || tyciotise, gėrėtis || gérétise, juooktis || juooktise (see pajūokt), dziaugtis || džiūūgtise, šaipytis || Saipytise, šypsotis || Sypsotise (see pašičpt), vaipytis || vaipytise (see viėpt), niduktis || niduktise, ėlgtis || élgtise. Some verbs are used only with prepositions (įsilyt: lyt, susigulėt: gulėt, įsilipt: lipt, įsivažiūot: važiūot, pasižindyt: žindyt, nusižėngt žėnigt). In some cases, the conjugative particle only ~ modifies the lexical meaning ~ of the verb (sūktis || sūktise: sūkt, šnekėtis || Snekétise: šnekėt, statytis || statytise: statyr), in others it basically replaces it (bégtis || bėgtis "to fight": bėgr, čitis || čitise, "success": čit). The lexical meaning of the verb is fundamentally changed by the semantic combination of the preposition and the fraction of the return (prisikūūkt "to choose": kūūkt, pasigėst: gėst, apsimėst mėt). In dialect, there are verbs that are used only in the 3rd person of all tenses (most commonly in the present and past simple and compound forms). Some of these verbs, performing the functions of an impersonal sentence, are usually not associated with any actor, e.g. : Ij, sniég "snow", šąl, pūsta, diend, tėmst, aust, §viiit, šalno, šalvėn, nidukes || nidukese, nidukstos || nidukstose, šviesūojes || šviesūojese. With prepositions, prepositional auxiliary verbs or negations, they are usually used to denote the past (as well as future) time action, e.g.: sutėma, įsilije, įsisniga, prašvita, išūūša, apsiniduke; I'm going to get a little bit of rain. I'm going to get a little bit of rain. Some of these verbs may rarely be * For more examples see. E. Grinaveckienė, op. cit., pp. 162-163. * Plg. E. Grinaveckienė, Mituvos upland dialect noun, „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai“, A : Serija, 2(13), 1962, p. 198 and footnote 11, linked to the same : 290 su Root noun, e.g. dist (dawn), Iš (sex). In this case, they are somewhat close to personal. Other such verbs usually go in the noun require a direct suffix, su sometimes a ir noun suffix, e.g. : o mą (jdm, tdu...) flower daisy (head), diege Sona (hearts, nose), made in the mould, head carried (nails, soles), shaving the head (kėje, aki, širdi, rūūka...), twinkling finger (nuga), missing money (patience, health), ‘pagailsta’ jo (father). Thirds go as jų a utility, but su do not require a direct add-on, e.g. : mą (jdm, tau...) sėkas sėkase, || pasiréde, rūpe. The verb to express is usually impersonal, but in the past participle, unlike Ik, in rare cases, can have all singular plural persons, e.g. ; Nearby ir need nevdlgyt' pan. Mą ir said I ir Aš should have never Tu drunk; We needed to give; I need a name. Only the vocal stems of the verbs have survived in the dialect. Unlike Ik, there are only three jų present tense here: ia, e.g., a, &in(a), o, pūč(e), rūša, o itrunk is crossed over į ia trunk, e.g. gdl power ~ ‘may’. Verbs with a consonant before the stem in the present tense d, are more often in the form of an afrikaat, e.g. séd(e) sédia be ~ "sit", although less often next to ir su Africate (sitting(s)). However, it must be said that the transition of the trunk to i the trunk is not yet į ia definitively completed. In the disappearing, less frequently used forms of ar the plural, the stem is still widely used alongside the i new stem, the latter being more common, e.g.: girdiva gišdeva girdževa; sėdiva sėdavo ia séd?eva. ir There are only už minor remains of the pre-facial trunk. Verbs || to sleep, cry, || hurt next to present tense || vowel stem || forms in parallel (but less frequently in ir the language of older dialect speakers) contaminated forms are ir used, consisting of the consonant stem-3-person iš form of the vowel stem asmegalums, e.g.: miegū ir miegtū, miegi miegetti, miėg miégt, miégam nų miégtam, miégat miégtat, || miégava miégtava, || miégata miégtata; || rdudu || || || || ||rdustu, rdudi rdusti, rdud || rdust, rdudam rdustam, || rdudat rdustat, || rdudava rdustava, | rdudata rdustata; || shave shave. The verbs peršėti niežėti || also have two forms of all || tenses: vowel consonant contaminatas, ir es. ir o time only — contaminated foot(s), itch. : The forms of these verbs contaminated with stem su -fyra have more frequent vowels, e.g. peršėt perstét, niežėt už niežtėt, peršėje perstéje, || niežėje niežėje, || peršės, perštės, niežės niežtės, || perséty perstéty, || nieZéty nieZtéty. || || || || Someone. o verbs present tense personal form 3 always keeps healthy limbs a (swing swirls), ~ but the verb žindfr occurs in parallel with the corresponding form of the ir ending, e.g., Zina žin. be a, || All primary dialect verbs with qualitative su degree of root vowel change au — au — ov present tense forms, unlike 1k5, between the root ir endings has a consonant, e.g. j, krduju, pjaujam. 3 asm. forms, unlike Ik, that is fallen j with the final vowel®, su e.g.: blidu bliduja, džidu, gridu, ~ krdu, Pgl. * Lithuanian Grammar, II, Vilnius, 1971, p. 230. ¢ See. E. Phonetics of the Mituva river dialect, lidu, mdu, pjdu, pldu, rdu, p. 151. 19% 291 spjdu, Su. In very rare cases (in the ir language of the local youth intelligenj tsia) ir m, pldun is used instead, for example. The stems of the existing cartical time as ir Ik — e ~ ė, a ~ 0, e.g. lduZe ~ Kibo Kibo. ~ In dialect, we use a consolidated, in our opinion, old person of the past cartistic time. 3 o I'm here. form, having a consonant ir accent at the ending -t, for example, to get mad. The meaning of this form is very faded. Ji may mean "Neither think, nothing, nothing will be." The same meaning of the verb ir shekūot šikot, pašekūot pašikėt ~ we heard in the ~ Zemgaling mudmen dialect ir about Laukuv. The final form of the forms pašikėt, pašikėt, -t šikdt is probably an enclitic pronoun *ti liikana". However, the most interesting aspect of these forms is that they have preserved the old inflection of the limb to this day. The root suffixes of dialect verb forms are ar phonetically in regularly deflected, for example: pif pinti, vadįt į, vadinti, pis pirūs." ~ ~ ~ After boiling in į, in dialect formally coincided with verb prepositions su -yf ir -inf communicative, e.g. gaivįt ~ revive, prašyti, ridyf. The derivative of the suffix usually helps distinguish the present tense forms, e.g. vdišin(a), prasa, moly(je). However, there are some dialects where these adverbs are confused. In some cases ir suffixes -inf derivatives in present and past tense forms have ir jų adjacent suffixes ir -yt forms (they are rarer), e.g.: baugštįtis baugštinas : būūgštos, || maigįtis „migti“: maiginas mūigos, || sdrgįt: sdrgin(a) sdrga, || spirgįt spirgin(a) : spirga, || tdikif „improve- “: tdikin(a) || peace, tarp „dissolve- “: || tarpin(a) gap. In other cases suffixes -yf derivatives have parallel suffixes -įf forms, e.g.: baniūtyt baniūty(je) : baniūtin(a), gédytis || gédyjes gédinas, : giūčyt || giiicy(je) gincin(a), : jodytis || jédos jédinas, klupdyt : klupda || klupdin(a), lydyt lyda : lydin(a), || vielyt viely(je) : viélin(a). || : || Verb to be forms The verb bilti has three present tense forms. For permanent presence, existence, the root is used būformamantais su -Not at all. -v has ir parallel, meaning-different, be forms of all persons, e.g.: bini būvū, būni būvi, būn(a) būv(a), būnam būvam, būnat būvat, || būnava būvava, || būnata būlvata. || || || || || Su root essen- (her voice probably ė originated from iš contrahuota nésne+espaby < form is not < ne + is®) forms the singular, plural plural personal ir forms, e.g.: 1 ir 2 ési, ėsi, ésam, ésat, ésava, ésata. Su the root yrconstitutes only the personal form. 3 Conjugation of verbs There are ir five types of conjugation: direct, indirect, predicative, imperative, and desirable. It uses all three numbers of verbs one- — 7 Iš the other hand, these forms in their making could be close to ir *pašikū(t) type structureJ. s, which Endzelynas considers to be the old ide of the past kartinio @ time kam. forms (plg. J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, Riga, 1951, p. 709). 8 See. E. 10, op. cit., p. 143. * See. J. Endzelynas, Baltic language sounds ir forms, Vilnius, 1957, p. 163; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 2000, 1966, p. 126. 292 pp. 101–102. The person forms of individual stem verbs are generally like Ik, but they differ somewhat from each other. The root y of the present tense forms of the polysyllabic suffix -yr in the dialect (probably for phonetic reasons), as in the neighbouring Žemaičių dialects, is always long, e.g.: kirmyjū „sleep“, kirmyji, kirmy(je), kirmyjem, kirmgjet, kirmjjeva, kirmjjeta; roZyjes "red (about the wound)". Sometimes this length is maintained in the past participle forms, e.g. kūūlyjau, kūūlyjei, kūūlyjom, kūūlyjot, kūūlyjova, kūūlyjota, but: kūūlie, kirmije, pelije „pelėjo“, pajuodije, nuspūgije, šišdijaus „pykau“, širdijeis, širdijos || širdijose, širdijomės, širdijotės, širdijovos, širdijotos. The ending -om of the present and past tense plural forms of the 1st person singular is usually pronounced shortly in dialect, is somewhat broadened and has a slight vowel a accent, e.g.: sakom, dugom, kéldavom. The endings -ēm and -ām of the present tense and the pronoun forms of this person are also broadened (but not abbreviated) and pronounced with a slight vowel e, e.g. sūkėm, kélém, čitumėm. At the western edges of the area (in Palėkiai, Pašvenčio, Žirniškiai and neighbouring villages) the endings -om, -ėm o, ė of these forms occur in parallel with a, e (šukūvam ~ šukūvome, skynem ~ skynéme, čitumem ~ eitumėme), while in the northern part of the dialect (Šimkaičiai, Mėdininkai, Pavidaujys) in addition to the usual extended o, ė occur also wu, i (dūrum ~ dūrome, sūkim ~ sūkėme, čitumim ~ eitumim)*. The endings -ot, -ėt of the 2nd person forms of those times and of the pronoun are long and narrow, as is 1k (sakot, būvot, būdavot, sūkėt, čitumėt). The singular person of the indicative pronoun. 1 here has a threefold form: as ir It is the case of the verbs "to write" and "to read": I write, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, su you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read, you read. Invariant forms of different endings are used in dialect in parallel, although the more typical form in the ending -e ar Not her. be There are two forms of the 2nd person singular: as with Ik, with the ending -um and next to it the longer -umei (it is more common in the aging period), the returning -umeis, e.g.: pėštum || pėštumei, pėštumeis. The plural 1st person, unlike Ik, has the ending -umėme and the abbreviated -umėm, the conjugated -umėmės. They are equally common: čitumėme || čitumėm, imtumėme. Dialects among young people are rarely used in the ending of the form due to influence Ik su -ume (closed). The plural 2 person has the ending -umėte, shortened -umėt, returned -umėtės: čitumėte || čitumėt, pėštumėtės. The 1st person plural has the ending -umėva (conjugative =umėvos): čitumėva, prdūiūstumėvos, umėta (conjugative -umėtos): čitumėta, prūūstumėtos. The 1st and 2nd person plurals are probably 2 — contaminative, newer. The person of the verbal clause. 3 form has suffix -those (as 1k) or parallelly (rarely) only the solid -t: čitų || éit, békty || bėkt. The form with -t is probably not of phonetic, but of morphological origin. The ending of the consonant form is threefold: They are placed on the ground, with the feet on the ground, and the feet on the ground. The latter four forms are more typical of the old generation of the dialect. Among them are M. Plg, E. Grinaveckienė, op. cit., p. 164. 1 pig. V. Grinaveckis, History of the Žemaičių dialects, Vilnius, 1973, p. 233. 12 Cf. ibid., p. 186, E. Grinaveckienė, Op. cit., p. 154, 13 Based on the laws of abbreviation of dialect word endings, we are inclined to believe that the form with a softened ending consonant could only phonetically have arisen from the form with the ending -ia, 0 not with -iau. See also J. Kazlauskas, From the History of the Optative- ,,Lietuviy Linguistics Questions“, IV, Vilnius, 1961, p. 83—84. 293 origin is difficult to explain. The form with the ending -uos is also typical of the Zemgallen (the people of Akmena, for example, say néstdus), the people of Veliuona and the northern middle Highlanders! *, And the forms pėštos || pėštose, if there is no dialect hypernormalism, a possible thing, could be related to the dialect phrase ~ phrase, (msakyčio? cf. žemaičių phrase?*). In addition to the ending -uméva (consonant -umėvos), the 1st person singular form has the ending -uvėva (consonant -uvėvos), for example: čitumėva || čituvėva, nėštumėvos || nėštuvėvės. Individual singular form of the imperative verb as 2 ir lk (chik, diiok), but in rare cases (usually in folk songs) next to the suffix of the form used ir su -kie (chikie, imkie). Be therefore, there are cases where the ši suffix is dropped. This is usually the case when speaking fast and ir another consonant k precedes, e.g.: sém sém, pil pil, gér gér, but sédék. In the solidified form pala, which probably originated from be palduk, has fallen iš relatively long ago. k This is indicated by the irregular deflection of the root at the absolute end of the au word į a. 2000: The Two-Face Man. ir 1 In dialect, the present tense plural and plural asm of one other ir verb is sometimes used. 1 forms, e.g.: činam, valgom, vaZitiojam, dėdam, imam, imava, dédava, although the usual forms are more common. The verb go next to čikim, činam, jų čikiva here has also eimė (rarely contaminated eimėkim), eiva. Forms eimė, eiva are most commonly used. It is a possible object, a remnant of consonant personification. In order to indicate the ko direction of approach, an adverb šen) may be added to each imperative form, breaking the self-inflection. šę (< 2 singular person has the adverb Se at the ending (run, run, run, run, run, run). In || the plural and binary forms, the shō is in the middle of the word before the adverb (bėkšėkim, duokšėkim, eikšėkim, bėkšėkit, šokšėkit, bėkšėkita, bėkšėkiva). This type of operating system is widely used in modern computers. ir They are familiar to ir the Zemgallen! *. The adverb $e is often added to the imperative forms even times. In such cases, the second du Look. Se du times is usually repeated in cases where it is necessary to carry out the command action very suddenly, e.g.: bėkšėšė, dakšėšė, bėkšęšėkit, dakšęšėkit, dakšešėkita. Lately, the first forms of runner-up have been... Se pronounced briefly: dakšešė, dakšešėkit, dakšešėkita. The shorting is probably due to an unworn position? ", Desirous forms of the sentence in the dialect are made up of particles te, teg su (without significant difference) twice. These particles can go in the present tense su asm of the verb. 3 form (Tegu bin, tegu sto, tečin, tesispdrda, tenesikrūpšta). Forms are more colourful. su They are perhaps more typical of the language of aging. Partíčky te, nechť (more common) common (especially in the speech of older people) goes ir su in the old forms of the desirable noun with the ending -ie (a, kam.) ia ir - Oh, no. ), (o See M4 The answers to question 293 of the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” ir catalog, stored in the manuscript of the Language History and Dialectology Sector of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute. '* See also J. 12, op. cit., p. 84; V. Grinaveckis. Op cit., p. 269. In the latter work, based on examples of Būčid and others, pronounced in the ending of ir Daukša Postila, it is reasonably held that the forms nėščio, vėsčio... ir crossing will most likely have been detached limbs to the iš root. 1¢ P. Ionian, Pagramantis dialect, Kaunas, Lithuania 1939, p. 70—71. ¥ Plg. In this dialect, the pronunciation of šašlavyne ~ šąšlavynas "sąšlavynas", aiuolync ~ ąžuolynas, also see. E. 10, op. cit., p. 142, 294 pvz.: tegul atimie teatimie, || tegul dvisie tedvesie, tegul gulie || tegulie, tegul jėjie tejdjie, || tegul miėgie temiėgie, tegul || nusivarvie tenusivarvie, tegul biinie || tebūnie, tegul pažiūrie || tepažiūrie, tegul suvdlgai || tesuvdlgai, tegul bégie tebégie, || tekišie, tepasimie, tepasidedie, || tepasiūritie, tesimušie, tesipešie, || tesišnekie, tesikrūpštai, tesispdrdai, tesižinai, tevažiūojie, tegul žinais. In rare cases, particles of the future tense form of the let construction have acquired the meaning of desired forms of the sentence, e.g. let be, let chis, su let atvažiūėds. bégu, vejū, Sduju, dudžiu, girdžiū, arddu, gyvenū, išmetu, $nekiios šnekūose bėgi, veji, šduji, dudi, girdi, arddi, gyveni, išmeti, šnekies jis, (jie, jos, juodu, juddvi) bég(a), vėje, Sdu(je), aš dudž(e), gird(e) girdž(e), arda, gyvėn gyvėna, išmet(a), šnėkas šnėkase més bégam, vėjem, šdujem, dudžem, || girdem tu girdžem, ūrdom, gyvėnam, išmetam, šnėkamės jūs bégat, vėjat, šdujet, dudžet, girdet girdžet, ardot, gyvėnat, ji išmetat, inékatės mūdu, mūdvi bégava, vėjeva, Sdujeva, dudževa, girdiva girdeva girdževa, afdova, || gyvėnava, išmetava, šnėkavos || || || || || || bégau, vijdu, šdviau, dudžiau, girdėjau, ardžidu, gyvendu, išmečiau, || šnekėjaus || šnekėjause tú bégai, vijéi, šdvei, dudei, girdėjei, ardėi, gyvendi, išmetei, aš šnekėjois jis, (jiė, jos, juodu, juddvi) bėga, vije, Séve, girdėje, arde, gyvena, išmete, || šnekėjos || šnekėjose mės bégom, vijom, §6vém, dudėm, girdėjom, ardém, gyvėnom, išmetėm, šnekėjomės jūs bégot, ji vijot, šdvėt, dudét, girdėjot, ūrdėt, gyvėnot, išmetėt, šnekčjotės mūdu, mūdvi bégova, vijova, šovėva, dudėva, girdėva, ūrdėva, gyvėnova, išmetėva, šnekėjovos Judu, judvi bégota, hajota, šdvėta, dudėta, girdėjota, ūrdėta, gyvėnota, išmetėta, šnekéjotos Bitasis daZninis laikas bégdavau, vydavau, as Sdudavau, dusdavau, girdédavau, ardydavau, gyvédavau, iSmésdavau, Snekédavaus || Snekédavause bégdavai, vydavai, $dudavai, dusdavai, girdédavai, tu ardydavai, gyvédavai, iSmésdavai, Snekédavais jis, (jie, jos, juodu, juddvi) bégdava, vydava,sdudydava, dusdava, girdédava, ardydava, ji gyvédava, ismésdava, šnekėdavos || snekédavose més bégdavom, vydavom, Sdudydavom, dusdavom, girdédavom, ardydavom, gyvédavom, iSmésdavom, snekédavomés jūs bégdavot, vydavot, šdudydavot, 295 dusdavot, girdédavot, ardydavot, gyvédavot, išmėsdavot, šnekėdavotės mūdu, mūdvi bégdavova, vydavova, šdudavova, dusdavova, girdédavova, ardydavova, gyvėdavova, išmėsdavova, šnekčdavovos jūdu, jūdvi bégdavota, vydavota, šdudavota, dusdavota, girdédavota, ardydavota, gyvėdavota, išmėsdavota, šnekėčdavotos Būsimasis laikas aš bégsiu, vysiu, šdusiu, dusiu, girdėsiu, ardysiu, gyvėsiu, išmėsiu, Snekésiuos || Snekésiuose tu bégsi, vysi, Sdusi, dusi, girdési, ardysi, gyvési, iSmési, Snekésies jis, ji (jie, jos, juodu, juddvi) bégs, vis, Sails, ais, girdės, ardys, gyvés, iSmés, Snekésis || Snekésise més bégsim, vysim, Sdusim, dusim, girdésim, ardysim, gyvésim, išmėsim, Sneké& simés jūs bėgsit, vysit, šdusit, dusit, girdėsit, ardysit, gyvėsit, išmėsit, Snekésités mūdu, mudvi bėgsiva, vysiva, šdusiva, dusiva, girdésiva, ardysiva, gyvėsiva, išmėsiva, Snekésivos jūdu, judvi bégsita, vysita, Sdusita, dusita, girdésita, ardysita, gyvésita, iSmésita, Snekésitos Tariamoji nuosaka IStisinis laikas as bėgčiau || bégcé(e), vyčiau || vyé(e), šdučiau || šduč(e), duščiau || dušč(e), girdėčiau || girdéé(e), ardyčiau || ardyč(e),gyvėčiau || gyvėč(e), išmėščiau || išmėšč(e), šnekččiaus tu bégtum(ei), vytum(ei), Sautum(ei), girdétum(ei), ardytum(ei) gyvėtum(ei), iSméstum(ei), Snekétumeis jis, ji (jie, jos, juodu, juddvi) bégt(u), vyt(y), Sdut(y), dust(y), girdėt(ų), gyvét(u) išmėst(ų), Snekétys(e) || Snekétuos(e) || Snekétos(e) més bégtumém(e), vytumém(e), Sdutumém(e), dustumém(e), girdétumém(e), gyvétumém(e), isméstuméme, Snekétumémés jūs bėgtumėt(e), vytumét(e), šdutumėt(e), dustumėt(e), girdétumét(e), gyvėtumėt(e), išmėstumėt(e), šnekčtumėtės mūdu, mūdvi bégtuméva || bégtuvéva, vytuméva || vytuvėva, šdutumėva | šdutuvėva, dustumėva || dustuvéva, girdétuméva || girdétuvéva, ardytuméva || ardytuvéva, gyvétuméva || gyvétuvéva, iSméstuméva || iSméstuvéva, Snekétumévos || Snekétuvévos jūdu, judvi bégtuméta, vytuméta, Sdutuméta, dustuméta, girdétuméta, ardytuméta, gyvétuméta, isméstuméta, Snekétumétos Liepiamoji nuosaka tu bék (ie), vyk(ie), Sdauk(ie), dusk(ie), girdék(ie), ardyk(ie), gyvék(ie), ismésk (ie), Snekékis || Snekékies || Snekékise 296 mės békim, vykim, šdukim, duskim, girdékim, ardykim, gyvėkim, išmėskim, Snekékimés jūs bėkit, vykit, šaukit, duskit, girdėkit, ardykit, gyvėkit, išmėskit, šnekėkitės mūdu, mūdvi békiva, vykiva, šdukiva, duskiva, girdėkiva, ardykiva, gyvėkiva, išmėskiva, $nekékivos jūdu, jūdvi békita, vykita, šdukita, duskita, girdékita, ardykita, gyvėkita, išmėskita, šnekėkitos Geidžiamoji nuosaka jis, ji (jie, jos, juodu, juddvi) tegu bég(a || -ie) || tebég(a || -ie), tegu vėje || tegu vejie || tėveje || tevejie, tegu Sduje || tegu šaujie || tešdauje || tešdujie, tegu dudž(e) || tegu dudie || tedud? (e)|| tedudie, tegu gird(e) || tegu girdž(e) || tegu girdie || tegird(e) || tegirdž(e) || tegirdie, tegu arda || tegu ardai || tearda || teardai,tegu gyvėn(a || ie), tegyvėn || tegyvėna || tegyvėnie; tegu išmet(a) || tegu išmetie || teišmet(a) || teišmetie, tegu šnėkas || tegu šnėkase || tesišnek(a) || tesišnekie Netiesioginė nuosaka Ja paprastai nusakomas nepakankamai aiškus, spėliojamas, iš kitų nugirstas ar abejotinas veiksmas. This order consists of the singular and plural forms of the masculine and feminine noun of all the participles (most often the past participle) e.g. : She punches me when I start crying; Tévs ésqs mates a live wolf; She is a snake. Verb pronunciation The pronunciation of verbs usually differs only in the present and past tense of the 1st and 2nd person singular forms. The interjection of their root (or suffix) is kept constant, e.g. dug(a): dugu, dugi; balno(ja): I am a ballet dancer; gére: I drank, you drank; sėdėje: sėdėjau, sėdėjai, and tvirtagalés or shortinés is jumped to the ending, e.g. praūs(e): prausė, prausi; kirmy(je) "sleeps": kirmyjū, kirmyji; in bogs: bausidu, prauséi; Worms: kirmijdu, kirmijéi. In all other cases, the place of interjection and the preposition of the main forms are usually retained. The place of accentuation of the aforementioned asmeforms usually makes it easier and more accurate to determine the prefix of the root of primary verbs with a long vowel or diphthong, which, separately, is weakly distinguished from the ear! *. nų When these individuals form a pronoun of the limb, the root jų pronoun, judging by the ear, appears iš solidbeginning. In cases where the short vowels of ar the root (adverb) a (4), e, i, u due to limb shortening* comprises su /, m, nm, r, v secondary diphthongsjų ®, the consonant changes to a strong consonant®, e.g.: gėr' ~ gėria, pil ~ pila, šąl ~ šąla, gūl' „guli“, gyvėn gyvéna. ~ Iš ear seems that the primary verbs of the future time asm. 3 the forms strong-start root as in lk, metatonically becomes strong-start®, e.g., digs, šoks, Plg, 18 dar Z. Zinkevičius, Op. cit., p. 33. » See. E. 10, op. cit., p. 151. 20 Ibid. p. 146. # Ibid. p. 139, 140. 2 Ibid. p. 139. 297 All other active and inactive participants of all other times have the same stems as lk. The construction of the participle forms shows that their stems are older than the present stems of dialect verbs and that iakam. analogy of forms of verbs, and especially of participants ikam. forms are recent. e) Participial conjugation Participial conjugation endings, like Ik, are adjectives, obeying dialect phonetic word ending laws**. In addition to the adjectives, the noun forms are used only for the singular noun of the active participle of all times (augančiam || dugančiam, ėjusiam || ėjusiam, Snekédavusiam || Snekédavusiam, sniežiančiam || čidudėsiančiam). In rare cases, the passive participants of both tenses have a noun ending (migdomam || migdomui, mokytam || mokytui, matytam || matytui) in addition to the adjective. Similar cases have also been reported in Žemaičių dialektai*". The present tense of the verbs is the same as the present tense of the verbs, i.e., they are in the present tense of the verbs. duganti || auganti, kldusianti, čiaudinti || idudenti duganče, kldusance; sneezing || sneezing; dugančes || augančios, kldusiančes dugančem || augančėm || dugančiui, kldausenčem || kldusenčiui, čidudinčem || čidudenčem || čidinčiui || čiūudenčiui; dugančei, kldusencei, čidudinčei || Cidudenčei G. duganti, kldusenti, čidudinti; Duganče, kldusenče, čidudinče In. snoring, sneezing, sneezing; duganče, klausenče, čidudinče Vt. bégancem || bėgančėm, šnookščenčem, žydinčem || Zydencem; Plural V. dugą || gagą || augantys, kldusiq || kldusentys, čidudį || sneezing || sneezing; dugančes, klausančes, čidudinčes K. dugančių || augančių, klausiančių, čidudinčių || Cidudendiy N. dugantiems, kldusentiems, čidudintiems; for those who listen, CidudinCioms G. dugancius, kldusencius, Cidudincius; dugandes, kldusences, Cidudinces In. dugančeis || auganceis, kldausenceis, Cidudinceis; dugancijoms || auganciéms; kldusencioms, Cidudindioms See béganciuos || béganciiios, §niokscéenciuos, Zydincivos || ždenčiuos; bégancios(e) || bégancios(é), šniokščenčios(e), Zydincios(e) || Zydencios(e). * See E. Grinaveckienė, Op. cit., pp. 151-158. # For example, the forms of Žemaičių dialektai are radi.ti.ujou, rasi.ti ju. ‘writer’ (Zr. V. Drotvinas, Grinaveckis, Linguist V. Kazimieras Young man, Vilnius, 1970, p. 148. 304 Zr FOZAR< You. EO tense, past tense, past tense, past tense, past tense, future tense Singular rūgęs, vargdaves, važiuosiantis; raugus, vargdavus, važiūosenti riūguse, vargdavuse, važiūosenče; rūguses, vargdavuses, važiūosenčes rūgusem rūgusiui, vargdavusem || vargdavusiui, važiūosenčem || važiūosenčiui; raugusei, vargdavusei, važiūosenčei rūgusi, vargdavusi, važiūosenti; rauguse, vargdavuse, važiūosenče, važiūosenčiu, važiūosenčiu, važiūosenčiu, važiūosenčiu, važiūosenčiu, važiūosenčiu; rūguse, vargdavuse, važiūosenče rūgusem, $nidksdavusem, siūbūosenčem; Plural rūgę, vargdave, važiūosią važiūosentys; rūguses, vargdavuses, || važiūosenčes rūgusių, vargdavusių, važiūosenčių rūgusiems, vargdavusiems, važiuosentiems; rūgusioms, vūrgdavusioms, važiūosenčioms rūgusius, vargdavusius, važiūosenčius; sour, vargdavuses, važiūosenčes sour, vargdavuses, važiūosenčes; sour, poor, traveling béganciuos, sniokšdavusiuos, siūbūosenčiuos; running(e), struggling(e), swinging(e) Inactive participants Singular gulddoms, guldyc; guldoma, gulyta guldoma, gulyta; guldomos, gulytos gulddomam || gūldomui, gulytam || guldytui; guldomai, guldytai gulddoma, gulyta gulddomu, guldytu; gulled, buried gulled, buried; Plural gūldomi, guldyti; gulded, laid by gulded, laid by gulded to gulded, laid; gulddomam, guldytom gulddomus, guldytus; gold, gold-plated, gold-plated, gold-plated, gold-plated; gūldomoms, guldytoms Įvardžiuotiniai dalyviai Vienaskaita mirštantysis || mirštantysis, siunčemasis, nusikaltusysis; mirštančioje || mirstancidje, siunčemėje, nusikaltusidje mirstancioje, sifiiicemoje, nusikaltusioje; mirStancioses || mirstancidses, siunčemoses, nusikdltusioses mirštančiuojuo, siunčiamūojuo, nusikaltusivojuo; mirStanciŋgam, siunciamdiq, criminal guldomuos, gulytuos; past 305 N. mirstanciajam || mirštančiėjam, siunciamdjam, nusikūltusiajam; mirštančiajai, siuncemdjai, nusikaltusejei G. mirStantiji, siūūičemąjį, nusikaltusiji: mirstanciqjq, sitiicemqjq, nusikaltusiq ją In. ją See to the dying dying, || sent, criminal; plural of dying, sent, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty V. | dying, siftiicemoses, guilty of dying their | dyingcujūjų, sending, guilty of their dying || dying || dying | dying, sent to sent, sinful criminals; mirštančiosioms mirStanciosioms mirštančiomsioms mirStanciomsioms, siunčemosioms siuncemomsioms, nusikaltusiosioms nusikaltusiomsioms mirstanciuosiuos mirštančiūosiuos, siuncemuosiuos, nusikaltusivosivos; mirštančiąsiąs mirštančiąsiąs, siunčemąsiąs, || nusikūltusiąsiąs Įn. || || || || || || G. || || mirštančeiseis || mirštanččiseis, siunčemdiseis, nusikaltuseiseis; mirštančiosioms || mirštančiosioms || mirštančiėmsioms, siuncemdsioms || siuncemomsioms, nusikaltusiosioms || nusikaltusiomsioms See the dying, the || sinners, the guilty; dying(e) || dying(e), dying(e), dying(e), dying(e) z 7 f) There are two types of participants in the dialect. They have a higher degree suffix and endings, e.g. : Sic marks loser; véida Iš nubalėsne; ji Lean growth; Ji už jį vegetation; Jo the garment is Ta torn; your scepter will not break; He's a lot tired; She's talking to us. g) Pronunciation of Participants Present Tense Participants of the Acting Type (with the prefixes of ir be them), to make the ancient root iš pronunciation of primary verbs azodZziy®, the accent in the whole paradigm has in the root (darąs, daranti, činąs, činanti, miégqs, miéganti); padaryti iš senovinio galūninio kirčiavimo veiksmažodžių dalyviai vienaskaitos vardininke turi kirtį galūnėje, o linksniuojant jų kirtis šokinėja pagal III kirčiuotės dėsnius (musds, mušanti, prisimenąs, prisimenanti, šnekūs, šnekanti). However, it must be said that the participles made of verbs of the ancient iš final conjugation, such a system of pronunciation of present-time forms is not stable, it is. In addition to the forms with the ending consonant, more and more recently the forms of the root consonant are prevailing (snoring, snoring, sniffing, sniffing...). Be Therefore, in dialect there are several present tense participants of the fixed verb root, which are pronounced in two ways: at the root and at the ending (dugąs || augds, duganti || auganti, bėgąs || bėganti bėganti, dirbąs dirbūs, dirbanti dirbanti, dūodąs || duodąs, || dūodanti || duodanti). || The same is true for the || outer surfaces of || the planets. It is 2 See. K. Būga, op. cit., pp. 48-55. 306 noticeable that the cases of final pronunciation of these participants are somewhat more frequent in the language of the old dialect representatives themselves and are withdrawing from the usage. In the past, most of the present tense participants in the dialect were pronounced at the ending. This is shown, above all, by the enlarged forms of the female gender of the final consonant, which are now regularly pronounced only from the root (ldukigs, laukianti, greta laukiūrit + laukianti, činąs, einanti, greta eindit~ einanti, norės, norinti || norenti, greta norėjant „morinti“). This is confirmed by the nearby Fr. Curonian dialect participants kirfavimas®. The present tense tends to retreat from the ending to the root in dialect, as shown by the present forms that are regularly pronounced in the root by the participants of the present tense: dėdąs, dėdanti, gūlyss, gūlinti || gūlenti, tūryss, tūrinti || tūrenti, although the verbs from which they are made have terminal consonants in dialect. Participants of the past participle, present participle and future participle with and without prepositions, like Ik, have the accent and preposition of the verb forms from which they are made, e.g.: bėgęs, bėgus, bégdaves, bégdavus, bėgsiąs, bégsenti, išbėgęs, išbėgus. Inactive present tense participants (with and without prefixes), made of all polysyllables and o-kam. two-syllable verbs have a constant pronunciation. Their conjugation and preposition are the same throughout the paradigm as those of the 3rd person verbs from which they are made, e.g. aidoms, ardoma, bauginams, bauginama, skdiniojams, skdiniojama, važiūojams, važiūojama. The conjugation of the paradigm of the participants made from other two-syllable verbs jumps according to the III accent, e.g. dirbams, dirbama, dirbamdi, dirbamė. The place of intersection and the preposition of the participants of the anonymous genus of this time are the same as for the forms of the masculine genus (worked, turned). Inactive past participles are pronounced in three ways: those made from multisyllabic verbs retain the communicative accent and preposition throughout the paradigm (apseilidc, apseiliota, išakėc, išakčta, pavdisic, pavdišėta, užgyvėc, užgyvėta); verbs made from the two-syllable roots of the steadfast preposition, unlike Ik, are pronounced regularly and constantly (įkdle, įkalta, įpjauc, įpjauta, malc, mdlta, pakėle, pakėlta, pagire, pagirta, nušduc, nušdauta, virc, virta); verbs made from two-syllable strong and short root verbs are pronounced, like Ik, IV accent (kaiipc, kaupta, kauptés, kėpe, kepta, kišpe, kirpta, vėrpc, verpta). Prepositional participants of these roots (except participants with the prefix par-„per“- -, whose prefix is pronounced) are pronounced with the 111“ accent (išgrįstas, išgrįsta, palikc, palikta, paliktam...- ). The participants of necessity are pronounced, as with Ik, with III accent, only the difference is that the pronounced root a, e here are regularly extended to the long ones (sėktins, vėstins, kūstins, tėptins, mékstins)- TM. In dialect, like Ik, there are simple and sangraZiniy semi-participants of both genders and numbers, e.g.: čidams, eidama, eidami, &idamas, pasišokinėdams. Both are usually formed and pronounced as Ik, only the semi-participle čidams, after receiving a prefix, as in the Žemaičių dialects*- *, more often (especially in the dialect aging language) pronounces the prefix, e.g.: išei24 See V. Grinaveckis, Op. cit., p. 219, 292. % Zr Fr. Kurschat, op. cit., pp. 290-291. *1 Plg. English Grammar, II, p. 374. *2 Pig, V, Grinaveckis, Op. cit., p. 226. dams, nūeidams, pareidams, prieidams. The latter pronunciation, undoubtedly older3?, is more rare (especially in the plural form) and has the generalized feminine plural noun form with the consonant particle -s for both genders and numbers, as in the Žemaičių dialects, e.g.: jis (ji, jiė, jos, juodu, juddvi) šnėk vaipydamos, čin juokdamds, bardamės, džiaugdamės. This indicates that half-speakers are stammering in the dialect. In rare cases, there are masculine plural forms of regressive semi-participants with the regressive particle -se, e.g. ein šnekėdamiese, išėje raukydamiese, nuvažiūva vūidydamiese. Sometimes semi-participle forms are used, which do not have a recursive particle, but retain a recursive meaning, e.g. : Tévs šnėk vaipydams; Parchin laughed about the yard. In dialects, the action of the semi-participle, denoting the second action of the same factor next to the taric action, usually occurs at the same time as the taric action (Šūd paréje čsdams; Antys virsdamas parčin; Įskurddu kdrve beganydama; Ka tik aš dainuojaudama nesumišče). The semi-participles indicate the time of the servile action (Jis ndrna kéldams —nor miéga; Atsiplėšiau nagūs beravédama; Aš tavi prišokdama prirėmsiu „padėsiu“; Turédami lūika pasidarykit), the way (Duod su kūltuve apsivertytiems; He was with us many times after he had gone about. You're gonna be silenced; Go to the dancing; Parsi grasses resisting copper "eat"; Paréje to the authorised persons; Crawling crawling on a stick; Go when you hear the voice of Idvas; Nutila as eaten; The mouth is small, and the mouth-side is slightly curved (like the mouth of a snake); the mouth-side is slightly curved (like the mouth of a snake). Divider Dialectal divisors, like Ik, are simple and recursive. They change with the times, but only have present and past tense forms, e.g. berékent, begyvčnant, umirus, sick, judkentis, susigrums. In addition, the present tense is not pronounced differently from the past tense, except that the participle of the present tense going, having received the at-, iz-, nu-, parprefix, is pronounced twice — in the root and in the prefix, e.g.: ateinant || atčinant, išeinant || iščinant, nūeinant || nučinant, pareinant || parčinant. In this case, the prefix is pronounced more frequently in the older dialect speakers, but this pronunciation is rapidly withdrawing from use. The pronunciation of the participant going with prepositions in the preposition once again confirms the idea that the participant going in the dialect has been in the final pronunciation. The participle in dialect usually denotes the time of the main action (Jie parūs betėmstant; It's not cold when it's cold; Fades in the daylight — still unmistakable; How many of those liquids evaporated while cooking; Beginning to grow deep; I will carry you on my shoulders; I'm not sure I stopped it. To be where not to be driven; He eats it while he is eating; You're on the edge of the sea; He falls as he tries.) It is less commonly used as a conditional circumstance, e.g. : From the side just for the bad im; You're tired of running. In dialect, the participle is widely used in place of the active present tense participants (Bevdlgant paliksi, besipeSant rasi; Nematyt' pareinant —tur būt nevažiūds; Ldukiu ateinant; Simet mačidu gūrni lekent; Nematdu parvažiūojent). In impersonal sentences the participles are simple- ** Plg, P, Skardžius, Daukšos akcentologija, Kaunas, 1935, p. 227. 308 it constitutes a circumstance of manner, e.g. : Rčik' nusipaveikslūot' besimovkent i berékent; What do you do, do it without rushing; Talk like you don't know; You've got to run like a fool. Typical All of the above-mentioned types of non-covalent bonds are formed by the interaction of non-covalent bonds with non-covalent bonds. They go with all tenses, persons and conjugations of verbs of the same root, which can be simple, sangráZinés, with and without prepositions, e.g. daužyte dūūza, kdste nukdnda, rėktė rėkčiau, veštė parsiveže, keptė kėpk, vestė tevedie. It is used in a variety of ways, for example, as a way of acting. : Nei kélte, nei eité par Nėmuna nčidavom. Unlike Ik, typical, made from a two-syllable solid root and a multisyllable solid suffix associates always retain the natural root prefix, e.g. : Sokte, békte, Idužte, trdukte, sakyte**. Received 1973. III, 20 3. APPLICATION TJIATOJI TOBOPA BACCEHHA PEKH MHTYBA Peaiome CraTtha apasiercs pasnenom Gonee oGsennceToro Tpyjia aBTopa,„- ,T'oBop GacceliHa pexH Muryna“. Ha ocHoBe yxe HMeIONLHXCS HANeKTHLIX JIAHHbIX H JONOJHHTEJILHOTO MaTepnanaa, cobpanHoro astopom Jo 1973 ropa, B crarTbe packpbiBaeTCcA KapTHHA CJIOBOH3MEHEeHHsI, a OTYACTH H YynNOTpeOJIeHHA ChpsiraeMbiX H HeCNpsi TACMbIX opm rjarojia aTOro rosopa. to B oramune or Jin rep. 513., B roBope HMEIOTCA TOJIbKO TPH TJIATOJIbHbIe OCHOBbI HA rAtachbie: Ha a (šėkam,, Tan yem*), na ia (dužem,,- Tkem*), na o (žinom,,3naem“). UjiarojJiki ¢ OCHOBOI Ha i rnepeniJiH B TJIaro/Ibi ¢ OCHOBO# Ha ia (see,,cMOTPHM"). Dror npotece ewe noJHOCThHIo He 3asepiuics. OCTaTKH TJIaroJbHOI OCHOBbI Ha i elle Berpevalorest B (popmax JBOHCTBEHHOTO UHCJIA, B OCOGEHHOCTH B rjaroJiax, KOTOphI@ nepeji KOHILOM OCHOBbI HMEIOT cornacHbli d (gifdiva || gišdeva || gitdZeva „Mb 06a, obe cabin «‘*). B rosope COXpaHHIHCH TaKXXe H HeKOTODpbIe CJIEJįbi OCHOBbI Ha corsiacHulit. B nacrosiem Bpement Hapsiay ¢ Op MA MH OCHOBBI Ha I'JIACHBIH TJIATOJbl miegoti,,- cnath, raudoti,,- nnakate- *, skaudėti- ,,GoJieTb“ napaJIJIeJIbHO HMEIOT H KOHTAMHHHpOBaHHbLIE POPMBI C OCTATKAMH OCHOBBI Ha COTVIACHMIH (midgam || miggtam CHUM, rdudam || rdustam- ,,nnauem- *, skaiid || skaiist,,6oaut, -aT“), a TJIATOJIbI per§éti Wu nieZéti,,3yJeThb“ B 3TOM Ke BpeMeHH ynoTpebasioTcsi B KOHTAMHHHPO= BaliHbIX (JOpMAX, COXpaHHBINIHX OCTATKH OCHOBBI Ha corylacHuill (péFsc(e), niėžt(a) „3ynnT, -9T“), Kot raMHHHpoBaHHblIe Op MbI JTHX I'1aroJios C OCTATKAMH OCHOBbI Ha COTJIACHBIN ABJISIOTCHA NpeoOjJIAajįalOLIŪHMH BO BCelt HX napanurMe (perštči || perseér, niežtėt || niežčėt,,- 3ynerTb- “, perštėje, niežėje || niežėje „3ypneno“...). “* E.g., Lithuanian Grammar, II, p. 424. B cBs3H ¢ 3aKOHOMepHbIM oHeTHUeCcKHM Tepexo0jjoM AHGTOHTrHYeCKoro COueraHHsA in B į-B TOBOpe dop MAaJIbHO COBIiaJIH HHO)HHHTHBbI TIA TOJIOB € Cydpukcamu vf Wu -inf (rtdyr,,pxaBerb“, gaivif ~ gaivinti „,oxuBuTb“). Beaeacrsue Toro raarodibl ¢ cydukcom -yrf B HACTOSIEM H MPOLIEIIEM OJHOKPATHOM BpemeHax Hapsily C¢ oObluHbIMH (opMaMH HMEIOT napajesbHbiec (OpMbl, CBOIHCTBEHHBLIC raaronam ¢ cydpdukcamu -įf 1 HaobopoT (spirgit' ~ spirginti, Kaputb*: spirgin(a) || spirga,,KapuT, -aT“, spirgina || spirgé, apna, -na, -Jin“, giAcyf,,,ClOpHTL": gincy(je) || giicin(a),,cnoput, -aT“, gincije || giūičina,,cnopua, -aa, -au*). Bee nepBnunbie TJIaTOJIbI C KAYECTBEHHBIM KOPHEBBIM H3IMEHEHHEM TJIaCHbIX auauov B dopMax HACTOSIIErO BPEMEHH H B NMPOH3BOJHLIX OT HHX JAPYrHX Gopmax, B OTJIHYHE OT JIHTEP. 5i3., HMEIOT COTrJIaCHbIM j MEX1y KOpHeM H okoHuanuem (krdujem, CKaajabiBaem“). Kak H B cocensux »xemaliTCKHX roBopax, 3/ech COXpaHHJach apxanunas dopma 3 Jintla npoiuenero OAHOKPATHONO BpeMeHH C VApHbIM OKOHYaHHeM -of: pasikot,,u He nymaii“. CKopee BCero ee MOXXHO CYHTaTh OCTATKOM JipeBHeil (DOpMbI © SHKJHTHYECKOH yacTuuedl *ti. She Takes BnojiHe MOXKeT OblTh CBA3aHa C JipeBHedi ide ¢opwmoii toro Bpemenn THna *pašikat(- t). BujnoBoe pacnpenenenne rnaroJioB Takoe xe, Kak H B JHTEPaTypHOM s3bIKe, OJIHAKO TIDHHAJUJIEXKHOCTb HEKOTOPLIX MPHCTABOYHLIX TJIaTOJIOB K TOMY HJM JIpyroMy BHJY J1yuilie BCEro yJaBJHBAeTCH B KOHTeKCTe, Hanp. : Quit nulipf in stega ,,KOHYAIO CINyCKATbCA C KPLIUH® raroa nulipti, XOTs H NPHUCTABOYHBIA, SIBASETCA TJIaTOJIOM HecoBepIleHHOTO BHA. YacTo nepexojHOCTb H HENEPEXOJHOCTh TJIaTOJIOB TOKE siCHee BCEro 3aMeTHA B npepnoxennn, nanp. : Normas 2if sitAiku,,Hopmbl BLINONHATL TAxeJIO“ HerepexojiHbIl OOLIYHO TJIAarOJI eiti ABJASETCS NepexXO0/įHbIM. B roBope nmeioTCA TpH BapHaHTa BO3BpaTHONH UaCTHILbI: -s, -si, -se. si Bcerja ynotpebasercs B cepejinHe cjoBa (susipeše,,TIOJIpaJIHCb- “) H B pejiKHX CJyuasX (B peun MOJIOJIE>xKH) B ero oKOHuaHHH (pesiosi,,1epych*); -s OObIYHO BeTpeuaeTCsi TOJIbKO B OKOHYaHuu (muūšas,,epyTCOS“); B ¢popmax HHOuHHTHBA, 1-ro, 3-ro, B PEAKHX CJiyuasiX H 2-ro JIMA TJIATOJIOB €IHHCTBEHHOTO UKHCJIA B peuH CTapiiero NOKOJIEHHS! VIIOTpeGJIf1e TCS TIOCTNO3HTHBHAS VacCTHINLA -se (in the foot, "paTbCS", in the wash, "yMbiBal0cb", in the hand, "ymbiBaeTca"). UacTnita -se, rio Bceli BepoOsITHOCTH, SABJISETCA COKPATHBIIEACS SHKIHTHYECKON YacthiIeH BHHHTENBHOTO Nanexa *sen. Besanunsiit raaroa reikėti,,rpeGoBaThCca“ B npoleaiieM OJAHOKPaTHOM BpeMEHH HHOT/ĮA MOXeT VIIOTpeOJIATbCA H B KauecTBe JHYHOTO (I needed to know,,MHe Hajo ČbiJIO He ecTb“). B nactosimem BpeMenH rAaroJi biti „,„ObiTb “HMeeT OpMbI Tpex KOpHeft. Kopenb és-(y3koe é-, ckopee Bcero, 06pa30BaHo INyTEM KOHTPAKIHH OT (DOpMbI ne + es rio aHaJIOTHH C nėra < ne + yra) ynotpebasercs B 1 H 2 JinuLaX Kak eJHHCTBEHHOTO, TAK MHOMKECTBEHHOTO H JBOACTBEHHOrO UHCEJI (ėsir,,91 EeCTb“, ési,,Tbi ecTb“, ésam ‘MbI eCTb’, Ēsat,,Bbl eCTb’, ésava,,Mbl 00a, obe ecTb’, ésata,,Bul 06a, 06e ecTb’). ®opmy KOpHA bū-¢ cypduxcanbusiMu OopMaHTaMH -n, -v, ynoTpeGaseMbIMH napaJjesbHo, HMeeT BCs INapajįH T MA Hacrosiero BpemMeHH (bind || būvis,,si ecTb“, būni || būvi,, toi ects, būnam || būvam „,,wbrecrb“, biinat || būvat,,Bbtecrbs- “, būnava būvava,,- Mbi 06a, 06e ects, biinata |būvata,,- Bhr 06a, o6e ecrb“, biin(a) || bū(a) ‘ecTb’). I'm going to take them to the hospital. 310 Jluunsie opMbl OTAC/LHLIX OCHOB B roBOpe MONTH TAKHE Ke, KaK nHTEp. B $3., HO HEKOTOpble H3 HUX CBOe0Opa3Hbi. B rosope ynorpeGisiorcs Tp dopMbi | JHA eAHHCTBEHHOTO HYHCAA COCJAATaTe/IbHOTO HAKJOHEHWs : C OKOHYalHeM - Hi, KaK. H B Jutep. a3, (read wen, mia „5 Obi’), ¢ OKOHYaHHEeM -ia (GROANS) nm (OHETHYECKH COKPAULEHHbLIM OKOHYAHHEM Ha MSITKHil COrnachbiA -¢ (Chuckles) B crarbe BbICKa3LIBAETCS NPEANOJOKEHHE, WTO [OBSERVATIONS (popma, no Bceli BeposiTHOCTH, JTO POHETHYECKH COKpallleHHas (opMa C OKOHYAHHEM - Yeah. Bo 2 June eiMHCTBEHHOrO UHC/Ia, HapsiJLy € PopMOit JinTep. a3. (_item ,, Tol wed, Lia Obl") LIHpOKO ynorpebJsiercs H Gosiee apxaHuHasi Gopma C IIOJIHLIM OKOHYaHHEM - I did. (chitumei). 1 ¥ 2 MUA MHOKECTBEHHOTO 4HCJIA, B RETRACT OT JMTEp. s13., coxpaHH/IH JipeBHHe opmbl ¢ GoJiee NOJHBIMH OKOHYAHHAMH -umém(e), -umét(e) (item(s) ‘Mbi wi Gb"). B 3 Jinue cocaaraTeqbHOro HaKJIOHEHHUS ynorpeoAstioTest 2 JOpMbI: C OKOHYAHHEM - Yeah, Sister. H B iuTep. 513. 100 mg/ day (100 mg/ day) ‘OH wea Obl, OHA 111A Obl, OHH 11H Obi’), H TOJIbKO ¢ cypdukcom HHOKHHHTHBA -t (Stit; nocaeuss dopma CpaBHHTEJbHO pageKas). Bo3Bparhbie TJIarojibi B 3 Jue ynorpeb/isiores B caeyoWHX (PopMax: C OKOHYAHHAMH -ys || -yse | -ous eaux || || -os || -ose (péStys in || péstys foot, || péstos in péstos) || ,,Oh Obi ipasicsi, Ola Obl JIpaJIaCb, OHH Obl Apaanch®). With npeanoJaraem, Y4TO C OKOHYaHHSIMH -0s || -0se, Beeii 10 BEpOsSITHOCTH, MOp(OJIOrHYECKH POACTBeHHBI ¢ (dopMoH HecaeayeMoro roBopa éicia (< P?čičio, Cp. XKeMaHTCKHe turn, pregnant), KOTOPOe, BO3MOXKHO, NPOHCXOAHT OT GoJlee pesHeil (opmbl eicio, ynorpebasiemoii B counHennsnx Jlaykuuu. Jluunbie GopMbl Nobel Peace Prize HaKJIOHEHHS B IrOBOpe TaKHe Xe, Kak H B JHTEP. 53., OJAHAKO €ro DYKHKUKIO BbINOJIHAIOT H HEKOTOpbIeė (POPMbI HACTOSALIETO BpeMenHH (eimė || eimékim „mohjneM- “, eiva,noiinem mb oGa, o6e“). Bo 2 Jmnune €/\HHCTBEHHOrO YHC/a H3pejįka (B CKOpoli peunH, B OCOGEHHOCTH, KOIMjla KOpeHb 3akKaiunuBaeTCA Ha COr/IaCHbiK) BCTpeyaercs H GdopMa Ges k (sem,uepnaii). Coxpanujiacb Take 3acTbiBluasi nosejuTenbHasi dopMa 6e3 k C HE3aKOHOMEPHO yceueHHbIM KOpHeM pala<palduk "Tnonoxju- ". I'm sorry, I'm sorry. K KaXKJIJOR opMe NobejihtejibHOTO HaKJIOHEHHS npubasasiercsi Hapeune Ššę ~ Sei,,cl01a“, KOTOpoe BO BCEX C/ly4asiX OTTSATHBaeT ynapenne Ha ceOs. B dopmMe 2 anna enHCTBEHHOTO UKCJIa HAPEUHE NOCTIO3HTHBHO (eikšė, man ciojna“), a B popmMax MHOXKEeCTBEHHOTO H JBOHCTBEHHOIO UHCEJI KHAXOBHTCSI MEXKJLY KopHeM Ho CcydOukcoM (eikšėkit,uaure ciopa“, eikšėkiva,,uaem Mbl 00a, 06e ciojia“, eikšėkita „,,njinTe Bb 06a, oe ciojia“). BeiBaioT cayuan, Kora Hapeune šę NOBTOPSETCA ABaxibl, TOrAd VAlapeHHe najlaeT Ha BTOpoe Io cuety Sg (eikšęšė, eikses¢kit, eikses¢kita). B xeaareabHOM HaKJIOHeHHH, Kpome (opM, NPHHATHIX B JuTep #3. (tegu čin(a) || te€in(a),,nycTb HpeT, -yT*), ynorpebasiorcs H GOpMbI C 4acTHLAMH tegu, te, 06Gpa30BaHHbIe OT OCHOBLI HACTOSILETO BpeMeHH MH OKOHYAHHMH -ie (Ads rJIaCHbIX OCHOB Ha a, ia: teéinie, tegulie,,nycTb JiexxuT, -aT“), ai (4/15 raacHoii ocHOBbI O: fesiZinai,,IyCTb NOCTYNAET, -I0T, KaK XO4YeT, -yT*). Popmbl 1 H 2 Kitų €AMHCTBEHHOTO YHCJ/IA HACTOSILIETO H NpOLIejŲLETO BPeMeH, HMEIOLHE yJapeHHe Ha OKOHYaHHH, B OTJIHYHE OT JIHTep. 53., NPOH3HOCATCH C HHCXO/AsILIeH HHTOHAUMEH, KaK H B COCeJHHX XeMaHTCKHX rosopax (sakdu,,q roBopio“, sakidu,,n ckasaJj, -aa“; éjdu,,5 weJj, waa*, éjéi,, Tol wea, waa%). B rosope ynorpeGasiores 4 BpemMenn JleliCTBHTEJIbHbIX IPHYACTHIl (HacTos ee, fnpoiuejiuee OJHOKpaTHOe, Mpoluejliee MHOTrOKpaTHOe n Oyayuiee) H 2 crpaja311 TeAblbIX (HacTosillee H nponiejūnee OjiuokpaTHoe), Hanp. : working ‘padorTaionnit’, formerly Formerly employed by,,pa6oraBumū” ,,uacto paGoraBumii“, working ,,KoTopbiii GyjleT paG6oraiomam’; workable padoraemMwiit, working ,,cpaGorannbiit“, Bee sTH npHYacTHs H3MeHSIOTCA IO POAaM H CKJIOHAIOTCH. Uaule I'm going to get it. TeJbHble NpuHuacTHA OOOMX BpeMeH H ACHCTBHTEe/bHbIE NPHYACTHS NpoLiejųie ro OHOKpaTHOrO BpemerH. Hapsijly ¢ HHMH LIHpOKO H3BeCTHbI H (opMbl HMEHHTE/IbHOTO NajeXa eAHHCTBEHHOIO H MHOMKECTBEHHOrO YHCeJ MPHYACTHH JOJIKEHCTBOpannus (Rye for cutting ,,cneas poxb, KOTOPYio HEOOXOMHMO KOCHTb"). [Tpuyactus 0GOHX 3aJIOroB MOTYT ObITb H MeCTOHMeHHbIMA (running,,Oeryuwit*, bégancidje "Drinking"). Hekotopia H3 HHx cyOcTaHTHBHpOBA/IHCb (aluminium alloy ‘MojioTuJiKa’), BojibiunHCTBO BO3BPATHLIX NpHhuacTHM B roBope ynoTpeOJisioTCA ¢ NpHCTABkamu. MX Bo3BpaTHas 4acTHUA - Yeah. CTOHT MEXKAY npucTaBkoil H KOpHeM (bathing and sipping yMbiBatomasica®), || HaspeAka ,» BCTpeualoTesi H GecnpHcTaBoukibe (opMbl, B KOTOPBIX BO3BpaTHAas 4acTHua -youHAXOAMTCS B OKOHYaHuH (dZiddigiqsis,,papyioumiics®, dZiaagentis,,pajpyioumasca“). Berpegaiores i BO3BpATHbIE NPHYACTHA C yacTHleil - if B OKOHYaHuu (she was waiting ,,she Oba oXxuAalowasi, GepeMennasi’; they worked for themselves ,,year ObiJiu paGoraBumMH Ha cea“). JleficTBH Te IbHBIE IPHYACTHS MYMKCKOTO bonds B HMEHHTE/IbHbIX [1a/e2KaxX HAaCTOfile BpeMeHH valley BCero ynoTpeOJIAIOTCA B ApeBHHX (opmax (units) J HAYLHA, went ,,uayume*). HaBecrhbi Take H OOpMbI € OCHOBO# Ha rJyacHblit (doing, doing). Pexe Berpeuaeresi JopMa HMEHHTE/IbHOrO Najieka eAHHCTBEHHOIO 4KCJIa ¢ oKOHuaHneM -ys (blinking ,,OJiecTsmad’’). KeHCKHA subunit Bcerjla HMeeT dopMy ¢ ocHoBoft Ha raacasil (pending) ,,oxynalom’’), COHe4Hbiė Yjlapublili -i KOTOpO# 00buHO (POHETHYECKH 3aKOHOMepHO OTNanaeT (waiting<waiting, HO dancing "TanKnytoulas". Xors ECB rJiarOJibi COCHOBONH Ha i, Sister. OblJI0 Y IIOMS51HY TO Bbillie, B roBope I'm sorry. B C OCHOBOM Ha ia, OJIHAKO B NPHYACTHSAX OCHOBA Ha i coxpausieTcsi (giFdjs | || giFdintis ,, cava, auditory ,,caviwamas®). Ho wapsium ¢ Gopmami OCHOBbI Ha iB napagMrMe STHX NPHYACTH N04 ACHCTBHEM AHAJIOTHH C NPHYACTHAMH H T/IaroJiaMH OCHOBBI ia, Ha NapajJeabHo (HO fishes) NOABJAIOTCH H (POPMbI OCHOBbI Ha ja (hundred- || ths of hundredths) ,,crosmero*). B crarbe jedsaercsi npeanosoxeHnue, UTO KaK NpHYaCTHsi, TAK H TJIaTOJIbIi C OCHOBOR Ha i CPaBHHTE/ILHO He/laBHO NOABEPTIHCL BJAMSHHIO TJIATOJIOB H NPHYACTHIl C OCHOBOI Ha ig, HO B NPHYACTHAX TOT can't be texed in this node. B orjiuune OT JinTep. A3., BC NPHUACTHS MyXCKOTO cock, 06pa3oBaHHbie OT I/1aroJ/oB C OCHOBOH Ha ia, HMEIOUHX Tepe OKOHYaHHeM coraacWhole j, B opMax HMEHHTeJIbHOTO Majlexa eJIHHCTBEHHOrO H MHOKECTBEHHOTO HHceJl BMECTO OKOHYaHH# -igs, -ią HMEIOT H OKOHYAHHSA -is, -į (screaming) ,,kpryammir* shouter 'Kpruaume'). Ha3pejnka oKoHuanus - I'm sorry, I'm -į sorry. C OKOHYAHHHAMH -iąs, -ią CBOACTBEHHb! H opMaM YkKa3aHHbiIX Majeed IPHYACTHH, HMeIOLIHX I'm going to take you to the entrance. I, r, k (veliūs || velfs ,,pansiiownit, veliq velį || ,,BaJimionine", gerids gerįs || ,,nbloumit*, good good || ,,nviowne”, ldukiqs || ldukis "oxHJa0UIHI", waiting for || lduki ,,oxnnatomne“). Bee npHuacTHs CKJIOHAIOTCH KaK HMeHa NNpuJIaraTe/IbHble, OAHAKO B JlaTeJIbHOM NajieKe SJMHCTBEHHOTO YHC/a MYJKCKO's son H3page OKOHYAHHe, XapaKTepHoe JLIsi HMEH CYLIeCTBHTeNbHBIX (teach that || teacher "HayyeHHOMY", for the | dugancy dugan ,,nonpacraiomeMy“). 312 Hexoropkie npuuacTHs o6onx 3aJIOTOB HMEIOT ¢opmy CpaBHHTEJIbHONH CTETEHH, 06pa3oBaHHyjiO No 06pasily MpHJIaraTEJIbHbIX (convicted) ,,Gonee Gennbiū“, nuvargėsne „,GoJiee ycranan®, sušnekamėsne ‘Gojee croBopuHBas’). Bee npuyactusi, 06pa3oBannbie OT JĮBYXCJIOXHBIX TJIAaTOJIOB C JAPEBHHM KOpI HAD above, B opMax HACTOAIIErO BpEMEHH COXPAHHJH CBOE yJlapeHue Ha KopHe (ddrgs ,,naiouuii), a o6pasoBaHHBIE OT TJIaroJIOB C JAPEBHHM yJapeHHeM Ha OKOHYaHHH HMEIOT KOHeuHoe yjaapenne (musds ,,0bl0muit*), 0HAKO B napajurME H B HHX yJlapeHHe riepexojiuT Ha KOpeHb (musand "Obiomer"). B clock ¢ THM Ha0JIIO/Iae TCs TeH ICHMT CMENICHHA JIBOSIKOTO yJapeHusi, H MHOTHE PHOTOS C KOHEYHBIM yJapeHHeM H B GopMaX MMEHHTeBHBIX NMajexel NnoayyaioT KOpHeBoe ynapennue (musq, musq). Crpajarejibhbie: npHuacTHs, OGpa30BaHHbIe OT JABYXCJIOKHBIX TJIATOJIOB C KOPHEBBIM YJlapeHHeM H HHCXOJŲ1LIeK HHTOHALIMeEN, B OOpMAX IpolnIejunnero BpeMeHH, B OTVIHYHE OT Get out of here. 53., NOJHOCTBIO COXPAHAIOT MECTO YJIApeHHS H HHTOHAIIHIO (i. e. ,,pOuthiit", jkdlta 'B6utan', jkdlti 'BOHTEIe'). B orjiuune or JiuTep. 53., yjtapHble KOpHeBbIe a, e NPHYACTHH J0JIKeHCTBOBaHHs, OGpa30BaHHbIX OT NEPBHYHBIX TJIATOJIOB C KPATKHMH CO-DEVELOPMENT a, e, BCerAa NpOH3HOCATCS J10/ir0 (kdstine ,,criesbie ( 0 KapTolKax), KOTOpble HEOOXOJIHMO KOnaTb", valves ,,cyxoe (0 cene), KOTopoe HeoGXOAHMO Be3TH"). Tool 06pasoBannio H MecTy ynapenus NOJYNPHYACTHS H JACeNPHYACTHS He OTJIHHaloTCs OT JIMTEP. 513., OJHAKO NOJYNpHYacTHE chadams ,,HAYUH“ H JleeTpHYACTHE éinant HJR’ C NPHCTABKOi yale Bcero (OcoGeHHO B peuH CTapliero IOKOJICHHA) HMEET yJapeHue npucraBke Ha (iSeidams, pareidams, nieidams, ateidams; going out, datienant, pdreinant, nūeinant). BecnpucraBounbie BosBpatHbie noJMynpHYACTHS AAT NOT REQUIRED H UKHCEeJI HMeIOT OGOOILEHHYJO (DOpMY C OKOHUAHHEM -0s (§nék(a) whistling ,,roBopwur, -AT ycMexasich“). B rosope BCTpewaloTCsi jleenpHuacTHSI TOJIbKO HACTOSINETO H mnpolumejiunero BpeMeH (seated || seated ‘,cuna’, ‘susifgus ,,3a6o.eB%). HudunarTuB II (post) B roBope obpasyercs or GecrnpHCTaBOYHLIX HEBO3BPATHBIX TJIaTOJIOB TOJIbKO € OAHHM cyddurcom - You. (sOct ‘,mpbiras’, bégte ,,Gerom“- ). On Beeraa ynorpeGasiercsi ¢ Apyrum GopMaMH TOTO Ke CaMoro r. JiaroJia H, B OT/IHYHE OT JHTep. 53., ylapeHHe Ha OKOHYAHHH HMEIOT JIHINb OGpa30BAHHA OT TJIaTOJIOB C KOpHEBbIM yJapeHHeM H BocXositueli uuTonauueit (clickté looks) ,,pespeBMA eTb", HO lduZte, sit). Illinois 20. 111. 1973 21. 520