Galininko su dalyviu (accusativus cum participio) struktūra ir vartosena senojoje lietuvių kalboje

20D21YyYy FORMS E'R-C. JF VAR TO SS EN A LI-E T -U V O Ss. TSR AKADEMI OF SCIENCES EMTIA V. AMBRAZAS END SU PARTICIPANTS (ACCUSATIVUS CUM PARTICIPATION) STRUCTURE IR VARTOSENA SENOJOJE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES Back of su the participant (hereinafter referred to as — GD) is one iš tų few participative constructions, which changed markedly during the period of written tradition. GD the grammar in ma the former Lithuanian language differed from the present one; much wider once was ir jo the scope of consumption. Some XVI — The a. features found in GD the 17th-century writings help to shed light on the ancient structure of the continuous sentence and its development. Therefore, when studying this construction, it is necessary to first of all pay attention to the structure of the inus in the oldest monuments of Lithuanian language. For the first time in Lithuanian GD language described D. Klein's grammar)!, We find some data on this construction in later grammar?, especially J. Jablonski's works*. From the point of view of GD historical grammar discussed A. Potebnia’* ir E. Fraenkelis*; individual remarks ir data on this subject are A. "Bezzenberger", B. "Delbrick" in ir the works of other researchers. E. Tanglis GD examined in a special study, which, unfortunately, was only published in abstract®. It contains insightful observations and significant thoughts ir about the genesis and use of this construction, but it cannot replace a ir detailed description of the GD structure. ji In the last decade, the GD connection with su other constructions is further discussed I. In the articles of Marwan?, o J. Palio- ! Grammatica Litvanica... edit a M. Daniele Little... Mr Regiomonti... 1653, p. 163, 165; M. Danielis Kleinii Compendium Litvanico — Germanicum... Konigsberg, 1654, p. 111. * Plg. University Lingvarum Lithuania... 1737, Vilnae, p. 27, 52; W. Haack, Vocabvlarium Lithuanian-Germanicvm et Germanic— Litthvanicvm... Next to a Attachment of a brief Lithuanian Grammatic, Halle, Germany 1730, p. 336, ; P. F. Ruhi g, Initial grid of one Lithuanians English grammar, Konigsberg, 1747, p. 150-151 (Ch. G. Mielcke repeats the same data in p. 188—189 his grammar); G. Ostermeyer, New, ebook Lithuanians Grammar ans Light set, Kdnigsberg, 1791, p. 177; F. Course chat, grammar of Lithuanian language, Halle a. S., 1876, p. 366, 376, 423, 424; A. Schleicher, Lithuanian English grammar, Prague, 1856, p. 263, 316, 321—322, 332, * J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, red. J. Palionis, I, Vilnius, Lithuania 1959, p. 303, 321—322, 472 tt., 614—615. * A. Joy, you said Hs to the little no ones, 1—11, M. 1958, 314 tt. * E. Fraenkel, Syntax of Lithuanian Kasus, Kaunas, 1928 (hereinafter — What? ), p. 154—155. * A. Bezzenberger, Contribution to History of Lithuania German language, Gottingen, 1877, p. 223, 227-228, 262. * B. Delbriick, comparative Syntax of the Indo-European Languages, (en) — Vergl. Synt.) II, Strasbourg, 1897, p. 490—491. * E. Tangl, Der Accusativus and Nominativus cum Participio im Altlitauischen, Weimar, (more 1928 — Acc. ). * H. Map, O HeKOTOPHX (YHKIHSIX JHTOBCKOrO npuuacras ‘Kalbotyra (Ssmxosuaune) IV, Vilnius, Lithuania 1962, p. 33—43; K Bonpocy o JIMHTBO—reorpadHueckOM noJIoXenun 6anTO—CJIaBAHCKHX 513bIKOB,,,Baltistica® nio V (1), Vilnius, 1969, p. 17-19. 13% 195 monograph provides new data on consumption GD XVI — "17th a. edition". The aim of this thesis is to describe the — structure of GD usage in the ir Old Lithuanian language to clarify the direction of development ir of this construction and its laws. The thesis is based on data selected from all currently available iš XVI17th a. edition (excluding dictionaries- ); translations are systematicsu ally compared with the available originals'". 1. Binary ending nouns su participants ir usually consist 1.1. GD of the main members verb 3 — (V), noun (N) ir Participant (P). N ir P depends on V (are subordinate to it) have ir the form of a suffix; of this, is be combined P with the generative su N number. ir The construction differs from other noun ending compounds su by the fact ši that one of its dependent members, nė taken iš separately, cannot replace the whole compound, retaining the syntactic meaning. For NP example, in the sentence (welinas) jo regeia ana ischalkusi (BrP I 271) one can distinguish the compounds regeia ana ir regeia ischalkusi, but one does not nė explain the jų meaning characteristic of the whole construction “saw that he was hungry”. Although they ir are in the form of a dependent verb, in this construction N ir P they are linked by a semi-predikative relationship, t. y. a predicative relation that does not form the basis of the sentence structure? ?. This relationship of the dependent members of the construction is possible only po for verbs of a certain meaning (verba percipiendi, dicendi, etc.). The same semi-predicative relationships are formed in final compounds with adjective ir nouns, e.g.: regeiot ghi su vschžengenti ir regeiau MZ 299; ta Moterischke girta BrB Apr 17, 6 ir We saw if ... the wires blowing. DP 16953. From J. In the Jablonski era, these structures were called double-sided tails. In modern language they are rarely®® made up of only a few verbs (see, find, etc.), but in ancient writings they ir are used more widely in su traditional folklore. Since the binary end of nouns with ir adjectives helps to better understand the formation, it is ir worth discussing separately. Very important for the history of Lithuanian language su ir GD jį GD A. There is a strong correlation between the use of the objective pronoun and the use of the binary pronoun in su antiquity. Since the nearer, further object was never formally differentiated, the finalis was ir associated with the verbs of perception, saying, etc., in the same way as in the past. 10 J Palionis, Lietuvių literatūrinė kalba XVI—XVII a., Vilnius, 1967, p. 159—161. 11 For data on the spread of GD in the 16th—17th centuries and the relationship with the original constructions, see Zr. aut., LKK XI, p. 41—58. J. Bretkūno ir B. Comparison of Wilens' writings su 1549 m. Luther's Bible edition: Bible : This is the : whole holy Writes... D. Mart. Luth. Wittenberg. Printed by Hans Air. 1549. For ironing su Vulgata used the following permissions: Bible Sacra Vvlgatae editionis Sixti Qvinti Pont. Max. ivssv recognizes atqve edita Romae... MDXCIII; Novum testamentum graeceetlatine... curavit Eberhard Nestle, Stuttgart, 1996, pp. 103. *1921, iš 12 The term semi-predikative relationships here approximately corresponds to A. For the term used by Muchin, see social relations. A. M. Myxnun, Crpykrypa npeijoxenuii H HX MOJIeJiH, Ji; 1968, p. 92 ff. | 13 Due to the rare use of this design quite accurate ir ne description A. In Schleicher's grammar (he thought that in the sentence said you some, said you such a missed connection being or beingGig, see. A. Schleicher, Lithuanian Grammar, p. 263) B. Delbrickas considered the doublet final in Lithuanian almost completely extinct, plg. B. Delbriick, Vergl. Synt., I, p. 378. 196 su factually. On this basis, A. Potebnia stated that, for example, in p. s. The construction of the island of his life The connection of the verb,,have my father alive” with the first suffix is the same as in the sentence postavi Mefodoja episkopa „,appointed Bishop of Methodist “4, Applying A. Potebnia- ’s approach to Lithuanian, E. Tanglis raised cases where verbs regėti, sakyti in ancient writings are connected without preposition with a finite verb denoting a further (more free) object, e.g.: pakdiy iiémus sako DP 203 (= pokoy im opowiada W 211)**, From such finite objects with a connected predicate and the formed construction of the Lithuanian bijective finite verb? *. 1.2. A broader overview of 16th — 17th century writings fully confirms the genetic connection of the binary ending with the verb-controlled ending, denoting a more distant object, as observed by A. Potebnia and E. Tanglis. The ending of the distant object with the verbs of the language, especially with the verb say, is found in many ancient writings. I say wissus mirakulus MZ 519". Sakisiu ijo istatima Mz 506. The one that Gabriels said before MZ 179**. I said SE 13645. Theses... ordered punishment, and forgiveness of the Greeks MT 14, 17-22. Ans... tell us the way out ChB II Cor 7, 7. Mayzieszius... has those who ghi say ChB Acts 15, 21. Sakie wisiemus.- .. Baptism packed ChB Acts 13, 24. Sako priežasti MP 2055....Woterimi sawo | which is said through the prophet MP 11 354*55. J. Bretkūnas uses the verb sakyti with the suffix when translating the constructions of the German original with the verb predigen, meaning,,- to preach, to proclaim, to preach about what”, cf.: + Pasakicziau kallinems paleidima 1z 61, 1* —Zu predigen (praedicarem) den Gefangenen eine Erledigung. Ir warda Wieschpaties sakisiu Ps 116, 17 —I will... preach the name of the LORD (invocato- )....Kursai pakaiy saka Nah 1, 15 —who preaches peace (annuntiantis pacem). This is also the meaning of the verb sakyti in comparison with skelbti, p.g.a. : Dievas... sakitas angu skelptas nog pagany WP 137; the latter in turn can also go with the finalis without the prefix: skefbtų ižg to Diewą DP 562, (stawili stąd Bogd W 956). In M. Daukša's Postila, the compounds with sakyti translate sayings with various verbs, namely opowiddac (says praszokusius dabdr sanczius and ateiseczius daiktus 4743, —opowidda przeszte [ninieysze| y przyszle rzeczy W 794; ij mūmus tikrai sako 409,, —ie nam... opowieddią W 671%), powiedacz (sakiaw things that are in the earth 452; —rzeczy Ziemskie powiedat W 755), zwiastowac (Angelas.- .. dziauksmą passake 4404, —wesele zwidstowal W 718) and even with dawaé: To kauliimo norint" tuli tulas priezastis sako 496,, —rozne przyczyny dawaiq W 836. In Sirvydo,,- Punkty® lenkiSkame text such compounds with sakyti correspond to constructions with spowiadaé (Sako sawo piktibes —Spowiadaia šie swych ztoszczy SP 1 1604) and powiddač (Iszminti tieg 14 A, A. Ilore6Hg, op. cit., pp. 295—301. For examples in Lithuanian and Latvian, see pp. 304—305, 306—307, 315, etc. 15 E. Tangl, op. cit., p. 42. 16 Ibid., p. 45. 17 Similarly MZ 333, 397, BrGD LXXVI (132). 18 T. p. BrGD II, RG 13. 2 T.p. 12612 20 T, p. DP 203; —W 343; DP 452 —W 755. 197 say —Powiadamy mądrošė SP II 215,,); Similarly, in Petkevičius' Catechism, in the 1600 Postila and in the 1674 Gospels, cf.: sakisiu gieribę tawo —opowiem twą Swigta dobročc PK 89; sakidami grieku atldydimq —powidddiqc grzechow odpuszczenie PK 171; Ziamiszkus dayktus sakiau —rzeczy Zigmskie powiddat Ev 177; sako tikrą teisę MP III 17% —powieda szciyrq prawde RP 286%. An even looser case of translation is found in MP III 25,,: Girdi nuog Filipa szwenta | kurio nu dtminimq sakom — ktorego dziš pomiatke wspominamy RP 293%, The active constructs of the verb to say with a suffix correspond to the passive constructs of the non-active participants with a nominative. su Kur ira sakami wissi tawa czudai BrB Ps 26, 7 (prediget alle deine wunder) Vszgaweghim became said BrB Jer 36, 9 (da man eine Fasten verkiindiget)... Biauréiimq destruction | which is said through Daniel DP 372, (which iest przepowiedZidne W 611). Stebuktay... bus wisoy Ziamey sakiti KN 93,,. If it were a pain... offer SE 89,®. lezusa... whose name was first mentioned in Acts 3:20. Pakutd... netureio but sakitd MP 172, 172% (not midlo byé prediction RP 117). However, compounds with a suffix that has the meaning of a farther object are far from predominant in ancient writings compared to other synonymous constructions. Sayings with the same verbs as in the German and Polish originals are more often translated as constructions with the preposition about or the prepositional verb to tell, cf. sakie ape tikrą dtaghimą MP 207* —powieddta o prawym przyščiu RP 142%, Angeldi apsūkę est’ | pakaiū DP 353, —opowiddali pokoy W 581**. Sometimes compounds with prepositional and non-prepositional verbs even go in the same sentence, e.g. : Pdgauliemus idant sakicžia iszluosdwimq iu... prastiemus apsakiczia paslaptines MP III 24%, 3, —abym opowiedat wyzwolenie... opowiddal tdiemnice RP 293. Similarly meaningful combinations of the ending with other verbs, e.g.: vertellen, spreken, schreeuwen, are much more rare and less obvious, because they are almost always used to translate the corresponding words of the originals. Christus... szirdiiė bilo pakūjų DP 4334 (w The heart speaks peace W 707)?*. I will not take away what I have spoken against them Jer 19, 15. And we speak wisely, that it may be so. I Cor. 2:6. 1970: 2nd in the 200m butterfly, 2nd in the 100m butterfly. He said, "I'm afraid... and I'm afraid to see you" Jer 12:6 (who cry out loud over you). How the verb to say means "describe", so writing ir can mean ,,aprodyti“ is the final preposition su of the verb. be M. Daukšos In Postila such statements usually correspond to the Polish original opisowaé+ acc. Morcus ir Lukos Siq S. S. The history of placzeus rúszo DP 36844 (more detailed description) W 606). rdszo Evangelistai ir kitds tris žimias abidas DP 175, (opisuią... 100 mg/ day dy W 301). Oh, shit. Great evil ir sniffs and smells Judes DP 15434 (opisuia... great evil Wa 17). #1 Similar to MP II 386%,, —RP 261. ? **? Similarly, MP 168%, 172,,. ** Plg. but DP 48, SP I 303;;, MP 169%, 173,, 181%, 184%,;, 1875, 212, ChB Apd 5, 42; 8,5; I Corinth 1,23; Effect 2, 17 ir kt ** Plg. MP 181%: You're gonna tell — the truth, but you're gonna have to — leave the room. RP 123, ** Iš corresponding passive constructions e.g.: dabdr esme bilomi giwent MP 138 (we're rude people) RP 91%). 198 In some cases, it is even ir more freely translated, pg. : Todrinag ir du Father of the first race DP 5034 (Two eyes in front of me) W 856). Individual M. Daukšos ir K. The use of the verbs mąstyti rūkoti with the finalis in Sirvydas’ ir writings also differs from su the Polish texts, which use the prepositional forms of transitive verbs. Beat yourself tu | who suffered such a tragedy (Vwažayčie tego) SP II 1964. To smoke the shortness of our lives | ir ne known mint death DP 55234 (We should think about the gentleness of life W 941). Meanwhile, the verb to read (czytač) in the final su ir M. Daukša, ir J. Vujekas uses equally, plg. : We read the three revelations of the Lord DP 424,, (three then masonry of the Lord read W 693), : It is also known as the Polka. ir cases of wiedzie¢ su use M. "Anonymous in the ir Catchment". 1600 m. Of the to month Diewa meylę sawesp knowing | su ieys dalį imkim (Zndiac k sobie) God's grace) PK 139. Knowing tulas gieradeystes MP 208*,, (we know... dobrodzyeystva RP 1424,). We know teypag gierddeystę sunaus MP 208%, (we know... dobrodzyeystva RP 142*,,). Gentlemen... knowing wisą ana baysią mukę sdwo MP 155*,, (knowing... The cruel mecca of swoig RP 107592). Iš perception verbs mentioned verb to hear, which in ancient scriptures as ir jų in the German and Polish originals, could be associated with a suffix su denoting the content of the information experienced by the sense. Iddnt sektųbim iis in good deeds hearing | giwétq ių natures ir DK 674 (DK! 63). Ižgirdes June Sdytūsia ddrbus Christaus DP 17, ( After hearing... Vezynki Christusove W 14 )¥. Look at me. | | ir method DP 59443 (We heard czds place | way | y You; 199). We heard three miraculous works BrP 1 231. Alexandras. ..hearing schlowing works... double BrB I Mak 10, 15(horet die Idblichen Thaten). O Ans tare, rytoy ghi izgirsi ChB Apd 25, 22. Overlap between su German and Polish constructions in these cases (as in the ir aforementioned compounds read, su know, say, speak) reflects typologically and genetically motivated parallelism rather than borrowing. In the Germanic Polish languages, the non-prepositional ending buoor, denoting a further object, is also used much more widely than ir it is now; in general, the tendency to replace many of the compounds of this meaning with prepositional constructions is observed in the development of many ide languages (plg. 2. 1. 7.). Iš examples su of saying, thinking, writing, ir etc. verbs clearly show that such a finite of the meaning of a further object was an autochthonous phenomenon of the old Lithuanian language? ?, But already XVIIn the 17th it is a. quite rare, compared to the corresponding prepositional constructions. su Most of the above-mentioned compounds were probably archaisms at that time. They are important in that they help to understand the genesis of the binary ending to establish the primary ir syntactic relationships between the members of this construction. *6€ Pig, but DP 562s — W 957. * T. p. VEE 13, 16. ; * Another thing verb — commanded compounds in the final, are su found J. Bretkūno in the Bible and apparently developed as a direct result of the influence of the German text, cf.: liepe mich gehen hieB mich gehen — Ezech 46, 21; Get him to get up. — jn II Kar 9, 2; PoNas ghį liepe der — LORD has said it jn 11 Sam. 16, 10; t. p. Nehem 12, 31, East 1, 17 ir kt 199 1. 3. With the same verbs as the word combinations discussed here, the constructions of the binary ending are also formed. Since the binary ending with nouns and adjectives is somewhat more common in the old writings than the word combinations with one further object ending, the verbs with binary ending are more and more diverse. In both cases, however, the same semantic groups and basic lexical elements can be distinguished. The constructions with nouns (a) and adjectives or pronouns (b) also do not differ between themselves in the verb meaning, only adjectives go at least twice as often with the second ending. The comparison of the translated texts with the originals and the relics of the corresponding constructions in folklore and popular language leaves no doubt about the autochthony of these constructions. In ancient writings, the following verbs are most often used as their principal members: 1. Perception verbs: see, see, see, hear, hear, feel, find. a) And they replaced the prophets... iog ghi pona regeia BrP 1401. Ir regedams sawa sunu Iana tikusi Wira padare ghi Hoitmanu BrB I Mak 13, 54 (sahe | das sein son Johannes ein tuchtiger Man war) But ie kuri pamatis swetimméteri | girtiukle honorą | ir didžiūiganti DP 324, (iesli kogorego vyZrzy adultero pijdnice | chéiwego y pyznego W 51). 2000) 1922 – Wim Wenders, German film director and screenwriter (d. Kurij schwents Ions... Mr. Sawa paiuta Mz 179%. Asch tawa Dukteri neradau Merga BrB V Mozy, (I have not found your daughter virgin)®. b) Marias neileida | ducks with poor vision BrP I 60. 484, (Gdy ie widzq vbogimi) Nesa asch tawe Teisu regeiau BrB I Moz 7, 1 (dich hab ich Gerecht ersehen)- ®. At Aaronas.- .. ischwjda, ie raupsiuta BrB IV Moz 12 (will be warned | that she is leper). Ischwida ius ne linksmus BrB I Moz 40 (see | that they were sad) Iszwis dnq mdcnesni MP 120%, Kita rassi ischmintinga BrB Sir 37, 25 (Mancher is wise) Nesa esch tawo darbus ne pilnus radau BrB Apr 3, 2 (I have not invented your works completely). "Spring Breaker" (feat. Spring Breaker) – 3:27 1. Discovered Jesus (by chance) herself ChB Luke 9, 36%. 2.Verbs of the perception and activity of the psyche: pažinti "to recognize", to know, to know, to know, to remember, to say, to believe, to hold. a) Kad mes.... tawe wieszpdti pdžintumbim (they confessed you with their own blood) PK 184. Virgin... sweykina Knowing Jesus God eternal SIG 45;,. Tawe... paszinst Faszniczia. Tiewa neischmerota Maiestata BrGD XXXVI (50)**. What can iszmdnit septineriją dowaną Dwdsios svent MP 271*34. Su- * T, p. BrGD Rankr 5; GD II. 20 In such cases, the second finalis sometimes goes without the first: Girdi Mergą | hears also the landed DP 59830 (Slyszisz pannę W 723). Pilate found him guilty, and sent him to Herod the king. Page 442. 31 Similarly RrB Iz 58, 7; Pat 22, 29; I Mac 12, 28; 4, 21; Mat 25, 37; Apr 17, 6; DP 33616; SP I 165 — 166; MP 79%; SIG I 4715, 52,, 7811, 123; and others. *2* Similar to BrP II 33, MP 69*, I11 155. 3 Similarly with found BrB Ism 8, 11; Sir 37, 21; Zuz 14; Dan 1, 20; Luk 7, 10; II Kor 9, 4; 1,13; Mž442; BrGD LXIII 103; DP 2895; ChBIIKor9,4; Luk 7,10; MP II 36515, 366* —367; SIG II 2844, 8313, 9812 etc. * Similarly PK 27; MZ 47, 51, 82; BrGD XII (= RG 133), ChB Jon 17, 3; MP 10444, 107, 146%, 167%;, 18610, 265%, 283919, II 347%, 3514 and others. 200 prantama ira wilių essanti, kuri... karalei szinna, ne Diewus, lisch Szmoniy ranks work BrB Bar 6,550 (not Gétter | but from made by people). We walked, say... that's a shame BrB 18m 5, 4 (held... His end for a shame) Tacziau anis tatai tar Swetima pamoksla BrB Hoz 8, 12 (So it is regarded as a foreign lere) Kas tada anus tikes Diewus alba wadins? BrB Bar 6, 55 (How then should one hold or call them for God? LB) Tas... sluszij sawiems gimditoiams ir laiko anus (ios) uszu (pabraukta) sawa ponus BrB Sir 3, 8 (holds them for his Mr.). b) The Apostles of Jesus... paszina MZ 280. Tokiir Diewq priesz sawe pdszinsime SE 2324... Ir kaczei szinna anus (ios) negiwus, tacziau teka paskui iu BrB Bar 6, 41 Find whoever they know | that there is no life in them). Anis... skinny Biaure limpancze sawa ligga ir BrP II 387. Zinodama Pong gidrq (Znaigc Pdnd hazelnut) PK 179. Remembering tq Pona gidrq | ir wisump Zmoniump mdlonq (Looking na to iak té Mr. Good | a iak wsem ku miloSierny) PK. 83. Tadda tare Eli girta ie BrB I Sam. 1, 14 (Da meinet Eli they were drunk). Ir esch more ie expensive time than royalist BrB 18m 7, 8 (And I held them thewrer than | Königreich). Bei Side effects reported in the ne past BrB II Mak 91, 15 (which er time was not considered). 3. Verbs for conveying information: to say, to declare, to tell, to reveal, to confess, to testify, to show. a) Kam sakei ię tawa Your sister? BrB I Moz 12, 19 (Why did you say they were yours | Sister? ). Has a thread Dieva ischpaszinti BrB Ishm 12, 27 (vnd must for jn one Gott bekennen) Courses atsiusdams Sunu sawe apreischke forever Tewa | Sunu | ir the twenty sixth MT 187*44„. Mums Krystusq shows a non-perfect IZ2ganitoid SE 152. b) Isch to nu blessed me sakis wissas genus BrP 11 259 . log ius wissi Pagonis palaimingus skelbs Mal 3, 12 (That all the Gentiles may call you blessed). Ii rasztas S... Faithful bill | and wissokio priemimo werta DP 504,, (Wiernq | pravi | mowd | y ... godnd W 857) Let us therefore ir clear ourselves of guilt in the crown of God's righteousness MT 185%,,,. Teysingd is a SIG II 3615. She's... died of a gunshot wound, RG 85. 1999: 3rd place at the 13th ISU Junior World Championships in Osaka, Japan (13th place). Esch sawa Weida prisch ius ne atmainisiu (ner odisiu rusta) BrB Jer 3, 12 (So I will not hide my face from you). And there is a sign showing the paganism in ChB Rom 9, 23. 1.4 In addition to the verbs of the aforementioned semantic groups, the binary ending is also formed with verbs of the factual type, which denote the creation or maintenance of a certain characteristic or state, e.g.: do, grow, call, allow, hold, have or simply an action performed with an object in a certain state, e.g.: receive, marry, leave, collect, give, eat, drink, etc. The second suffix of the noun is used in such constructions for acceleration with a continuously spreading suffix**. Nesa tu darai Miesta akmenu Kruwa BrB 1z 25,2 (For you make the city a heap of stones). Bau ne padarisiu esch tawe Pustinę BrB Jer 22,6 (I will make you a wilderness...). Pdddrik mus hadnas žmones (vezyn nas godnym nacžyniem) 35 More about the relationship of the final and the predicative predicative in such constructions See. E. Fraenkel, The Predicative Instrumental in Slavic and Baltic and its Syntactic Fundamentals, AfSIPh 40 (1926), p. 85 tt. ; Kas., p. 152 et seq., 199-200. 201 PK XXXI. Thie mane sawa waika gal uszauginti BrP II 275. "Irne wadinket tatai toliaus Naschta BrB Jer 23,36 (Vnd nennets no more burden)". Ir tawene wadins atlankita ir neapleista miesta BrB 1z 62,12 (and you will be called the city visited and abandoned). Esch dumoiau ana (ie) saw prijmti Draugala BrB Išm 8,9 (I have decided | to take them to play with). Ghis padare... Troba, Daughter of Pharaoh, where Solomon saw the woman wedens buwa BrB I Kar 7:8 (which Solomon had taken for a wife). If we were to be chosen and elected by the people, we should be elected MP 207, (aby nas... obral lud sobie wybrdny RP 141). Of the constructions with the second ending —bidvardZiu in the ancient writings, those that depend on the verb praviti are particularly productive. They are often used to translate original statements of a completely different structure. Darem tawe narsu Mz 564, Br Gd XXXV. I will do what is wrong in the eyes of the LORD Ezekiel 7:24 (I will... defile your churches). The number of MPs increased by 196% (as measured by RP 133*,,). Making them worthless MP 257, (making them unworthy RP 175%). 375% (was w nich szeżęščič RP 25354). More often than nouns, adjectives are used in constructions with other ir verbs of the mentioned meanings. The Gospel of Wadina palaymintus grinus (called vbogie) SP I 303,¢. Prakieyktq wddina kożną toki człowieku MP 1005, (in the cursed name RP 64*,). Ghys... Bagotisius tusczus apleida VEE 159,9* (Vnd reads the rich empty). Diewas szmogu gera leida BrB Pam 7,29 (has made upright). O Ioab palikka giwus atlikusius mieste BrB I Kron 12,8 (read live the rest)¥. Mes ios giwus sugausim BrB II Kar 7, 12 (let us seize them alive). 2000) 1912 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech composer (d. Tawa szmones... sausas per yas perwedei Vin 60—61 (trucken hindurch geführt Lut. Cat. m. 132). "Ghis mane sweika nuwede ir parwede BrB Tob 12,3" (in Hebrew). And prypile her spreading ChB Jon 2, 7. Giarsiu ghi new Kingdom God ChB Mork 14,25. We're gonna lose them. BrB Pat 1,12 (we want to swallow them alive). Duokite schitai waika giwa BrB I Car 3,27 (Pray for the child alive). Ranas... kuras ghissai atviras turres WP 9. Del sawos szlowes sweyka mane ldyka mym zdrowiu radzi) (o PK 50. Simon... ios giwus BrB I Mak 13.50 (let them live). 1.5. By comparing the binary finalis with the su 1.2 discussed verb-verb combinations, it is clear that the syntactic connections between the verb The (V) ir ending of the first noun or pronoun (N) is the same in both cases. In the compound the mummies ii really swirl DP 409,, The pronoun ending it, denoting the person concerned, is directly subordinated to the verb. The same syntactic relationship between V ir N we see in the ir two-layered rear end construction Kam sakei ie tawa Sister. BrB I Moz 12,19. However, in it su N is associated with another noun power-. ninkas (N'), relating to the first, su similarly to the noun preposition factor, p.g. su ji Your sister. V the su N relationship in both cases is direct, immediate and, no doubt, be primary. Direct communicV ation su N confirms the ir GD transformatinė on interpretation (Zr. 3.3.2.). Meanwhile, the connection between V ir N' is intermediate, based on 26 T.p. BrP II 259. ¥ Similarly, su leave the BrB II Moz 1,17; I Kar 20, 31; II Kar 25, 22; Ezech 23, 29; 29, 12; 16, 39; Luke 1.53. 202 N ir N' semi-predikative relation. The final decision on the design was taken later. Thus, in constructions su with verbs, which could otherwise go to the final of a su further object (e.g.: knows says anuos dead) can | establish the same primary syntactic relationships as verbs requiring a direct object su (e.g., seeing them clean). For both types of binary endings, the same model of primary syntactic relations can be reconstructed: ()V—> N «<=> N' This model presupposes the existence of a type of sentence in which to the actionaZodZiui subordinate verbs could go second, nameZodiniai, predicates. This is primarily due to the structural similarity of the two-vowel adjective with other iš verbs. su Iš jų the closest is GD the binary progenitor, whose relics we find in ancient writings in folklore, cf. : ir Neweisdekit me teip iūdos, nesa saule mane teip ischdęge BrB GG 1,6 (Do not see me an | That I am black: so guod fusca sim); I couldn't find it because it's full of work ChB Apr 3,2. The postpositional noun, plg., also joins nouns and pronouns. ir Rauschiau (=wrote) iumus Tiewamus BrB I Jon 2, 13 (euch Veteran); 1000 mg/ day ChB Make the 12,4; second user of the relevant su structure a participant — (e.g., if... Everyone who says the truth will have be some doubt SP II 138,,— nd powieszcz iego) once probably laid the foundation for the absolute utility®. 1.6. The construction of binary verbs su in the direct subordination relationship between V ir N ir semi-predikative relationship between N ir N' charactir eristic of many other ide. language in the jų earliest periods of development. First of all, the parallels with the Latvian language, p.g. I know married virgins; Says I'm drinking pan. * ir Sen. Slavic, sen. Russian, sen. Czech in ir other Slavic languages** the binary finalis of nouns and su adjectives goes ir po tų verbs of the same semantic groups can be ir linked verba percipiendi, cogitandi, su dicendi etc., cf. ir s. Check. monks of his just messenger Otc A 347%, s. sl. gl(agol)jo vaso rabs Mar Jon 15, 15%. The same type of constructions are found in ancient Germanic monuments, e.g. got. kunnands ina wair gerihtana (see adtdv svdpa. *8 For more information, see. aut., LKK V, p. 9 tt. ** J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, Rigd, 1951, p. 577—578. * For the old man. Slavic ir sen. Russian k. see A. A. Ilore6na, op. cit. 296tt., 305; J. Loš, Old Slavonic Grammar, Lwéw — Warszawa—Krakėw 1922, p. 166; T. II. 1998-1999 JloMres, Ouepku no HCTOpHYECKOMY CHHTaKcHCy pycckoro sisbika, M., 1956, p. 212-216, 220 tt. ; B. H. Bopkosckuii, II. C. Kysueuos, Heropuueckas rpaMMaTHkKa pycckoro sasika, M., 1965, 392 tt., Cpas472: HHTE/IbHO-HCTOPHUCCKHHA CHHTAKCHC BOCTOUHOCJIABSHCKHX S35IKOB, Usensl mpensoxenusi, M., 1968, 112 tt. ; B. H. Yaruwesa, O BTOpOM BHHHTEJBHOM NaAekKe HMEHH NpHJAraTeJIbHOro H NMPHYACTHS B HCTOPHH PYCCKro Asuka, Yu. san. JITTIH, T. 373, 1968, p. 215; for sen. Czech k. see J. Gebauer, Historická mluvnice jazyka českého, IV, Skladba, Prague, 1999, p. 1929, p. 25—26, 319 tt. ; F. Travniček, Historicka glosaria ceska, 3, Composition, Prague, 1956, p. 123—124; for sen. Belarusian k. see E. O. Kapeknii, Beaopycs, Si3six 6Genopycekoro acids, 2—3, p. 397— 398; for other Slavic languages, see F. Miklosich, comparative Grammar of Slavic Languages, IV, Vienna, 1868—1874, p. 388—389; W. Vondrak, Comparative Slavic Grammatik, *II, Gottingen, 1928, p. 273. “J. Gebauer, op. cit. 321, ** B. Taspanex, 3asor (genera verbi) crapocJiaBaHckKOM B sisbike, "HecjiegoBaHHs NO CHHTaKCHCY CTapocJaBsHCKOro ; 3bIKA“, Ilpara, causative, 1963, p. 51. 203 b) desire, other c) meaning®. d) In such circumstances, the same verbs (e. g. : want, like, hate) by different researchers are assigned to different groups, — some to will, feeling, others to mental — state activity. ar Apparently, because some to authors completely refuse to iš classifythese verbs, presenting them in a list*. ir There are still attempts to classify define verb groups ir by N ir P distribution of morphological forms in the structure itself*. Such a division is more objective, but it would be of little use for the study of Lithuanian language facts, because the same verbs here can form GD su various N ir P forms that differ only in the degree of productivity. Thus, the groups of verbs separated by distribution in GD the construction itself would be impossible to interpret semantically." Be of that, in that case it would be difficult to compare Lithuanian language GD su corresponding constructions of related languages, where verbs are discussed according to semantics. In our opinion, it is best to discuss the main members according to their GD common valent characteristics, because this way the distributional analysis can be jų linked to semantic analysis. su Ta the fact that the basic meanings of verbs are usually reflected in the syntactic environment", allows to formally justify the division. jų Su GD Continuing verbs are first divided according to common valent characteristics, significant for the nature of the construct under consideration, then the o individual meanings of the verbs are presented, which in turn are defined in terms of the syntactic environment*. jų GD the syntactic relationships of the members depend heavily on ar whether the main member has phrase control?, i.e. ar he can connect the subordinate of the explanatory sentence as well as direct language, e.g. : I know (of course) tu that you will come; tu I said, ir you'll come and so on. Verbs with phrase control, called commentable'* (e.g., see, hear, understand, feel, know, say), must first be distinguished from nonjo 3 JI. C. Bapxyaapos, JĮ. A. Illrenuar, IpaMmatnka aurjiulickoro sskika, M., *1965, p. 380—383. 4 He's the one. C. Bapxyaapos, Crpykrypa npocroro npejnjioxenHs COBPEMEHHOro aurjiuūiekoro s3s5iKa, M., 1966, p. 104; similarly in Old Slavic R. Večerka, Syntax aktivnich participii staroslovėnštinė, Prague, 1966, p. v 1961, 57 tt. 5 Plg. E. A. Nida, A Synopsis of English Syntax, London, The Hague, Paris, 1966, p. 155—156; JĮ. II. 1998-1999 Hosukos, you're in the right place. HenHOHHHTHBHbIX OOBEKTHO- -NPEAHKATHBHHX COyeTaHHil, aBT. Shame. Ancc., JI., 1969, p. 15 tt. 6 An attempt to define semantically the groups of verbs distinguished by the distribution of dependent members in the respective English constructions has also proved fruitless, cf. HIM. It. Hosuxos, op. cit., p. 17. 7 Plg. P. Mpasex, CuxTakcnueckas AMCTPHOYuHs IrJIaroJIOB Ho ux Kjlacch, BSI, 1964, Ne 3, p. 50 tt. ; IO. HIM. Anpecan, Ontir onucanns 3HaueHHN rjlaroJIOB NO HX CHHTaKCHYUECKHM npusHakam (THTIaM ynpasaenus), Bf, 1965, Ne 5, p. 51 tt. 8 Thus, a semantic class is considered to be a set of semantic features that are part of a syntaksing rule, e.g. R. T. Lakoff, Abstract Syntax and Latin Complementation, Cambridge —Massachusetts — London, 1968, p. 165, 213. * For phrase control, see P. Mpa3ex, op. cit. 56; for this purpose the term of phraseal valence is also used, cf. H. B. CoxonoBa, Tpexujiennbie rjtarojibuble CO4ueTAHHA B COBpeMeHHOM OpaHuLy3CKOM S3bIKe, CO.: T paMMaTHka, QOHETHKA H CTH/IMCTHKA pOMAHCKHX S3bIKOB, JI., 1971, 255 pp. On the possibility of joining the secondary element of the explanatory sentence as a valency feature of the verb, see also W. D. Klimonow, Die Valenzen der russichen Verblexeme, die einen Objektsatz mit der Konjunktion «no regieren, ZfSI, 13 (1968), Hf. 4, pp. 632-639. Such subordinate elements of sentences, like many prepositional constructions, are considered by G. Helbig and W. Schenkell to be categories of rank I, defining the valentia of the verb, see. G. Helbig, W. Schenkel, Wörterbuch zur Valenz und Distribution deutscher Verben, Leipzig, ir 1969, p. 36 kt. 10 Dél this term, as proposed by Mr Andreev, see paragraph 10 of the judgment in the main proceedings. JI. O, Tkauenko, O JeKCHKO-CHHTaKCH - YecKoii BaJIeHTHOCTH KOMMeHTAČeJIbHbIX TJIATOJIOB BO (ApaHlyy3CKOM Si3biKė, cO.: HMecjegnjoBanns no CTPYKTYPHO-BEPOATHOCTHOMY anHaju3y, lopekuit, 1971, p. 130 et seq. 210 possessive, i.e. non-commentable verbs (e.g.: work, do, carry, lead, count, call). The latter are mostly factual or close to it and, being transitive, denote the making, changing, naming of certain objects, etc. Thus, the division of verbs used in GD into commentable and non-commentable in many cases coincides with the traditional division into non-factual and factual verbs"!, but has a clearer grammatical basis. Constructions with commentable verbs are the most common and have a peculiar usage and specific development tendencies; since the time of ancient grammar and the accusative cum participio term is applied to them. Of the common valency characteristics of the commentable verbs, the most important for the GD construction are their relationships with the object suffix of concrete and abstract meaning and the subject noun. According to these relationships, we distinguish four groups of commentable verbs or other words in their position. 1 Table 1 GD word groups Subject Specific meanings Abstract meaning word ending word ending | ša O) | + + + | + Group 1 2.1.1. Verbs associated with su the subject noun able to ir control the ending of words of concrete and abstract meaning group of verbs consists mainly Su 1 GD (almost half of all XVI -— In the 17th a. century, the number of words in a sentence is not limited to the number of letters in the sentence, but is limited to the number of words in the sentence. 23 They can be divided into smaller į subgroups, namely: verbs of physical perception, display verbs several verbs of mental perception, occupying an ir intermediate position between | ir 2 group. 2.1.1.1. The verbs of physical perception are used most widely form not only a ir group, but the ne basis itself. 1 ir GD GD su verbs of this meaning was used in almost all ide. in languages; corresponding constructions are typical of languages of ir other families already in the earliest periods of development! jų ?, physical perception Iš verbs XVI — The a. following GD are used in the 17th letters: matyti, pamatyti, regėti, veizdyti, išvysti; hear, hear, hear, listen, " listen to; feel, Plg. M. Deutschbein, System of New English Syntax, Leipzig,? 1926, p. 272-273. '* For example, Hebrew, Arabic, Ethiopiair n, Syriac, etc. for Semitic languages, see M. Johannessohn, Der Perception set at the Verbs of the Seeing the in Hebrew and Greek pajusti; find, discover, overcome. Bible, K Z, 64 (1937), H. 3—4, p. 146—147, 253 tt. 14% 211 Mostly made of see examples the most popular verb in this construction), GD hear, see see su (519 — (303), (207), (at)rasti (160), see 2 slow. When controlling a ir finite of a specific abstract meaning, these verbs are not associated with an object su finite. GD su they are of two types: a) N can be regarded as a V direct object, o P associated with ir su N, ir su V. For example, in the sentence ghis... a boat is du standing by a lake VEE 91,, between ischwida ir du laiwu is a direct object relation, but the participant stowincziu is also semantically linked su V (this is confirmed ir by the original: sahe zwey schiff see am stehen). For V ir N such constructions are hereinafter referred to as objective. b) N cannot be considered a V direct object ir depends on only jo the prohibige su P. Sakinyje O ischwidens, Szmones bessibaidanczias ing The water to go... passes through Wandeni BrB 1 Mak 16, 6 (see that | that Volck had a shy) Szmones is not a direct V object, because here it is about people, but about the ne observation of fear. The verb izvidti in jų this case has a different meaning than (a) in the example is ir close to perceive, understand. Such structures are hereinafter referred to as non-objective. Whereas: (a) ir (b) the differences in type cases are highlighted only by iš context, situation ir V possible substitutions su 2 group actionaZodZiais, it is evident ne everywhere, XVI — In the 17th a. century, we find many examples that can be considered ir intermediate between one type and the ir other. However, in the further GD development, the differentiation of these types played a major role. see, see, see, see, see, see a) Ir ičiušios ing grabą pamūte | iaunikditi besédinti dėszinei po szdli DP 184, (wyżrzaly mlodzienicd siedzącego W 315). Ir kadda mės mattysime szi swietą diddijį ugne pėlenus ydėta Y RG 514,5. Koszna diena szmones mirschtanczias ir pakasamas regim BrP II 6. And how can I esch weisdeti, mana Giming prapiilancze BrB East 8, 6 (to see | that my Gender vmbkome?) Sztay iszmiwisk bdymey mirsztdanti KN 764. b) When you saw the world's most deprived things to DP 55433 (when they eat ndd sobq... wstyckie rzeczy... opuszczone W 944) Isch tu pawaisdu regim malda daug galincze BrP 11 99. Potam ghi regi buwusi | ubagu nei galwijesa- | wa tikra netureiusi ld SE 754. Ir as Plebonas weisdes, Pische ne persimainuse¢ po io akim, nei toliaus walgijuse issiplatinoiuse) ( tadda neczista ira BrB III Moz. 13, 55 (will see that this is .. not transformed). Ischwidens panna Maria issigandusia isch pasweikinimo io ghis linksmin | ie BrP I 336. hear, hear, hear, hear, hear a) I hear you te cry, Asz sawesp tawe balanti GIS 1 97,. Kayp aklas elgieta izgirdis miniu praeiunciu klauses (vslyszawszy | thuszezq przechodzqca) SP I 365,,. Wienybe God of Dmzina | Listen to us, please. RG 253,. King isc hklausa us te schaukenczius BrB Ps 20, 10 (erhdre vns when | we call). b) That hears he man | koinq Enjoying giwdtq RG 563,,. O pawasari as Vespasian hears | Nerona numirusi | Buwa ghis Cesareioie BrP II 341 212 feel, feel a) Those who io listen... I'm taking a daygun's heart. (dožndwdią ze iako ošči mintu kola srce ih) SP 11 83,4. Idant wel’ and we paiustumbime szlakus ant’ žemės puldinéignczius DP 6163, (dbysmy.- .. vezuli krople nd žiemą paddigce W 832). b) Szmoguteli now giwa | po maszo czieso paiussi iau dead and hanged BrP II 516. And as ius paiussit anus*® nussiminusius, ir beganczius, tada wjket ios dransei BrB Judit 14, 5 (note | that they will be dismayed and flee). Among the examples of GD with the action of perception ZodZiai objective constructions are somewhat more common than non-objective, rors individual verbs here have a peculiar tendency. For example, the verb iSvys.i is most often used in objective, i.e. (a) type, constructions; already less prevalence have objective constructions with seeing; On the contrary, the verbs girti, išgirti are more often used in non-objective, i.e. (b) type, constructions (see table 2). In both types of constructions, the cining verbs differ not only in syntactic relationship with the final, but also in lexical meaning. The verbs matyti, regėti, išvysti, etc. in examples of type (a) mean "to experience with the eyes, with sight". Meanwhile, in examples of type (b) they no longer have such a specific meaning of “seeing with the eyes” and mean “to understand, to perceive” (see the 5th meaning of seeing in LKZ VI1916). Similarly, the meanings of hear and its synonyms differ: in (a) type examples they usually mean “to perceive sounds with the ears”, and in (b) type — “to know, learn, experience” (cf. LKŽ III 330—331]). Only in examples of type (a) the verb feel has the meaning of physical perception; (b) in the examples it is also rather significant? a mental experience, not a physical sensation. Similarly differentiated are the meanings of the verb find, which is conditionally assigned to the verbs of perception, and its synonyms in both tiny examples: in the objective constructions (a) this verb means “seeking, observing, detecting”, 0 in the non-objective constructions (b) it approaches in its meaning the verbs noticeably feel, understand, find, discover, overstep. a) He found in the church to talk to the Doctor, to listen and to ask him (the doctor's wife) SP I 1953?*. "Ir rada ghi iau numirusa BrP | 393". And found... berneli prakarte gulinti VEE 10 (vnd found... the child in the crib lying.). The 1969-70 season saw the club finish in 10th place, 10 points behind the 1965-66 champions, the 1964-65 champions, and the 1969-70 champions. b) Otherwise we will find us and great enemy saints BrP 11 248. Dwasia... talk, I'll get home... and then I'll burn her iszszlotus (szlota) and decorated. ChB Luke 11, 258, O risigigs dtrada wel them that sleep SE 25033. Similar meaning, as in (b) type examples, find, discover can have also when they are associated with secondary elements of explanatory sentences, e.g. : He found that I had a broken bone Rm. He found [the child] that the barbarians were sour and gnawing on the Krš. Atrūdo lenkai, 13 Underlined, above: ios. 4 Similarly SE 25,,, Ev 22—23, 15 Similarly DP 5703. 1* Similarly ChB Mat 12, 44; VEE 56,,; SP II 44,; SE 64. 213 ka I need to make a colony. Pls. However, the meaning of ši spoken verbs is much more rare than that we see in "non-objective" constructions. When forming GD, the verbs found, discovered even more often than other perception verbs, retain the connections of direct control with N and the direct meaning of finding a certain object. 2.1.1.2. The display verbs show, show, mark, can go both with the object suffix and with the utterance. They also make up both types of GD constructions. In objective constructions they mean "to give to see", and in non-objective constructions - "to give to know, to understand". The objective constructions (a) are close to the attributive ones. show, show, mark a) Show us the heavenly tewa... and tdwe the 2nd holy wienoy Deywistey sanchią PK 175. And he showed me the great city, which is Jerusalem, which is now in heaven, and God is with me (Acts 21:10). The bush ansdi... žėklino... tiektai Mariią gimdžączią ir sopulo ne iauczigczig DP 398,, (zndmionowal... Maryą rodzącą i bolešei nie czuigcą W 654). b) That depth without bottom... shows that God must send his wisdom (expresses that God has) SP 1 92,4. Per tawa maldas Diewas... ius apteysintus roda SIG 1 114,,. Show me Mr.... I'm sure I'm dead and I'm alive and I'm a holy man BrP II 6. In order to do this, they are to love those who are baptized and to be friends with those who are baptized. To the GDs, in which show has the meaning characteristic of (b) type examples, weave constructions with show, which usually goes only with abstract objects. Tatai anie penki czesai... ischrodis thaiaw wiena Religie twerusęse MT LZ 7,3. 2.1.1.3. Separately mentioned are the verbs pažinti, atminti and laikyti, which have the meaning of mental perception, but can go with the endings of both concrete and abstract nouns. know a) Belief... Known Sons' Day whistling in the willows | known on the meadow kdranti known dying DP 4265. Tawe... sweykiname | And with the past we are born to know GIS I 58,,. b) lau nu paszistam | tawe wissus daiktus szinanti VEE 79—80 (Now we know that all things know). | du Ir ižš cze iau pigdi pažinsi moteriszke wirq apgobignezia DP 399,, (knows the unseen reward) W 656). Going in objective constructions, knowing means “to know what is what”, while in non-objective constructions — "To understand, to know". Ši the second meaning of pažinti, far removed from the first, rare in the present Lithuanian language and probably considered Slavic, cf. left. mark the meaning “penetrating the thought; - do I'm a friend of what? learn something", (M. In the non-objective constructions of Daukša Postila, the verb pažinti is translated poznač znac). ir In the objective non-objective type of ir constructions, the meanings of the verb at(si)minti are less distant from each other. In the first case, it is about the possession of specific objects and — persons, in the second case, actions, states, concepts in memory. In objective constructions P usually has attribute function associated only ir su N, but ne su V, so to the discussed here does not belong GD iš at all. However, 17 Stownik języka polskiego, VI, Warszawa, 1964, p. 1323. 214 applies such ir cases where the object can N still be considered, but is V semantically associated V with the whole NP compound. at(si)minti a) Let's remember that our enemy's soul has taken a lot of people. God of Shodi BrP I 249. Schita daugibe Schwentuiu Angelu atsimen didzu wargu... Ir Diewa isch malones swietui paszadeiusi | Ischgelbetoghi BrP I 88. b) Remember my name Giwenima Weia santi, as® ir mana Akis negrinscht weisdeti Gero BrB Job 7, 7 (remember that my Life is a wind). Wieschpatie remember me well giwenusi tawa akim | po plena schirde | ir did what was necessary BrP II 462. I'm just a reminder of Christ's third appearance to the eyes of the truth. BrP I 19. Idant kosznas atmintu mus wissus skausmai paditus BrP 11 406. The verb to hold in the primary meaning "to have, not to let fall, to escape" is uncommentable ar when used only with nouns of a specific ir meaning. Having the meaning of su mental perception “to think of being ar something having some characteristics”, it is always trivalent, i.e. ar requires, be the denominator, two more adjectives or the su adjective's adjective (most commonly) GD su it is formed relatively rarely. Mana Scheimatis ir mana Maid time" me Swetima® santion BrB Job 19, 15 (respect me for strangers). Nesa anis laiko® ghe pritelumi essença BrB Ishm 1, 16 (they hold for jn Freund). Such constructions are very close GD su 2 Article 10 mental perception verbs (plg. 2.1.2.1.); tą clearly indicates to hold ir pronounced synonymy J. Bretkūno In the Bible. 2.1.1.4. Comparing the 1 group verbs formed (a) ir (b) type In this case, the syntactic values are not V the same. Having non-objective, i.e. (b) type, construction-specific meanings, these verbs can no longer be associated with one particular noun ending thus exiting su ir iš 1 within the group. Jų the meaning of mental experience can be realized only in compounds with abstract nouns or in trinomial su constructions. In this way, a gradual transition 1 from verbs that control specific objects to those that can only control abstract objects is evident in the group. su In all the cases discussed here, the physical perception ar of the display of concrete objects is primary, the mental o experience and the display of abstract things are secondary, — formed on the basis of the first. Such a tendency to use verbs of physical perception in the secondary meaning of mental perception, apparently conditioned by general laws of semantic development, is observed in many languages. For example, lot. video, audio, invenio (as tab. ir French. see, hear, find), vok. see, hear, find, angl. see, hear, find corresponds to lie. see, hear, find only in ne secondary meanings, “to understand, to notice, to experience, to learn”, but in that those meanings are usually realized ir in triangular constructions by a predicative member, cf. su lot. inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen milia pasiš Underlined, top: iog. 1* Underlined, top: rar. * Fixed į Swetimy, * Underlined, top: taria, 215 zoom X abesse Caes. B. G. 2, 16, 12, s. English. Or... fundest him treowe**, nj. angl, He finds him guilty, or with the Salutiniu démeniu of the connective sentence, cf. the company management finds that the work can be improved muf*. It should be noted that the verbs of perception, having the basic, oldest meaning, form constructions corresponding to the primary model of GD (where N is the direct object V), and the abstraction of the lexical meaning of the verbs is related to the further development of the internal structure of GD. Group 2 2.1.2. Verbs associated with the subject noun and capable of controlling the ending of abstract words GD with verbs of group 2 is formed only slightly less frequently than with verbs of group 1 in the writings of the 16th — 17th centuries. In contrast, group 2 is the largest in terms of the number of leximes: it contains as many as 66 verbs, of which the most common GDs are know (264), say with various prepositions (229) and believe (118). The verbs of this group are divided into three subgroups: verbs of mental perception and activity, decision and promise and information. 2.1.2.1. The verbs of mental perception and activity, having the same meaning as in the GD constructions, can control the ending of the abstract conjugated words, but do not control the objective noun. These are the verbs to know, understand, foresee, permaniti, izmaniti, pramaniti, nuvartoti; examine, test, try; to think, to smoke, to contemplate; to say “to think”, to disappear, to dream “unrealistic thinking”, to dream, to imagine; to believe; apsiimti, sutarti, nusirodyti, nulemti, nusūdyti. The verbs of group 1, which are used in non-objective (type b) constructions with the meaning of mental perception, are related to them in their meaning. The most common GD with the verb znati consists of almost 249 examples of this group and are used by various authors. Meanwhile, GD with the verb uzžinoti was not found in texts from the 16th — 17th centuries; in a meaning close to this verb is usually used to investigate, re-examine. In J. Bretkūnas’ writings, constructions with understand are often replaced by synonymous verbs permanyti, numanyti, žinoti; SE in this meaning has been used in one case to denote?*. For the meaning of “think” in GD constructions J. Bretkūnas usually uses tarti; In the writings of other authors we find isolated cases with the verbs disappear, dream “unrealistic thinking”, rent. The large spread of GD with believe is partly conditioned by the XVI —XVII c. the content of the writings. # R. Kiihner, C. Stegmann, Ausführliche Grammatik der Iateinischen Sprache, II, 1, Hannover, 1912, p. 697. *8 J, Machaček, Complementation of the English Verb by the Accusative—with —Infinitive and the Content Clause, Prague, 1965, p. 70. *“ G. Helbig, W. Schenkel, Dictionary of German Verbs, Leipzig, 1969, p. 208. The dictionary indicates that finden has the meaning of “meinen, feststellen” only when it goes with an ancillary sentence. Similarly, phraseal valence is associated with the secondary meaning of zeigen p, 204—205. However, the significance of the mental perception of schauen, sehen, which is also related to phraseical valency, is not distinguished (see p. 105). The weaker differentiation of the secondary meaning of the corresponding French verbs voir, entendre, etc., compared to frouver is also pointed out by H. B. CokoJA 0Ba, op. cit., pp. 253 to 255. For the respective sen. and nj. the difference between the primary and secondary meanings of English verbs (see, hear, feel, etc.), which is shown by the su phraseical valency and the ability to go acc. c. inf., see J. Machdcek, op. cit., p. 43—44, 103 tt. 216 know, understand Ak tawo Sunus... who knew us under tdwo akim uzstojenti KM 160,4. And we wissus once-morsenczius certainly snim BrP II 6. Nesa szinnai, mus apiokemus delei tawens BrB Jer 15, 15 (you know | that we are destroyed by your will). He was succeeded by his son, the future Emperor Qianlong, in 395. I understood that the listeners of Diewa słodza wanted to have the song MZ 81. Even thuaus as understand Ischganitoghi birth | wis at home left let it go BrP 1155. 1971: The 1000 Years of God's Word (The 1000 Years of God's Word) 1971: The 1000 Years of God's Word (The 1000 Years of God's Word) to predict, to predict, to predict; Pramaniti, nuvartoti- ,suprasti Anis numane iauna Karaliu Szidu gimmusi BrP 1 152. We can permaniti Szidus... assign false ischmaniusius BrP II 288. He was the only player to have scored a goal in the 248th minute of the game. [Stoics] Pramana Diewa sedinti nebesie | and raschanti Prowas ischkadingases alba prapuldinanczeses MT 177. Nuwartoddmi Ponq IEzu | labay daznay podkim sawa Mokitiniu mineiusi and sakiusi ape nukienteima... regiet galime SE 50. ištirti, pertirti, išbandyti Ir ischtirsi tawa Budelę pakaiu turenczę BrB Job 5, 24 (wirst erfaren | das deine Hūtten friede hat). Ladies letos... first Christusq isz dead kilusi isztiria SE 79g. Siuntem... Brother, whom we have examined (virs.: isc hmeginom) with many things, greatly rubbing, and now with greatly rubbing many things (parast.: procewoientinsi) BrB II Kor 8, 22 (which we have often seen in many embroideries | that he was fleshy | but now much more fleshy). O karalius, ischmeginens Szidus teip Stropus essanczius, sugrinsza BrB II Mak 13, 18 (as he had tried that the Iiden so freidig weren), mąstyti, damoti, sumislyti Prades mustit saw Wieszpati sawo IEsu Chrystu vnt kriZiaus iZpelotu | ir iZtiestu (pocznie myśl¢ sobie o Pdnie... rozpietym) SP II 58,. ley kursai tarp iusu dumo | sawe sluszienti Diewui... to sluszimas... jra noprosnas VEE 704 (sich lesset dincken | er diene Gott). Protas zmogischkasis stata | alba dumoie | tq (235) swieta amszinai pasiliksenti MT 235 —235% Anis sawa schirdije sumislija | Diewa schita sawa paszadeghima ischpildanti | ir nu ant akies atsiuntusi sawa sunu BrP 1119 tarti,,manyti“, dingoti, sapnuoti- ,nerealiai galvoti“, nuomoniauti Nesa anis tars, mus nog iu beganczius BrB I Joz 8, 6 (sie werden gedencken | wir fliechen fir jnen). Bés dingai*® mannę norinti jautienos walgiti PSD 93 (I think I want to eat ox—meat). [Walls] kingdom... for thousands of years on earth time and swietischka maci and honor were dreams MT 257,. PopeZischkei... on dinas [kure falschjwai ingi kuna Christaus atsimainancze nimonauie... nusitikgjma... gulda MT (PM) 30, 12. believe And who is your greatest enemy? PSD 164 (Wer glaubtts aber | das du so seer zdrnest- ?). Tassai... believe that forgiveness of the Greeks | others tedudamamą | but not saw MT 138. 26 Plg, D, Sutkevičius's 1848 "Wordbook": Nuwartoju intelligo, —Rozumiem. ** BrB Ps 50, 13: strong. 217 2.1.2.2. The verbs denoting the Decision and the Promise are: to take, to agree, to meet, to determine, to decide; swear, mock, promise one object's owner manages relatively rarely; they are usually associated with the communicative or with the secondary elements of explanatory sentences. The only examples of GD with these verbs are found in J. Bretkūnas' Bible. agree, agree to, agree to, agree to, agree to Bei The Jews agreed to put it ir on their own... Sawe norinczius schiedwi dieschweni nsti BrB East 9, 27 (named auff himself... which they did not want to pass | zu keep these two days). Anis nenussimine, ir sutare, sawe norinczius sawa Szmones gelbeti BrB I Mak 3, 42 (joined | They wanted jr Volck retten). I'll be there. su Sawenorinti...iam uszteketi BrB II Mak 13, 13 (adjusted er with | Er I wanted to... jm toward the front). Plebanus there condemned, ana gera alba pikta santi (der Priester sols scherzen | ob gut oder bdse sey). Then there ghi czista ne being nusuditi BrB III Moz 13, 25 (Darumb sol der jn Priests vnrein voordeelen). swear, pledge, promise King Salomo tepr isiek me sche diena sawe wanting ne Tarna sawa uszmuschti BrB I Kar 1, 51 (today I am afraid that he.. not tédte). O as anis strong passibaszija, sawe notszinnanczius, where ghis* would be BrB II Mak 14, 32 (they swore / they didn't know). Guess... szadeia iemus teipaieg, sawe wanting King persuade BrB II Mak 11, 14 (werhies jnen daneben | er wollte den Kėnig dahin vermugen). 2.1.2.3. Information verbs can control the abstract conjugated noun along with the objective noun, but are ir usually not associated in communicative terms. su Iš jų XVI — XVII a. GDuse the following: say, say, tell, answer; kalbėti, pakalbėti, perkalbėti, byloti, minėti, priminti, pranešti, pranešdinti, pranešauti, skelbti, paskelbti, apreikšti, išpažinti, pripažinti; bear witness, witness, witness, witness “prove”, “bring”, “confirm”, “dispute”, “assert”, “cry”, “murmure”; write, write out, read; 2005-2006 jų iš part flows to worship, ir praise, used in a meaning close to the verb to proclaim. The most common GD su say; used by various authors to proclaim, ir GD su testify, confess, testify. On the other hand, some information verbs form only in the writings of another GD author, elsewhere not noticed, e.g., talkso uses only o J. Bretkūnas ir Sum of Gospels, find only J. Bretkūnas, defend, step only S. Vaishnava. Finally, there are verbs in which the total su detected only iš one other GD, e.g.: varčėti, disputavoti, statyti (S. in Vaishnava scriptures), shout, shout out, report (J. "The Bible". sakyti, pasakyti, ap(i)sakyti, išsakyti, atsakyti Tis sakome nig ischganima amszinoia atpūlusius MT LIZ 6, 4. Says we're dead on the third day iz (We're | gonna... Excited) SP II 252,. Bei The servants of Dowido are afraid to pass, waika is dead BrB II Sam. 12, 18 (afraid to say that this jm | Kind tod were) Liepe iddnt Hetmon... Ant iames dtanti Ghiemus dpisakitu KN 139,,. Gromata... ischsaka | Ma'am... open meetings Gods | ir santi ghi amsziniiiu wiriausifiu Kunigu MT (PM) 18», Ischgelbethogi uszgimusi tatai wissu (79) first told Schwentas Angelas BrP I 79-80. Thie replied, very large Daugibe sancze (said jm against | that see a great Many were). * ghis uDeleted, 218 talk, talk about, talk again, tell, mention, remind Bonu ligga sick szmogu talkm | ta whose bones... didei gel BrP I 188. O Simon... conversation The 1999-2000 season saw the team finish second in the league, behind B.C. United, 4–1. (speaks to the Onia vbel after | how he so vnglick instigated hette). Siaton... Who... perkalbet | Pong Diewq dpe them in warguse attacks noka ir nesirupinanti SE 554. Ir Irenaeus dabnei bjla lib. 4 Head. 34. Eucharistiam tai est | Weczere Christaus ischstowincze dwiem daiktam téli gerésni MT 153. Ir anié žydai kuritis bū Ambraziéius S. mini tape bilqnczius DP 456,, (remembers so mowigce W 761) But reminding Diewa mus per wargus wadinnanta pakutospi weisdekem BrP Il 469. to | announce, to announce, to prophesy, to proclaim, to declare, to reveal, to confess, to acknowledge; worship, glorify the Prophet taw Lady wanting a taw Namus pabudawoti BrB I Kron 18, 10 verkünde dir dap | der The LORD will build you a house). Tadda patsai Diewas Tiewas... swietui praneschdinoia apsake | apreischke ir schita | Berneli Born in | Christ BrP 178. I'm talking about... Hell. who thi czesu praneschawa, me wanting tawe on ussiysti ių BrB Ezech 38,17 (prophetiz- | ed dap I want you to come over them). 16s ssunus rises ir skielbie ye praised VEE 169, (bless them). Thie tepaskelb tawe underwair ter sweika kuna turrinti BrP 1 194. It is the most common form of smog in the world. Dinos giwenanti BrB V Moz 8, 3 (that you er know) | That the Man does not live from Bread alone). Popietischkei ischpaszista nekruwina | affiera sancze MT (PM) 8%. The centurion confessed to Christ po having his own soldiers (przyznawa | že Christ has...) SP I 258,,. How ię Dukteres regeja, garbinoja (commonly: skelbe) anos ie Paschlowinta (blessed). BrB GG 6, 9. Ir schlowin (top: ad) ischganita ig (overs.: blissful) BrB Pat 31, 28 (bless them). bear witness, witness, witness, witness „įrodyti“, privesti, stepinti,tvirtinti*, disputavoti, statyti „affirm“, užmeluoti, verkti, varčyti „murmėti“ Asch ludiju | tawe accepted MT 121%, We're going to fly... month (t. b. us) ius prayed, Miesta Holofernes BrB Judith 7, 17 (We bear witness to... which we have asked you). Idant People can't look io at me, I'm so overwhelmed by Ionath. BrB 1 Mak 13, 18 (das das Volck not vberjn complained | "Ionathas hat daarvoor miissen vmbkomen" (in Dutch). Unmarried ginna tha santi Diewu MT 10. Kureis ludjimais priwedi | tikrai wissotinaghi suda ningo? MT 2465. (Aristotle) Swieta... amszinai pasiliksenti stepina MT 46,,. Origenis... dwasischkus kunus prikelsemus disputawoia MT 246,. (Klaigonai) tąjau wissu Sacramentu wiena buda esanti stata MT 1204. Kas ira Liar, even that one Courses in uszmeloij, lesu santi Christy? BrB I Jon 2, 22 (who da denies | that Ihesus der Christ sey?). Starts — crying like a baby Gods are not equal WP 244,,. Which warcziie sin in nature | and desire pacze per | sawe saints greek ne MT 61°, write, write out, read Teipo nes rascha Schwentas Lukoschius | Gabriela Angela spoke to Maria. si BrP I 135. Nesa schiteipo ischrascha ne tiktai schwentas Powilas... Kristu susadinnusi uszu stala sawa Apaschtalus BrP 1 64. Ir ne read if more understandable ira will 219 essenti | BrB Bar 6, 50 (That is why you can still nu see that triegerey is). | es So beasmenése constructions nav. su the participants predominate the ir lexicons see, say know, which in general most often comprise GD. This confirms the analogous origin of these structures. Only when I po know my brother returned type constructions control relationships between I know my brother blanks, the compound my brother returned, ir understood as (his) brother returned the corresponding, could be su linked known in the following way: Zinau (his) brother returned : of course, (his) brother returned=I know my brother returned : x; x= known brother returned Time of the day nev. of participants g. forms are mostly made to iš say, say, answer, in individual cases to write, — iš write, imply, pažinti „to know, to find out“. say, say, answer, write, write, foresee, know First jra sakita toki buda senojo Baszniczoie buwussi | MT 145%. On the third day it was told Laban, BrB 1 Moz 31, 22 (wards... signed that | "Iakob Flohe". But buwa iem answered such a thing is not | primanoma santi MT 266%. Teipo buwa raschita, Prisakima dita pra wissas Szemmes BrB East 3, 14 (So the content of the letter was | Das ein Commandment given were). Raschita | ira karaliu... Teip kalbanti BrP II 472 Bet Moysieschuie is paraschiza The Goddess's ushkietinussi shirdi Pharaoh? MT 174,,. Well on may ir be ta supposed to be, annus nesanczius Diewus BrB Bar 6, 71 (You can also notice es that they do | not Gétter sind). Nesa on should be ko paszinnota be, me tawa ir Szmones grację radusius BrB II Moz 33, 16 (sol... be recogniz- | ed that I vnd your Volck... have found grace). ' Bevardés forms of the genus, forming GD, themselves can be dependeGD nt members of another structure. In total, 3 such cases were observed: Esch heard ape tawe said, tawe dwassę schwentuiy deiviy having, perschwietijma, mind, and great ir Ischmintį tawip found. BrB Dan 5, 14 (I have... said | that you have the spirit... | of enlightenment... bey you found sey). Szmones Abase girdeia kalbama Simri sudereghima padarusį prie Karalių uszmuschusį BrB I Kar 16, 16 (heret say | that Simri made a conspiracy and also killed the king). O anis rada Sokone raschita, PoNa per Moseschu prisakiusi BrB Neh 8, 14 (They found written in the law | that the Lord... had commanded). By constructions with bev. g. forms in one place of J. Bretkūnas' Bible GD is even made with būt. 1st person singular singular form: Teipo esch... ana on Szemes padrepsiu, kaip pamatai io (sic!) regeti bus, ana thinai gulenczę Ezech 13, 14 (das man jren Grund sehen sol | das sie da lige). Requirements participant bev. The g. form, which is the main member of GD, is observed only in one example: Tad ischkei regetina jra | nedęką priesch Diewa baise piktjba sancze MT 196%,,. From new participants bev. g. forms are not only a specific feature of the language of J. Bretkūnas and S. Vaišnoras. J. Rėza, having edited J. Bretkūnas- ’s Bible, volume VI, transferred into his,,Psalter of David” the construction connected with the visible being, true Diewa Sione santi (Ps 84, 8), by which in the manuscript the explanatory part was replaced. 226 the side effect of my sentence is the very real Diewas ira Sione (cf. PsD 152; LB: Das man sehen mus | der rechte Gott sey zu Zion). Corresponding constructions (only with participants) are also found in the present Lithuanian language, cf. : It is not for nothing that the fox is said to be clever in Vaižg RR II 173. 2.1.4.3. In several places in Vaišnor's "Žemčiūga" the GD forms constructs of modal meaning that are certainly and truly, in their meaning, close to the phrases with the verb of the new participants. g. forms. surely is There is no doubt there are | wives now on swieta alba žemes besant | Sunu Diewa on suda ateisenti 243,. Surely then there is Sunu God nig Tewa not so much standing up santi (106%) if it is swietischkai ponawotu 106* —107. the truth is And the truth is | real and consistent pribuwima... neisttowinti isch wertistes imanczuiu 155%. Sometimes the truth is | newissus žmones tikegīmu malones Zadeima nutwerrenczus 168,. 2.1.44. GD The main member is sometimes followed by ir nouns, usually verbs, with which the secondary focus of the explanatory sentence can be associated. These nouns are usually made from verbs used in GD (or verbs of similar meaning). In almost all cases, syntactic analogies with constructions of group 2 and 3 can be seen here. For example, according to GD su to testify, to testify to a constructed noun testimony, su witness. testimony, witness Diewas jstate sawedima...ieng butu ischkus ludiimas saluba tą santi gjwenima schwenta tq MT 2214. If the warrior's ir death was the end of the world, it would be a play about the | mud and the mud would be the end of the world. Euangelias santi tikra MT 181%,. Ius sche dieeste witnesses, na me wis bought, what EliMelecho buwa BrB Ruth 4, 9 (jr said... Witness | that I have bought everything). Similarly, su smoking is related to dktv. smoke, meet su meeting, ring — sign, wonder wonder. ditmos, — meeting, Zenklas, — miracle He was the only one who had the ability to see the dark side | tq of the moon. Goddess of Fall MT 3%, Wiera ira strong meeting on Pono Diewo ghi | mus szmones leusi milti pristoienti | mus | wissosu | daiktosu norinti gelbėti | BrP 1 286. "What is the sign, I'm going Namump PONO BrB Iz 38, 22 (Which one? Sign is that I'm up... | sol go?) Schitas ira Miracle, PoNa counted my words BrB I Kar 13, 3 (This is the Wonder that such of the LORD has saved). Other nouns are related su GD going actionaZodZiais ne both in action and meaning. For example, GD su the sound „Knyga“ is associated with su the corresponding constructions, depending on the information verbs to publish, to report, to shout, etc. ir (see section 4.4). 2.1.2.3.); similar to dktv. sentence related to su teach, say, gromatos write. su 15* 227 sound, sentence, gromatos O appeared in lie (top.: wrong) Sound, Antiocha dead BrB TI Mak 5, 5 (But es came out a lying cry like | Antiochus should be dead). If the sentence is correct, ta it should be adopted: Diewa nesanti prieszacze grieka neigi | norinti neigi paskirenti | grieka... MT 54%. Tadda buwa issinnestas Gromat... Kosznump Szmoniump, sawa Lieszuu. Kosna Hero Wiriausi Pona sant sawa Namiusa BrB East 1, 22 (There were Letter sent out... that a jglich Man der Oberherr... sey). That such constructions were usual for the authors, it can be seen iš BrB II Sam. 13, 30: comes the sound Dowidop, Absaloma wissus Waikus King's uszmuschusį, where the explanatory sentence side note as Absalom flats wissus Waikus King's uszmuschens changed GD, correcting the manuscript. Neither the German nor the Latin text could have been the instigator of this correction, cf. came the smoky fur David das | Absalom had... killed; fame received ad David dicens: Percussit Absalom...; the influence of these languages ir is not visible in the other cases mentioned. Some of such constructioiš ns close DGs depending on nev. of participants g. forms, cf. 2.1.4.2. cases discusssu ed said were ir šį example: Ir like this Sound said by buwa Pharaono When Joseph's brothers came, they made good impression on Pharaoh. BrB I Moz 45, 16. (And the da scream came... das "Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre" (PDF). Similarly su written was (see section 4.4). 2.1.4.2.) agreed in the letter was in the following example: And so in ir that scripture, the devil, having sworn, if any... They would fly together. BrB II Mak 2,4 (So stund that... in the same Schrifft | That the Prophet... I called them) Thus, the GD nouns forming 4 the group are closely related in their semantics, ir often in construction su 2 ir 3 Article 10 verbs. However, the syntactic independence of the construction in this group is even greater: the use in the position of the NP subject nominative shows that the function of the objective verb in general, and not only the ne final one, is already completely lost ir here. It should be noted that such independent use is characteristic of those authors — J. Bretkūnas, S. Vaišnoras — whose writings are the most GD common. The greater productivity of the construction, apparently, stimulated its development in the direction of syntactic independence. 2.1.4.5. GD autonomy J. Bretkūno was so strongly felt that in some places he even tried to use a separate sentence in the sense of a jį connecting sentence. In the postscript ar we find the heading: I t. Ant The first one. Mus wissus sernais sanczius though (487), nowhere around there is any verb another word to be connected; ar only meaning we can imply su here the assumed furime know ją iš (remembar er) etc. *? The focus of the connecting sentence is GD translated in the following Ir example: siunte (Ptolemy) Paslus Demetriop, ieib iopi come, Sudereghima do, then sawe su io wanting iem padoti sawa Daughter. BrB 1 Mak 11,9 (Vnd sends Messengers toDemetrio | das er zu jm kommen solt einen | Bund with jm zu make | So wolt er jm signal Daughter to give); the Latin text does not give any incitement GD to use it ir here (plg. : Come, we make a pact among ourselves. dabo tibi et filiam meam). That was NP perceived as a separate predicative unit, see ir iš tų examples, 42 Totally be V used NP ir BrB Job 36, 19: Five mothers. (ghī) adboient tawa Mace alba Auksa, but this is probably just because of inappropriate missed phrase, you think so ar (plg. : Think that er your power counts). 228 where between it and V there is a whole chain of subordinate elements of the connecting sentence. For example, BrB Neh 10, 30 after the main point And anis comes ieib swoikty, and swoega paszadetów waikschezoti Sokone Diewo there is a significant secondary point, connected with Sokone, then two long secondary explanatory points, connected with the coming (so independent, that both M. Luther and J. Bretkūnas separated them by points), then again a second-degree explanatory point and only then GD:... And as Szmones Szemes Sabbathoie brought Tawora and wissokio Pascharo to sell, us so much nog iu neprijmsenczius (das wirs nicht von jnen nemen wolten). 2.1.4.6. A separately mentioned case, where the main member of the GD is a sentiment: Ach, mane gimtąjį, iog mana Szmoniy ir schwento Miesto ischpustighima regeti, ir tileti turiu BrB I Mak 2,7. In the German original we find the subordinate element of the connective sentence with dap (Ah | das ich dazu geboren bin), and in the Latin with ut (ut guid natus sum), so GD could have been used here as the equivalent of the subordinate element — similarly as in other examples of 4 gr. However, sporadic cases of the final post-interjection in ancient writings (e.g., Sapūnas and Šulcas Ay Budą sžio Cžeso —O mores hujus temporis... Ak manę Biedną O me miserum 94)*3, their use in Latvian folklore (e.g.: ai tu manu Įėtu dabu!)** and numerous parallels in Slavic, Latin** and other languages suggest that the final post-interjection was not foreign to Lithuanian at any time; In that case, the quoted example could be considered a relic of objective constructions with a dependent ending, corresponding in its original structure to GD with sakyti and so on (see 2.1.2.3.). 2.1.5. From the overview of GD by the main (usually verb) member it is clear that most of the examples found in 16th—17th century writings no longer correspond to the original model of syntactic relations of this construction. In the groups distinguished by the general valent features of the verbs, the relationship of V to NP is uneven. Direct control relationships between V and N are clearly visible only in objective (type a) 1 gr. constructions. In some places such connections can be seen in 1b and 2g constructions, but here they are no longer alive, productive, but only reconstructed as a legacy of previous epochs. In most 1b and 2g constructions, NP depends on V as a separate syntactic unit. Even greater independence of NP in examples 3, where objective N control can no longer be established. Finally, in group 4, NP is used even in the noun verb position. In this way, going from group 1 to 4, we see a gradual change in the syntactic relationships of NP with V, which probably reflects the development process of realy GD. Its essence is that the verbal (verbal) control, characteristic of the primary model of GD, gradually turns into phraseical control of the entire NP compound, indifferent to its verbal form. The change in the control relationship between V and N is also shown by the fact that after the verb- „džių with the negative N, the ending here usually does not become the genitive of the negative, as in other cases of direct control, e.g.: 44 See. A. Bezzenberger, Beitriige zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1877, p. 239; E. Fraenkel, Kas., 151. 4 J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, p. 580 (§ 436). 44 Fr. Miklosich, comparative Syntax of the Slavic Languages, Vienna, IV, 1868 — 1874, p. 392; W. Vondrak, Vergleichende slavische Grammatik, II, Gottingen, 1928, p. 275; F. Trdvniček, Historickd mluvnice &eskd, III, Skladba, Praha, 1956, p. 9. 44 F. Stolz. I. H. Schmalz, Lat. Gr., pp. 385-386. 229 Why didn't you tell me that you saw the Woman sancze? BrB I Moz 12,18 (Why don't you tell me | that your wife was?). 11:21 And the two messengers not only | Christ is dead, but also resurrected. I'm a dead, unhurt RG 539g. But Lietuwininkams toke kosani sakita | asch neszinnau BrP II 517. lei nenori schū kartu wissus mana wargus ant tawes paties mana siunczamus BrB II Moz 9,13 (Ich will anders dis mal alle meine Plage vber dich selbs senden) The genitive form with negative verbs is more typical only for objective constructions (after perception, etc. verbs), in which the controlling relationship between V and N is still clearly felt, e.g.: niekad neregieiau teysaus dplaysta MP 109%,,. In non-objective constructions, the originator of the denial is used only in isolated cases. "Tassdi kursdi ne nori mirštanczio ne wieno nusidéiusio DP 4034, (nechce šmyrči žádného hříšného W 661)" (in Polish). The 1979-80 season saw the team finish eighth in the league, but the 1980-81 season saw the team finish eighth in the league, but the 1981-82 season saw the team finish eighth in the league. He was a member of the 124th Regiment of Foot, 125th Regiment of Foot, 126th Regiment of Foot, 127th Regiment of Foot, 128th Regiment of Foot, 129th Regiment of Foot, 130th Regiment of Foot, and 131st Regiment of Foot. Such constructions, based on the primary relationships of members, were already turned into syntactic archaisms in the 16th–17th centuries. Although N here takes the form of a controlled verb, it can no longer be considered a V object, as in many corresponding constructions with a suffix. For example, in the statement ių nčpažino sącziu... V the object is not theirs, but their relations (= that they are...), as well as GD szinnau tawe tatai reminiscent BrB Job 10,13 the meaning of the statement allows to consider the object NP reminiscent of you (= that you remember- ). The change in the type of management is quite obvious here. The change in management also changes the internal structure of the DG itself. Non-objective constructions represent not the original, but a rearranged model of GD syntactic relations, which can be noted by the scheme: (3) V ———->(N —— —->P) The constructions formed according to this model are ternary Word combinations, in which the syntactic binomes (V and NP) can be distinguished only at different levels of division*- ". The syntactic relationships in objective GD constructions of the 16th—17th centuries (e.g., regeiot ghi vschžengenti Mž 299) can no longer be considered identical to those that were reconstructed for the prehistoric stages of the development of the Lithuanian language (see 1, 4). The original model of syntactic relations of GD (2) fully corresponded to the old ide. sentencej* of unstressed structure, which was formed gradually, “ Plg. E. Nida'a's two-dimensional model of English objective verbs, in which the dependence of the compound of both objective verbs on V is indicated, and the excentric interrelationships of the members of the compound to are indicated at the lower level of decomposition, see Nida'a's model. E. A. Nida, A. Synopsis of English Syntax, London — The The Hague — Paris, 1966, p. 30, 155—156; similarly treated ir constructions su -ing forma ir infinityvu p. 42. 111—112. The NP syntactic o ne relationship of any jo member of an entire compound su V pointed out by many ir other researchers; on the English plg. k. but O. Jespersen, A Modern style English Grammar on Historical Principles, the, 1914, 1. 67; The Philosophy of Grammar, London, UK 1929, p. 115tt. ; Z. S. Harris, Co-ocurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure, kn. The Structure of Language, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964, p. 178; Ch.F. Hocket, Course A in Modern Linguistics, New edition York, 1969, p. 195-196; J. Machd&ek, Complementation the of English Verb the by Accusative — with — Infinitive and the Content Clause, Prague, Czech Republic 1965, p. 8; on the French k. plg. H. Nilsson-Ehle, The attribute de I'objet en francais,,,Studia when going from one part Neophilologica“, 25 (1953), Ne 3, p. 110. 230 of the sentence to another and defining the meaning of each of them in the form of the word itself, the preliminary projection of the whole sentence, determined by the valency of the verb. be During the centralization of the sentence, which In the a. Lithuanian language of the 16th century, the contradiction between the mutual N ir P relation ir unilateral N relation su V. This contradiction was eliminated by connecting the second su V ir member of the semi-predikative compound. NP In this way, the valence of GD the constituent verb increased by one position, the construction ir took the following form: (4) V ZEN y Y N—— —>P Thus, the object type forms a GD trinomial word combination, which in the syntactic form can be binarily decomposed**. Attempts to distinguish binary relations in the corresponding constructions of other languages appeared to be one-sided. ir (especially intensively this question is examined, based on the English language, which is widely used constructions in the dual objective su verb, objective verb communicative or lit. ir k. the participant -ing form). In storage N ir P (resp. N*) separately dependent on the verb thus distinguishing binomes *, du V-> N ir V -> P, a definite link remains unestablished N su P, which in Lithuanian, as in other flexional ir languages, is clearly shown by the conjugation. On the other hand, considering dependent V only the first nameZodj®* (N), non-removaV ble connection su P, which ri indicates the ta fact that it cannot be P eliminated without changing the syntactic value of the construction*?. Such complex syntactic relationships are explained by the fact that from the synchronic point of view GD there is a primary, derived construction, ne which can be o considered as the result of transformation of simpler constructions. tu ir binary decomposition already in the inner structure layer (see section 4.4). 3.3.2). 2.1.6. According to the interrelationship of the members, objective types GD separated from non-objective ones and ir remained close to constructions su without phraseal control, i.e. non-commentable verbs. Iš jų su the second ending — participant is usually used by those who form the corresponding binary ending ir constructions with noun adjectives su ir (plg. 1.4), e.g.: do, call, call Kurtiniai made heard nebilius ir spoken VEE 113,. Wissus does things for herself VEE 1254. I entered the sketch. Apaschtala numirusius wadinnanti ** Plg. B. T. Poppy, Passutie CTPYKTYpH rpocTOro NpejĄrOKKEHHA B HH 10eBpONeiiCKHX asuikax, BSI, 1960, Ne 1, 24 tt. ** Plg. A. M. Myxun, Crpykrypa mpegaomennm ux it mone, JI., 1968, p. 122; JI. C. Bapxyaapos, JĮ. A. Illrenuar, Tpaswarnka auramiickoro saika, M. 1965, p. 379, 385—386; H. Nilsson-Ehle, op. cit., p. 109; H. B. Cokonosa, TpekujenHnbte: B COBpeMeHHOM (paHuy3CKOM S3biKe, ¢6.: paMMaTukKa, (OHETHKA H CTHAHCTHKA pOMaHCKHX s3bikKOB, JI., 1971, p. 251 tt. ; B. H. UarnuresBa, Heropus npocTsix mpeasoxennit ¢ npeanKaJUNE NajeXKaMH HMeHH, aBT. JIOKT. aucc., JI., 1971, p. 6-7. .% See. JI. C. Bapxyaapos, Crpykrypa npocroro NpeAJOKeHHS COBPeMeHHOro aHramicKoro assika, M., 1966, p. 104 tt. su lit. *t Such links are specified in A. In the Muchin diagram showing the corresponding English construction (e.g.: saw I him cross the road). see. A. M. My xun, ®yrKunKkona sini anaJH3 CHHTAKCHYeCKHX saemerToB, M.-J1., 1964, p. 42 tt., tt. ; 104 Crpykrypa ngeanomennil u ux moje, JI., 1968, p. 91 tt., 133. * Plg. Z. S. Harris, op. cit., p. 178—179; cannotmumg eliminate any one iš semi-primitive (=social) connection associated members indicate ir A. Muchin, see Muchin. A. M. Myxnu, CrpyxYou're kind of... p. 94-95. 231 Mieganczius BrP II 519. Tawe more ne wadins abandoned than tawa Shemu Pus. tine BrB Iz 62, 4 (Man sol you no more the Abandoned... call). Ir todrinag iq pagirta wadina DP 506, (iq blogostdwionq zowq W 861)%, Juos Ponas per Prdndszq prdmine nupipiestitus MP 174% (nicknam- | ed not circumcisRP 118%). ed saugoti, sergéti, turéti, laikyti My... sdugdk sleeping RG 224,y, Manė sergéio Angels io ir ižė cze iszencZiq tenai | ir giwenancziq | ir iZg tendi iūsump sugrėžęricę DP 5223, (mig strzegl... wychodzqcey... mieszkdiqcey... wracaiqcey W 892) I have a lot of work, I can't come BrB Neh 6, 3 (I've got a lot of stuff to do)TM. Let the others there iaways shelter filled GIS 11 3,**. Esch Jonathan... I'm sorry. BrB I Mak 13, 15% (I have Ionathan... keep)®. vesti, lydėti, siųsti, leisti, palikti, sutikti, priimti, pamusti, pabaidyti, atgydyti... Czia ateya idant iis | surischtus westu VEE 152399. Nuwede ghi numirusi BrB II Kar 23, 30 (fiireten jn dood). We've just... spent the night together. DP 617,, (wstepuigcq... zdprowddZili W 834). Péwilq ir Barndbq... you've got to eat your beef. DP 619% (poswigcone sent W 849). I'll send you home hungry. VEE 103% Yous... iszreditus wissur teykies stay MP 185%,%. Kada tawa Neprieteliaus Taurus alba Assila agrees, bekleioientj BrB II Moz 23, 4 (meets the | jrret) er Cheaper iq sziq diénq takes jencze ing city DP 617, (incoming) W 833). For the bride... pamusche ios bebgganczius BrB Judith 16, 14 (they fled). Szmones... in pabaide ios unrivalled BrB Ezr 4, 4 (they were frightened ab im bawen). Cze if W. Christus atgide morituri DP 336. (go... ozywil vmdrlego W 556). In such constructions, the endings of the noun ir (pronoun) participant are subordinated to the verb as in the objective of the commentable verb- * words. ir The direct GD po dependence of the participant on the verb shows ir ta the fact that it sometimes takes the form of an adverb, a semantic verb t. y. directly su connected to the verb, e.g. : The Apostles... only Jesus Christ will surely rise from the dead BrP II 38; Keep your eyes open. MP 213% ir Mr. * The forms of the noun possessor are in the appropriate constructions. tend to spread rapidly ir during a period of regular written tradition, cf.: noriu yus $3 Similar DP 4714, 47319, 47519, SE 2803, MP III 5%, 3514; the foundation of the structure — Luk 1, 48: beatam me dicent. ; 54 Similar BrB Ps 96, 10; Mat 6, 16; Luk 14, 18; Apr 14, 1; 19, 16. 55 The frequent use of su constructions furéti in ancient writings was stimulated by the corresponding statements in German, Polish and Latin originals, cf. : Kosznas turreia sawa galwa aprischta BrB II Sam. 15, 30 — had to be a jiggler Havet verhüllet; me has giwenancy me mieszkdiqcego DP 6068 — ma W 742; turkish mane ischkalbeta BrB Luk 14, 19 — have me excusatum. 50 Similarly BrB II Chron 30, 9; I Kings 8, 50; Ps 137, 3; Is 18, 4; Rom 7, 6. ¥ For GD with the meaning of holding, having the meaning of appreciation, understanding, see 2. 1. 1. 3. 58 Similar MP III 14,; BrB II Kron 28, 55; I Kar 8, 46; II Kar 24, 15; Jer 43, 11; 48, 46; Hoz 4,19; 0b 1, 11; I Mac 13, 12; Acts 22, 5, cf. Surischta nusiunte VEE 203; ChB Jon 18,,. 59 Similarly MP 266,, 266%. % See dar BrB I Car 7, 47; Jer 46, 28; Acts 24, 27; II Timothy 4, 20. ‘1 For more examples, see E. Fraenkel, Der pridikative Instrumental im Slavischen und Baltischen und seine syntaktischen Grundlagen, AfSIPh, 40, p. 86; Kas., p. 200, 204, where the effect of lenky on such use of jnagininko is rightly pointed out. 232 make them squirm VEE ponu 137,35; ghy wadindama VEE 23, 31 Regions and adjacent areas ChB Mat 25, 38; ios Tikeia Gods BrB I've 13,3; discovered her lies. ChB Apr 2,2 ir Mr.? ; in many cases the noun here eventually completely displaces the second noun. Very actively penetratį es these constructions the ir adjective suffix, supported by the influence of Slavic languages, e.g.: mus wertais padare VEE makes 135,; ius gatawais®® BrB Hebr 13, 21; nugabentu ghi sweyku ChB Apd 23, 24; even the vision su saying ir actionZodZiais: tawe regiejom alkanu ChB Mat 25, 37; sakie ghi gieru ChB Jon 7, 12; tur ghi Pleban czistu publish BrB III Moz 13; su To consider the adjective conjunct as a verb has now become the predominant normative**, All this shows that the ir syntactic connection of the verb with the second dependent vowel is constantly strengthening su and even changing the morphological form of the latter. ir The direct iš subordination of the second binary verb to the verb is a common — phenomenon observed in other binary ir verb constructions. In the dual-utility communicator, the gradual establishment su of the noun in jį place of the second noun also shows communication, cf. you will need to be the manager instead of the older manager; very actively such constructions are drawn by į the adjective subjunctive. ir The Slavic languages have gone even further along this path. For example, in modern Russian, Czech and Polish, the second-final noun has already completely given way to ir the verb-related noun. su In this way, verbs, previously linked by nouns in a su semi-predicative relationship, have become dependent on the verb as the center of the sentence's syntactic connections. — 2.1.7. GD structure was favourable to the general direction of the development of subordination relations both — in Lithuanian and other languages. ir in languages, there is a strengthening and differentiation of verb control. In the old monuments of the Lithuanian language, the use of phrases in folklore is ir even more free than in the present literary language. Even the final principal — objective verb is quite often used here with — various adverbial meanings of place, direction, time, means, which forms of — other verbs have. — ir Jo the primary — meaning of the direct — object is not yet clearly distinguished from the mentioned secondary (adverbial) meanings**, with which the final functions as a semantic verb, cf. such compounds as sharp teeth, tired head, ride a horse, swim the seas, go outdoors, etc. ** ir The semantic, syntactic o ne principle of the use of vowels is even more pronounced in languages with a very old written tradition. In the Vedas, the same infinitive is only used freely in various ne circumstantial meanings. 62 but E. Fraenkel, Kas., p. 199—200. ; Fixed ready; iš such corrections in the manuscript of the Bible, where the adjective su inagininku po daryti is used abundantly, are quite common. ** The gradual spread of the noun in place of the earlier noun forms confirms the antiquity of the binary noun and clearly contradicts the hypothesis about the primitive nature of the predicative noun (A. Valeika, A Few Observations on the Structure and Semantics of Predicate Nominal Constructions, LKK, 14 (1973), p. 237). ® For li nksniy primary and secondary values Zr. J. Kurylowicz, The Problem of Case Classification, kn. : Esquisses linguistiques, Wroclaw —Krakow, 1960, p. 137 tt. 60 Žr. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, I, 240, 611 etc. ; E. Fraenkelis presents quite similar cases both for the objective and for the finite of space, time and direction, cf. E. Fraenkel, Kas.» pp. 137 et seq. and 161 et seq. ; Latvian equivalents Zr. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Rigd, 1951, p. 578-579. 233 mis, but can actually go with almost every verb, differing from other verbs only in a certain shade of meaning®’. The deeper we go into the past, the more independent role the individual verb forms play, the weaker their syntactic dependence on the verb. The oldest idea. The linguistic monuments provide insight into a period of the development of these languages, when the control links were still quite weak, and the use of autonomous vowels in the sentence was primarily determined by their semantics- ®. It is precisely this stage of the development of word relations that determined the original model of the structure of GD. Because the constructions with binary verbs were probably formed in ide. under the conditions of language commonality (see 1.6.), the subordination relationship between V and N should not have been as strong and syntactical as the current control; apparently, its nature was essentially semantic. Therefore, in constructions with a binomial suffix, only the first suffix could be directly subordinated to the verb. In the subsequent many ideas. in the development of languages subordination of consonants to the verb is strengthened, and the semantic and syntactic function of consonants is more differentiated. In Lithuanian, this process is associated with the gradual adoption of prepositional constructions instead of semantic vowels. During the period of the written tradition, the final, the origin and the utilitary are increasingly specialized for certain objective relations, and prepositional constructions are increasingly used in their place. They eventually completely displace from the literary language the final part of the direction (e.g. travel to a strange country, climb a summit, flow into a lake instead of the older travel to a strange country, climb a summit, flow into a lake), the final part of the road (swim through the seas, go through the field instead of swimming through the seas, go through the field), the nobleman of the exception and time (escape death, ride the night), the utility after the verbs get in love, laugh, escape, etc.**. Management relations strengthened and 1.2 discusses the formal differentiation of the direct and distant object after transitive verbs. By separating the direct object, represented by the final, from the distant object, which has been represented by the prepositional construction, the use of the final has become even more defined. In modern Lithuanian, the postposition after transitive verbs is a syntactic verb with the function of a direct object. Forms of the final form, previously only semantically associated with the verb, are now syntactically subordinated to it. Thus, the rearranged GD structure, in which N and P or the whole NP compound syntactically depends on V, corresponds quite well to the usage of Lithuanian vowels in the period of historical tradition. 2.2. Participating member In the GD construction, the participant (P) is combined with the noun or pronoun (N) and thus is grammatically dependent on it. However, by its function, it is the central member of the NP-complex and cannot be eliminated without changing the construction *7 W.D. Whitney, A Sanskrit German grammar, Leipzig, *1889; p. 90 tt. ; L. Renou, Grammaire de la language Védique, Lyon — Paris, 1952, p. 355-356; General remarks on phrase la Vedic, kn. : Symbolae linquisticae in honorem G. Kurylowicz, Wroclaw — Warczawa — Krakow, 1965, p. 231-232, ** Plg, Meillet, A. Vendries, J. Traité de grammaire de comparée des langues classiques, Paris, 1968, p. 1924, p. 519tt. ; A. Meillet, Introduction a 1’étude comparative des langues indo-européennes, Paris, 71934, p. 359 tt. ; P, Chantraine, Grammaire Homeric 2, language, Syntax, p. 8, 16-17, 232, 319 tt. 4 Pig. E. Fraenkel, Kas., p. 62, 83, 113, 137 tt., 140, 164. 234 2016-17: 1st in Division 1, 2nd in Division 2, 3rd in Division 3, 4th in Division 4, 5th in Division 5, 6th in Division 6, 7th in Division 7, 8th in Division 8, 9th in Division 9, 10th in Division 10, 11th in Division 11. 1.|will. 1.] all |es. 1. |be. I.lbūs. 1.| all | poor veik. | work, | work. | ill. | nev. | nev. | nevi | nev. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 grouped | (pa)žiūrėti a 13 13 2 2 15 b 2 2 1 1 3 regéti a 228 | 29 1 | 258 8 50 58 316 b 123 | 70 3 | 196 4 3 7 203 veizdyti a 2 2 2 b 2 2 2 išvysti a 160 8 168 1 19 20 188 b 13 3 16 3 3 19 girdėti, išgirsti a 92 92 | 1 3 4 9% b 8 | 83 6 | 174 9 24 33 207 (iš)klausyti a 6 6 6 jausti, (pa)justi a 4 4 2 2 6 b 12 4 16 1 1 2 18 (at)rasti a 86 | 28 114 36 36 150 b 7 2 9 1 || 10 užtropti a 2 2 2 (iš) (pa)rodyti a 2 2 1 1 3 b 2 | 16 2 40 1 || 41 (pa)žymėti a 1 2 3 3 b 3 3 3 pažinti a 14 2 16 2 1 17 b 42 5 47 2 2 4 51 at(si)minti a 2 1 3 3 laikyti a 2 2 2 b 4 | 18 1 23 1 2 3 26 612a | 70a | 3a | 685a | 10a | 114a 124a | 809 All gr. 1 | 313b | 203b | 12b | 528b | 18b | 37b 55b | 583b 952ab | 273ab| 15ab |1213ab| 28ab | 151ab 179ab | 1392ab Group 2 Zinoti 166 | 59 30 | 255 4 5 9 264 understand 34 13 1 48 5 5 53 (from) (current) (per) (pra)manyti 5 | 15 2 73 2 3 5 78 consumed 1 1 || (from) (over)ex70 | 19 89 || 4 5 94 periment try || 1 || Thinking 1 || || Smoking 11 3 5 19 || 2 3 22 235 Much less likely to be. k. 1. ne. Participles are used with verbs su that do not possess a suffix, e.g. : Szadifia ghį pro wissus Cities The Jews, complaining, Onia innocent uszmuschta BrB II Mak 4,36 (see complaint jm | Das Onias vnschūldiglich ermordet were), žr. 2.1.3—4. 2.2.2.3. Future tense passives were detected in only these three S. Vaishnavo In the GD examples of Zemčiūga. Moxlas about nulemima... mokin wissus | ischganisemus Sunuie Gods | ir delei io paklusnistes... sanczus ischrinktus 175.5. Origenis... nūdem dwasischkus kunus prikilsemus disputawoia 246,. Piktieghi... Eyes hurt the most, souls ir hurt the most, and death has ir hurt the | most, and no one has hurt ir the most, and no one has hurt the least. | be 25499. All three constructions are non-objective going verbs, ir which are usually su not associated with the ending of the object of the corresponding su meaning. 2.2.3. GD su participating connections About all 2094 XVI — In the XVII a. writings found to form the GD verb to be su participants, which can go alone or together with other participants, nouns, adjectives, adverbs forms, Verb to su be participants used more widely than all other verb participants. Of many ideas. GD už the history of languages clearly shows that *es-, *bhūšarkņu verbs, whose conjunctions iš were formed over time, initially had a specific lexical meaning of existence§me®. GD in the construction of the verb to be the participants have retained this meaning in many places. It is most pronounced in those cases when with N the participant goes alone or extended only by an adverb of modal meaning. a) (Epicurus) swieta schi... teip ir santi ir sugaischenti tikeia MT 465. The 1937-1938 season saw the club finish second in the league, just behind San Francisco 49ers. Diewa santi liudij | heavy warfare of the evil world BrP II 178. Raschtas... liudij ir moka (177) Pona Diewa ischtiesos santi ir giwenanti|ikki amsziu amszo BrP II 177-178. Idant... ischmanitumbit, Mane santi BrB Iz 43,10 (understood | that I am) b) Passilikka taipaieg some wall finds and half-stones on the site of the former city BrP II 346. O didzausei regim... schus griekus buwusius BrP II 196. ¢) Let's learn to think and think about | man gala munan MT MId 1,5. Anis tiktai šitq giwdtq būsencją tiki DP 58483, (they only believe in this Life but in 995). "Szmones girdedami busenczen diena Sudo... dumoij BrP 1 18". The two summits of Rodes and the ridge of the Sidu are marked BrP II 3397. ¢ K. Brugmann, The Syntax of the Simple Sentence in Indo-European, Berlin and Leipzig, 1925, p. 72 tt. ; E. Benveniste, La phrase nominale en indo —européen, BSL, XLVI, f. 1, 1950, p. 19tt. ;, Etre“ and „,avoir“ in their linguistic functions, BSL LVI, f. 1, 1960, p. 114 tt. It should be noted that the old verb *es expresses "to be really" and is reconstructed primarily according to the participle forms that best preserved it, cf. het. ash-, s. ind. sant-"existent, real reliable", s. isl. sannr, Russian cywud “true” etc., see Smell. Bc. Hsanos, O6meHHNOEBponefickas, TNpacjiaBaAaHCKaS Ho AHATOJIHACKAS SI3bIKOBbIe CicTeMbI, M., 1965, p. 266. 7 See. but BrB Jer 14, 15; 14, 19; Sir 48, 7. 242 The specific lexical meaning of the participant in such cases is sometimes emphasized by accelerating synonyms, e.g. 2000. pp. 125. "About Us". www.aboutus- .com. "About Us". www.aboutus- .com. "About Us". It is also strongly felt in constructions with relative adverbs where, how, which together play the role of connecting Words. It is not known how many of the 76 people who died in the attack were killed by the RAF. In 1999, the 1999-2000 season, he played for the San Jose Earthquakes in the NHL, but he did not play for the team until 2002-03. Rupėsti tur turėt ape waikūs sawūs... idant žindtu kiekwienu męetū | kur sanczius DP 65, (dby wiedzieli... gdzie się obracdia W, 65) Ghis gerai ir isch tola szinna | kaip koszna daikbusenti ta BrP II 335. Su the lexical ir meaning of the participant is already significantly faded. In such cases, it is used primarily as an indicator of grammatical temporal modes, performs a function close to conjunction, but can also be replaced by verbs to live, exist, etc. ir mo t. y. ir participants, plg. : Hearing the anus, the anus near, between the fingers iu ir BrB I Joz 9, 16 (that they were near to them and lived | among them). Anis ischgirde Kristu near santi nig city BrP I 12. Ions... Messioschu czaiau santi pazina MT 127.4. Regedamas tawé teidus sancziq DP 177 (see the presentation) W 303), ( Welinas) ischmana Judgment day sawa amszina prapilima near santi BrP II 437. In the forms of su the noun pronoun in various circumstantial ir su prepositional constructions, the participle of the verb to be performs the same function close to the conjunction as ir su local adverbs (except for the relative adverb where). Regim ir ischmanam wissa swieta didzoie bedoie essenti alba giwenanti BrP II 148. Say: log stippray tu tikki | Downey kung santi RG 305,,. A Traitamis sunti ii draugiey, eio die kielo mnemdidc byl towarzystwie) (A že on w SP I 195,°. Regim | Ms. su tawimi santį BrB I Moz 26,28 (we will see... das der the LORD is with you). Tur anis szinnoti, pranascha between santį ių BrB Ezech 2,5 (the one Prophet among them is). Kdip the tarp sdwe santi isn't checked MP III 31%, (that they v would understand each other RP 300%). Sirata wel regedama sziema akim sancze pradest po skunsties BrP II 395. In the same constructions, but much less frequently, the past participle and future participle forms of the active participant are used. Aristotelis... Swieta nūg amszu sakie ir buwussi MT 245%. Taliaus ape schus Ischmintingus turrim szinoti anus | buwusius isch ne Gimines Shidu BrP I 153. Treczia saka szenklus busenczius wandinesa WP 6. Idant shinotu Christ... more among the people not besenti BrP II 115. Sinuses, anus (pabr.) iusu rankosu busenczius BrB Judith 10, 12 (I know that they will come | to you) Fully grammatize the function in of the conjunction being Participle forms have to be attributive (qualitative, possessive, etc.) su ir meaning verbs and prepositional constructions. Here they are transformed into abstract grammatical indicators of time and cannot be ir replaced by the forms of other verbs ir that signify existence. * Similar VEE 24,, Ev 22,,, SE 25,, (Close 2, 44). * Similar MT 46,,; plg. but BrP I 152-153, 334 243 But I know you're not a little bitch KN 265. If... the disciples were to be taught by Swietischka, it would not be true to our saint | Even the Lord God himself BrP II 321. We assume that the two are not only adjectives [even the Viennese kinsmen and tribesmen were BrP 11 262. When he met his son Herod, he sent him to Herodop DP 16453. Tawo marcze Zinnai Nésancze be kaltybes RG 47; Ius regit tha Wira be proto santi BrB1Sam 21, 15 (see | that the man is foolish). Dumoket teipaieg, mane isch iusu bones and flesh santį BrB Teis 9, 2-3 (gedencket... das ich ewr Bein und Fleisch bin) The occasionally used GD endings of the verbs become, conceive, "look at" also have a close function to the conjunction, cf. : Ischtirsit Gentaine iusu... raske tapuse BrP II 265. Ghie disputawoie taraitami | žmogu paties sawa sila pastoienti pokim Diewa teisumi MT 61%. The conjunction of the participle of the verb to be is usually associated with the participle of other participants and nouns. The function of such combinations of the participle being and the above-mentioned forms corresponds to the conjugated forms of the tense (with participants) or the compound participle (with nouns and pronouns). 2.2.3.1. Structures with a participant tail Acting participants in GD usually have pronounced verb characteristics and do not require a conjunction. The participle is occasionally used only with some verbs with adjective meaning. participants. There is truth | which iszpaszinsta... Diewa really santi wissagalinti | prisesanti and padetoiu MT 196*,. O Iēsausp kad attėio pamdte ii iau sūnti numirussi DP 179,; (having eaten it already vmdrlego W 307). If we were to... be fooled... we wouldn't have died, but we would have lived, and we would have been shirded by our MT 92.5. The Pharisee condemned a woman who had now sinned DP 481, (osądzil niewidstę byč ieszeze grzeszną W 808). Nesa schita prvaghi ateijma | teipo pawargusi waké Schwenti Prarakai.- ... pranesche buwa BrP 1 9°, Similar to an adjective (see 2.1.6.), such a verb. the participant can also take the form of a conjugate, e.g.: suni tą alga | kurį nusidėjusiu sąnti sūko DP 348,, (ktorego grzesznym bycz wyznawa W 574). Inactive participles, especially in the past tense, are used more frequently with participle conjunctions. However, such constructions make up only a small part (about 15%) of all GD samples with non-participants. In addition to nouns and adjectives with conjunctions, we often find participants without a conjunction. In J. Bretkūno Bible manuscript there are examples where the connection to the participant is deleted in such a case, e.g. : Pagan numanjs tawe cursed (crossed out santį). And I will say to you, my Lord, Ezech 22, 16 (you must be cursed). Meanwhile, Z. Blotnas, correcting J. Bretkūnas’s translation of Tobit’s book, already proposes adding a participle connection, cf. : Tobioschus taresi, sawa malda ischklausita BrB Tob 4,1; in the suburbs; tikieiasi malda sawa ischklausita sant (thought | that his prayer would therefore be heard). However, in the writings of the 16th and 17th centuries, most of the new participants, as well as the subjects, do not have a GD. In this respect, the old Lithuanian language differs markedly from the present one, where in non-objective GD constructions the conjunction with the noun is necessary. 10 Similarly BrP II 220, 222, 223, 244 In su constructions es. 1. ne. The present tense participle connection is characteristic only of S. Vaišnoras’s writings. In some of them es. I. nev. participants are close to adjectives; in such cases the participant with the conjunction corresponds to a compound verb, e.g. : Atgimeghie... I believed... That biauribes sanczes apdengemas bei malone sancze silingesne MT 59%. However, most es. |. ne. participants su to be participant form functions as aggregate nev. equivalents of the type forms. Powilas... mokin žadeima tikejmu santi prijmama MT 138,,. "Oieigi ghie sakitu Missche sancze wadinamą affiera ijednojma MT (PM) 9,". Asch... ti darbu ludiju... tawe... apmazgojmu atdzimšanas santi nuczistijema nūg grieku | ir nūg tikroia God teipaieig grace accepted MT 121—121*, Be in the su structures. I. ne. participants connection ne is used only S. Vaishnava, but occasionalir ly other authors — M. Daukšos, J. Bretkūno, B. Vilento, K. Sirvydo. There are various lexical meanings. I. ne. participant su compounds to be participant form also usually go in aggregate nev. equivalents of the kind forms. Ir IDENT Pagonis ischtirtu, Home Israel sawa Greek delei nuwestus sanczius BrB Ezekiel 39,23 (experienced | as the house of Israel... were carried away). Regim Pono musu... prisikilima ischnumirusiu sennei pirmai pasakita alba praneschta santi | BrP II 8—9. Prophet says iam sunti forgive the sins (65) io (powiedzial byl | že mu was released) SP II 65—66. Ionas... sako | smerti ir pragaru sunti imestu Ežeran ugnies (says that death | y hell was thrown...) SP II 42,5. Ischkoghi can we know | us on amzinoses gjwatas sanczus ischrinktus? MT 171. Basznicza.- .. zinna | tą Świeta prawdziwym czesu santi sutwerta | prawdziwym czesu paliausenti ir MT 235*4. Su be. I. ne. the past and future ir forms of the participle being used by participants; In this way, the GD construction forms the corresponding past and future peripheral forms of the new kind. And then he says, "The Virgin Mary, who is the daughter of David, was a wife of a prophet." BrP 1 334, How do you tell us that Israel wants to be protected by God? BrB Judit 612 (predict that the people... should... have protection).le... dumaia Karalijste Diewa toiaus busencze ischreikschta BrB Luke 19,11 (existimarent quod confestim regnum Dei manifestaretur). Christ sa and iskkiei moka | Szidus busenczius atmestus | Ir pagoniu daug ant amszino sziwato primamus BrP 1 186. It is the first single from the 1971 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 2.2.3.2. Constructions with the suffix of nouns and pronouns Participial conjunctions with nouns, adjectives and adverbs are used much more often than with participles. Although the name ZodZiai can be the second member of a binary suffix, in ancient writings they are usually already associated with the verb be veik. of participants or with participants'. These participle conjunctions relate to the endings of nouns (pronouns) in the same way as the personified forms in verb sentences relate to the nouns of the corresponding words. Such GD as I know it is good corresponds to the verb statements I know, (that) it is good in its meaning and in many features of its syntactic form. * For constructions with participle joins see, aut., „,Baltistica“, IV (2), 1968, p. 198 etc. 245 Similarly as in a verb sentence, nouns with a participle often have dependent words and even subordinate elements of the connective sentence. In constructs with participle connections, nouns and adjectives are found almost equally; The more pronounced prevalence of nouns is evident only in J. Bretkūno Bible due to the frequent repetition of some stereotypical constructions (e.g.: ischtirs mane Pona santį), cf. LKK XI 43. Pronouns with participle conjunctions occur only occasionally, only one of the numerals has been observed. Nesa ghi ne nor szinnoti, manne tha santį, kursai iei dūst. Ruggius. Young wine and beer BrB Hoz 2, 10 (She doesn't want to know | that's what the jr gives). 138. ^ "Suprantam Schwentos Dwases darbus schus sanczus BrP II 138". Tu tari, mane taki taku koks tu essi BrB Ps 50, 21 (meinestu | ich werde sein gleich wie du) Nes szitié norint’ tiki... Diéwq wiénq sąntį DP 257, (wierzq... Bogd byč iednego) W 429. Which of the following is true? 53. The endings of nouns Ziy (sometimes with dependent words) can be connected by participle to the form of the genitive pronoun toto, tatai. Such constructions are characteristic of J. Bretkūnas’ writings. Asch reggiu tatai sawa walios Szmones sanczias BrB V Moz 9, 13 (that this people is a stiff-necked people). "Ponai piauia ies nei taria tatai grieka santi BrB Zach 11,5 (vad haltens fur keine sünde)?". NameZodin member GD (N) can be unspoken, implied. In ir such cases, the construction consists of a participle conjunction with the noun ending that is equivalent to the participle part. Nesa Mamah neszinnoia Angela PONO santį BrB Teis 13,16 (did not know | that it was an angel of the Lord). Kaczei Simonas well understood, williu santį BrB I Mak 13, 17 (notice | that eitel was a scam) (Plg. 2. 2. 3. constructions of the same external form, in which the noun's suffix denotes the subject of the participant's state). The endings of nouns and adjectives usually become active. ir su present tense form of the participant: a) Tikiti tur duschia tawa | Human kuna consciousness purwa MŽ II 418. Wissas City of mana Shmony shinna, tawe The Woman I Love BrB Ruth 3, 11 (show that / a virtuous du You're a woman). Esther said, ghį sawa gentį santį BrB East 8,1 (saget an | wie er jr zugehdret). Delei Faszniczes | kure Diewas noreia sancze wieszliba draugiste MT 221,. Is there a way you can stay? | Mielaschirdingiste sancze toke meile | passigaileghima kada wienas ir antroio | sussimilsta BrP II 247. Bau tiki my dismissal santi | God's forgiveness? Wine 31g. b) Numanai | ta Pond Teisu SE 75,,. Tdwa... ddrbay | ludij tdwe santi giarq $wiadcZq izes ty Bog prdwy) PK 78. Iu Students... will hear my sermon sweet santi PsD 246", Asch schinau Ischgelbetoghi mana giwa santi BrP II 40. Elsbeta... paszinsta... gentaine sawa sunke | sancze BrP II 266. The forms of the present tense are much rarer here (about 10 examples) a) I recorded it. ... io tewa buwusi Zacharioschu | io opened Elsbieta BrP II 236. Suprantam Schwenta lana... paschlowinta ir czesninga wira buwusi Žr. 12 but Jer 32, 9; II Moz 32, 9; 32, 22: Sir 29, 6 3 Plg. : Will be heard, iog my sermon sweet ira (i.e., the same text as PsD) BrB Ps 141, 6 (will... Teach hgren | that she is lovely). 246 BrP II 234. Thine eyes saw Samaritans who were heathen, the worst of them BrP I 322. Ir as randosi Karoghimas, ischroda, kakius durnus anus wusius)* bu BrB Ishm 1, 3 (proves her what | those fur Fools have been) b) Didzūkiem. Idant wissur underst- | and us funny buwusius BrP I 237. Rodzia Wiszpati ne kaltu buwusi | o teéiau kinteiusi azu mus SP II 12854. Future tense forms are also found only in isolated cases. a) Tą apmasgoghima | tawa schwentąghi Chrikschta ekolɛ paszenklinoyei Wine 613. Pagan... tikeios Szidus unblessed iu blessing busentzę BrB II Mak 14,14 (hoped the "Iūden vnghick solt glūck jr sein". b) Idant szmones szinotu io Kingdom of Heaven swietischka | bet Duchawna BrP I 349. Nesa hope ghį gracious good ir iumus busentį BrB II Mak 9,27 (He will be gracious and kind to you). Ianas... szinodams sawe iau ilgai giwa ningo ne BrP I 31. Nesa what szinna ghi ischmintinga alba durna busentį BrB Pam 2,19 (who knows | ob er Way or Will be great?) In structures su with participating connections mainly used II ir verbs of group III; group verbs here rarely I usually have the meaning of mental perception, e.g. ir : King of Reggae (t. y. understood), who saw the relationship too strong BrB II Kar 3,26 (see that | the fight jm was strong) zu All GD su participatory connections are non-objective (b) type. In the case of a person who is a member of a political party, the party's membership is a matter of personal su N, preference. : V, ir (Jonas) while he was there knew Wieszpatį sawa teipaiag iscioieę girls szwenczidusios | santį DP 462, (known Pdnd... w Żywoczye... bedrock W 77029.) The ending of the participle of the verb to be could only take effect as a conjunction when it was no longer regarded as an object, the compound N became equivalent to a dependent V sentence. o NP By analogy with su sentences having a compound participle or enriched temporal form, completely GD new syntactic relations of the verb to be the participant with the noun, pronoun ending of another participant, su corresponding to the ar relations between the substantive part of the conjunction participle and the participle ir of the verb were formed inside the verb. (plg. I know jį there is a king I ir know: he is a king). These new syntactic connections affected the structure of ir the external nę construction. The noun corresponding to the noun part of the adverb pronoun, ar similar to the personified verb be in the sentence su (know: he is king), in most cases got the form of a walker thus lost the alignment ir su N ir P (I know I'm jį king) 2.2.3.3. Construction su assistant XVIIn the XVII a. writings they constitute about all 28%, the examples su participative conjunctions (the ratio x7 140 : 550) ir of the 594 total GD number. In these cases, the su present tense is usually associated with the noun. Synom iūs wagimis rasbaininkais sanczius ir BrP II 165. I'm sure you could guess that they | are real mobsters. BrP I 132. In Rimini he hears Simona io Brother. Wiriausiukunigu essenti BrB I Mak 14,17 (hdreten that Simon... High Priest was). Iį Pharižeusz szirdid sawoid apsudiio ne santį Prdndshu DP 4794, (judged not to be) The Prophet W 808). We can... boast drasei saying, mus sanczus miesczonimis Baszniczes MT LIZ 3,. M From kakius in the margin, instead of underlined text: kakie anie buwa Idiot. 247 The forms of the noun ir suffix in some cases are found in exactly the same type of sentences and compete with each other. For example, ir Bretkūno J. In the 12 Bible examples, the header is replaced by a manuscript. Nevertheless, the shape of the rear XVI — The 17th is a. still the most popular ir su connection, going more than twice as often. Substantive forms of nouns are sometimes linked ir su the connection of past and future time. Nesa remember, quiet Tarnu Been to Egypt BrB V Moz 24,18 (should remember | that du Knecht... gewesen bist)'®. We read itis Prarakaisir Mokitoieis buwussius MT (PM) 16*,,. Sauli karalu... rasztas sako...kitur kieturias dešimtmetu karalum buwusi (says two leci krélowal) | Ze SP I 136,,. I'm in. Maria su Elsbeta... good shelter buwuses BrP II 261. I love ... you... Pamokiti (226) ...he wants to be king ir Wiriausiu Bishop must BrP I 226—227. Idant anis szinotu ghi nebusenti swietischku kakiu Karaliumi alba Ponu | nei iūos taipaieg ia busenczius Editors swietischkais BrP II 71%. The adjective suffix is much less common here than the noun (it is also less common in personified forms of the verb be). This is ir su an... worth ii knowing DP 77,,. (worthy of the bull know W, 82). People... righteous sanczus believe in MT 88.5. Which ghissas nor... saw ligeis sanczus MT LIZ 179. Is the country named Szmogu wel giwu wants? 14,14 (Meinst du ein todter Mensch werde wieder leben?) The adjective prepositions go in haste with the finals in quite analogous sentences, e.g.: tur ghi ne czista being nusuditi 13,27 and tur ghį Plehonas neczistu santį nusuditi there, 13, 113 (sol jn... vnrein vrteilen). By analogy with adjectives, in one DP place used and biti. 1. vice-participant- 's adjutant, which is directly translated in the same Polish form: tą kurį tikčio sdnri ūžmusztu DP 198, (ktorego wierzyli bycz zdbitym W 337). Sometimes the pronouns who, which, which are used in the form of the noun. Who do you say I am? VEE 1568, (who says that I am? Mat 16,15)". O iys kuriū manė santi (465) sdkote? DP 465-466. Intikéio kad’ W. Christus būwo toksai | kokit if sąnti girdéio DP 3183, (iakimgo byč slyszeli W 528). Although constructions with a n-word are used significantly less often in 16th-17th century writings than with a suffix (a ratio of about 95: 230), they do emphasize the changed syntactic relationships of the participant with the other members of the construction. The participant of the verb to be here is primarily associated not with the adjective, but with the noun part of the participle. The combination of the participle conjunction with the suffix has lost its syntactic motivation, because the noun part of the adverb with the conjunction is no longer compatible with the vowel (the verb conjunction has no vowel form at all). Therefore, the participle connection is sometimes combined with the equivalent of the noun participle, the possessor, whose relations with the participle be are the closest. 15 Similarly Deuteronomium 24:22; 5:15; 15:15; I Sam 24:21; I Kings 14:2; Is 8:9, 16 Similarly BrP I 9. 17 Similarly BrB III Mos 13,6; 13,7; 13,8; 13,25. 18 Similarly, VEE 13414, 13445, 15617 DP 46538, Ev 181,. 1 See but MP III 3044, 30*s,, DP 46538, Ev 181,. 248 Ischrinktumpiump | kuriuos Diewas... noreia sanczeis dalininkais geribiu Sunaus MT 178%. Don't confuse me with another szmogumi swetimu being BrP II 37. Ischgida Wira... showing the true God | and the sanctification of the saved world BrP II 453. Nei tikeia Kristu true God's Son sancziu BrP II 349. "The 325th Anniversary of the Birth of Mr. B.P.". Christ declared himself the true God, B.P. I 279. The 258th Infantry Regiment of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (258th I.C.M.P.) Nesa gerai szinnoiau, ghi nebusentzu giwu po io pulimo BrB II Sam 1,10 (I knew that he did not know how to live). That the participle form of the participle is determined here by the connections with the participle of the substantive part of the participle, is evident from the examples in which the participants of other verbs used in conjunction with the participle retain the final form: Regim... schus nescheius tikrai tikeiusius... ghi tikru Diewu sancziu | ir galinti wissas... liggas nūg szmogaus prawariti BrP II 456. Kristu isch numirusuu prissikielusi | ir giwu sancziu ischroda (9) deschimteropi io passirodijmai BrP II 9-10. The closer connection of the participle with the substantive equivalent of the participle is sometimes also evident when it has the final form: this is evident from the coordination by number, e.g. : Ghis taria Gelaszi sc haudus sanczius (ne sančią!) | KJV Job 41,18 (he considers iron like straw) 2.2.34. Constructions with a nobleman Constructions in which the function of the conjunction is performed by the action of the negative formthe participant of the verb to be, in the ancient scriptures are twofold. Some of them are formed according to the usual GD model: N, P and the other noun associated with it, which corresponds to the taric part, are the final forms, e.g. : Szinnodami tadangi, iūs nesanczius Diewus, nesibijokites iu BrB Bar 6, 64 (knows | that they are not Getters). Tadda ischwisi, ne santi Diewa kita, kiel(supr.: tiktai) wiena Nebukadnezzar Zara BrB Judit 6, 2. (you will see | that there is no other God). He asks... insinuating that I am not evil Job 10, 7. (know | how I am not godless)®. In other cases, the negative being is a participle, similarly to the personified verb (e.g., I saw: you are and I saw: there is no one like you), and is associated with the genitive of the negation and has the genitive form itself. In ancient writings (especially J. Bretkūno) we find such constructions with participants of different times: Idant ischtirtumbei, man ligaus nesanczio per wissas szemes II Mos 9,14 (innen werden solt | das meins gleichen nicht ist in allen Landen). Ir idant Pagonis paszintu, ne essenczio kito ne wieno... PONO Tob 13, 4 (recognize | that there is no almighty God). Nesa tu szinnai, newieno musip nesanczio 1 Kar 5, 6 (you know that no one is bey of us). Potreacia i tay znak | Nei wiena Human tape guide and szwenta nesancio SE 65g. Saka Szmones to kampo, ne wienos kieksches thinai nebuwusios I Moz 38, 22 (the people say... there was no whore there). Gerai tikekimes, bedos ne busenczios Jer 8, 15 (rely on him | There should be no need). 20 Zr. but BrB I Mos 31, 5; 44, 31; II Mos 2, 12; I Car 22, 33; MT (PM)1, 15. 249 Such noun and participle origins can go hand in hand with corresponding final constructions depending on the same verbs without negation, cf. : Er regit nu, mane wiena santi, ir nesanczio newieno Diewo prieg manens? BrB V Moz 32, 39 (See you now | that I am alone and there is no God besides me?) The form of the negative genitive can also be used in constructions with participants of other verbs, e.g. : Tugi nu numanat, newieno szodzio PONO ant akies nepūlusio BrB II Kar 10, 10 (recognize... that no word... is fallen on the earth). Similarly, constructs of the corresponding part of the parent with positive forms of the bit participant, e.g. : We have to think about | such a telling sermon | I was at the beginning of the world | I am now condemned and I will be at the end of the world BrP 11 309 (cf. know: was and will be false). Between the participle and the noun (pronoun) we see mutual dependency relations: the participle of the negative form determines the noun's pronoun and is combined with it. Similarly, as with the partial participle, the participle of the verb to be is combined with the noun participle, which depends on the adverb much. Pagan... many Gods tared essanczu BrP II 180. Many people | nig pradzios swieto buwusiu | bet wissas mirusius girdim BrP II 6. Er neszinnai, then more wargu busencziu (may be)? BrB II Sam 2, 26 (Weisestu nicht | das hernach macht mehr jamers werden?) The participant in such constructions has retained the lexical meaning of existence. Similarly, with adverbs many, few are used as the originators of other lexical meanings, e.g. : Janas ischwidens daug Phariseuschu and Saduceuschu sawo krikschtop atencziu | biloia iemus BrP II 240%, The participle form of the participant here is determined by his relationship with the noun's genitive. However, due to the analogy with the usual GD cases, in addition to the noun pronoun, the participle of the verb be is sometimes used, e.g. : Hoitmanas Syrios girdeia, gerūsius pas Juda sanczius, ir daug Szmonių kruwoij essanczias BrB I Mak 3, 13 (hdret... das ein gros Volck bey einander war); cf. corresponding cases with other verb participants: Raschte regim atsiprašchusius daug schwentu szmoniu BrP II 414. Thus, in non-objective constructions, in which the participant has a connection function, the variation of the ir participle of the participant is clearly noticeable in other cases discussed here. It is conditioned within the construction of newly formed syntactic relations. When the control link between V ir N, The new syntactic N ir P relations of the o members broke the previous grammatical structure and created favorable su conditions for the penetration of non-syllable participle forms of participles. GD ir ir — As here discussed type of construction innaginnym nobleman, in su which ir N ir P mixing most disintegrated, were among the first, earliest foci iš of participant spread GD (plg. 4. 1. 1 ir 4. 1. 6.). # See. but BrP II 308, 346, 455; on the corresponding divisional constructions plg. aut., „,Baltistica“, IV(2), of the 1968, p. 197—198, 250 2.3. The noun member (N) in GD is the ending of nouns, pronouns, occasional adjectives and noun-like adjectives or numerals. 2. 3. 1. Substantives may be the N, names of specific abstract ir objects. Iš nouns of specific meaning, those that denote persons or otherwise living beings are most commonly used. They can be specific (a) and general (b). a) Bei Dowidas regeia The sun has gone down BrB I Sam. 23, 14. Alexander understood that Demetria Ionathep was a Prieteliste, BrB I Mac 10, 15. b) Ir regeiau Moterischke sedincza on the red Galwijo BrB Apr 17, 3. Here you will find Aslicze pririschta VEE 544. I'm reading... Smarkinikus tiek tukstancziu szmoniu pamuschusius BrP I 106. N consists of ir other object names, e.g. : When I saw the world's most wise things to abandoned DP 55445. Prince... seeing Vgny not doing anything BrB Dan 3, 27. Abstract nouns are used less often: Nusitikesimęsi tokias brangesnes gerbes mums isch malones GD darbu nusidūdanczes | | be MT 7la. Kdd ischwisite biauru isznaykinimu... stowinti vnt wietos szwintos Ev 139;„. How great works we have heard done BrB Luk 4, 23. Iaucziu mazę nog manęs ischeiusę BrB Luk 8, 46. Su several nouns may be associated with the same participant. ir Isch kur szinnai, Saula ir io Sunu Jonathan's dead? BrB II Sam. 1, 5. N the constituent noun can be extended by other dependent words even by secondary ar démens. Top Plays ir io friends, Demetria Seleukos Sunu, ing Tripoli... arrived BrB II Mak 14, 1. Turreia regeti | sawa miela... berneli ir neszinnanti now what bad ira nuszawinama | BrP 1 106. Adjectives, numerals ir participants nameZodic member goes very rarely only when it has the ir meaning of nouns (or when the noun is implied), e.g. : Tūieigi budu saka gadnūsius negadnūsius ir nasrais kuno kita nieka neprijmanczius MT 16115. Ir anassai pareiens passake tiewui Tobioschui, wiena uszmuschta on the street lying BrB Tob 2, 3 (that one auff the streets lay dead). Also wel say rejected nei norinczus nei galinczus prisiversti Pronouns namedZodin- | iu member goes very often. MT 179. 2. 3. 2. GD Especially popular personal pronouns, the most iš common personal 3 (his, ji ir ju anas, ana) forms. Dwasia doesn't have bones like you see me have ir | | BrP II 30. Gentlemen... moka | mus wissus God bless you. BrP II 486. I know, there you are. BrB Job 42, 2 Regions VEE 73. We hear the kdlbanczius MP 206,. Nesa szinna, ana sawe itself able to ne save BrB 13m 13, 16. ... I can hear... anus peikenczius | ir loioianczus BrP 1 301. Iš other pronouns GD are more frequently this, that, another, occasionally all. — Schi finds a whirling szmanes flies BrB Luk 23, 2. Tis sakome nūg ischganima amszinoia atpilusius MT LIZ 6,. Iiwido kitus stowincius vnt rinkawiéiu dikus SP 1 317,. Regim wissus ne krikschczonis essanczus anassai BrP 1 249. 251 Ir pareiens passak... Tobiaschui wiena uszumuschta on uliczos lying (in the footnote: iog wiens ant uliczios numires gulleia) Tob 2,3 (that one auff the streets lay dead). When the sun is shining, ka it's over (tais. from: ghį galinti) Job 37,7. 3.2.3. GD ir explanatory sentences parallelism best XVI — The 17th a. century authors tried to use stylistic motives. When translating some German Polish explanatory sentences into ar corresponding Lithuanian sentences, other — GD, the repetition and monotony of tų the same statements was avoided. A sub-element of the same structure. J. Bretkūnas used to translate in one sentence with the corresponding accent that that, in another, next sentence su ar o — GD. Plg. : Let's say, Anna is the angel of heaven, then tell us, who can not believe? O ie sakom, kaip*® buwa isch Szmoniy, then People we should be afraid of Mat 21, 25 —26. (Let's say she | sey from Heaven has been... But let's say she sey of | people were). Similarly, there was variation in the translation of the two sub-elements of the same aiSkinamo sentence: one was translated Sal. démeniu with jog, kad or similar, another —GD. Reveischk sche diena, iog tu Diewas Israele essi, bei esch tawa Servant, and me tatai wis according to tawa Szodzio darusį BrB I Kar 18,36 (Let today become known | das du God... You're... vnd that I such all... gettan habe). I'll tell the king of Babylon that the city has been destroyed... and that Esther has been killed, and that Szalneris has been slain. BrB Jer 51, 31—32 (to declare to the king... | That his city was... vnd die Warriors have become pale. And Pilota seeing them|iog nothing can't solve| but they mores bigger tranksma santi... sudija VEE 205.5%. When Pilate saw that he availed nothing, but that the tumult grew greater, The subjunctive of the explanatory sentence and the NP compound, depending on the same verb, are gaining momentum in the original texts. We have come to know a ir lot of Kurschu and Lietuwniku... Deiwiu alba stabu garbinaghima dara alba laika... and paweikslius bandikschezia; kakia daranczius, and other szalineghungus alba szinawimus | bei burtawimus laikantis 1F 10—20. Ischmoke isch schos kosanies Diewo Sunu |musu szmoniu delei szmogumi gimusi | ir iog daug gero mumus pavargusiems isch io uszgimmimo randasi | Tadda nu... Let's learn... BrP 1 76.1% 3.2.4. Due to the functional equivalence of the GD and the explanatory sentence, in the old writings there are cases of contamination of both constructions: the conjunctive conjunction, the relative adverb or the pronoun is used as an example of a subjunctive. ir GD at the beginning! * e. g. : And not read idant' (Maria) mores tiektdi four kartūs Ewangelioia S. prakalbusiu (prakalbusią) DP 47454. Idant macznai tikietu | iog (26) per tq ghrie12 Top —iog. 13 pig. but Ezech 20,48; Judith 6,13; I Mak 3,13; 14,21; 7,25. 14 A very similar construction in DP 167,,, corresponds to the original sentence with iz. 15 Similar BrP I 422, II 241, 403, 456—457, 475, Vln 655. 16 See also 2. 2.3. Similarly, other semi-predikative participle constructions, e.g., the absolute noun, also contaminate conjunctive sentences. LKK, 5 (1962), p. 79 et seq. 258 kus sanczius atleistus Dangui Vln 28—29"', Then hide it wherever you want and don't sell tu it. BrB V Moz 21, 14 (where she wants to go). A as Saule usztek, atstoij, as neszinnai, where left BrB Nah 3, 177 (where they stay). Bei Wiriausieghi doesn't know where I am. @ijusi, nei ka weikentj BBrB Nehem 2,16 (did not know || wo I went or what I did) | Nesa ghis pirm szinnoia, darisanczus ka BrB Ishm 19,1 (Because er I knew before what | they would do) 3.2.5. When the sentence goes or du several GD, one iš jų can be dependent on another. In this way, complex ","two-story" constructions are formed, corresponding to two-degree connective sentences. GD in them sometimes still have connected secondary focus. Isch schu szodziu... galim permaniti Szidus penktaghi Diewo asserts false schmaniusius even believious | Diewa tame tiktai wirschutini | uszmuschimussakiusi ma BrP 11 288. They said... 2008-2009 | Messiaschumi, courses Israel Should Be Saved PrP 11 26. Regim... schitta Moterischke... strongly believed | Pona IEsu Christ able and willing to forgive the Greeks BrP II 304%, We heard a lot of screams. Szidu | neteieusius schi The true Christ God of the Passade Messioschu essanti BrP II 5%, Ieng passeroditumbime us knowzanczius santi tikriiiu | tq God we | worship MT 119,. Similar to the subordinate elements of the explanatory sentence, NP several compounds can depend on the to V ir be linked to each other by various connecting relationships. Thie... skundesi werkdami. Pagonis ist wissu City... Galileana jeiusius, isch Ptolemais, Tyre ir Sidono, ir wissa Galilea full Enemy essancze BrB I Mak 5,15. Paszinkimeg then saw the | righteous who deserved harsher | ir punishment: but the punishment is alleviated for the sake of Tarpinika MT 1865. J. Bretkūno ir S. In Vaishnava writings we sometimes find whole series of variously interconnected GDs, which largely replace verb statements. Here is a typical example of this period: Schwentas Mathieius... rascha | Ischmintingus ritu szemeie ischwidusius nauie swiaisde ant tos lemsius | ir Your eyes are so naked, you are | so beautiful, you are | so horny, | ir your anus is so big, you are so beautiful. ik Jerusalem came and | prayed io and swore ir to the king Herod | wissu city of Jerusalem | su delei scho sound | I'm so scared. At schus ischmintingus liepusi go ing Bethlefhem Kristausp. A ghi tikoiusi | idant ta Berneli Jesus Christ BrP I 105%, Thus GD contributes considerably to the participatory character of many ancient writings (i.e. iš essentially nominal) style. Similar tendencies to express a sequence of interrelated actions in participative constructions, especially pronounced in classical Latin Sanskrit, are clearly visible in ancient Germanic ir ir (e.g., Gothic) and Slavic language17 s®, Plg. E. Hermann, op. cit., p. 25. 1* Similar BrP II 288, II 387. 1 Similar BrB II 456. * Plg. : You can guess | Ian's broken iog schissai Christ is true Messioschus BrP I 31. Here, the secondary emphasis of the explanatory sentence occupies the same syntactic position as in the GD quoted example. ®t Plg. but BrP I 64; BrB I Mak 5,38—39. * Plg. E. Hofmann. Zum Use of the Participles in den Skeireins, kn. : Indogermanica, Festschr. fur W. Krause, Heidelberg, Germany 1960, p. 28—30 17% 259 3.2.6. The GD separation in 16th—17th century writings also shows that the combination of noun (pronoun) and participle ending was considered a separate meaningful, sometimes intonational unit, equal to the secondary accent of the explanatory sentence. Although the distinguishing signs in the ancient writings are often placed inconsistently and vary, the prevailing tendencies are clearly evident from the larger number of examples. It should be noted that almost nowhere commas or other signs distinguish objective constructions in which N is directly controlled. On the other hand, in those sentences, where V is associated with the whole NP as the corresponding secondary démens of the explanatory sentence, we find the comma or the equal to it hyphen (/) very often. Here are some examples: O coś tylko, tawę tak diwie rustaujenti? PSD 164 (Who believes that you are so angry?) Bei dabokessi, schitas Szmones tawa Szmones sanczes BrB II Moz 33,13 (See that this people is your people). Iau uu (=now) paszistam | tawe wissus daiktus szinanti VEE 71-72 (Now we know | that you know all things). ... Nepriwala tie | kuri isch schirdies tikki | Christu sedinti aciniep maces MT (PM) 324. 1934: The first single from the album, "I'll Be There For You", is released, with a single-single titled "I'll Be There For You" 1934: 1. Bau atmeni | The rich and famous BrGD LXXIII. Most often, the NP compound is distinguished in the writings of J. Bretkūnas and S. Vaišnoras. Non-objective constructions with the verb to be a participant, following V, are used here so often that neiSklučeni cases form a minority (see 2.2.2.). In the writings of the authors mentioned in V and NP, a period or colon is sometimes placed between them. Schwentas Lukoschus rascha. The 11th-century Byzantine architect and architectural scholar Aeschylus describes the castle as having been built in 335–337 AD. It is the first of its kind in history. Kristu gimmusi | When the walls began to fall... be BrP I 56. Hymenei and Phileti... said. Priresima then nusididanta | that people schoie giwatoie Diewop prisiwercze MT 245%,. Christ Joh. 3rd person: We are male and we have two MT 127%. And Augustine... when he writes, he says: "The blood of Christ is red." MT 122%,,. Thus, the GD punctuation in the ancient writings confirms the meaningful independence of this construction. Considering the GD as the equivalent of the explanatory sentence, the authors of ancient writings applied the same separation principles to it in many places. 3.3. The synonymy between the GD and the explanatory sentence is based on the similarity of their internal structure. The complex interrelationships between the members of the GD show that this construction and synchronously Seeing is not primary, but derivative. Traditional grammar emphasized its proximity to the sentence and explained it by the fact that the GD, like other participle constructions, is a kind of conjugated sentence** or sentence equivalent, having the structure of subject-- predicate**. The relationship between the GD and the sentence is more precisely defined by the transformative * Plg. O. Gycaaes, Heropuueckas rpaMMaTukKa pycckoro s3biKa, M. 1959, p. 281 tt, 538-539. Based on Russian grammar, J. Jablonskis similarly interpreted Lithuanian participle constructions, at the same time noting the conditionality and traditionality of the term “conjunctive sentence”, see. J. Jablonski. 516–518. H. Poutsma also considered the English infinitive constructions corresponding to lie. GD, in sentences inserted in other sentences, see H. Poutsma, A. Grammar of Late Modern English, I, Groningen, 1904, p. 433 tt. * O. Jespersen, A. Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, IV, New York, 1956, p. Stt. ; Ouzocodua rpaMMaTuku, M., 1958, p. 133 ff., 139 ff. 260 a method that can be used in this case as a sentence analysis tool to determine the internal structure of the construct under study in relation to other constructions of the same language- *? *, From a transformational point of view, the basis of a GD is a sentence included in another sentence according to certain formally defined rules for the formation of the whole complex. The rules for the construction (derivation) of objective and non-objective types of GD are different. 3.3.1. Non-objective type constructions are composed of such sentences, in the first (matrix) of which there is an empty objective position (P9?), conditioned by the verb's phraseical valence and denoting the place of the second (constitutive) sentence? *, e.g.: I know + P (brother returned) => I know brother returned. The objective position can also be described by a pronoun with the function of a response word: žinau [tą]. The combination of noun and participle ending (brother returned) here represents a noun phrase (NP), transliterated according to the rule NP—N(S) or simply NP-—>S*", which states that a noun phrase consists of a constitutive sentence S, occupying the same position as the noun N (see I know the story). The form of the constitutive sentence is defined by the rules of transformation, according to which its main parts are expressed by the vowel of the noun and the participle. Without examining in more detail the process of generating non-objective constructions, it is important to note that their internal structure is exactly the same as that of connective explanatory sentences. The sentence I know that the brother returned is made up of the same sentences and according to the same derivation rule as the GD I know that the brother returned*- *. The only difference here is the transformation rules, which give the constitutive sentence a different form. Similarly, the construction of binary vowels in other languages is related to explanatory sentences- ?**. Since the internal structure of the sentence is based on semantic ** For the approach to transformations as a means of determining syntactic relations between constructions and sentences, see plg. Z. S. Harris, Co-occurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure, "Language- ", 33 (1957), Ne 3, p. 283 tt. (= The Structure of Language, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964, p. 155 tt.); Transformational Theory, “Language” 41(1965), Ne 3, P. 1, p. 363» 370 tt. ; L. G. Heller, J. Macris, Perspectives in Functionalism, Word* 23 (1967), No | — 2 —3, p. 291; on the significance of the transformative method beyond generative grammar, cf. O. Jlemxa, Mecro rpancdopManuoHHbIX OTHOLIEHHĖ B s3bIKOBON CTpyKTYpe, „Československa Rusistika“ 1966, XI, 2, p. 65—66. That the study of functional substitutions of constructions is one of the most important tasks of syntax, was already pointed out by Ch. Bally, Syntaxe de la modalité explicite,,- Cahiers F. de Saussure“, 1942, No 2, Genève, p. 6. *¢ The clarification of the GD structure has no decisive importance, whether we consider jj to be formed by generalized transformation (this is how the structure of the corresponding statements was explained earlier, cf. R. B. Leest, The Grammar of English Nominalizations, Indiana, 1960, pp. 534—55; E. Bach, An Introduction to Transformational Grammars, New York—Chicago—San Francisco, 1964, p. 67; P. Roberts, English Syntax, New York—Chicago, 1964, p. 169; J. Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics, Cambridge, 1968, pp. 265—266), or by developing a single derivating scheme, as is now commonly thought, cf. 27 in. * Plg. P. S. Rosenbaum, The Grammar of English Predicate Complement Constructions, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967, p. 1-5, 71 tt. ; R. Lakoff, Abstract Syntax and Latin Complementation, Cambridge, Massachusetts —London, 1968, p. 5, 17, 20-36. * About the viding structure of aiSkinamyjy sentences in Lithuanian Zr. aut., Structural types of connective sentences in Lithuanian, „Baltistica“, VIII (1), 1972, p. 39. For the relation between the matrix and the constitutive sentence, see plg. R. B. Lees, op. cit., pp. 54-55; W. Hartung, Die zusammėngesetzten Sūtza des Deutschen (Studia Grammatica IV), Berlin, 1966, pp. 62 et seq. ** For Latin and English, see R. Lakoff, op. cit., 75-76; as regards the English version, P. S. Rosenbaum, op. cit., 71 et seq. ; corresponding Romance sentences with acc. c. infinitivo are sometimes considered simply derived by transformation from connective sentences, cf. M. Manoliu Manea,,,- Accusativus cum infinitivo“ dans les langues romanes (completive ou relative- ?),,,Cahiers de linguistique théorique et appliquée®, VI, 1969, p. 125 et seq. with lit. 261 11 directly reflects it®, the commonality of the GD and the explanatory sentence derivation scheme shows that both constructions realize a uniform and equally segmented semantic content. 3.3.2. Object-type constructions consist of sentences in which the object of the first (matrix) sentence coincides with the subject of the second (constitutive) sentence, e.g.: I see my father (my father returned) => I see my father returned. Therefore, the relationship of these sentences is different than in non-objective constructions®. The rule of transliteration of a noun phrase here is NP—-NS; it shows that the noun phrase that forms the basis of the construction includes both the noun object and the sentence. From the same basic sentences, according to the same derivation rule, but by applying a different transformation, it is possible to form connective explanatory sentences. su proleptic subject: I see my father that he has returned. These sentences are not typical of modern literary language, but are jų often found in dialects in ancient ir writings, e.g. nesa anus girdeia, iog ghie lieszuweis kalbeia VEE 784. The external form of such sentences is close to the scheme of the internal structure of objects. GD They can go by synonyms, GD e.g. : 1984. pp. 84. "Nesa kiekwienas girdeia | lieszuwiu sawa yūs kalbanczus VEE, plg. also: iszwido Egypezoniey that wife, that buwo labey grzeży ChB (Reinh. 243) ir king Egyptian ana Moterischka, I play sleigh BrB 1 Moz 12, 15 (sahen... das Woman | that she almost was). 3.3.3. The proleptic subject of action, expressed in the sentence by a verb-dependent ending, in the old writings sometimes has ir GD. Tu good paszinsti sawa Tiewa ir io Szmones, annus® strong sanczius, ir rustos schirdies BrB II Sam. 17,8 (that they are strong). Paszinna anise Nikanora ant Scharwo, ghį drauge® uschmuschta BrB 11 Mak 15,28. (knew they Nicanor... which was er also slain)**. (Ptolemy) accused Alexandra, ghi bei giwato sawo karalistes tikoiusi ir BrB I Mak 11,11 (gab A. schuld | er hette jm nach dem Life... tried). lei nasrais tu sawa ischpaszisti I Esu ghi | santi Veshpatimi BrP II 11134; GD su of proleptic subjects close to constructs of su beneficial participants, such as iam nuencziam, uszutekeio iam io Tarnai BrB Jon see. 4,51, LKK V, 10-11. The repetition of the objective verb, indicating the semantic GD connection of the substantive member with the verb, simultaneously su emphasizes the independence of the construction, its sentential nature. This type of construction is important because it highlights the ir old relationships of the objective non-objective type. ir Just as from gr. 1 For the ** semantic interpretation of the internal, or deep, structure plg. Ch. J. Fillmore, The Case for Case, Universals in linguistic theory, 1968; J. D. McCawley, Concerning the Base Component of a Transformational grammar, kn. : Foundations of Language, 4, 1968, p. 243 — 269. *! Similarly explains the action of the corresponding English constructionsu sZodine -ing form difference Z. Harrisas, tokius pasakymus, kaip saw He the car stalling the tracks on (i.e. objective), considering them to be drawn up according to the scheme N; Vy Na + Ny V,, such as o remember the dog I barking there (i.e. non-objective) — according to the scheme N,V; (N; V,), plg. Z. S. Harris, Co-occurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure, Thė Structure of Language, 1964, p. 178—179. 32 See. E. Fraenkel, Kas., p. 156 su lit., Pietk. p. 87. # Underlined, top: ios. Underlined, in the margin: ghi draugė prapulusį. 3% Similar BrB Jer 48, 30. ** Similar BrP II 24; plg. but BrB 11 Mak 4,1 su talk, see 2.1.2.3. 262 the final part of the participle that denotes the proleptic subject of ir the 2 participative action sometimes depends on gr. verb to say, e.g. : We say to be wise God paslaptoy | anu vžusblintu SP II 205. However, acceleration is used ir in sentences where the NP whole compound, o ne nameZodical member, the dependence on the verb is emphasized by the adverb tatai, e.g. : IEsu Christ wisso | swieto ischgelbethogi uszgimusi tatai wissu first story (79) St. Angel is heavenly coming BrP 1 79—80. Tell me what you're doing. Szidams, who at ghi buwa, Kari atenti BrB II Mak 8, 12 (held er es seinen lūden fur... like a Lord come wiirde). By their internal structure, these constructions are non-objective. The responsive pronoun, which indicates the syntactic GD position in the sentence, is retained here just as it is sometimes retained in explanatory sentences, cf. told him that he was born”**. GD the independence is clearly evident in those examples ir where the subject of the participant is expressed in the sentence by a mo prepositional structure controlled by the verb or another verb (not the rear end). Such constructions are also of the non-objective type, regardless of the meaning of the verb's valence. ir Taliaus ape schus Ischmintingus turrim szinoti anus | buwusius isch ne Gimines Shidu BrP I 153. Ir liepe ape ghį apreikschti, ghi tretį Mr. Santius Karalistaie BrB Dan 5,29 (that the er third Mr. Sey)®. If you are to able to stay | Christ believers | are... ischgelbetoiu BrP II 387. So let's learn... Christ is the only | one who can save us from the destruction. BrP 11 4574, 3.3.4. The difference in the internal GD structure of both types can be formally defined according to dependency theory, which is a newly emerging ir separate direction of generative grammar. Non-object type į GD ir the hierarchy of the components of the internal structure of the explanatory sentence is expressed by the same rules of dependence?? : V (* N); N(*) S); they describe that from the verb (V) a noun category (N) realized by sentence (S). Similar dependency relationships can be found in the internal ir structure of the explanatory sentences of ir the corresponding constructions of other languages.” Meanwhile, the internal structure GD of the object type should be marked by rules V (*N), N (* NS), indicating that the N category is realized by a ir noun, ir sentence. ¥ t.p. SP II 185. ** On the structure of explanatory su sentences with answering words from a transformational perspective Zr. aut., ‘,‘Baltistica’ VIII (1), 1972, p. 38 tt. ® See. but BrP II 238; BrB Iz 16,6; I Mak 8,1. 4 Similar BrP I 92; see. but 2.1.3.2. su scout BrB Job 35,5 ir dabotiese MT 117; t.p. Zr. 2.1.3.4. su complain BrB II Mak 14,26. “ Plg. D. G. Hays, Dependency Theory: a Formalism and some Observations- ,,,Language“ 40, Ne 4, (1964), p. 511-525; J. J. Robinson, A Dependency —based Transformational Grammar, kn. : Proceedings du X Congress International des Linguists, Bucharest, Romania 1970, p. 807-813 *2* Rules are formulated in accordance with J. J. Robinson notation (J. J. Robinson, Dependency Structures and Transformational Rules,,,Language®, only 46, Ne 2, 1970, p. 265-266), category changed to T make it easier S, to compare with phrase structure rules. su Required elements of the phrase are marked with asterisks. * For French k. acc. ¢. inf. ir the identity of the internal structure of the explanatory sentence in terms of grammatical dependencies, see B. IO. Po3ennsBeitr, O6 oqs0M Tune cCuxTaKchnueckoi HHTepgOe, “peniunn, c6. : Ookeruka, Oonojnorus, rpaMMaTHKa K 70-jermo A. A. Pedopmarckoro, M. 1971, p. 270-276; on the relation of sentences of corresponding k. German ir constructions according to the valence theory (whose general principles are close to the dependency grammar) see R. GroBe, Zum Verhültnis von Form and Content at the Valence of German Verbs, kn. : Contributions to Valence theory, Halle (Saale), 1971, p. 126-127. 263 3.3.5. The difference ir between GD objective and ne non-objective is always reflected jų in the external structure. Many constructions with commentable su transitive verbs XVIXVIIa. are, taken separately, ambiguous, i.e. they can be composed of differently relating iš sentences according to different derivation rules. For GD example, regeiot ghy enti VEE can be 81 composed of sentences iš regėjot [or] (he goes) by the rule NP-—>S as regéjot, that it goes synonymous; on the other hand, it can be made by seeing ir iš jį (he goes) by the rule NP->NS**., The prerequisites GD for such syntactic homonymy arose long before the beginning of writing, when the primitive objective constructions converged su Explanatory sentences of the internal structure of NP-S (initially conjunctives, later conjunctives). — Su explanatory sentences were linked GD by dependence on the tų transitive verbs themselves. The relationship GD between the ir noun participle member was also of the same syntactic nature as between the adverb of the explanatory clause's subjunctive factor. ir The most important difference in the external form of both constructions was that the noun pronoun denoting the subject of the secondary action in the construction was formally ar determined by GD the verb denoting the main action, in the explanatory sentence its form did not depend on. In the latter o case, the entire subordinate accent was subordinated jo to the verb. However, this difference did not prevent the use of both constructions in the same environment, except that the dependence of the finalis on the beginning of the verb was more of a semantic nature. As the nature of iš control changes, the differentiation of the immediate further object takes place in the ir constructions to think, know, ir say, pronounce, etc. su ir verbs (e. g. : anis tars, mus nog beganczius iu BrB I The final form of 8,6) the pronoun Joz, mu, could no longer be considered the direct object of the verb. Such GDs had to either disappear or the syntactic relationships of the members had to be modified. Syntactic synonymy in explanatory sentences helped jų to preserve such constructions and even expanded the use of other commentable verbs that do not possess a suffix su but can join the side elements of explanatory sentences. ir jų su Becoming the equivalent of GD explanatory ir sentences, jų it occupied those syntactic positions in which it could not go before. The more common it was, the more ir evident the process of analogy. As we have seen, XVI— XVII he a. advanced the most in the author's tų speech, where GD iš of the total was the most widely used. Spread of non-objective type GD, constructions su with transitive commentativ1 es gr. verbs (see, hear, notice, feel, find, etc.) ir were also introduced as explanatory sentences having NP—S-type internal structure, equivalents. In such cases, the ending of the noun pronoun, having the form of the ar dependent part of the sentence, also represented the subject of the constitutive sentence. Since the objective use of these constructions has remained, they have become syntactically ir homonymous. Many types in ancient writings can only be determined by the lexical meaning and context of the jų members. iš The contradiction between the different internal ir identical external structure made the grammatical form of the construction untenable and ir encouraged its further development. # For the corresponding English k. constructions su -ing form of double interpretation plg. N. Chomsky, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, kn. : The Structure of Language, p. 73; A Transformational Approach to Syntax, the same, p. 238—239. 264 4. Features of the further development of the partner with the participant After reviewing the structure and usage of GD in Old Lithuanian, it becomes clear that the two main types of this construction — objective and non-objective — have differed from the very beginning of writing in their internal structure and synonymic relationships with other constructions. This difference often emerges from the lexical and syntactical characteristics of the members of the DG. As already mentioned, objective constructions consist only of transitive verbs that can control the ending of concrete and abstract words. In contrast, non-objective constructions can be made up of all commentable verbs, regardless of their inflectional control, and often also of transitive verbs of negative form, which already control the genitive. There is also a difference between the participle and the noun. For example, only non-objective constructions are characterized by participle conjunctions or recursive pronouns that occupy the position of the noun member. However, according to the morphological form of the main members, most of the two types of GD coincide at the beginning of the writing. Further differentiation of these types can be observed already in the period of written tradition. 4.1. Non-objective structures 4.1.1. The subsequent development of non-objective constructions was greatly influenced by the synonymy with widespread explanatory sentences. The final form of the participle, which became the equivalent of the verb in the secondary subject of the explanatory sentence, lost its syntactic motivation. The intensive use of the non-objective type of GD in the Old Lithuanian language further highlighted the contradiction between the old noun participle and its new verb conjugation. All this favored the establishment of non-conjugated forms of participants—participants. The participant has penetrated into the GD as a formed means of expressing a secondary action performed (or spontaneous) by a different actor. The gradual expansion of participants in the 16th — 17th centuries is discussed separately, so we will not deal with it here; It is only necessary to note that in some 16th-century monuments, especially in J. Bretkūnas' writings, the first stages of this spread can still be seen: the participles usually go only with adjectives and pronouns of the anonymous genus (e.g.: regesit tatai prassidedant BrP 1 15,,; ischtirsiu- ... ger essant BrB I Sam 20, 12), expelling older verbs. g. forms of participants (cf.: truly I say it is BrB II Petr 1, 13), or used in constructions without the first ending (kird curse BrB Pat 29, 24); occasionally they perform the function of verb conjunction in other cases as well (e.g.: rassi certamente verita sant BrB Mos 17, 4). The subsequent spread of participants was very rapid: in 16th century writings they are found only 3.4% of all GDs, and in 17th century — already 3894. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the participle form became the main and predominant in non-objective constructions. Non-objective constructions with conjugated participants are gradually disappearing, giving way to GD with divisors, connective sentences and other syntactic means. 4.1.2. The decline of non-objective constructions with lined-up participants and the empowerment of participants is clearly visible when comparing texts from different periods, translated from the same or similar originals. For example, in many places where J. Bretkūnas uses GD with a subjunctive participle, the 1701 Bytneri New Testament values1 See author, Galininkas su dalyviu senuosiuose lietuvių kalbos paminkluose, „,Baltistica“, 1V(2), 1968, p. 195—209 with lit. 265 me or 1824 L. J. Reza Bible we already find corresponding divisional constructions (see table 3). Plg. : A ius kamane satin sakat? BrB Luke 9, 20 —kq mang ésant sakote Bt —ką sdkot, manę ésant RB (Vos autem quem me esse dicitis? Wer saget jr aber das ich sey?) John 5:15-16 "We know that he hears us, because he has heard us" (Wir wissen, dass er vns hdret; scimus quia audit nos). I had some questions... about the wine... that Powell said was alive. 25, 19 —kurį ésant gijwq... sake Bt —sake gywq ésanti RB (Paulus sagete | er lebete; quem affirmabat Paulus vivere). Bet tare Brolus io numananczus BrB Apd 7, 25 —dumojo sawo brolus iszmanysent RB —tdrres | jog Brolei... turetu iszmanijt Bt (But he meant his brothers only to hear. 26 —iszgirde sergant ji Bt —birdėję, ji sirgusi RB (gehdret hattet | das er kranck war gewesen; audieratis illum infirmatum). Of the 102 non-objective constructions with participants used by J. Bretkūnas, 10 were replaced in S. Bytneri translation, and 20 in L. J. Rēza Bible. Much more than partitive constructions, explanatory sentences push the non-objective GD with conjugated participants out of use. Their increasing role is particularly evident in S. Bytneri’s New Testament, where explanatory sentences with that (occasionally that) replace more than half of all GD used by J. Bretkūnas. Some GDs, for example with noréti, are not replaced by participle constructions, but disappear in general, and are replaced by word combinations with a participle, e.g. : As ghis ghi naretu wadinama BrB Luk 1, 62 —as he would like to wadint him Bt —as he would like to call him RB (quem vellet vocari eum; wie er jn wolt heissen lassen). Similarly, the GD with tg itself, as the actor of the action, Zymin&iu personal or sangraZiniu pronoun gives way not to participative constructions, but to a nominative with a participant (nominativus cum participio). 10:10) 10:11-13: "They said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, os 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews,' and they said, 'They are Jews.' The priest... radiodomes were found in 10 cents* BrB II Test 2, 4 — Bt —sakosi, Diewu ėsąs RB (gives himself for | he is God; tamguam sit God). 4.1.3. With the expansion of connective explanatory ir sentences to other synonymous constructions, the sphere of use of non-objective GDs in the 18th—19th centuries generally narrows. For example, 1701 m. S. Bytner's New Testament valueobject me type GD su smiling participants maintained only in places 5 iš 102, in which it was used by J. Bretkūnas, and non-objective GD (with participants and participants) comprise only about 15%, J. Bretton GD Woods. Similar data obtained by ir comparison su J. Translation by Bretkūnas 1816 m. J. A, "The New Law". * Similar Mork 8, 27, Luk 9, 18. * Plg. but Luk 5, 24; 20, 6; Rome 3, 8; I Chorus 14, 23; II Chorus 8, 22; 12, 19, Rome 4, 18. * see the ir underlined text, next to the — essence. 266 Table 3 Correspondences of GD used by J. Bretkūnas in S. Bytneri (1701) and L. J. Rēza (1824) translations of the New Testament Bt 1701 and RB 1824 Non-objective | Objective | Non-objective Objective Verb with participant 5 149 33 160 Verb with divisor 10 6 20 11 say sentence 68 14 20 5 Other constructions 19 12 29 5 st The non-objective type of GD has been much better preserved in J. L. Rēza’s Bible of 1824, where the participle and participle constructions comprise about 5094 GD equivalents used by J. Bretkūnas. In addition, the GD Reza Bible often occurs in those places where J. Bretkūnas used other syntactic means. For example, in the book of Acts alone we find here a non-objective type 36 GD su participatiir 13 su ng participants, i.e. even more than in J. Bretkūno translation. However, it is highly doubtful whether this abundance of non-objective constructions with conjugated participants reflects the tendencies of the living language of the time. In the works of K. Donelaitis, written in a dialect in which the GD must have been very widespread, we see a completely different picture: here in non-objective constructions the participles of the suffix go. Apparently, the use of the joking participants In the 19th a. century religious writings supported the literary tradition, especially to restrain the language change of sacred texts. GD su The use of joking participants, typical of ancient literature, probably had an archaic connotation at that time, which was used for stylistic reasons. Efforts to adapt the means of language typical of ancient writings partly explain the more frequent iš GD su the use of smiling participants S. In Daukanto- ’s work, which is already full of traditional syntactic means (see the interjected participants in the absolute noun, see. LKK V 61); however, in most non-objective constructions we find ir participants here. That non-objective type GD su with joking participants In the 19th a. century it was already rare in the living o language, in many ir places completely disappeariš ed, to see closer to the folk language M. Valančiaus, A. Baranausko, A. Strazdo, S. Stanevičiaus ir etc. of the authors’ writings ir recorded narrative folktales at that time (the singing folktale, due to its metric rhythmic characteristics, survived much better with ir entertaining participants). GD su From At the a. beginning of — XX a. the late 19th century, when literary language firmly stood on the foundation of folk language, the actual usage withdrew as the subjects of non-objective constructions. su iš They are not typical of contemporary literary language, but ir are occasionally used in fiction as stylistically marked archaisms®. 4.1.4. The principal members of su non-objective constructions in the present language are the verbs of the same valence groups tų (sometimes other ir So- * Plg. Maybe that's why from ancient times, when still Gugis was younger, everyone thought he was a jį witch KrėvRg see. 85, but LTSR MA, Lithuanian Language Grammar, II, Vilnius, 1971, p. 363. 267 HenocpencrBeHHas 3aBHCHMOCTb MNepBOro BHHHTEJbHOro (N) oT rjtarojia yiKe B JIpeBHeMIINX NaMSATHHKAX YacTo 3aMeHsieTcsi (ppasoBbiM YripaBJIeHHeM Bee KOHCTpYKUHell B uesom, Beaeactede vero BIT Berynaer B CB535 ¢ raahojamu, KOTOpbIe He MOT'YT H, MO-BHIHMOMY, HHKOI'Jld HE MOIVIH VINpaBJISATb BHHHTEIbHbIM najexoM, Hamp., C BO3BpaTHbIMH TIJIAroJlaMH TNpeAnoJioxKeHus expect, talk (paldimq putted talk DP 596), c Ge3/HYHBIMH IJIaroJlaMH COCTOSIHHMSI show, regétis, find (regissi [iums] me walgantj BrB Tob 12, 19) u ap. B apesnennTOBCKOH nmucbMenHocTH BIT 3aBHCHT H OT npHYacTHs cpeaHero poja B (QyHKUHH cKasyemoro, Hanp., known, sung, written, spoken, found... said, written, visible (is, was), a B HeKOTODpkIX CJIYy4as11X Jįažxke OT HMEH CYIUIEeCTBHTeJ/IbubIX sound, miracle, encounter, sentence, smoke, gromata. Illnpokoe npHMeHeHHe NPHYACTHOI CBA3KH (HAnp.: kosznas tara, diena sancze BrP 337) rakxe CBHJIETEJIbCTBYyeT O06 M3MEHEHHH CHHTAKCHYECKHX CBfideH, KOTOphle MOryT ObiTb BhIpaXKeHbl CXeMOH V—>(N<“ ——P). 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. 3aBHCHMOCTh BHHHTeJbHOro HMeHH (N) or rJsaroJjioB see, see, feel, find H no. IlpnuacrHe, COOTHOCHMOE TOJILKO C HMEHEM, BCTYNaeT Take B CBfi3b C TJIATOJIOM, H KOHCTPYKUHMSA MOJYYAeT THIHYECKYIO (OPMY TPeXUJEHHOTO CJIOBOCOYeTaHHS : V ay 4 NY N« ——=P Ilpuuacrne B HccaeayemoM obopore ofJajaer BCEMH KOHCTPYKTHBHBIMH cBoiicTBaMH rJaarosa. JleficTBHTENbHBIE NPHYACTHS 31€Ch VNOTpeOJISIOTCHA Kak 3KBHBAJIEHTH! I'm going to go to the doctor. I'm going to go to the doctor. B oramume or MHOTHX JAPYTHX HJle. S3bIKOB, JefiCTBHTE/]- bHbIC H CTPajaTe/IbHble NMPHYACTHS BblcTynaloT TaKxXe B (opmax Gyayulero BpeMeHH. Becbma Gojibiuoe pacnpocTpanenue noayuaiot BIT c npuuacTHAMH OT rJIarojJia biti, KOTOpble 06pasyioT coyeTanus, COOTBETCTBYIOLHE NO QYHKUHH COCTaBHBIM (opMaM CKa3yemoro, H COCTaBJSIIOT B JIPeBHEJHTOBCKOfi MHCbMeHHOCTH OKOJIO 209%, Bcex BIL Hccaenosanne cHHTAKCHUeCKOR cTpyKTYpbi BI npuBoauT K 3akiioueHuio, ŲTO IO CJOMKHOCTH CBOeH IrpaMMATHUeCKOH (DOpMBI, CeMaHTHYECKOH pa3HO06pa3. HOCTH TJIATOJIOB H LUKHpOTŲY CĖEepbIi IpHMeHeHHSA ĮpeBHeJIHTOBCKHH OGopoT npeBOCXOJIMT COOTBETCTBYIOLIHE KOHCTPYKIHH JIpYTHX pOJICTBEHHbIX 5135IKOB. Bo3MOXHOCTH OGpa30BaHH5A H NPHMEHEHHS 3TOH KOHCTPYKIWHH, yHacJ/eJOoBaHHbIe OT HJIE. I'm not sure if I'm right, but I'm sure I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. I'm not going to be able to do it. [lo cBoeit rayOGHHHOH CTPYKType, KOTOpYIO BCKpbIBaeT TpaHCHOpMAIHOHHsIK anaaus, BIT JipeBHeJIHTOBCKOTO fi3bIKA COOTBETCTBYET NPHIAATOYHOMY H3bACHHTeJIbHOMY mnpeasoxennio. BojibiununuerBo BIT B namartaukax XVI—XVII BB. IO JĮepHBaLHOHHOMY npasuay NP->S. BIT c 06bek THOM 3aBHCHMOCTbIO coxpaHH/- JIH TAYOHHHYIO CTpyKTYpy THna NP->N“S, kroropasi xapakTepHa Take 274 I'm not sure what I'm talking about. BIT H #3 BsiCHHTEILHOTO TYpejįJIOXKEHHA TOCJIYXXHJIAa OCHOBO#H JŪJIS! HX LUHDOKOTO CHHOHHMHUECKOTO YINNOTpeOJIEHH5I H CbhITpaJIA BakHYIO DpOJIb B Jla/ibHueimieM pa3BHTHH HCCJIejtyeMoro OGOPOTA. Ilpeo6pa3oBanne chHTAaKCHYeCKHX CBsidell BHYTpH OGopoTa cosjano 6aaroNPHSATHBIE BOSMOXKHOCTH MPOHHKHOBEHHIO HECKJIOHSIEMbIX IIpHYACTHbIX (opm C -nt H -us-, T. H. Jeenpuuactuii. [leenpuuyactus npouukaior B BIT kak yxe roTOBOE, O(OPMJIEHHOE CPEeJCTBO BHIPAXKEHHS MOJIYIpeAHKATHBHO-a/1BepOHabHBIX otHowenuil. Ilpexkae Bcero oHH MOABAAIOTCS C HMEHAMH IpHJAaraTeJbHbLIMH H MECTOHMEHHAMH CpeJiHero poja H B 06opoTax 663 NepBoro BHHHTEJIbHOTO, OJHAKO B XVII B. OHH O4eHb GbICTPO pacnpoCTPaHAIOTCS H B 000POTaxX C NepBHIM I'm not going to let you down. ECJIH Bo Bcex noctynHBIX HCCJICJIOBAHHIO NMaMsATHHKax XVI B. JeenpHyacTHs oOHapyXeHbl TOJBKO B 3,49, 060poroB (coorHomenne 76: 2.177), To B XVII B. —yxe B 389%, (349: 571). B nucbmMenHocTH XVIII — XIX BB. npoc/exuBaeTcs AaJbHeiiliee pacnpocTpaHeHHe OGOpOTOB C YOU'RE HAPPY, YOU'RE HAPPY, YOU'RE HAPPY. MOCTENEHHO CTAHOBATCH TOCMOJCTBYyloniuMH. Konerpiknn BIT riocjie MHOTHX TJIATOJIOB - I'm sorry. H3 HH51 H 3aMEHAIOTCS COOTBETCTBYIOLIHMH OGOpoTAMH C ĮĮEETIpHUACTHAMH HJIH TIPHJATOYHBIMH TIPeJIOKEHHSIMH, BI] coBpemMennoro JHTEPaTYypPHOTO SI3BIKA OTJIHYAETCS OT COOTBETCTBYIOLIETO APEBEHHTOBCKOTO OGopoTa Sister. IO CBoefi CTPYKType, TAK H NO CBOEMY MECTY B CHCTEME I'm sorry, I'm sorry. B Hactosiee Bpemsi 060OpOTH CO CKJIOHSEMbIMH (POpMaMH NPHYACTHI VNOTpeOJISIOTCHA TOJBKO TOT, KOTAa NnepBhlii BHHHTeJIbHBIN 5BJIAETCA O6BEKTOM TIJIOROJIOB YYBCTBEHHOTO BOCHPHATHS (see, see, see, notice noj.), oGHapyXKeHus u (find, detect, meet) H HEKOTOpPBIX (if THTHBHBIX TJIATOJIOB, JHILEHHbIX (pasoBoro YynpaBJIeHHAa (to marry, send, leave, w meet the nose.). BHHUTeIBHBI NPHYACTHS 3/16Ch MEET QYHKUMIO NpPeIHKATHBHOTO aTpHOyTa H JBOHHYIO CHHTAKCHYECKYIO CBS3b (C NEpBbIM BHHHTEJIbHbIM H C TJIATOJIOM); OH BapbHpPYET C leenpHyacTHeM, Cp. I see my father sitting (sitting). Koraa raaTOJI ynpaeJisieT BCeli KOHCTPYKIHeli B IEJIOM H NepBbiii YOU'RE OUT OF THE WORLD. He MOXeT CUHTATbCS ETO NPAMBIM OObeKTOM, INpHMEHAIOTCH TOJIbKO JIEENpHUACTHA, HATp. I know father sitting (BHHHTeJIbHbIK NPHYACTHS B TAKHX CJIY4A51X BOSMOXKeH JIHINb Sister. CTH/IHCTHYECKH OTMEYEHHBIH apxXaH3M). HsmMenenus B ctpyktype BIT, KoTophie rnpoTeKAJIH B TOM Xe HanpabJeHHH, KaK B MpPHYACTHLIX COHCTDYKIHSIX C INTRODUCTIONbHbIM INAJIEXKOM, OGYCJIOBJIEHLI HEKOTOpbiMH Gojiee OOLIHMH 3aKOHOMEPHOCTSIMH pa3BHTHS CHHTAKCHUECKON CHCTEMBI: a) npoueccoM MOCTENeHHOH CyGOpAMHALMH TJIaroJIĄY noJynpelHKaTHBHBIX KOHCTD YKIHif, CBA3AHHBIM C POCTOM BHYTpeHHero eAHHCTBA (KOMIAKTHOCTH) ripejįJIOXKEeHHSI; nudeperunauneii 6) GopM, BHPAKAIOUKX NOJYNPEAHKATHBHBE H ATPHOYTHE FAILURE OF COMPLETENESS; B) CyxeHHeM cdepbl NpHMeHeHHsi GeCrpeaJOKHOTO BHHHTEJBHOTO BCJIEJICTBHE 60Jiee YETKOTO pa3TrpaHHUeHHS opM NpsiMOTO H KOCBEHHOTO 00BLECTa. INocTynuao 12.111.1973 18%