Iš K. Širvydo naujadarų plitimo istorijos

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE SPREAD OF K. ŠIRVYDAS’S NEOLOGISMS 1. Cotton The first Lithuanian lexicographer, K. Širvydas, coined many neologisms1. Since K. Širvydas’s dictionary was very popular, many later lexicographers relied on it; consequently, some of his neologisms were not only included in later dictionaries but also became established in the literary language. Today they are so familiar that, when using them, we do not even think that anyone may once have coined them, for example: quality, cloakroom, printing house, rule, kitchen. One such coined neologism, together with a periphrastic explanation, appears in the third through fifth editions of K. Širvydas’s dictionary: wool growing on a tree, cotton (bawelna. Linum xylinum, linum gossipi̇num, lana xyli e gossipio seu xylo frurice) SD³⁸. Nežinia, ar K. Širvydas vartojo naujadarą medžiavilnė pirmajame žodyno (apie 1620) leidime. Šio leidimo išlikęs vienintelis defektinis egzempliorius prasideda žodžiu cechuję. Sprendžiant iš N. Folkmaro—B. Fontano žodyno „Polonicolatina“ dalies, K. Širvydo žodyno pirmajame leidime straipsnis „Bawelna“ turėjo būti. Probably only some lexicographers copied the neologism medžiavilnė directly from K. Širvydas’s dictionary: D. Poška, “Słownik języka litewskiego, polskiego i łacinskiego” (1825); G. Neselmanas, “Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache” (1851); F. Kuršaitis, “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” (1883); and A. Lelys, “Lietuviškas ir angliškas žodynas” (1915). G. Neselmanas and F. Kuršaitis gave two forms of the word medvilnė—without and with a linking vowel—medžiavilnė. F. Kuršaitis preferred the neologism medvilnė (without a linking vowel). He wrote both variants of the word, medvilnė and medžiavilnė, in square brackets, considering them unknown and unfamiliar in East Prussia. Vėlesni leksikografai — J. Baronas, „Rusų-lietuvių žodynas“ (1932), M. Nydermanas „Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas“ II t. (1951) ėmė žodį medvilnė iš F. Kuršaičio žodyno ar tų šaltinių, kur minėtas žodis vartojamas be jungiamojo balsio. Medžiavilnė su jungiamuoju balsiu gal dėl to ir neišplito, kad pirmasis komponentas medžias tepažįstamas rytų ir pietų aukštaičių ir yra archainė forma. Be žodynų, medvilnę dar aptinkame „Aušroje“ 1885, 24 (vartojo J. Šliūpas), prieškariniuose ir tarybiniuose raštuose. K. Širvydas’s neologism medvilnė most likely became established through F. Kuršaitis’s “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” (1883), which had a great influence on the Lithuanian literary language taking shape in the late nineteenth century; perhaps its use in “Aušra” also helped, and especially the dictionaries of A. Lelys and J. Baronas. Some lexicographers and botanists—L. Ivinskis in his Polish–Lithuanian dictionary, A. Pabrėža in “Botanika” (1900), and J. Ambraziejus in “Polish–Lithuanian–Russian Dictionary 1 K. Širvydo žodyno ir pirmojo (apie 1620), ir antrojo—penktojo (1631, 1642, 1677, 1713) leidimų lenkiškas ir lotyniškas registras nėra originalus, bet imtas iš lenkų leksikografų N. Folkmaro „Dictionarii quadrilinguis…“ (1613) „Polonicolatina“ dalies ir G. Knapskio „Thesaurus polonolatinograecus“ (1621). K. Širvydui verčiant N. Folkmaro ir G. Knapskio žodynų lenkiškus ir lotyniškus žodžius į lietuvių kalbą, trūko šnekamojoje kalboje atitikmenų, reikėjo pačiam kurti naujadarus, aiškinti perifra stiškai. 240 žodyne“ (1907) – vartojo skolinį bovelne. S. Daukantas rankraštiniame lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodyne (po 1851) vartojo skolinį bovelna ir perifrazę medžio vilna. The neologism medvilnė, which spread through many dictionaries and some written works, soon became established in spoken language as well. However, the Germanism bovelna, borrowed through Polish, was still widely used in speech. Today, in the Lithuanian literary language, medvilnė is used in three senses: 1) a plant of the mallow family whose seeds are covered with downy hairs; 2) the down or hairs of that plant, from which fabrics are woven; and 3) cloth made from the down of that plant. In plant taxonomy terminology, such usage, in which the same word medvilnė denotes both a plant of the mallow family and the hairs, raw material, and products of that plant, is inconvenient. For example, in Russian and German the plant of the mallow family is called хлопчатник, Baumwollpflanze, while the hairs, raw material, and products of that plant are called хлопок, Baumwolle. Accordingly, in our botanical terminology, too, different names began to be used: the plant—vilnamedis, and the hairs, raw material, and products of this plant—medvilnė. A. Vireliūnas and S. Tijūnaitis were the first to call the plant of the mallow family vilnamedė in “Geografijos vadovėlis” (1924). Vilnamedžio terminą įtvirtino „Lietuviškasis botanikos žodynas“ (1938), redaguotas J. Dagio. Dabartinėje literatūrinėje kalboje įsigalėjusią medvilnę keisti vilnamedžiu per vėlu. In the postwar years, the derivatives medvilninkystė, medvilnininkas were formed from the word medvilnė. Medvilninkystė is recorded in the card index of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” in 1949, while medvilnininkas is recorded in 1963. It is somewhat unusual that the neologism medvilninkystė, denoting an economic sector, was coined first, and medvilnininkas, a nomen agentis, considerably later. Medvilnė may have become established in the literary language partly because it was a Lithuanian substitute for the loanword bovelna. E. Frenkelis, in “Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch,” Heidelberg, 1962, p. 424, observes that medvilnė is a purist neologism. As we know, K. Širvydas liked to purify the Lithuanian language. He provided Lithuanian equivalents for some international words and loanwords. For example, he called a philosopher protomeiliu, a Catholic visotinyku, and so on. These neologisms of his did not catch on. The neologisms in K. Širvydas’s dictionary, especially compounds, provide a useful criterion for assessing the influence of “Dictionarium trium linguarum” on the literary language, even when dictionary authors, translators, and writers did not indicate where a word came from. 2. Printing house With the printing of books and the Reformation, borrowings from German came to Lithuania via Poland in the 15th–17th centuries drukarnia, drukorius, drukavoti. M. Mažvydas was the first to use the borrowing drukavoti in Lithuanian writing, in the book “Forma krikštymo” (1559), followed by K. Širvydas in the first edition of his Polish-Latin-Lithuanian trilingual dictionary (around 1620), J. Morkūnas in “Postilė” (1653), the author of Knygos Nabažnystės, and others. Skolinį drukarnia randame jau M. Daukšos „Postilės“ (1599), 1605 m. anoniminio katekizmo tituliniuose lapuose. 16. Lietuvių terminologija 241 In the first edition of his trilingual dictionary, K. Širvydas left the dictionary entry “Drukarz. Chalcographus, typographus” without a Lithuanian equivalent, while “Drukarski. Typographicus” he explained as drukoriaus. The word spaustuvė, now in use, is a coinage by K. Širvydas. It appears in the third edition of K. Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” (1642) and was repeated in later editions of this dictionary. In the third edition, K. Širvydas coined two new words from the borrowing drukarnia found in the first edition: spausutuvė and išspausutuvė. The coinage spaustuvė may have been formed on the model of the first-edition word spaustuwas | prasa. Linum|, “a device for pressing wine.” The word spaustuvė in the sense of “a device for pressing wine” was used by J. Bretkūnas, a writer of the Lithuanian literature of East Prussia, and by the lexicographer P. Ruigys. The manuscript of J. Bretkūnas’s Bible, in which the word spaustuvė was used, could not have been available to K. Širvydas. Thus K. Širvydas coined and used spaustuvė independently of J. Bretkūnas. K. Širvydas’s coinage spaustuvė did not spread into the literary language immediately, nor did it spread directly from “Dictionarium trium linguarum.” Another parallel coinage by K. Širvydas, išspausutuvė, was used only in F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” (1883). In the 18th–19th centuries, the word spaustuvė competed with the borrowing drukarnia, drukarnė and other Lithuanian derivatives, hybrids, and borrowings. Alongside drukarnia, drukarnė, spaustuvė, the Lithuanian derivatives spaudynė (S. Dauk², Sut, LC1885, 31), spaudykle (J), spaustuva (Bt), the hybrid išspausutinyčia (RII87), and the borrowings drukarnyčia (N, K, M), drukaunyčia (R87), drukarija (KI266), drukorija (K), and drukarnija (M) were used in the 18th century and especially in the 19th century. Some 19th-century writers and lexicographers—A. Klementas, M. Valančius, and L. Ivinskis—still wrote the borrowing drukarnia in parentheses alongside K. Širvydas’s coinage spaustuvė. In his “Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian Dictionary” (1894), M. Miežinis treated spaustuvę as the main word and cross-referenced the hybrid drukaunyčia to it. K. Širvydas’s coinages spread most widely in the literary language through F. Kuršaitis’s “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch,” but spaustuvė probably became established through many other books from the mid- and late 19th century, on whose title pages it appeared³. The coinage spaustuvė was used consistently at J. Zavadskis’s printing house in Vilnius, which printed the largest number of Lithuanian books. It is very likely that other printing houses in Vilnius, following J. Zavadskis’s example, also began printing K. Širvydas’s coinage spaustuvė on book title pages, abandoning the borrowing drukarnia. “Aušra,” “Vilniaus žinios,” and other newspapers, as well as J. Jablonskis’s “Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė” (1911), contributed greatly to establishing spaustuvės in the literary language, since the term was repeatedly printed on their title pages. Samogitian lexicographers and writers—S. Valiūnas, D. Poška, A. Klementas, S. Daukantas, and others—held K. Širvydas’s dictionary in high regard, but did not endorse all of his coinages. S. Daukantas knew K. Širvydas’s dictionary and his coinage spaustuvė well, but S. Daukantas, as his notes on G. Neselmanas’s dictionary show (Wör- 2 The abbreviations used are the same as those in volumes I—IX of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.” 3 For example, Ivinskis Laurynas, “Metų skaitlius,” 1846, printed in Vilnius at J. Zavadskis’s printing house. 242 (terbuch der Littauischen Sprache), wanted to replace the neologism spaustuvė with his own neologism spaudynė4. The title pages of some books by S. Daukantas printed in St Petersburg (“Būdas,” 1845; “Gyvatai didžiųjų karvedžių,” 1845; “Dainos žemaičių,” 1846) bear the word spaudynė5. Besides S. Daukantas’s writings, the word spaudynė also appears in D. Sutkevičius’s “Žodinin­ke lietuviškai-lotyniškai-lenkiškame” (1848) and “Lietuviškoje Ceitungoje” (1885, no. 31). Unfortunately, S. Daukantas’s neologism spaudynė did not become established in the Lithuanian literary language. Drukorius in the third edition of K. Širvydas’s dictionary was replaced by the Lithuanian equivalent išspaudėjas. Other lexicographers also avoided the loanword drukorius: A. Krauzė (in the first half of the 17th century) used knygų spaustoją, išspaus­toją in a manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary; G. Neselmanas, in “Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache” (1851), and F. Kuršaitis, in “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch,” used spaudėją, spaustojį, išspaus­toją; M. Akelaitis, in a manuscript Lithuanian–Polish dictionary, and A. Lelvs, in “Lenkų ir lietuvių kalbų žodynas” (1922), used spaudėja. The loanword drukorius occurs in P. Ruigys’s “Littauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Lexicon” (1747), F. Kuršaitis’s “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” (1883), and in the writings of Žemaitė and other authors. G. Neselmanas used the hybrid drukau­ningą in his dictionary (p. 157), and F. Kuršaitis probably copied it from there into “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch.” The word spaustuvininkas, now established in the Lithuanian literary language, was coined in the late 19th century. Spaustuvininkas was first used in the journal “Tėvynės sargas” (1899, no. 3) in the sense of “printing-house owner.” Spaustuvininką in the sense of “printing specialist, typographer” is attested in translations by St. Dabušis, A. Lelis’s “Lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas” (1922), and J. Baronas’s “Rusų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas” (1972). A. Vilentas began to replace the loanword drukavoti with the Lithuanian išspausti in the title pages of “Evangelijų bei epistolų” (1579); J. Bretkūnas did so in “Kancionalo” (1589) and “Giesmių duchau­nų” (1589); M. Daukša, in “Postilės” (1591) and “Katekizmo” (1595); and S. Vaišnoras, in “Žemčiūgos teologiškos” (1600), among others. In the third edition of K. Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” and in later editions, the loanword drukavoti was replaced by the periphrasis išspaudžiu raštą, knygas. On the title page of S. Bitneris’s “Naujo Testamento” (1701), after drukavoja he used išspaudė spaustuvoji… The Lithuanian equivalent išspausti was widely used in the 18th century and until the middle of the 19th century, especially in the Königsberg printing house. The verb spausdinti (“to print” [books]) came into use late, only in the late 19th century. Among the first to use spausdinti were F. Kuršaitis in “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” (1883), M. Miežinis in “Lietuviškai-latviškai-lenkiškai-rusiškame žodyne” (1894), K. Jaunius in the manuscript work “Kalbos dalykuose,” some translators of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and J. Jablonskis on the title page of “Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos” (1901). 4 See J. Kruopas, S. Daukanto pastabos dėl G. Neselmano žodyno, Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, V, Vilnius, 1972, p. 238. 5 On the title page of one of S. Daukantas’s booklets (“Sėjamosios pašaro žolės,” printed in Vilnius in 1854 at J. Zavadskis’s printing house), K. Širvydas’s neologism spaustuvė. 16* 243 M. Mažvydas used the reflexive verb bespausdinti in the sense of “to press, to weigh down.” To denote the concept of printing, K. Širvydas used, in the third edition of his dictionary, word combinations modeled on G. Knapski’s “Thesaurus Polonolatinograecus” (1621) – mokslas išspaustuvės |druk. Ekspressae metallo literae charta impressa literis|. In the 18th century, the concept of printing was expressed by the loanword druką (ŽCh), while in the 19th century it was expressed not only by this loanword (N, K, S. Dauk, I, LC1886, 40), but also by the Lithuanian equivalent spaudą (N, K, A1884, 318). The body of books comprising printed publications was initially called by the loanword drukas (M, I, A.Baran). The Lithuanian equivalent spauda gained currency only gradually. F. Kuršaitis used the hybrid drukavonė “printing” in “Deutsch-Littauisches Wörterbuch” (1870.I.5), while the Aušrininkai replaced drukavonę with spaustuvyste (1884, No. 96). As we have noted, one of the first to use the Lithuanian equivalent spaudą instead of the loanword druka “printing” was G. Nesselmann in “Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache.” From G. Nesselmann’s dictionary, the word spauda entered F. Kuršaitis’s⁷ “Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch” and the journal “Aušra” (1884, 318). The word spauda, in its new meaning “the body of books and periodicals,” was first used by “Aušra” (1885, 75), and later by J. Balvočius as well. It seems that K. Būga established the word spauda in both meanings in the literary language. In his Polish–Lithuanian dictionary, L. Ivinskis first wrote the loanwords druką, drukas, and then the word combinations spaudimas knygų, spaudimas rašto; in his Polish–Lithuanian dictionary, S. Daukantas gave preference to the Lithuanian combination spaudimas, while using the loanword druka as a synonym. In the card index of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” the loanword drukas in the sense of “type, printing characters” is recorded only from Eastern Highland dialects. One of the first to provide a good equivalent for type, a printed letter, was J. Baronas with spaudmuo in “Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary” (1923). K. Pakalka HOW LITHUANIAN BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY DICTIONARIES WERE COMPILED After two institutions of higher education were established in Lithuania (the University of Lithuania in Kaunas in 1922 and the Agricultural Academy in Dotnuva in 1924), where botany was taught, the lecturers became concerned with standardizing biological terminology and plant nomenclature. In 1926, Prof. L. Vailionis took the initiative in this matter. At his behest, a Botanical Dictionary Commission of 10 members was formed in 1927; its membership included representatives of all branches of botany: 8 from Kaunas University and 2 from the Agricultural Academy. Its chair was J. Vailionis, and its secretary was J. Dagys. As a kind of concession, various people interested in questions of botanical terminology (biologists, physicians, pharmacists, linguists, foresters 6 The word spauda was first used in the sense of “support” by K. Širvydas in his book „Punktai sakymų“ (II, 1644). 7 F. Kuršaitis treated the word spauda as unknown in the East Prussian dialects and marked it in square brackets. 244