Knyga apie žuvų pavadinimus

5. The reviewed dictionary — a expected and necessary work. We can only be pleased that the engineers of the Vilnius Calculation Machine Factory and the Special Design Office of Calculation Machines took on such a huge task. SKŽ well represents the current Lithuanian terminology of computational technology. However, the extensive vocabulary material is still poorly standardized and systematized. This work is only a good start for the work of developing the terminology of computational techniques. It will not only be an example of enthusiastic work for other technical dictionaries, but also a foundation on which to build even more perfect dictionaries. B. Laumane, Zivju nosaukumi latviešu valoda, Riga, 1973, 307 p.* The monograph of Benita Laumane is very relevant not only for Latvian, but also for the linguistics and ethnogenesis of the Baltics and Indo-Europeans, since a large number of fish names have been inherited from ancient times. This monograph is the first major study of the names of white fish. B. Laumanė notes that P. Tymė, based on the fact that salmon live only in the Baltic Sea basin, and related names are found in Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, as well as Tocharian languages, tried to prove that id. ancestor was in the Baltic region. This hypothesis is related to the issue of the Baltic Sea coast aboriginals, which the author mentions in several places. B. Laumane, based on the opinion of archaeologists that the Balts or their ancestors moved to the Baltic Sea area around the 18th century BC? and here they established contacts with other inhabitants of the southeastern Baltic coast —aborigens, who, in the author’s opinion?, perhaps were Indo-Europeans related to the Balts, and Ugro-Fins (p. 14). The hypothesis that the Baltic aborigines were Indo-Europeans is very important for the question of the ethnogenesis of the Balts and Indo-Europeans. At the moment, it is particularly supported by some people." In the Mesolithic period, Eastern Baltic was characterized by two cultural (and, in Rimantiene’s opinion, ethnic) groups: microlithic-macrolithic and Kundas. The microlithic-macrolithic culture belonged to Lithuania and partly to Belarus. The Kund culture was widespread in the areas of present-day Estonia and Latvia, while in Lithuania it only affected the northernmost part of the country. 1 The review, due to its limited scope, deals only with the issue of the Baltic Sea coast aboriginals, raised in B. Laumane’s book. 2 Currently, archaeologists claim that the carriers of string pottery reached Lithuania at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, cf. R. Rimantienė, First inhabitants of Lithuania (XI—IV millennium BC), Vilnius, 1972 (hereinafter: Rimantienė PLG), p. 96. 3 With reference to: JI. B. Baukuua, TopbsknkoBas crosaukxa Capuare, Pura, 1970, pp. 140, 144—145, where the finds of Sarnates camp date to the first half or middle of the 3rd millennium BC, and the inhabitants are hypothetically considered to be Indo-Europeans; See also R. Rimantiene’s assertion that,,there can be no question of any cultural-ethnic Finno-Ugric deposit in the Lithuanian Stone Age material, and even less of the attribution of the ancient, local, pre-virvelinė culture inhabitants to Finno-Ugric tribes” (See also R. Rimantiene’s article “Finno-Ugric tribes in Lithuania”. R. Rimantienė, Lithuanian Stone Age comb pottery ornaments and the Finno-Ugric question, —Lithuanian History Chronicle. 1972, Vilnius, 1973 (hereinafter: Rimantienė LIM), p. 26; for further details, see pp. 5-26; see also : Rimantienė PLG; P. K. Pumanrene, IlaneojiuT u Me30. JiHT JlarBsi, Busibrioc, 1971 (hereinafter referred to as Pumauntene IIMJI). 4 See. A. Seibutis’s articles on popularising science: Pasavimai ir tikrovė, —Mokslas ir gyvenimas, Vilnius (hereinafter: MG), 1971, No. 5, p. 38—40; Vėlyvojo ledynmečio vietovardžiai, —MG 1971, No. 10, p. 16—20; Kaip Nemunas į Vislą tekėjo, —MG 1973, No. 3, p. 28—30 and others, These two cultures are connected by the river Nemunas. 260 area. Elements of Maglemose culture?. R. According to Rimantiene, “the Baltic Mesolithic inhabitants were clearly Europeoids”*. Iš microlithic-macrolithic cultures grew in the early Neolithic Upper Nemunas culture, o iš Kundos — Narvos — Nemunas culture". Lithuanian ceramics, whose first pieces, in Rimantiene- ’s opinion, R. appeared probably in the 1000s BC. IV pr. m. e. at the end, į "includes a huge Pietų ir Eastern Baltic cultural group, which extends from Western Latvian to Jutland", o "many other features (at least western Lithuanian camps) [...] enter the į narrower Narvos — The cultural area of Nemunas, which existed between these rivers. There are convincing linguistic evidences to support the opinion of close kinship between the above-mentioned cultural groups. After all, the so-called sen. Hydronymy of Europe (old European Hydronymy — H. Krajés terminas) common ir "Scandinavia". Pajunen, who found a multitude of water names of this origin In Finland, they are considered specifically Baltic! !, V, P. Schmidt indicates sen. "Hydrodynamics of the Baltic Sea: The Baltic ši Sea Hydrodynamic System". ir According to scientists, there exists “Baltic polytonic union”, which, of į the Baltic be languages, includes the Lybian Estonian, the Northern Kashubian, ir which-not-which Baltic German, Danish dialects ir of the eastern Schleswig neighboring islands, ir Swedish Norwegian. This union is characterized by the melodic correlation of tones, be of the Baltic languages themselves, "allies" is a new phenomenon'®. There are interesting parallels between Scandinavian and Baltic word formation, semantics, etc.!. B. Laumane, based on the opinion of other researchene rs, tends to consider one fish ar name as inherited iš Baltic Coast Aboriginals. The most important arguments for this opinion are — the prevalence of the fish names in many Baltic coastal languages and the unclear etymology. The second argument, in our opinion, is not appropriate, the author ir uses it be uncritically. For this reason, the examination of some fish names in the monograph is very controversial. For B. example, in the case of the lambda function. sapals "Jeuciscus cephalus" time suffix ir -als su vediniu lygina lie. Shapal ‘t. p.’ (p. 40), but in the main part of — fish names, mentioned — that la. sapalis, sapalis ir etc. allegedly related su lie. shapal, which = * Pumanrene TIMJI 95-196. * Rimantienė PLG 95. * Pamanrene Timji plg. 196, 176; Rimantienė PLG plg. 95—96; Rimantienė LIM 9—10. 8 Rimantienė LIM 20. * Idem. 10 See e.g. : W. P. Schmid, Zum Lithuanian FluBnamen Aitra, — “Baltistica”, VII (1), Vilnius, 1971, p. 37—42; jo paties, aura and Aurajoki,,,B- — altistica®, IX (2), Vilnius, 1973, p. 189—194; Heikki J. Hakkarainen and Matti Ruohtula (Finland), Das Occurrence of Indo-European (old european opdischer) Wissenschaftsnamen in Finland (hereinafter referred to as: Hakkarainen — Ruohtula), — XIe International Congress of Onomastic Sciences. Sofia, 28 June - 4 July 1972. Abstracts of papers, Sofia, (more: 1972 XIe Congress), p. 89. I Hakkarainen — Ruohtula 89. * Wolfgang P. Schmid (BRD — Géttingen), Baltic countries Names of gods and the prehistoric Europe, — XIe Congress, p. 206. 8 See. B. Jlaymane, A. Henokynumii, K nocrasonke BOnpoca 00 arsace MOPCKOil H pmi60ji0Benkolt Jiekcuku Baatuiickoro mops, — Baltistica, IV(I), Vilnius 1968 (hereinafter referred to as: Jlay- - MaKe— Hernokynuuiit, — Baltistica), the p. 69 ir literature mentioned there. “4 See. JlayMane— Hay cones, — Baltistica, p. 69—78; B. Jlaymane, Henokynuuii, A. Baato-caassHo-puHckne SI3BIKOBLIE Obsolete map H3 MopenaBaHHA H pui6osioBCTBa, p— B3aumocBsan GantoB H npuGaatuiickux ¢uuuos, Pura, 1970, p. 189-202 ir the literature referred to in these articles. 261 Linguists compare su skr. saphara-h "cyprinus sophore"15, below writes that A. Gerdas indicating similar names in Slavic, Germanic and Ugro-Finnic languages ir considering them all as a ir phenomenon of common substrate, formed The Baltic Sea area in the pre-Indo-European period'® (p. 213). Thus, the linguist does not defend her nė above-mentioned view that the Aboriginals are to be considered Indo-Europeans. Į lists of common names of white fish la. The sapal ir lies. Shapal B. Laumane did not include (see section 4.4). p. 10—11 ir 278). In our opinion, the name of the shapal is iš actually related to a su language that existed in It is not a Baltic country, but it has a Baltic name. Let us consider another example. B. Laumane, like other ir researchers, la; silver (smiles) ,,osmerus operlanus” is considered iš a borrowed lyb. salt, respectively is. silver (p. 101), o the latter Finnish fish names, since they do not have a reliable Finnish etymology, based on Schmid's opinion, tends V. P. to consider pre-Finnish origin (p. 18)". E. Frankie's there. salaka, borrowing from the iš aforementioned ir Lybian Estonian equivalentbe s, to, sieja salata, -te su ‘aspius aspius’ or ,,aspius rapax“ by lie. salad, lettuce, celery ‘t. p.’ *® Bet B. Laumane su disagrees with this assumption: in her opinion, in such a case it should be recognized that la. salata esąs skolinys iš Baltic Finnish, t. y. iš Lybian-Irish language. It is true that similar genders are found in Karelian and Finnish dialects (plg. Karel. intestine. Salat't'i, suom. Salatti ‘alburnus lucidus’). However, despite the to ir successful application of the linguistic-geographical criterion (borrowings iš from Finnish languages are usually less widespread than the name in question), Laumanė la. B. salad, salad, salad, salad; saluonis, saluozis, lie. salad, salatis ‘aspius aspius’ or ‘aspius rapax’ and la. hydronym salates upite, lie. names of lakes Salotas, Salėtė, Salété, Saldtis sieja lie. su intestine. sdlti ‘flow’, pr. salus "river", as a semantic parallel, giving yet la. upitis, upietis ‘Jeuciscus indus’ (p. 209). This is the — author's etymological discovery (other linguists have not proposed the etymology); such discoveries in the monograph considerable, it can be seen iš ko that B. Laumane, in general, has a good sense of language. Iš lie. intestine. sdlti, pr. salus ar derivatives of similar words and lie. szőavd, ‘coregonus albula’, seaweed ‘t. p.“, séliova „tokia ežerų žuvis“ ir etc. B. Lana, holding la. Selava borrows iš from neighboring languages, claiming that it is very difficult to identify the exact source of the borrowing, because the be phonetically adequate genders mentioned lie. equivalent, there exists Russian Pleskavos ir In Novosokolniki — area ceasisa, and in Polish (recorded in writings already a.) XV — sielawa'*. In the author's opinion, the further origin of these words is unclear: there are opinions about the origin of Slavic names lie. iš Languages 15 Su reference į: K. Mūlenbachs, Latvijas valodas vārdnīca. Redisher, supplementer, continuer J. Endzelins (hereinafter referred to as: LVV), ITI, Riga, Latvia 1928, p. 696; E. Fraenkel, Lithuanian etymological dictionary, Heidelberg, 1962— 1965 (hereinafter referred to as: LEW), p. 963. 16 A. See Gerd's opinion. A. C. T e pa (answer į questionnaire), —Everyone GaJITbI3MbI y Geaapyckait mose, Minck, 1969, p. 9-10. 17 See also : Jlaymane—Henokynuwit, — ,,Baltistica®, p. 76. 18 LEW 759. 19 This Latvian name, despite its narrow distribution, could be lit. ir The difference between — the Lithuanian and ir Latvian equivalents of the name is only in the number of root vowels. Bet e : ė charactir eristic lie. language: be mentioned séliova, : seliava sĕlava, plg. ir hydronyms — iš of one side, Seliovindičiai (two lakes), sourced iš from ež. Seliovinis (A. Vanagas, Lithuania TSR Hydronyms Producti1970 on, Vilnius, [hereinafter: Vanagas], p. 76), which in turn— the mentioniš ed séliova (Vanagas 158—159), iš Other — Seliupis (Lithuanian TSR river and lake ir nomenclature, Vilnius, [hereinafter 1963 vice versa? ?, LUEV], p. 143). 262 ir But the real lie. iš séliava, seliava ir etc. ne only The root, but the ir prefixis ga — undoubtedly of Baltic origin. Slavic language data to clarify r. ceadea ‘YkKJIelika, cyprinus alburnus® (by Part of the dictionary), ceasisa,,aspius clupeoides®, Black Sea coast, Kubane, Belarusian ceassa, Polish sielawa ,,ykneiika’’ origin not allowed, o suffix asa (-awa) price -si6a glory for strangers (it is typical of Baltic, Thracian languages and the so-called sen. European Hydronyms). M. Fausmer- 's claim is a lie. words salava, selava "Mypena" cannot be a source for the spread of the Russian word in the south, in the correct sense that The Black Sea coastal, Cuban cenfiea may have been influenced by the Thracians, close relatives of the Whites. It is closely related to the Balto-Slavic languages. — ceassa, lenk. sielawa and its counterparts in the closer Russian — dialects we consider to be the result of the influence of the Balts, most likely as a substrate. Iš The above examples show that there are sufficient semantic parallels to la. silver (salaks) kilding lie. iš sdlti „tekėti“ ir pr. salus ‘river’. The opinion that la. silver (salaks) is not a debt, strengthens the ir corresponding lie. the existence of place names: ež. Salakai, Salakas (Degučiai, Palivarko km.)? *, mstl. (Zarasų raj.) Salakas, Salako giria®. Thus, the relics of the fish name salaka in the Baltic language are found te far from the Latvian Baltic coast. La. silver (salaks) production is also Baltic (see, for example, though ir small, prepositions -aka, -aks, -¢ka vedic examples given in p. 39). Of course, finishers la. salata and salaka, the equivalents ir of other Baltic root salpavadinimai, as they have no reliable Finnish etymology, are considered baltisms. The German language is spoken in Baltic countries. ir (buv. R. Prussia) Salat, Zalat, which su are mentioned in la. salad, lie. salad forms an isogloss connecting Curonian Spit Lithuania (Žemaitija) su former area of Prussian language. By the B. way, Laumane identified one ne such isogloss. The author's statement that such isoglosses are particularly valuable (p. 278). On this occasion, it should be added that ir v. intestine. (buv. R. Prussia) Perpel, Parpel and Kashubian parposz, pelpaže, which correspond to la. intestine. perpele, perpele, lie. perpele ‘,alosa fallax’ (p. 152-153) are considered baltisms. This is not only a linguistic, but also an ne etymological criterion. ir Some Latvian East Slavic isoglosses, on — the contrary, the author interprets clearly correctly: Belarusian, Russian ir dialects. Kypmeas ‘gobio fluviatilis’ (p. 98), ex2ano, 6a2eno ‘Jote lota’ (p. 244) are baltisms. But let's go back to the so-called aboriginal vocabulary. There is one more word that has been tried to be included in this lexicon, but for which a good Baltic etymology can be ir found. ne Iš such to be mentioned, for example, la. read, least read "pleuronectes flesus trachurus, plaice", V. Tomsen quite correctly associated šį the name with la. su lesns, lėsns, lėss and lie. plate, o Estonian lest „plekšnė“ considered a iš loanword of the Baltic languages (p. 173). The la mentioned. /este, lekste etymology has a perfect semantic parallel: la. plague, plague, plague; plegzde, plekzde bei lie. pleksné, plekštis, plėkštė, plėgždė „plekšnė“ siejami la. su flowing “flat, flat, wide”, lie. plokscias® (p. 174). However, B. Laumane, apparently, following L. Ketunenu ir V. Zepu, keeping la. /I'm in debt. iš lint See 20 LEW 774; M. Pacmep, ITHMOIOrHYECKHIT CJI0BAPh PYCCKOrO s; i3biKa (hereinafter referred to as: Pacmep CPS), III, Mocksa, 1971, p. 594. #1 LUNES 141. # Little Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol. (R—Ž), Vilnius, also 1971, p. 148 — 149, 8 LEW 611, 628, 263 (est. east) (p. 173), believes that the Latvian name of the fish is a loan iš Baltic Finnish languages (p. 17, 281). This was probably influenced by est. ir lest value The existence of ‘Flaches, su Plattes’ associated with the aforementioned Finnish name of the plaice (p. 173). Like the ir above names, Laumane, B. based on V.P. In his opinion, Est. Lest, lyb. Jesta „plekšnė“ tends to be considered pre-Finnic, since the iš latter do not have a reliable Finnic etymology (p. 18)*. In our opinion, due to etymological linguistic geographical ir criteria, because lie. t. y. plate, la. lęsns kt. ir has a good Baltic etymology, est. o completed “Flaches, Plattes” is only used in Estonian, a language close t. y. to the current Baltic area (and, apparently, entering į the former), est. lest both the name of the fish and the ,, "Flaches, Plattes" is considered to be Baltic. There are ir some words, hypothetically attributed to the aboriginal vocabulary, ne for which only a reliable Baltic, betiride, has been found. etymology. The meaning of some names was mė forgotten (can you etymologize all your own words?). Other words, more less apimą Baltic coast area, may have arisen from another language used on this coast (non-Baltic) influence on the remaining languages of this area. Such elements also detected? *. Thai — ne aboriginal, but the result of later influence. Apparently, the appearance of fish names must be linked primarily su to the Mesolithic (Maglemose culture) fishermen- 's performance In the Baltic States®. This is suggested by the fact that most of the microlithic-macrolithic ir culture was brought iš Maglemose cultures, o the latter wave of the northern in Lithuania, in Latvia ir In Estonia formed another — Kund — culture? ". It is assumed that the fishermen spoke Baltic, a language ar close to the Balts. R. According to Rimantienés,- ,,Maglemozés culture is related Baltic madlenui"**. O the performances of the latter culture in iš paleolite are really amazing! These ,,was mistaken iš Westerners would travel in small groups ir again”*?, so There were only Swedes® in the Baltic States. The fact that since the Paleolithic times the representatives of — the local — svidrinés culture communicasu ted — Representatives of — the Baltic Madlen o culture, the Mesolithic appeared as the only wave of the Maglemose culture related to the latter (as we have already mentioned, played a major role in the formation of microlithic-macrolithic ir The cultures of Kund, suggest that there was a special relationship between the ir guests and the local people. These relations we tend to consider the oldest of the Baltic —Thracian relations”, which lasted until the first m. e. age. But examining these relationships — is a separate study, o ne B. The task of Laumane's book review. Here we will return only to the review mentioned at the beginning P. Measles hypotheses. Apparently, the Indo-Europeans, having left iš M. Asia, since very ancient times no longer had one homeland. 24 Be to, see. Jlaymane— Henocynactit- — es, Baltistica, p. 76. 25 See, for example, Jlaymane— Henocynium — unitae, Baltistica, p. 70—71. 26 Pumantene TIMJI 118—125, 174—175, 196; Rimantienė PLG 57—65; 95. 27 Pumanrene IMJI 174—175, 196. ** Rimantienė PLG 63. 29 Idem, p. 95. % Ibid., p. 95; Zr. dar: p. 30-39. 31 Idem, p. 63—65, 95. The terms ir of the Baltic Thracians here are relative: we call the northern Baltic —Trakian (or Baltic in the broad sense) language area, o Thracian — southern. 264 But the contact did not break. Apparently, the name of the salmon iš The idea spread į to the Baltic States. languages that had not yet forgotten their ancient relationships and still communicated with each other. B. Laumane's monograph — is a significant achievement of Baltic linguistics. It is ar hardly possible to consider the inadequate assessment of the influence of the Baltic languages on neighbouring languages as a slightly greater shortcoming. After all, there are still relatively few works that better explain the influence of the Baltic languages on neighbouring languages. V. Rimša K. DRĄSUTAVIČIUS (DRĄSUČIO) TERM DICTIONAries and Lists K. Drąsutavičius, a prominent but so far little known cultural, literary and press worker of the second half of the 19th century, was also widely active in the field of lexicography and terminology. In his rich manuscript legacy! found 13 terms Zodynéliy and lists. In preparing the programmes and questions for the textbooks of natural sciences (botany, zoology, parasitology, etc.), geography, history, literature and other textbooks (multi-part “chrestomaty”), collecting material for them, writing separate chapters and translating various texts from Polish, Russian and German languages and making their summaries, K. Drąsutavičius had to deal with the lack of Lithuanian terminology, searching for it in various sources, compiling dictionaries and lists of terms in various fields. 1. Drąsutavičius's research, collection and recordings were mainly in the natural sciences, in particular: botany, terminology. As can be seen from the compiled programs (F, —2453, 2468, 2489, 2547) and as stated in her memoirs by the home teacher J. Juškytė, K. Drąsutavičius thought about the compilation of several parts of a "chrestomaty" (more precisely, textbooks), one of which was to present to older children elementary natural sciences. Zinias®. It is clear from the prospectus, “Programs of the Second Part” (F, —2489), that this introductory lesson in nature was supposed to deal with domestic animals, rodents, fish, beetles, trees, etc. J. Juskyté® was supposed to prepare the elementary ir course, but he contributed himself K. Drąsutavičius, because he jo wrote articles,,,Kirminai (F, — 2493), ‘Seed be plants’ (F,— 2492), ,,Growth in the Jurassic“ (F, — 2941), ‘,Vabalai’ (F; — 2490), ‘Fish’ (F, — 2488) ir kt Here is a small excerpt iš of the article ‘Seed be crops: "All the plants we know have flowers; the flowers become fruits, and in the fruit always appears ! It is stored Lietuvos TSR Academies of Sciences The Institute ir of Lithuanian Language and Literature (F, —2324—2560, a total of 230 folders of more than 6400 manuscript pages of various formats). 2 Our antiquitII y, t., N4(9), 1939, p. 11-614. 3 Ibid., p. 611. 265